“GLASS “GLASS CEILING” CEILING” Barriers Faced by Women in Pursuit of Office Equity and Career Advancement in Pakistan
Course: Pakistan Studies Submitted To: Mrs Urf Khalid Section: C Date: 16//!"1! Group Members: S#ed Us$an %ussain & '11(16) *alak +u,air Khan & '11-1) Maria$ A.eel & '111) *ati$a Ah$ed & '11-6) M0ha$$ad Ali %a,i, & '111!)
Table of Contents LETTER OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT !!
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LETTER OF ACKOWLE!"E#ET
A$ri% &'t() *+&* !ear Readers) We ,ou%d first %ike to t(ank t(e A%mi-(ty A%%a( for -ivin- us t(e stren-t( and endo,in- us ,it( t(e $rivi%e-e of com$%etin- our Pakistan studies re$ort on t(e sub.ect “ GLASS CEILING )
Barriers Faced by Women in Pursuit of Oce Equity and Career Adancement in Pa!istan" We are a%so e/treme%y t(ankfu% to our mentor and -uide #s0 1rfi Ka(%id for (er constant su$$ort) encoura-ement and -uidance) ,it(out ,(ic( ,e cou%d not (ave successfu%%y ac(ieved our task0 We ,ou%d a%so %ike to t(ank t(e teac(ers of our university ,e intervie,ed and ot(er ,orkin,omen ,(o s$ared t(eir va%uab%e time to (e%$ us and $rovided us t(e -uidance to fina%%y come u$ ,it( t(is re$ort0
2incere%y)
Fatima A(med 3&&45'6 1sman 7ussain 3&&8&'6 #ariam Aqee% 7ussain 3&&49&6 Fa%ak :ubair K(an 3&&5&86 #o(ammad A%i 7abib 3&&9&*6
E*ecuti+e Summar, Women in Pakistan and across t(e -%obe (ave been victim of ma%e domination in every as$ect of %ife0 T(ey %ive in a society t(at is (i-(%y stratified accordin- to c%ass) caste) re-iona% and cu%tura% variations) a%% of ,(ic( (ave im$%ications on t(eir %ives and o$$ortunities0 "%ass cei%in- is t(e most common $(enomenon ,(ic( is faced by ,omen in Pakistan at t(e cor$orate %eve%0 T(e re$ort focuses main%y on t(e issue of -%ass cei%in- in Pakistan and ,(et(er t(e $rob%em (as any effect on t(e %ives of ,orkin- ,omen or not0 Women at .obs face various obstac%es ,(i%e c%imbin- t(e cor$orate %adder t(ey do see t(e res$ective desired to$ $osition) but cannot see t(e -%ass t(at $revents t(em from -ettin- into t(at $osition) t(at -%ass acts as a cei%in- for t(em 0 Fe, ,omen are seen at mana-eria% $ositions a%t(ou-( t(eir qua%ifications and $roductive record a%%o,s t(em to (ave to$ $ositions0 T(ey are constant%y tormented 3$(ysica%%y or menta%%y6 by t(eir ma%e co%%ea-ues and bosses in t(e form of stereoty$es and o%d sc(oo%0 Wit( every $assin- day t(e trend is c(an-in-) ,omen are ste$$in- in t(e cor$orate ,or%d in increasin- numbers0 #us%im fami%ies are no, rea%i;in- t(e im$ortance of) ,omen ,orkin- equa% to men as t(eir income constitutes to,ards t(e ,e%fare of t(e fami%y0 But t(ere are many barriers sti%% to be broken by t(e ,omen so as to $rove t(e ,ort( of t(eir ,ork0 T(e re$ort at t(e end su--ests some so%utions for e%iminatin- -%ass cei%in-) to minimum if not entire%y0
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INTRODUCTION General Position of Women in Pakistan Women %ive in a society t(at is (i-(%y stratified accordin- to c%ass) caste) re-iona% and cu%tura% variations) a%% of ,(ic( (ave im$%ications on t(eir %ives and o$$ortunities0 s ,orkforce ran-in- from Pakistani mi%itary) civi% services) sc(oo%s) (os$ita%s) media) advertisin-) retai%) fas(ion industry) ?Pa9e
$ub%ic%y traded com$anies) banks) tec(no%o-y com$anies) mu%tinationa% cor$orations and "Os) etc0 Beyond com$any or -overnment em$%oyment) t(ere are a number of "Os focused on encoura-in- se%f?em$%oyment and entre$reneurs(i$ amon- Pakistani ,omen by offerin- ski%%>s trainin- and micro financin-0 Kas(f Foundation %ed by a ,oman CEO and BRAC are amonsuc( "Os0 Here are some statistics and data that confirm the growth and romotion of women in Pakistan!s labor ool"
&0 A number of ,omen (ave moved u$ to t(e e/ecutive $ositions) amon- t(em are 1ni%ever Food=s CEO Fariy(a 2ub(ani) En-ro Ferti%i;er CFO a; K(an) #a(een Ra(man CEO of <"< Funds and Ros(ane( :afar Founder and CEO of Kas(f Foundation0 *0 90'@ of board members of Pakistani com$anies are no, ,omen0 40 Accordin- to a re$ort in t(e e, ork Times) fema%e em$%oyment at KFC in Pakistan (as increased u$ to &* $ercent in t(e $ast five years)0 90 T(e number of ,omen ,orkin- at #c!ona%d=s restaurants and t(e su$ermarket be(emot( #akro (as quadru$%ed since *++'0 0 o, t(ere are ,omen ta/i drivers in Pakistan0 Best kno,n amon- t(em is :a(ida Ka;mi described by t(e BBC as c%ear%y a res$ected $resence on t(e streets of
Concet of Glass Ceiling"
inf%uentia% ro%e to $%ay and e/ert $o,er over issues ,(ic( ,omen find it near%y im$ossib%e to break t(rou-(0
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T(e D-%ass cei%in- is a conce$t t(at most frequent%y refers to barriers faced by ,omen ,(o attem$t to attain senior %eve% $ositions or (i-(er sa%ary %eve%s in cor$orations) -overnment) and non?$rofit or-ani;ations0
&6 A -ender or racia% difference t(at is not e/$%ained by ot(er .ob?re%evant c(aracteristics of t(e em$%oyee0 *6 A -ender or racia% difference t(at is -reater at (i-(er %eve%s of an outcome t(an at %o,er %eve%s of an outcome0 46 A -ender or racia% inequa%ity to,ards c(ances of advancement0 96 A -ender or racia% inequa%ity t(at increases over t(e course of a career0 T(e -%ass cei%in- meta$(or (as often been used to describe invisib%e barriers 3-%ass6 t(rou-( ,(ic( ,omen can see e%ite $ositions but cannot reac( t(em 3cei%in-60 T(ese barriers $revent %ar-e numbers of ,omen and et(nic minorities from obtainin- and securin- t(e most $o,erfu%) $resti-ious) and (i-(est?-rossin- .obs in t(e ,orkforce0 #oreover) t(is barrier can make many ,omen fee% as t(ey are not ,ort(y enou-( to (ave t(ese (i-(?rankin- $ositions0 #ain%y t(is invisib%e barrier seems to e/ist in more of t(e deve%o$in- countries) ,(ere its effect on business is (i-(%y visib%e0 T(e barriers faced by ,omen can be cate-ori;ed into various cate-ories0 2uc( barriers inc%ude ∼ ∼ ∼
∼ ∼
!ifferent $ay for com$arab%e ,ork0 2e/ua%) et(nic) racia%) re%i-ious discrimination or (arassment in t(e ,ork$%ace0 Lack of fami%y?friend%y ,ork$%ace $o%icies0 T(ese are t(e $o%icies t(at discriminate a-ainst em$%oyees ,(o don=t (ave $arents) sin-%e $arent or t(ose ,(o are -ay0 E/c%usion from informa% net,orks at ,ork$%ace0 Requirin- %on- (ours for career advancement) sometimes kno,n as t(e D(our -%ass cei%in-0
T(e conce$t of -%ass cei%in- e/ists ,or%d,ide and t(e c(a%%en-es for ,omen remain dauntin-%y %ar-e0
$%us t(ere is a %ack of basic ri-(ts and $ervasive vio%ence a-ainst ,omen ,(ic( (o%ds ,omen back from bein- fu%%y $roductive members of society0 Accordin- to a Euro$ean Commission re$ort) ,omen remain (eavi%y outnumbered by men in t(e boardrooms of t(e %ar-est %isted com$anies in a%% E1 countries G t(e most recent fi-ures s(o, t(at fe,er t(an &9 $ercent of board members are fema%e0 An inde$endent revie, %ed by Lord !avies in *+&& estimated t(at at t(e current rate of c(an-e) it ,ou%d take more t(an H+ years to ac(ieve -ender ba%ance on t(e boards of t(e 1K>s %ar-est &++ com$anies0 Women as$irin- for t(e $ositions to senior mana-ement stron-%y be%ieve t(at -%ass cei%in- to career $osition do e/ists0
From t(is it is c%ear%y seen t(at it is sti%% a man=s ,or%d at t(e to$0 For t(is imba%ance to continue %eve%in- out internationa%%y) today>s -eneration of ,omen need to equi$ t(em as effective%y as $ossib%e for t(e c(a%%en-e of breakin- t(rou-( t(e -%ass cei%in-0 "overnments and internationa% or-ani;ations reco-ni;e t(at em$o,erin- ,omen in t(e deve%o$in- ,or%d is a cata%yst for ac(ievin- a ran-e of $o%icy and deve%o$ment -oa%s0
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Wit( res$ect to Pakistani ,orkforce and most as$ects of t(e $ub%ic s$(ere in t(e country (ave been ma%e dominated since a %on- time0 For ,omen ,i%%in- to venture outside t(e (ouse for ,ork) em$%oyment (as been most%y in form of domestic servants and %o, income .obs ,(ere t(e c(ances of -ro,t( are quite b%eak0 Women em$%oyees in com$arison to t(ose ,omen ,(o are married are dissatisfied ,it( t(eir ,orkin- conditions) as t(ey are unab%e to fu%fi%% t(eir $ersona% and fami%y needs0
T(e trend over t(e $ast &+ years in Pakistan (as c(an-ed but at a very s%o, rate0 Even t(ou-( s%o, yet bot( t(e $ub%ic and $rivate sectors are recruitin- ,omen in Pakistan>s ,orkforce ran-in- from Pakistani mi%itary) civi% services) sc(oo%s) (os$ita%s) media) advertisin-) retai%) fas(ion industry) $ub%ic%y traded com$anies) banks) tec(no%o-y com$anies) mu%tinationa% cor$orations and "Os) etc0 Beyond com$any or -overnment em$%oyment) t(ere are a number of "Os focused on encoura-in- se%f?em$%oyment and entre$reneurs(i$ amon- Pakistani ,omen by offerin- ski%%s trainin- and micro financin-0 Kas(f Foundation %ed by a ,oman CEO and BRAC are amon- suc( "Os0 T(e fo%%o,in- statistics are t(e e/cer$t taken from t(e Business
Week Review t(at
s(o,s t(e
$ercenta-e and standin- of Pakistani ,omen em$%oyees in t(e cor$orate sectorI &0 About ** $ercent of Pakistani fema%es over t(e a-e of &+ no, ,ork0 Accordin- to t(e -overnment statistics t(ere is a &9 $ercent increase from ,(at t(e fi-ure ,as a decade a-o0 *0 Women no, (o%ds H5 out of t(e 49* seats in t(e ationa% Assemb%y) and in Ju%y) 7ina Rabbani K(ar) 49) became Pakistan=s first fema%e Forei-n #inister0 40 “The cultural norms regarding women in the workplace have changed,” says #a(een Ra(man) 49) CEO at <"< Funds) ,(ic( mana-es some 9++ mi%%ion ,ort( assets0 #a(een says
s(e
$%ans
to
kee$
recruitin-
more
,omen
for
(er
com$any0
40 #uc( of t(e $ro-ress in t(e ,orkin- sector (as come because ,omen stays in sc(oo% %on-er0 #ore t(an 9* $ercent of Pakistan=s *0' mi%%ion (i-( sc(oo% students %ast year ,ere -ir%s) a &4 $ercent increase as com$ared to &5 years a-o0
90 Women made u$ about ** $ercent of t(e '5)+++ students in Pakistani universities in &884I today) 9H $ercent of Pakistan=s &0& mi%%ion university=s students are ,omen) accordin- to t(e 7i-(er Education Commission0 0 7a%f of a%% #BA -raduates (ired by 7abib Bank) Pakistan=s %ar-est %ender) are no, ,omen0 D Parents are realizing how much better lifestyle a family can have if girls work ) says 2ima Kami%) 9) ,(o oversees mana-es &)9++ branc(es as (ead of retai% bankin- at 7abib0 D Every branch I visit has one or two girls from conservative backgrounds) s(e says0 2ome com$anies be%ieve (irin- ,omen -ives t(em a com$etitive advanta-e0 DThe buyers for almost all our product ranges are women) says Fariy(a 2ub(ani) 9') CEO of 1ni%ever Pakistan
Foods) ,(ere &+' of t(e 5H* em$%oyees are ,omen0 D aving women selling those products makes sense because they themselves are the consumers) s(e says0
To attract more ,omen) 1ni%ever %ast year offered some em$%oyees t(e o$tion to ,ork from (ome) and t(e com$any (as run an on?site day?care center since *++40 En-ro) ,(ic( (as &++ ,omen in mana-ement $ositions) %ast year introduced f%e/ib%e ,orkin- (ours) a day?care center) and a su$$ort -rou$ ,(ere fema%e em$%oyees can discuss c(a%%en-es t(ey encounter0 DToday there is more of a focus at companies on diversity ) says En-ro Ferti%i;er CFO a; K(an0 T(e
ne/t ste$) s(e says) is ensurin- t(at D !ore women can reach senior management levels"” T(ere are equa% o$$ortunities for ,omen to advance in career -ro,t( %ike men but it ,i%% be difficu%t to attain t(ese o$$ortunities ,it(out maintainin- ba%ance in t(eir ,ork and fami%y %ife0 T(e on%y ,ay ,omen may -et a,ay ,it( t(e -%ass cei%in- is by bein- resi%ient and determined of t(eir career) on%y t(en ,omen ,ou%d be ab%e to c(an-e t(e ,orkin- environment and %aso by remainin- firm and confident about t(eir ca$abi%ities t(ey ,ou%d be ab%e to $enetrate t(e -%ass cei%in-0
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H(othesis and Research )ethodolog( -,pot.esis or Aim o/ t.e Stud, 0 he ai$ 0 the stud# is t0 inBesti9ate
hether ur,an 0$en in the 0rk0r8e are a,le t0 adBan8e their 70siti0ns in their res7e8tiBe 8areers 0r n0t
I 0,sta8les 0r 9r0th and 0rk7la8e
e.ualit# eDist hat are these 0,sta8les and h0 8an the# ,e re$0Bed
(?Pa9e
Researc. Met.odo1o2,&
Fe distri,uted .uesti0nnaires t0 0$en 0rkin9
in dierent 0r9aniHati0ns t0 see hat 7r0,le$s the# a8ed in 9ettin9 7r0$0ti0ns at their res7e8tiBe 0rk7la8es hese 0$en 8a$e r0$ diBerse felds and 088u7ied a ran9e 0 70siti0ns su8h as tea8hers $ana9ers d08t0rs en9ineers and ,ankers he 0r9aniHati0ns 08used in this stud# ere C08a&C0la Kh#,er :ank +iauddin %0s7ital %a$7t0n S8h00l NE4 and I0:M he siHe 0 the sa$7le used as !@ 7arti8i7ants *indings +,-antitati.e/ and &nal(sis of ,-estion 01" Option No
Number o/ 'es 3it. 4ercenta2e
Number o/ No 3it. 4ercenta2e
1 ! @ 6 <
6 ' !) 1 '@6) -'!) 1<'6-) 1<'6-) 1<'6-) !@'1"")
1('<6) 11'") 1<'6-) -'!) -'!) -'!)
1"" -" 6"
Per8enta9e 0 ;es Per8enta9e 0 N0
" !" " 1
!
@
6
<
Fi2ure ": Grap. s.o3s t.e percenta2e o/ peop1e 3.o ans3ered 'es or No
1" ? P a 9 e
!@ !" 1@
Nu$,er 0 ;es
1"
Nu$,er 0 N0
@ " 1
!
@
6
<
Fi2ure (: Grap. s.o3s t.e Number o/ 'es or No
MaJ0rit# 0 the 0$en '<6) said that seDual harass$ent as n0t a $aJ0r 0,sta8le in the 08e
Fhile ! 0$en elt that it did eDist %0eBer
these statisti8s d0 n0t sh0 a 8lear 7i8ture as 0$en $i9ht n0t ,e 80$0rta,le dis8l0sin9 in0r$ati0n 0n this t07i8 as it is a s08ial ta,00 in Pakistani S08iet# t0 dis8uss seDual issues MaJ0rit# 0 the 2esults sh0 that there is unair distri,uti0n 0 rin9e ,enefts as @6 0 the 0$en B0ted #es 0r it Fhile " d0 n0t su770rt this assu$7ti0n his is 7r0,a,l# ,e8ause $ales are 80nsidered t0 ,e the $ain ,read earners in the a$il# and 9iBin9 the$ rin9e ,enefts ill all0 the$ t0 su770rt their iBes and 8hildren MaJ0rit# 0 the Sa$7le '6-) elt e.ual salaries are 9iBen t0 ,0th $ales and e$ales at the sa$e&leBel %0eBer e$ales eel that the Balue 0 their salaries d0es n0t Justi# the nature 0 their J0, his 8an ,e seen in ter$s 0 7erks and ,enefts hi8h are 0nl# 0ered t0 $ales MaJ0rit# 0 the Sa$7le '6-) elt that e 0770rtunities eDist in the 0r9aniHati0n 0r enhan8in9 their skills Fhile ! elt that 0770rtunities did eDist he latter f9ure sa#s that trainin9 7r09ra$s are 80ndu8ted 0r 7ers0nal 9r0th 3ne 7arti8i7ant said that the# als0 7r0Bide 8r0ss&un8ti0nal
11 ? P a 9 e
0rkin9 0770rtunities ith dierent de7art$ents 0r their 9r0th in the 0r9aniHati0n 6- in 0r9aniHati0ns are n0t 9iBen tasks t0 7er0r$ a880rdin9 t0 the leBel 0 their edu8ati0nal .ualif8ati0ns and there eDists a 9eneral stere0t#7e 0 0$en n0t as 8a7a,le as $en his is ,e8ause the $ana9e$ent usuall# underesti$ates the 8a7a,ilities 0 0$en and 9iBes the$ tasks hi8h are eas# t0 7er0r$ 1"" 0 the sa$7le a9reed that 7ers0nal 80nne8ti0ns are 9iBen $0re 7ri0rit# in re8ruit$ent sele8ti0n than an indiBiduals .ualif8ati0ns and $erit )ain *indings and &nal(sis +, 0203/ 4 ,-alitati.e"
3ur fndin9s sh0ed that a 9lass 8eilin9 eDists in a lar9e 70rti0n in Pakistan his 8an ,e 7r0Bed ,# the 0ll0in9 res70nses hi8h su770rt the a,0Be assu$7ti0n Gender ine.ualit# eDists in eBer# 0r9aniHati0n t0 s0$e eDtent his is ,e8ause $ales are a d0$inatin9 f9ure and haBe an inuential r0le his ine.ualit# 8an ,e seen in t0 areas frstl# it 8an ,e seen here fnal de8isi0ns haBe t0 ,e $ade and se80ndl# $ales l00k u70n e$ales as una,le t0 8ertain tasks ie $arket Bisits As ar a880unta,ilit# t0 the seni0r $ana9e$ent is 80n8erned Gender is n0t a issue :0th $ales and e$ales are e.uall# a880unta,le 0r their res7e8tiBe J0,s in the 0r9aniHati0n F0$en are e$70ered indiBiduals and sh0uld ,e 9iBen e.ual 0770rtunities in an# 0rk0r8e he 9eneral i$a9e 0 0$en has ,een 0r$ed in Pakistan is that 0$en are 80nsidered t0 ,e hard0rkin9 and 8a7a,le indiBiduals ith eDtre$e 70tential %0eBer in $0st 0r9aniHati0ns ne9atiBe i$a9e 0 e$ales haBe ,een 0r$ed and the# are $0stl# 80nsidered as haBin9 less talent than $ales A7art r0$ this $an# 80$7anies hire ,e8ause 0 their 7h#si8al a77earan8e rather than edu8ati0nal .ualif8ati0ns
An0ther 1! ? P a 9 e
Se9$ent 0 Pakistani S08iet# eel that it is n0t 80nsidered t0 ,e a 900d 7ra8ti8e t0 ,e 0rkin9 0utside their h0$es as the r0le 0 0$en is ,asi8all# that 0 a h0$e$aker Pr0$0ti0nal 0770rtunities 0r 0$en in Pakistan Bar# r0$ 0r9aniHati0n t0 0r9aniHati0n In s0$e 80$7anies air 0770rtunities are 7r0Bided hile in 0thers $ales are 7reerred due t0 their t#7i8al $indset Usuall# 0$en are 80nsidered 0r 7r0$0ti0n hen $ana9e$ent has n0 0ther 07ti0n > the# are least 7reerred he reas0ns $ana9ers 9iBe t0 Justi# this dis8re7an8# are $ainl# t0 in nature *irstl# Mana9ers eel that $en are a,le t0 d0 eDtra tasks in 0Berti$e and 8an 7er0r$ $0n0t0n0us 0rk hile 0$en ant 8reatiBit# and l00k 0r 8han9es 0n a 80ntinu0us ,asis Se80ndl# $ales are a,le t0 net0rk ith 0ther $ale 80llea9ues easil# hereas 0$en are relu8tant t0 a77r0a8h ell0 $ale 0rkers as the# ear hat s08iet# $i9ht think 4ue t0 the 7resen8e 0 a 9lass 8eilin9 in $0st 0r9aniHati0ns it as 0und that J0, satisa8ti0n leBels are l0 M0st 0$en said that i 9iBen the 0770rtunit# the# 0uld readil# leaBe their 8urrent J0,s he# 9aBe $an# reas0ns 0r this 3ne 2eas0n 0r this is ,etter 9r0th 0770rtunities and 8areer 7aths hile 0thers 80nsider an attra8tiBe salar# 7a8ka9e 0r their reas0n 0 leaBin9 their 8urrent 0r9aniHati0n N0t 0nl# 0r the ,etter 0770rtunities
and
salar#
7a8ka9es ,ut
als0 0r
a
,etter
riendlier
enBir0n$ent and diBersifed 8ulture hi8h 0uld a880$$0date the$ ith0ut 8reatin9 an# 0,sta8les 0r 9lass 8eilin9 t0ards adBan8e$ent he 80$$uni8ati0n 0 $ale e$7l0#ees is seen as a hindran8e t0 the 8areer 9r0th 0 e$ales in Pakistan
Males in the 0r9aniHati0n are una,le t0
80nBe# their ideas su88in8tl# and haBe eak Ber,al and n0n&Ber,al a,ilities 0 80unter this 7r0,le$ the e$ales e interBieed elt that $ales sh0uld ,e sent 0r 9r00$in9 and 80$$uni8ati0n deBel07$ent trainin9 sessi0ns here the# sh0uld ,e tau9ht t0 aB0id slan9 lan9ua9e and t0 ,e ee8tiBe s7eakers 1 ? P a 9 e
Recommendations As 7er the resear8h e haBe d0ne e had 80$e 0ut ith $an# s0luti0ns t0 ,reak the 9lass 8eilin9 in the 0r9aniHati0n S0$e 0 the easi,le s0luti0ns 0r 807in9 ith the 9lass 8eilin9 is ,# all0in9 0$en e$7l0#ees t0 take additi0nal res70nsi,ilities and 0$en in return need t0 ,e str0n9 and 80nfdent in hat the# d0 Als0 0$en the# the$selBes need t0 ,e $0re dedi8ated t0ards their 0rk and $ana9e$ent 8an hel7 ,# 7r0Bidin9 eDi,le 0rkin9 h0urs in 0rder t0 $aintain ,alan8e in 7ers0nal and 7r0essi0nal lie Mana9e$ent 8an als0 hel7 ,# 8reatin9 a se7arate 0$ens se8ti0n here the# 8an dis8uss their 7r0,le$s and issues 1 ? P a 9 e
arriBin9 at 0rk7la8e the# 8an 7r0Bide 0r da#&8are 0r the 0rkin9 $0thers and s0$e h0lida# reards t0 hel7 in8rease their 7r0du8tiBit# An0ther Ber# ee8tiBe s0luti0n t0 ,reak 9lass 8eilin9 8an ,e i the 90Bern$ent takes staun8h stand a9ainst it In $0st 0 the 0r9aniHati0ns 9lass 8eilin9 is n0t seen as a 7r0,le$ there0re 90Bern$ent 8an start aareness 7r09ra$s and ,# intr0du8in9 su8h 70li8ies hi8h ill re9ulate and $0nit0r the 80$7an#s 7er0r$an8e in this area he stere0t#7i8al thinkin9 sh0uld ,e eradi8ated 0r the $in0rities es7e8iall# 8areer 0$en and als0 9ender ,iasness 0r this the re8ruit$ent 8riteria 8an ,e 8han9ed and desi9ned in su8h a a# that ill all0 $0re 0770rtunities 0r 0$en F0$en e$7l0#ees sh0uld ,e edu8ated in areas 0 sel&deBel07$ent 7ers0nal $ana9e$ent that $i9ht hel7 the$ 9et 0Ber their la8k 0 80nfden8e and resist the 9lass 8eilin9 :# 7r0Bidin9 $0re 0770rtunit# t0 the e$ale se8ti0n '90Bt had alread# taken the a8ti0n re9ardin9 this the# haBe 9iBen s0$e .u0ta in dierent se8t0rs like 7riBate and 7u,li8 as ell) 0uld ensure ,alan8e 0 9ender in the 0rk 0r8e and 0uld hel7 7redi8t the trend ith hi8h 0$en e$7l0#ees ee8t 80$7an#s 9r0th F0$en e$7l0#ees and 80llea9ues $ust ,e treated there sh0uld n0t ,e an# s0t 80rners the# $ust a8e the sa$e leBel 0 8riti8is$ as $ale and sa$e leBel 0 a77re8iati0n as $ale his ill hel7 e$ales i$7r0Be 7r0du8tiBit# and 7r0Bide true 7i8ture 0r e$ale and 80$7an# ,0th 0 h0 i$70rtant it is t0 haBe e$ale 0rk0r8e 0n the tea$ A diBersifed 8ulture 7r0Bides a$7le 0770rtunities 0r e$ales t0 adJust and ada7t the 0rkin9 enBir0n$ent this is $ainl# seen in the $ulti&nati0nals and 0ne 0 the reas0ns h# the# are 7r09ressin9 4iBersit# in the 80$7an# 0uld 07en u7 eBer# e$7l0#ees $ind&set and i$$une the$ t0 the dieren8es in ea8h 0ther his all0s eBer#0ne es7e8iall# 0$en t0 ,e the$selBes and 0nl# t0 7r0Be the$selBes 0r this 70sitiBe thinkin9 *riendl# Culture Neutral a77r0a8h is $andat0r# Eli$inati0n 0 0ld s8h00l $ind&set 1@ ? P a 9 e
7ut 0rth ,# the 0ld s8h00l e$7l0#ees is Ber# i$70rtant a9ain the diBersit# in the 0r9aniHati0n $ust ,e s0 str0n9 that it sh0uld n0t leaBe s7a8e 0r the stere0t#7i8al thinkin9 Last ,ut n0t the least e.ual 0770rtunities $ust ,e 7r0Bided t0 0$en e$7l0#ees in eBer# area 0 the 80r70rate se8t0r s0 as t0 .uali# 0n the $erit 0r t07 leBel 70siti0ns
CONC$U5ION T(e study s(o,ed t(at after decades of tec(no%o-ica% advancement and fast $aced %ife) ,omen are sti%% considered as a too% for runnin- (ouse(o%d0
brin- c(an-es in business ,or%d and in Pakistan if ,omen are -iven o$$ortunities t(ey (ave ta%ent to take or-ani;ations and a ,(o%e ne, %eve%I e/am$%es of suc( ,omen as discussed in %iterature revie, te%% us t(at not a%% ,omen are unconfident and ,eak but -iven c(ance (ave (i-(er $roductivity %eve% as ,e%% as decision?makin- ski%%s0 Pakistan (as immense ta%ent in form of career?oriented ,omen) t(ey s(ou%d be $rovided ,it( t(e friend%ier) diversified and coo$erative environment and -overnment re-u%ations so t(at t(ey can ste$ out of t(eir comfort ;one and do t(in-s different%y ,(ic( ,i%% be beneficia% for bot( t(e or-ani;ations and society0
6I6$IOGR&PH7 *0r $0re Ideas l00k at •
•
htt7O//di9ital80$$0nsilr80rnelledu/89i/Bie80ntent89i arti8leQ1116R80nteDtQke#0rk7la8e htt7O//eniki7edia0r9/iki/Glass8eilin9 1< ? P a 9 e
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• • • •
htt7O//i,aedu7k/:usinessreBie/B0l@7d htt7O//7uedu7k/i$a9es/J0urnal/7esr/P4*&*ILES/-!"*A2I4A!"Per8e7ti0ns !"0!"F0rk!"EnBir0n$ent7d htt7O//,00k7u$780$/d7s/7d&,/11!"6-,7d htt7O//tri,une80$7k/st0r#/!1!"/las&n0t&en0u9h&t0&,reak&9lass&8eilin9/ htt7O//7kh07e80$/the&8hallen9es&a8ed&,#&0rkin9&$0$s/ http://blog.rozee.pk/2010/07/21/working-women-braving-challenges/
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http://southasiainvestor.blogspot.com/2011/09/pakistani-womens-growing-particpation.html
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http://www.defence.pk/forums/current-events-social-issues/12909-pakistani-women-breakingstereot!pes-workplace.html
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http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-glass-ceiling.htm
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"lass#ceiling
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http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/$$20$/isobel-coleman/the-global-glass-ceiling
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http://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/mbas-guide/women-can-break-through-theglass-ceiling-7$%9&79.html
&PP%NDI8 4 I <FOR#E! CO2ET FOR#
Title of 5t-d("
1- ? P a 9 e
"%ass Cei%in- 2 Barriers faced by ,omen in t(eir $ursuit of office equity and career advancement in Pakistan
Princial In.estigator"
2yed 1sman 7ussain) Fatima A(med) #ariam Aqee%) Fa%ak :ubair K(an and #o(ammad A%i 7abib
Instit-te"
Introd-ction"
We are students of
6ackgro-nd Information"
T(e term glass ceiling refers to t(e unseen) yet unreac(ab%e barrier D t(at kee$s minorities and ,omen from risin- to t(e u$$er run-s of t(e cor$orate %adder) re-ard%ess of t(eir qua%ifications or ac(ievements0
P-rose of Research 5t-d("
T(e aim of t(e study is to investi-ate ,(et(er urban ,omen in t(e ,orkforce are ab%e to advance t(eir $ositions in t(eir res$ective careers or not0
Possible Risks or 6enefits"
T(ere is no risk invo%ved in t(is study e/ce$t your va%uab%e time0 T(ere is no direct benefit to you a%soI (o,ever t(e resu%ts of t(e study may (e%$ us to formu%ate conc%usion re-ardin- our researc(0 1( ? P a 9 e
Right of Ref-sal to Particiate and Withdrawal"
ou are free to c(oose to $artici$ate in t(e study0 ou may refuse to $artici$ate ,it(out any %oss or benefit ,(ic( you are ot(er,ise entit%ed to0 ou may a%so ,it(dra, any time from t(e study ,it(out any adverse effect0 ou may a%so refuse to ans,er some or a%% t(e question if you don=t fee% comfortab%e ,it( t(ese questions0
Confidentialit("
T(e information $rovided by you ,i%% remain confidentia%0 obody e/ce$t $rinci$a% investi-ator ,i%% (ave an access to it0 our name and identity ,i%% a%so not be disc%osed any time0
&-thori9ation"
< (ave understood t(is consent form and < vo%unteer to $artici$ate in t(is researc( study0
Partici$ant=s 2i-nature 0
Princi$a%
&0 To ,(at e/tent do you fee% a -%ass cei%in- e/ists in your com$any or in any or-ani;ation in PakistanM
!" ? P a 9 e
*0 7ave you ever fe%t t(reatened by t(e conduct of your fe%%o, em$%oyees or to$ %eve% mana-ementM
40 Are ma%es and fema%es treated equa%%y in your com$anyM
90 !o you fee% ,omen are (e%d more accountab%e to mana-ement as com$ared to menM
0 W(at do you fee% about t(e ima-e of ,omen in any ,orkforceM
'0 !o you t(ink ,omen are -iven fair $romotion o$$ortunities as com$ared to menM
H0 !oes t(e va%ue of your sa%ary .ustify t(e nature of your .ob in t(e or-ani;ationM
50 7ave you ever fe%t insecure $(ysica%%y ,(i%e ,orkin- ,it( a ma%e co%%ea-ueM
80 7ave you ever %ost a .ob due ma%e dominance or ma%e se/ua% (arassmentM
&+0 !o you fee% t(at ma%e members at your current ,ork$%ace tend to be favored ,(en it is DPromotion TimeM
&&0
&*0 W(at kind of o$$ortunities does your or-ani;ation -ive for $ersona% and or-ani;ationa% -ro,t(M
&40 !o you kno, of any ot(er fe%%o, em$%oyees ,(o faced issues in career advancement due to t(eir -enderM W(at kind of $rob%em ,as it and (o, did your com$any overcome itM
!1 ? P a 9 e
&90 Are you satisfied ,it( t(e communication ski%%s of your ma%e co%%ea-ues 3bot( verba% and non?verba%6M
&0 W(at $ossib%e so%utions do you see for e%iminatin- -%ass cei%in- in or-ani;ationsM
&'0 To ,(at e/tent you are ab%e to (and%e suc( com$%icationsM 3O$tiona%6
&H0
2e/ua% Advances es N o 1nfair !istribution of Frin-e Benefits esN o Lo, 2a%ary Com$ared to same?%eve% fe%%o, ma%e em$%oyees esNo Fe, o$$ortunities for 2ki%% En(ancement i0e0 trainin- o$$ortunities es No Work "iven is not u$ to your education %eve% i0e0 A P(! is bein- forced to occu$y a
c%erica% $osition0 esNo '0 "ender 2tereoty$es of Women bein- seen as not as ca$ab%e as #en0 esNo H0 E/istence of o%d?boy et,orks ,(ere Persona% Connections are more im$ortant t(an #erit 0
esNo
!! ? P a 9 e
