Sje D`uhcb D`uhcbtl`hs tl`hs `d
Lrlc`n`ky
Sje D`uhcbtl`hs `d
Lrlc`n`ky Sje Eyes bs tje Fey t` \`ur Kehetlo Keh etlo Jebntj Yr`dlne
Kustbu Ybu Srbhsnbtec gy Murlen Tbrkbs
Jebnlhk Brts Yress W`ojester, Term`ht
Jebnlhk Brts Yress @he Ybrf _treet W`ojester, Term`ht 95;4; ww w.Jebnl w.JebnlhkBr hkBrtsYress. tsYress.o`m o`m Jebnlhk Brts Yress ls b clvlsl`h `d Lhher Srbcltl`hs Lhterhbtl`hbn O`pyrlkjt © 799: gy gy Kustbu Kustbu Ybu Ybkìs O`pyrlkjt © 799: gy gy Eclt`rlbn Eclt`rlbn @oìbh`, _.N ., Gbroen`hb (_pblh) (_pblh) Ehknlsj trbhsnbtl`h © 792< gy Lhher Srbcltl`hs Lhterhbtl`hbn Lrlc`n`kíb1 íb1 N`s N `s `a`s, `a`s , red nea` ce tu sbnuc gy @rlklhbnny pugnlsjec lh _pbhlsj uhcer tje tltne Lrlc`n`k Eclt`rlbn @oìbh` Dlrst U._. ecltl`h pugnlsjec lh 792< gy Jebnlhk Brts Yress
Bnn rlkjts reservec. H` pbrt `d tjls g``f mby ge repr`cuoec `r utlnlzec lh bhy d`rm `r gy bhy mebhs, eneotr`hlo `r meojbhlobn, lhonuclhk pj`t`o`pylhk, reo`rclhk, `r gy bhy lhd`rmbtl`h st`rbke bhc retrlevbn system, wltj`ut permlssl`h lh wrltlhk dr`m tje pugnlsjer.
H`te t` tje t je rebcer re bcer11 Sjls g``f ls lhtehcec bs bh lhd`rmbtl`hbn kulce. Sje remecles, bppr`bojes , bhc teojhlques cesorl cesorlgec gec jerelh je relh bre b re mebht meb ht t` suppneme suppnemeht, ht, bhc b hc h`t t` ge b sugstltute d`r, pr`dessl`hbn pr`des sl`hbn meclobn obre `r trebtmeht t rebtmeht.. Sjey Sje y sj`unc sj`u nc h`t ge usec t` trebt t rebt b serl`us blnmeht wltj`ut prl`r o`hsuntbtl`h wltj b qubnld qubnldlec lec jebntj j ebntj obre pr`dessl`hbn . Nlgrbry `d O`hkress Obtbn`klhk-lh-Yugnlobtl`h Cbtb
Volp t` o`me]
Yrlhtec bhc g`uhc lh ZZZZZ 29 < : ; 4 5 3 ? 7 2 Sext ceslkh bhc nby`ut gy Ceggle Kn`k`ver Sjls g``f wbs typeset lh Kbrbm`hc Yremler Yr` wltj Clc`t NS _tc, Klnn _bhs MS _tc bhc Srbce K`tjlo NS _tc usec bs clspnby d`hts Lnnustrbtl`hs gy Zbvler G`u S` sehc o`rresp`hcehoe t` tje butj`r `d tjls g``f, mbln b dlrst-onbss netter t` tje butj`r o/` Lhher Srbcltl`hs • Gebr & O`mpbhy, @he Ybrf _treet, W`ojester, TS 95;4;, bhc we wlnnn d`r wbrc tje o`mmuhlobtl`h. wln o`m muhlobtl`h.
� S` my rebn-nlde jer`es, my pbrehts Mbkcb bhc Kustbv`, wj` kbve tje gest yebrs `d tjelr nlde t` w`rf, lh slnehoe, curlhk tje clddlount cldd lount tlmes `d tje 2<59s, 2<59s, “49s, bhc “;9s. “ ;9s.
O`htehts
D`rew`rc gy Cr. Yecr` _lnvb Abrbmlnn Abrbmlnn` `
99
Bofh`wneckmehts Bofh`wneckme hts
99
Lhtr`cuotl`h Lht r`cuotl`h t` Lrlc`n`ky
99
2 Bhbt`my bhc Yjysl`n`ky Yjysl`n`ky `d tje Eye
99
7 Obusbe et Ourbe
99
Eye Clsebses Clsebses _eeh tjr`ukj tjr`ukj tje tje Lrls ? Lrlc`n`ky Ojbrts
99
N`obtlhk tje tje Wedneotl`h Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`h Duhotl`hss 3 Orlsls, O`hstltutl`h, O`hstltutl`h, bhc Clsp`sltl`h
lh tje Lrls 5 Duhcbm Duhcbmehtbn ehtbn _lkhs `d Lrlc`n`ky, Ybrt 2
99 99
Sje Gbslo M`rpj`n`klobn Mbrflhks 4 Duhcbm Duhcbmehtbn ehtbn _lkhs `d Lrlc`n`ky, Ybrt 7
Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
99
; Sje Yupln, [lhc`w t` tje _`un
99
Tessens essens lh tje _onerb : T
99
Ojr`hlo Clsebse bhc Tlol`us Oyones < Onlhlobn Yrbotloe
99
_lxteeh Obse _tucles 29 Lrlc`n`ky bhc tje Mlbsms `d J` J`me`pbtjy me`pbtjy
99
22 Sje Lhdnuehoe `d Hutrltl`h bhc Bolc
Lht`xlobtl`h 27 Lrlc`n`ky dr`m Lhdbhoy tjr`ukj @nc Bke
99 99
2? Lrlc`n`ky O`hsuntbtl`hs bhc tje
„Lmp`rtbhoe `d Eve Everytjlhk” rytjlhk”
99
BYYEHCLZ 2 _bmpne Lrlc`krbpjles
99
BYYEHCLZ 7 Nbg`rbt`r Nbg`rbt`ryy Sests Sjbt Lhd`rm Lrlc`n`k Lrlc`n`kyy
99
Glgnl`krbpjy
99
Lhcex
99
D`rew`rc Hbtur`pbtjlo meclolhe lh _pblh jbs experlehoec krebt teojhlobn bhc bobcemlo pr`kress lh reoeht tlmes tlmes,, wjloj obh ge `gserve `gservecc gy tje estbgn estbgnlsjmeht lsjmeht `d prestlkl`us ecuobtl`hbn lhstltutl`hs cev`tec t` lt, nlfe tje Jelnprbftlfer Lhstltut lh Gbroen`hb. D`r tje pbst dew ceobces tjese lhstltutes jbve geeh tebojlhk, resebrojlhk, bhc pugnlsjlhk lhd`rmbtl`h lh pr`mlheht a`urhbns bhc jlkj-qubnlty g``fs, nlfe tjls text `h lrlc`n`ky gy Yr`dess`r Kustbu Ybu, wjloj lhonuces jlst`rlobn gbofkr`uhc, humer`us onlhlobn rep`rts, bhc b rehewec vlsl`h `d tjls clbkh`sclbkh`stlo hbtur`pbtjlo clsolpnlhe, jlkjnlkjtlhk lts use bs b vbnubgne t``n d`r evbnubtlhk pbtlehts. Lrlc`n`ky `dders onlhlobn pjyslolbhs b qulof metj`c d`r clbkh`sls bhc tje lcehtldlobtl`h `d bppr`prlbte trebtmehts, bhc lt w`rfs wenn bs b o`mpnemeht t` `tjer clbkh`stlo teojhlques bhc nbg`rbt`ry pr`oecures tjbt tbfe m`re tlme t` pr`vlce lhd`rmbtl`h. Yr`dess`r Ybu mbsterdunny sjbres jls experlehoe wltj lcehtldylhk slkhs lh tje lrls bhc `dders expert lhslkjt lht` tjelr mebhlhk bhc tjelr o`hheotl`h t` pbtjpbtj `n`klobn pr`oesses, cet`xldlobtl`h, bhc tlssue repblr, bnn `d wjloj obh ge c`oumehtec tjr`ukj`ut tje trebtmeht pr`oess wltj systembtlo bhbnysls bhc reo`rcs `d tje lrls. Sjus, lrlc`n`ky obh ge b duhcbmehtbn t``n d`r evbnubtlhk tje eddlolehoy `d tje jebnlhk pr`oess. Jebnlhk, bs we uhcerstbhc lt, ls tje pbtj `d returh t` b h`rmbn gl`n`klobn stbte, wjloj jbs geeh tje m`st lmp`rtbht cembhc hbtur`pbtjy jbs mbce `d lts pjyslolbhs bhc tjerbplsts tjr`ukj`ut jlst`ry, slhoe tje tlme `d Jlpp`orbtlo meclolhe. Lrlc`n`ky jbs geeh bhc remblhs tje m`st vbnubgne teojhlque d`r verldylhk tjls jebnlhk pr`oess. C�. Y���� _���� A��������
C�. Y���� _���� A��������, hbtur`pbtj bhc mbster lh hutrltl`h, ls bns` b speolbnlst lh lhterhbn meclolhe bhc heur`n`ky. Je ls b vlsltlhk pr`dess`r lh tje Hbtur`pbtjlo Meclolhe Mbster“s Yr`krbm bt tje Uhlverslty `d Gbroen`hb, b dunn memger `d tje Bcvls`ry O`mmlttee `d Hbtur`pbtjy `d tje Mlhlstry `d Jebntj `d Ojlne, b memger `d tje Bcvls`ry O`mmlttee `d O`mpnemehtbry Meclolhe `d tje Meclobn Bss`olbtl`h `d Ojlne, bhc meclobn clreot`r `d tje Yjysls Oehter d`r Lhtekrbtlve Meclolhe lh _bhtlbk`, Ojlne. lx
Bofh`wneckmehts My tjbhfs t` tje d`nn`wlhk pe`pne wj` mbce tjls g``f p`sslgne wltj tjelr keher`slty bhc bhlmus1 Bcrlbhb @rtemgerk, W`sembrle Qlmmermbh, bhc Mbrlbh _âehz. Sjbhf y`u bns` t` my lrlc`n`ky pr`dess`r, Jelhz [. _ojmlct.
xl
Lhtr`cuotl`h t` Lrlc`n`ky Sje lrls bwbfehs tje ourl`slty `d bnn tj`se wj` `gserve lt. Lt eveh bwbfehs b oertblh pnbstlo bhc brtlstlo lhterest, klveh tje lhdlhlte vbrlety `d ojr`mbtlo cetblns bhc tje o`mglhbtl`hs `d o`n`rs lt obh sj`w, dr`m nlkjt gnue t` gurht slehhb, k`lhk tjr`ukj krby, kreeh, bhc `ojer . . . lt `dders us b o`mpnete sym pj`hy `d gebutldun o`n`rs. Dr`m tje perspeotlve `d jebntj, lt ls lmp`rtbht t` onbrldy tw` p`lhts bg`ut tje lrls. Dlrst, s`metlmes lrlc`n`klobn clbkh`sls, `r lrlc`clbkh`sls, ls seeh bs b syh`hym `d meclobn clbkh`sls, gut lh rebnlty, bs y`u wlnn s``h clso`ver, lrlc`n`ky jbs h`tjlhk t` c` wltj tje trbcltl`hbn meclobn o`hoept `d pbtj`npbtj`n`ky. Sjbt o`hoept, wjloj `rlklhbtec lh tje perl`c `d Nlhhbeus, ls cedlhec bs bh lhtennlkeht lhtennlk eht onbssldlobtl`h `d tje slkhs bhc sympt`ms `d b clsebse. J`wever, slhoe tje g`cy c`es h`t uhcerstbhc tjese types typ es `d onbssldlobtl`hs, b clreot renbtl`hsjlp getweeh tje lrls bhc wjbt ls fh`wh bs pbtj`n`ky c`es h`t exlst. Lrlc`n`ky stucles tje rebotl`hs `d b pers`h lh renbtl`h t` tjelr kehetlos. Lh `tjer w`rcs, lt o`hoerhs ltsend wltj tje lhclvlcubn pers`h, bhc h`t s` muoj wltj tje clseb clsebse se ltsend–t ltsend–tj`ukj j`ukj tjbt c`es h`t mebh tjbt b kr`up `d lrlc`n`ky slkhs c`es h`t o`rresp`hc t` oertblh onlhlobn slkhs (d`r lnnhesses suoj bs nepr`sy, rjeumbtlsm, sbro`lc`sls, eto.) eto .)..
_eo`hc, we must h`te tjbt `gservbtl`h `d tje lrls ls duhcbmehtbnny sugaeot t` tje lhterpretbtl`h `d tje `gserver. Sjls mbrfs mbrf s b onebr cldderehoe dr`m meclobn clbkh`sls, wjere tje cbtb `gtblhec dr`m bh bhbnysls, bhbnysls , OBS sobhs, `r Z-rbys Z-rbys ls bssessecc clreotny bhc tje resuntlhk bssesse resuntlhk humgers `r lmbkes lmbk es (tje humger `d rec gn``c oenns, bh lmbke `d pneurlsy `r drboture, eto.) pr`vlce tje renevbht lhd`rmbtl`h. Lh tje obse `d lrlc`n`ky, bs lh bnn b nn rednex red nex-`n`kles, tje lrls ls sugaeot t` tje lhter pretbtl`h `d tje red rednexlve nexlve slkhs tjbt bre b re `gservec. Sje S je slkhs bre h`t b pbrt `d tje pbtj`n`ky, gut tjey bnn`w b nn`w us t` cecuoe, d`r exbmpne, tje strehktj `r vunherbglnlty `d tje `rkbh systems, vlobrlbtl`h `d duhotl`hs, `r preclsp`sltl`hs. Lh tjls sehse, tje experlehoe `d tje tjerbplst ls essehtlbn6 lh bh emplrlobn system suoj bs tjls, ld b tjerbplst ls very experlehoec, tje tjerbpeutlo `gservbtl`hs bhc reoreo`mmehcbtl`hs je `r sje mbfes wlnn ge getter bhc m`re boourbte, bs wlnn ge tje bsslstbhoe je `r sje ls bgne t` rehcer. Sjus, we obh sby tjbt lrlc`n`ky ls b gn``cness emplrlobn system tjbt nets us reclreot `ur nlves lh terms `d pers`hbn, cletbry, `r pjyslobn gejbvl`rs, bhc ld we deen lnn, lt nets us lceh lcehtldy tldy tje m`st eddeoeddeotlve hbturbn tjerbpy d`r us. Lrlc`n`ky ls bh lhclsputbgne rederehoe system d`r g`tj hbtur`pbtjy bhc b hc j`me`pbtjy. 2
7
LHSW@CUOSL@H S@ LWLC@N@K\
SJE K@BN @D LWLC@N@K\ Sjbhfs t` oehturles `d meclolhbn prbotloe bhc resebroj, we fh`w tjbt pe`pne express tjelr blnmehts bln mehts h`t `hny tjr`ukj sympt`ms (sehsbtl`hs) (sehsbtl`hs) gut bns` tjr`ukj slkhs (slkhbns), slmlnbr t` tje netters `d bh bnpjbget wrltteh, wrltteh, lh tjls obse, lh tje eye. Sjls nbhkubke `d lrlc`n`ky o`m prlses mblhny tjree typ types es `d slkhs1 d`rms obrvec lh tje str`mb, lh tje plkmehts, bhc lh tje vessens. Lh tjls g``f y`u wlnn clso`ver h`t `hny tje mebhlhk `d tjese slkhs gut bns` tje uhcernylhk pjln`s` pjy `d lrlc`n`k lrlc`n`ky, y, wjloj ls slmln slmlnbr br t` tjbt `d `tjer hbturbn tjerbples. _lhoe pe`pne c` h`t o`hsunt wltj bh lrlc`n`klst t` `gtblh b clbkh`sls gut t` reoelve lhclvlcubnlzec tjerbpeutlo s`nus`nutl`hs d`r b speoldlo prevl`usny clbkh`sec pr`gnem, b vlslt wltj tje lrlc`n`klst c`es h`t geklh bhc ehc wltj `gservb-
tl`h `d tje lrls. Lhstebc, lt blms t` nebrh keherbn ojbrboterlstlos `d tje pbtleht. D`r exbmpne, bh lrlc`n`klst wlnn seef t` uhcerstbhc tje gejbvl`r `d tje pbtleht lh renbtl`h t` bhy meclolhe tje pbtleht tbfes (drequehoy (drequehoy `d lhtbfe, cetblns renbtec t` surkery, eto.) `r tje pbtleht“s peroeptl`h `d jls `r jer `wh rebnlty bhc tjbt `d `tjers, wltj tje purp`se `d h`t `hny lhclvlcubnlzlhk tje trebtmeht gut bns` lcehtldy lceh tldylhk lhk tje m`st eddeotlve ed deotlve tjerbpeutlo m`cbnlty d`r tjls pbrtlounbr pers`h. Ye`pne jbve b gbslo o`hstltutl`h tjbt mbfes tjem m`re dlt d`r `he type `d nldestyne nldest yne tjbh bh`tjer. [ltj`ut b c`ugt, nebrhlhk bg`ut `ur lhjereht gejbvl`rbn bhc pjysl`n`klobn rebotl`hs tjr`ukj `gservbtl`h `d tje lrls nets us ket tje m`st `ut `d `ur exlstehoe bhc jenps us nlve nlde t` tje dunnest.
@WLKLH_ BHC ET@NUSL@H Sjls g``f `dders b ojr`h`n`klobn `ver vlew `d tje jlst`ry `d lrlc`n`ky. \`u \`u wln wlnnn nebrh tjbt lh tje twendtj oehtury tje lrls wbs stuclec gy Jlncek Jlncekbrc brc v`h v`h Glhkeh, b Kermbh Geheclotlhe huh wj` bmbzec jer o`htemp`rbrles o`htemp`rbrles wltj jer vlsl`hs bhc jer uhlque wby `d `gservlhk tje g`cy bhc tjeregy lcehtldylhk tje remecles b pbtleht heecec t` nlve b jebntjy jeb ntjy nlde. nlde . Sje Juhkbrlbh solehtlst Lkhbz v`h Yeozeny, wj` wbs dlrst b tjerbplst bhc nbter b pjyslolbh, mbppec `ut bh lrlc`nlrlc`n`ky ojbrt sj`wlhk j`w clddereht pbrts `d tje lrls o`rrenbte t` tje bhbt`my bhc pjysl`n`ky `d tje g`cy bhc b hc lcehtldylhk lcehtldyl hk lh tje lrls tje redneotl`hs redneot l`hs `d clddereht blnmehts meh ts tjbt bddeot bd deot jumbhs bhc bhlmbns, es peolbn peolbnny ny mbmmbns. mbmmb ns. Sje lceb `d lht`xlobtl`h jbs geeh nlhfec t` oertblh lrlc`n`ky `gservbtl`hs6 d`r exbmpne, tje _weclsj c`ot`r
Hlns Nlnaequlst `gservec tjbt pjbrmboeutlobn cruks nebve b trboe `h tje surdboe `d `ur lrls. Gy obredun `gservbtl`h `d oertblh eye redneotl`hs, A`sepj Bhkerer exp`sec wltj clbpjbh`us clbpjbh`us onbrlty j`w tje mbor`mbor`o`sm lhdnuehoes lhd nuehoes `ur mlor`o`sm. mlor`o`sm. O`hstltutl`h bhc clsp`sltl`h bre tw` o`hoepts wltj clddereht mebhlhks, gut tjey bre lhterrenbtec, bs A`sed Ceof bhc jls clsolpne cl solpne Jelhz [. _ojmlct (my (my tebojer) expnblh tjem. Sjelr m`cerh o`hoeptubnlzbtl`h `d lrlc`n`ky grlhks lt lht` tje twehty-dlrst oehtury bhc jenps us uhcerstbhc tjbt pers`hbn lhonlhblhonlhbtl`hs bre o`cec lh tje eye, wbltlhk d`r tje rlkjt m`meht t` ge expressec. Bslce dr`m `dderlhk b ojr`h`n`klojr`h`n`klobn `vervlew tjr`ukj`ut jlst`ry, tje ojbpters `d tjls g``f bre `rkbhlzec lh suoj b wby tjbt tje rebcer ls lmmersec
LHSW@CUOSL@H S@ LWLC@N@K\
lh lrlc`n`ky wltj`ut eveh rebnlzlhk lt, wjlne wjl ne nebr nebrhlhk hlhk prbotl prbotlobn obn bhc kr`u kr`uhchcgrebflhk o`hoepts. Sje trebtlse ehcs wltj b ojbpter o jbpter ceclo ceclobtec btec t` tje t je clkes c lkes-tlve system, `ur seo`hc grblh (boo`rclhk t` Ynbt` Ynbt`)) `r, bs S`rres cen _`nbr _ `nbr usec t` sby, tje m`re j`nlstlo g`cy system. Gy tje ehc `d tje g``f, tje ourl`s-
lty `d tje rebcer wlnn ge bwbfehec, bhc tj`ukj we wlnn jbve bhswerec mbhy questl`hs bhc o`hoerhs, mbhy m`re wlnn o`me t` mlhc6 tjls wlnn ge tje m`meht wjere rebcer bhc butj`r wlnnnn meet t` o`htlhue t`ket wl t`ketjer jer lh tje _ebroj, tje ehklhe `d restness splrlts.
?
2 Bhbt`my Bhbt `my bhc Yjysl`n Yjysl`n`k `kyy `d tje Eye
Bs emgr emgry`s y`s we jbve tw` jebrts, wjloj nbter duse t` d`rm `he, wjbt b plty6 bhc we jbve `he slhkne eye, wjloj nbter spnlts lh tw`, j`w nuofy. D�������� @��� N�����
4
BHBS@M\ BHBS @M\ BHC YJ\_L@N@K\ @D SJE E\E
@OUNBW BHBS@M\ Sje eyegbnn jbs b spjerlobn spjerlobn sjbpe tjbt ls snlkjtny dnbttehec lh renbtl`h t` lts vertlobn bxls. b xls. Sje o`rh o`rheb, eb, wjloj ls trbhspbr trbhspbr-eht, ls n`obtec lh tje dr`ht pbrt `d tje eye, d`rmlhk b pr`tugerbhoe `h tje surdboe. Sje eyegbnn ls mbce up `d memgrbhe d`rmbtl`hs (ehven`plhk memgrbhes) obnnec tje sonerb, oj`r`lc, bhc retlhb, bs wenn bs trbhspbreht, redrbotlve nlqulc bhc s`nlc enemehts (tje o`rheb, bque`us bhc vltre`us jum`r, bhc nehs). Sje lrls ls l s tje dr`ht pbrt `d tje oj`oj`r`lc, bhc lts m`vemeht lhsplrec tje clbpjrbkms usec `h pj`t`krbpjlo obmerbs. Sje lrls jbs b cenlobte o`hslstehoy6 lt ls twenve t` tjlrteeh mlnnlmeters lh clbmeter bhc bverbkes aust tjree-tehtjs `d b mlnnlmeter lh tjlofhess . Lt jbs tw` surdboes (bhterl`r bhc p`sterl`r) bhc tw` olroumderehoe olro umderehoess (mba`r bhc mlh`r). Dr`m tje bhterl`r t` tje p`sterl`r,
tje lrls ls o`mp`sec `d tje ehc`tjenlum, tje str`mb, bhc b p`sterl`r plkmehtec nbyer.
Ehc`tjenlum Ehc`tjenlu m Sjls nbyer `d dnbttehec p`nyk`hbn oenns d`rms b o`htlhuum lh o`htbot wltj tje bque`us jum`r (tje (tje nlqulc d`uhc lh l h tje bhterl`r ojbmger `d tje eye).
_tr`mb Sje str`mb ls tje tlssue `d tje lrls, d`rmec gy o`hheotlve tlssue, ojr`mbt`pj`re oenns, musone dlgers, heur`dlnbmehts, gn``c bhc nympjbtlo vessens, bhc b gbsemeht memgrbhe. Lt jbs b ceep nbyer wltj b `he-mlnnlmeter-wlce bhhunbr rlhk `d musone dlgers (spjlhoter) wj`se o`htrbotl`h ceorebses tje t je slze `d tje pupln.
Mba`r olroumderehoe
Mlh`r olroumderehoe Oj`r`lc Wetlhb
_onerb O`rheb Yupln Nehs
@ptlobn herve
Bque`us jum`r
_tr`mb
Y`sterl`r Ylkmehtec Nbyer N byer Lrls
Tltre`us jum`r
Gnlhc sp`t (`ptlo clsf)
Eyegbnn, wltj cetbln `d tje lrls
Bt tje rebr `d tje lrls bre tw` r`ws `d cbrf purpne-o`n`rec retlhbn epltjenlbn oenns. Sjey pr`truce dr`m tje mlh`r olroumderehoe `d tje lrls, surr`uhclhk tje pupln.
BHBS@M\ BHBS @M\ BHC YJ \_L@N@K\ @D SJE E\E
LHHEWTBSL@H Sje lrls ls lhhervbtec l hhervbtec gy tje but`h`mlo herv`us system, wltj tj`rbo`numgbr sympbtjetlo grbhojes bhc orbhl`sborbn pbrbsympbtjetlo pbrbsy mpbtjetlo grbhojes. Sje bhhunbr musone dlgers bhc olnlbry musone bre lhhervbtec gy tje sj`rt olnlbry herve grbhoj `d tje `oun`m`t`r herve (orbhlbn herve LLL), wjloj `rlklhbtes lh tje mlcgrblh. Sje dlgers `d tje clnbt`r musone bre lhhervbtec gy tje n`hk olnlbry herves, wjloj bre o`hheotec t` tje sympbtjetlo oervlobn kbhknl`h. Sjese herves reboj tje lrls tjr`ukj tje oj`r`lc nbyer `d tje eyegbnn, d`rmlhk tje lrlclbh pnexus, dr`m wjere tjey bre clstrlgutec t` tje musone dlgers bhc `tjer struotures `d tje lrls. _`me heur`dlnbmehts d`rm b hetw`rf `r mesj `h tje sugehc`tjenlbn surdboe. Sjls sehsltlve mesj ls mbce up `d trlbhkunbr trlbhku nbr uhlts jbvlhk o`hoehtrlo olroumderehoes bhc vertloes p`lhtlhk t`wbrc tje pupln6 tje trlbhknes n`obtec bt tje perlpjery `d tje lrls jbve nbrker gbses. Sje slces `d tjese trlbhkunbr uhlts o`lhol o`lholce ce wltj tlhy vessens bhc heur`dlnbmehts. Durtjerm`re, tjere ls bh`tjer ceep herve hetw`rf wltj b m`t`r o`mp`heht. Lh terms `d m`t`r uhlts, tje lrls ls tje m`st sehsltlve lh tje g`cy. Bs o`mpbrls`h, b nek musone mlkjt bnn`bnn`obte 279 musone dlgers per m`t`r uhlt. Sje lrls musones requlre tje lmpresslve humger `d `he t` elkjt dlgers per m`t`r uhlt–tjbt ls, eh`rm`us speoldlolty d`r suoj b smbnn bhbt`mlo spboe.
Herve O`hheotl`hs Sje clreot o`hheotl`h `d tje heur`dlnbmehts `h tje superdlolbn nbyers `d tjee lrls wltj tje oervlobn kbhknl`h `d tj tje sympbtjetlo system bhc tje olnlolnlbry kbhknl`h `d tje pbrbsympbtjetlo system expnblhs j`w tje lmpressl`hs `d tje wj`ne `rkbhlsm obh ge seht t` tje lrls bhc nets us uhcerstbhc j`w tje tlssue `d tje lrls reoelves herve slkhbns bhc gn``c wltj eherketlo bhc gl`ojemlobn lhd`rmbtl`h dr`m `tjer pbrts `d tje g`c y. g`c y. Sjls lhd`rmbtl`h keherbtes lrlc`n`ky slkhs `h tje surdboe `d tje lrls. [ee fh`w [ fh`w tjbt eboj pbrt `d tje `rkbhlsm (d`rm bhc duhotl`h) ls represehtec `h b oertblh pbrt `d tje lrls. Lh rekbrcs t` tjls renbtl`hsjlp, `he `d tje jbrcest tbsfs lh lrlc`n`ky, lrlc`n`k y, wjloj ls bns` wltj`ut b c`ugt c`ugt tje m`st cenlobte `he, ls t` boourbteny cetermlhe tje brebs tjbt o`rresp`hc t` eboj `rkbh, duhotl`h, bhc g`cy pbrt, b tbsf tjbt jbs h`t yet geeh o`honucec. Gy cblny `gservbtl`h `d tjls smbnn bhc cenlobte pbrt `d `ur bhbt`my, we genleve tjbt we obh estbgnlsj b serles `d p`stunbtes p`stun btes tjbt onebrny summbrl summbrlze ze tje p`sslglnltles `d lrlc`n`ky l rlc`n`ky bhc lts redne rednexxlve duhotl`h, m`vlhk bwby dr`m uhsup p`rtec cedlhltl`hs nlfe tje `hes we dlhc lh tje Ysojyremgen onlhlobn clotl`hbry, wjloj stbtes1 „Lrlc`n`k „Lrlc`n`ky1 y1 metj`c metj`c t` reo reo-`khlze clsebses lh tje rest `d tje g`cy tjr`ukj `gservbtl`h, wjloj ls solehtldlobnny lhbcmlsslg lhbcmlsslgne.” ne.” (Evlcehtny, ld y`u dbnn lht` tje trbp `d tjlhflhk tjbt tje lrls obh ge usec t` lcehtldy clsebses, l.e., pbtj`n`kles, y`u wlnnn slmpny wln sl mpny jbve t` ojbhke y`ur tjlhftjl hflhk geobuse lt ls o`mpneteny wr`hk.)
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BHBS@M\ BHBS @M\ BHC YJ\_L@N@K\ @D SJE E\E
Yrlholpnes `d Lrlc`n`ky Lh syhtjesls, we genleve tjbt t` use lrlc`n`ky eddeo tlveny, y`u must bcjere t` tje d`nn`wlhk p`lhts bhc prlholpnes1
• Slme c`es h`t m`cldy tje struoture `d tje lrls, gut lt m`cldles lts bppebrbhoe. • Sje bgsehoe `d slkhs c`es h`t heoessbrlny mebh k``c jebntj. • Lrlc`n`ky c`es h`t clbkh`se clsebses. • Srebtmehts c` h`t m`cldy tje struoture `d tje lrls, bntj`ukj bt tlmes tjey obh m`cldy lts bppebrbhoe. U_E_ @D LWLC@N@K\
• S` kbuke b pers`h“s clsp`sltl`h t`wbrc lnnhess
• S` lcehtldy tje `rlklhs `d b clsebse • S` lcehtldy obusbn renbtl`hsjlps d`r lnnhess
• S` lcehtldy tje m`st bppr`prlbte
• S` pr`vlce bh `vervlew `d b pers`h“s jebntj
• S` bssess tje renbtl`hsjlp getweeh pbrts
• S` lcehtldy tje m`st eddeotlve prevehtlve jebntj obre mebsures
jebnlhk `rlehtbtl`h B__E__MEHS_ SJW@UKJ SJE LWL_
• Tltbn t`he
• _uppressl`hs
• Bglnlty t` reouperbte
• Nlglc`
• Nlde expeotbhoy
• Lbtr`kehesls lhclobt`rs
• Hutrltl`hbn stbtus
• Yreclsp`sltl`h t` obrcl`vbsounbr
• Slssue rekeherbtl`h obpbolty • Uhrebotlve z`hes (z`hes tjbt c` h`t resp`hc t` stlmunl)
• O`hheotlve musone t`he • Herve strehktj
sympt`ms
• Weo`very lhclobt`rs • Lrrltbtl`h p`lhts • Obtbrrjbn seot`rs • Ehc`orlhe nbglnlty (l.e., ehc`orlhe vunherbglnlty)
O@HCLSL@H_ WEDNEOSEC LH _LKH_ @H SJE LWL_
• Slme
• Bddlhlty `r temperbm temperbmeht eht
• Lhtehslty
• Kehetlos
• Bgsehoe `d gn`ofbke
• Srbumb
BHBS@M\ BHBS @M\ BHC YJ \_L@N@K\ @D SJE E\E
JEWLHK“_ NB[ Lrlc`n`ky, wjloj slhoe lts orebtl`h jbs o`exlstec wltj j`me`pbtjy, nets us klve b m`re prbotlobn mebhlhk t` tje bxl`m pr`p`sec gy O`hstbhtlhe Jerlhk Jerlhk,, bh ebrny pl`heer lh j`me`pbtjy. [e bre tbnflhk `d tje reh`whec Jerlhk“s nbw,* wjloj we obh use lh o`hauhotl`h wltj lrlcl`n`klobn `gservbtl`h t` n``f d`r tje pbtj t` jebn, tje pbtj t` wenn-gelhk wenn-gelhk,, bhc tje pbtj `d clsebse, clsebse , `r, wltj m`re m`re bucbobucbolty, tje obusbn lcehtldlobtl`h `d clsebse. Lt jbs geeh `ur experlehoe tjbt lrlc`n`ky o`hsuntbtl`hs lcehtldy s`me type `d ojr`hlo cls`rcer lh seveh `ut `d teh pe`pne wj` sby tjey t jey deen dlhe. d lhe. Sjls S jls dbot dbo t sj`unc m`tlvbte us t` bsplre t` bg`vebverbke jebntj lh o`mpbrls`h t` tje keherbn p`punbtl`h. Lrlc`n`klst Jehry Nlhcnbjr o`ho`htrlgutec t` tjls mbtter gy stbtlhk tjbt tje pbtj t` clsebse wbs cue mblhny t` tjree typlobnny jumbh gejbvl`rs1 gejbvl`rs1 lkh`lkh`rbhoe, o`hvehlehoe, bhc heknlkehoe. Bh
lho`rreot clet, tje wr`hk a`g, err`he`us tj`ukjts, bhc lhbcequbte pers`hbn renbtl`hsjlps bre o`hsequehoes `d tjese gejbvl`rs bhc obh ge obusbn dbot`rs nebcnebclhk us t` blnmehts. M`cerh s`olety jbs bc`ptec tje pjln`s`pjy pjln` s`pjy `d renled („kettlhk gy”), wjere pe`pne tbfe cruks tjbt bre b re `dteh uhheoessbry bhc tjbt p`tehtlbte `r stlmunbte bhtlpjysl`n`klobn jbglts, lh bccltl`h t` obuslhk uhwbhtec eddeots. [ltj meclobtl`h t` pr`p us up, we k` d`rwbrc lh `ur nlves jbvlhk mbce very dew duhcbmehtbn ojbhkes ojbhke s `r h`he h`he bt bn bnn,n, nettlhk cby-t`-cby lhertlb obrry us, bhc d`rkettlhk tjbt hbture ls bnwbys ojbhk lhk. D`nn`wlhk tjls nlhe `d tj`ukjt, b ourl`s bpj`rlsm gy Jlpp`orbtes stbtes tjbt ojbhke ls k``c wjeh we wbht t` trblh `ursenves t` dboe d`rtult`us ojbhkes1 „Sj`se tjlhks wjloj `he jbs geeh booust`mec t` d`r b n`hk tlme, bntj`ukj w`rse tjbh tjlhks wjloj `he
Sje lrls jbs lts emgry`hlo `rlklh lh herv`us system tlssue.
V*Jerlhk“s nbw stbtes tjbt jebnlhk `oours dr`m tje lhslce `ut, dr`m tje jebc c`wh, bhc lh tje reverse `rcer dr`m wjloj sympt`ms bppebrec. –Ec.]
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BHBS@M\ BHBS @M\ BHC YJ\_L@N@K\ @D SJE E\E
ls h`t booust`mec t`, usubnny klve ness clsturgbhoe6 gut b ojbhke must s`metlmes ge mbce t` tjlhks `he ls h`t booust`mec t`.”* Gbsec `h tje redneotl`hs `d jebntj bhc pjysl`n`klobn tehceholes tjbt lt revebns t` us, tje lrls sj`ws us wjloj ojbhkes we must uhcertbfe, j`w t` retrboe b wr`hk pbtj, bhc j`w t` clstbhoe `ursenves dr`m `ur „ehemles.” Kettlhk rlc `d b gbc jbglt nlttne gy nlttne rbreny w`rfs6 ld y`u bre oertblh `d tje pbtj, y`u must ge strlot bhc renehtness bhc o`mpneteny clve lh. Sje dlrst tbsf ls t` ojbhke `ur wby `d tjlhflhk (dr`m t`p t` g`tt`m bhc dr`m tje lhslce `ut, bs Jerlhk w`unc sby), tjr`w bwby tje
`gs`nete bhc tje gurcehs`me, bhc bsslmlnbte tje hew. Lh `tjers w`rcs, we must bot cldderehtny tjbh tje bver bver-bke bhc sepbrbte `ursenves dr`m s`olbn lhertlb bhc tje nbtest dbcs. _`me pe`pne, cesplte tje `gvl`us bhbt`mlobn renbtl`hsjlp getweeh tje lrls bhc tje pers`h bs b wj`ne, c`ugt tjese duhcbmehtbns bhc, tjus, tje renlbglnlty `d tjelr rebclhk. [enn, d`r tj`se wj` stlnn jbrg`r jb rg`r c`ugts, tjere bre s`me very lhterest lhterestlhk lhk pjysl`n`k pjysl`n`klobn lobn renbtl`hsjlps tjbt bre h`t usubnny brkuec gut mby sjec nlkjt `h tje mbtter. S` geklh, lt ls lmp`rtbht lmp`rt bht d`r tjese pe`pne t` redneot up`h tje emgry`n`klobn `rlklh `d tje herv`us system bhc lh pbrtlounbr
*Sjls bpj`rlsm ls humger 59 lh g``f (`r seotl`h) 7 `d o`nneotl`hs `d Jlpp`orbtes“s bpj`rlsms.
BHBS@M\ BHBS @M\ BHC YJ \_L@N@K\ @D SJE E\E
tje lrls, wjloj, tj`ukj lt jbs musounbr struotures,, ls cerlvec h`t dr`m tje my`struotures my`t`me (tje emgry`hlo struoture dr`m wjloj musones bre cerlvec) gut dr`m tje oehtrbn herv`us system. Bh`tjer str`hk brkumeht ls pr`pr` vlcec gy onlhlob o nlhlobnn prbotloe. Lh meclolhe tjere ls b wlce brrby `d pbtj`n`kles, bnm`st bnwbys systemlo, tjbt keherbte slkhs lh tje lrls. Sjese lhonuce rjeumbtlo clsebses nlfe brtjrltls, bhfyn`slhk bhf yn`slhk sp`hcynltls, Welter syhcr`me, ps`rlbtlo brtjrltls, Gejoet“s syhcr`me, sbro`lc`sls, bhc auvehlne ojr`hlo brtjrltls, bs wenn bs but`lmmuhe clsebses nlfe Or`jh“s clsebse bhc mlor`glbn clsebses nlfe sypjlnls, tuger tugeroun`sls, oun`sls, bhc nepr`sy. nepr`sy.
Gbsec `h bnn tje lhd`rmbtl`h lh evlcehoe bhc booumunbtec onlhlobn experlehoes, we obh sby tjbt lrlc`n`ky ls verldlbgne, prbotlobn, prbotlob n, bhc repr`cuolgne. Lh tjls sehse, bhc t` dlhlsj tje preseht ojbpter, we o`unc cedlhe lrlc`n`ky bs tje lhterpretbtlve stucy `d tje lrls bhc lts `ounbr bhhexes, bhc lts purp`se ls t` teboj us bg`ut tje wbys lh wjloj b pers`h ls nlfeny t` dbn dbnnn lnn lnn,, tjelr tjerb tjerb- peutlo `rlehtbtl`h (tjbt ls, wjloj type typess `d tjerbpy tjey wlnn gest resp`hc t`), bhc tjelr jyklehlo `rlehtbtl`h (tjbt ls, wjloj jbglts bhc gejbvl`rs wln wlnnn gest serve tjem), s` tjbt tjey obh bv`lc, prepre veht, `r reouperbte dr`m d r`m clsebse cls ebse t` tje t je gest `d tjelr bglnlty.
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7 Obusbe et Ou Ourbe rbe Eye Clsebses _eeh tjr`ukj tje Lrls
Sje eye ls tje nbmp `d tje g`cy. _`, ld y`ur eye ls onebr, y`ur wj`ne g`cy wlnn ge dunn `d nlkjt. M������ 4177‟7?
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OBU_BE ES OUWBE1 Eye Clsebses _eeh tjr`ukj tje Lrls
JLNCEKBWC BHC LWLC@N@K\ Lh tje [est, lrlc`n`ky dlrst bppebrec lh tje Mlccne Bkes wltj tje lhoursl`h `d Brbglo meclolhe, wjloj d`ousec `h bnn bspeots `d tje eyes, dr`m bhbt`my t` surkerles. Lh tje twendtj oehtury, Jlncekbrc v`h Glhkeh (29<:‟22;<), b Kermbh Geheclotlhe huh `d pr`d`uhc o`hvlotl`hs, wltj p`nltlobn lhdnuehoes cue t` jer renbtl`hsjlp wltj tje Ojuroj bhc tje pbpboy, bhc b vlsl`hbry lh g`tj p`nltlos bhc meclolhe, set tje d`uhcbtl`hs d`r bh lrlc`n`ky m`cen gbsec `h lhclvlcubnlzbtl`h bhc presorlptl`h `d pers`hbnlzec pers`hbnl zec remecles, g`tj `d wjloj bre `gaeotlves `d m`cerh lrlc`n`ky. Drecerlof L (2277‟22<9), peboepeboe mbfer lh tje rlvbnrles getweeh tje J`jehstbudeh bhc tje Kuenpjs, wbs tje emper`r bhc o`rherst`he `d tje J`ny W`mbh Emplre. Je `dderec mlnlmlnltbry pr`teotl`h t` Jlncekbrc“s m`hbs-
Bh lnnustrbtl`h `d tje `ptlobn pbtjwby dr`m tje Fltbg bn-Mbhbzlr (G``f `d @ptlos), bh enevehtj-oehtury Brbg trebtlse
terles bhc ountlvbtec b k``c drlehcsjlp wltj tje duture sblht, lh splte `d tje dbot tjbt sje hever d`rkbve jlm d`r bpp`lhtlhk bhtlp`pes curlhk jls relkh. Jlncekbrc stbrtec c`wh tje pbtj `d meclolhe bt tje bke `d d`rty-dlve. Lhdnuehoec gy tje Brbglo w`rnc, bhc pr`gbgny gy tje _bnerh` soj``n, sje wr`te tje mbhusorlpts Obusbe et ourbe (Obuses (O buses bhc b hc Oures) bhc Yjyslob. Dr`m Jlncekbrc“s p`lht `d vlew, clsebse br`se nbrkeny cue t` tje n`ss `d vlrtue. Klveh tjbt, bppbrehtny, bppbrehtny, eye pr`gpr`gnems were very lmp`rtbht curlhk jer tlme, jer g``fs `h remecles cesorlgec, d`r exbmpne, j`w t` use dehhen d`r slkjt pr`gnems1 Cew wbrmec gy tje m`rhlhk m`rhlhk suh sj`unc ge o`mglhec wltj orusjec dehhen bhc b glt `d dn`ur bhc bppnlec t` tje eyenlcs, wltj tje eyes on`sec (tjls mbhher lh wjloj tje dehhen ls temperec wltj suh-wbrmec s uh-wbrmec cew ls slmlnb sl mlnbrr t` tje prlholpne `d s`nbr extrbot extrbotl`h l`h `d Gboj dn`wer remecles) bhc mby lhclobte bh bnojemlobn lhdnuehoe). Jlncekbrc wbs very tj`r`ukj, bhc sje nedt gejlhc
OBU_BE ES OUWBE1 Eye Clsebses _eeh tjr`ukj tje Lrls
speoldlo lhstruotl`hs d`r trebtmehts d`r every eye o`n`r. Sj`ukj sje wbs slof d`r m`st `d jer nlde, sudderlhk dr`m pbrbnysls orl-
ses, Jlncekbrc wbs bns` b very botlve w`mbh, bs b s sj`wh gy tje nekboy nek boy sje nedt ne dt lh m`hbsterles lh tje d`rm `d muslobn w`rfs bhc b hc renlk l`us bhc meclob me clobnn texts. tex ts.
LHCLTLCUBNLQEC SJEWBY\ Lh Obusbe et ourbe, J Jlncekbrc lncekbrc cesorlges (muoj nlfe lh lrlc`n`klobn `pjtjbnm`n`ky) tje d`nn`wlhk sltubtl`h1 Ld b pers`h“s vlsl`h ls gnurrec (webf slkjt) bhc jls eyes sudder sud der bhc jurt, tjls ls cue t` bh exoess `d wbter `r gn``c bs b resunt `d bke `r slofhess. Boo`rclhk t` jer1 Sje eye ls mbce up `d dlre bhc wbter. Sjr`ukj dlre lt ls jenc t`ketjer bhc strehktjehec, s` lt obh exlst6 tje wbter, `h tje `tjer jbhc, mbfes seelhk p`sslgne. Ld gn``c sprebcs `h tje surdboe `d tje eye, lt wlnn suppress tje vlsl`h `d tje eye, geobuse lt crles `ut tje wbter wjloj gest`ws vlsl`h t` tje eye. @h tje `tjer jbhc, ld gn``c ls exoesslveny recuoec tjere, wbter, wjloj ehbgnes tje eye t` see, wlnn h`t jbve eh`ukj strehktj6 lt sj`unc obrry strehktjs lh gn``c nlfe o`numhs. D`r tjbt rebs`h tje eyes `d `nc pe`pne geo`me webf lh vlsl`h, geobuse dlre tjey bre n`slhk tjelr strehktj bhc tje wbter wltj tje gn``c ls ceorebslhk. Sjbt Sj bt ls wjy y`uhk pe`pne obh see m`re sjbrpny tjbh `nc, geobuse lh tjelr vessens tje rlkjt pr`p`rtl`h exlsts getweeh gn``c bhc wbter.*
S` reo`ver tje jebntj `d tje eyes, Jlncekbrc sbys, tje pers`h must on`seny `gserve b kreeh pnbht. Je must stbre bt lt lhtehtny, d`r n`hk perl`cs `d tlme,
uhtln tje eyes wbter bhc ory, geobuse tje kreeh o`n`r lh pnbhts crbks `ut tje jum`rs (g`cy dnulcs lcehtldlec lh tje Uhbhl trbcltl`hbn meclolhe) bhc nebves tje eyes onebr bhc pure. Dresj rlver wbter bn bns` s` enl enlmlhbt mlhbtes es exoes exoesss jum`r ju m`r lh lh tje eyes bhc returhs tje nlkjt t` tjem, s` bh bppr`prlbte s`nutl`h ls t` tbfe b nlheh obhvbs crehojec lh pure dresj wbter bhc pnbo pnboee lt `ver tje eyes bhc temp`rbn breb `d tje jebc. Jlncekbrc genlevec tjbt tje eyes jbve bh lkhe`us (dlery) hbture,† bhc tjbt wjeh tjey bre b re t`uojec gy wbter, tje nbyer tjbt gnurs tjem s`dtehs, tjbhfs t` tje wbter“s dresjhess bhc jumlclty.
Clbkrbm `d tje eye bhc `ptlobn pbtjs boo`rclhk t` Bnjbzeh bhc Tltenn` (25;7)
*Cr. [lkjbrc _trejn`w bhc K`ttdrlec Jertzfb, Jlncekbrc `d Glhkeh“s Meclolhe (_bhtb De, H.Mex.1 Gebr & O`mpbhy, 2<::), 3. †Jlncekbrc cesorlges lkhe`us eyes bs d`nn`ws1 „[j`ever jbs dlery eyes, o`mpbrbgne t` tje cbrf on`uc hext t` tje suh, reoelvec tjem hbturbnny dr`m tje wbrm s`utj wlhc. Sjey bre jebntjy, geobuse tjey `rlklhbte dr`m tje wbrmtj `d tje dlre. Cust, j`wever, bhc gbc smenn lhaures tjem, geobuse tjelr grlkjthess clsrekbrcs cust bhc tjelr purlty hekneots tje uhdbmlnlbr smenn.” (Cr. [lkjbrc _trejn`w bhc K`ttdrlec Jertzfb, Jlncekbrc `d Glhkeh“s Meclolhe V_bhtb De, H.Mex.1 Gebr & O`mpbhy, 2<::], 5)
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OBU_BE ES OUWBE1 Eye Clsebses _eeh tjr`ukj tje Lrls
Sje Elkjt Sypes `d ` d Lrlses bhc Sjelr Ynbht Wemecles, boo`rclhk t` Jlncekbrc Lh Obusbe et ourbe, Jlncekbrc ourbe, Jlncekbrc v`h Glhkeh sp`fe bg`ut elkjt types `d lrlses bhc j`w t` bccress lh tjem tje pr`gnems `d gnurry vlsl`h, pblh, bhc clso`md`rt. Jere, we obh n``f bt tje types `d lrlses sje cesorlges bhc tjelr pnbht remecles, tj`ukj lt ls uhoertblh wjetjer `ur lhterpretbtl`h ls exbot . Sjls ls aust b duh glt `d jlst`rlobn trlvlb, h`t b pbrt `d `ur `ddlolbn lrlc`n`klobn expn`rbtl`h. \`u \`u sj`unc hever put bhy sugstbhoe lh o`htbot wltj y`ur eyes exoept uhcer tje reo`mmehcbtl`h `d b qubnld lec expert pr botltl`her botltl`her.. Sje lhd`rmbtl`h jere blms `hny t` jlkjnlkjt tje renbtl`hsjlp getweeh ourl`us meclevbn remecles bhc tje lrls, b preoeceht set ged`re Yeozeny (ojbpter ?) lh tje jlst`ry `d lrlc`n`ky.
CLDDEWEHS O@N@WEC E\E_
• Dehhen „Sje wbrm, s`dt hbture `d dehhen, mlxec wltj r`se bhc rye, bre bflh t` blry eyes `d clddereht o`n`rs.” Sjls pbrtlounbrlty wbs tbfeh lht` boo`uht wjeh pblh bppebrec.
DLEW\ E\E_
• Tl`net „Sjese eyes bre jebntjy tjbhfs t` tje jebt `d dlre, gut tjey c` h`t c` wenn br`uhc uhpnebsbht smenns. Sje o`nc `d vl`net, mlxec wltj r`se bhc dehhen, ls temperec gy tje j`t hbture `d wlhe. Tl`net ls g`rh dr`m tje wbrm wlhc6 tjus, lt heecs tje `tjer veketbgnes.”
MUNSLO@N@WEC E\E_ (_LMLNBW S@ WBLHG@[_)*
• Oumlh „Oumlh j`ncs wbrmtj bhc dresjhess lh equbn bm`uhts bhc, temperec gy tje jebt lh wlhe, lt clsslpbtes gbc jum`rs tjbt jurt tje eyes.” †
*Jlncekbrc cesorlges muntlo`n`rec eyes bs „eyes nlfe tje on`ucs lh wjloj tje rblhg`w ls sjlhlhk.” Sjese eyes o`mes, sje sbys, „dr`m tje blr `d tje vbrl`us blr ourrehts, wjloj bre heltjer o`hstbhtny cry h`r m`lst. Sjey bre webf, geobuse tjey o`me lht` gelhk dr`m tje uhstbgne, ojbhklhk blr6 bhc, geobuse tjey c` h`t `rlklhbte dr`m dlre, tjey jbve bh `gsoure vlsl`h gy wbrm blr, wjerebs gy pure rblhy blr tjey obh see onebrny6 tjls ls geobuse tjey bre m`re `d b wbtery tjbh dlery flhc. Everytjlhk, espeolbnny grlkjt nlkjt dr`m tje suh, tje m``h, nlkjts bhc dr`m tje spnehc`r `d preol`us st`hes `r metbns `r s`metjlhk ense, ls jbrmdun d`r suoj eyes, geobuse tjey o`me dr`m tje blr wltj lts ojbhklhk ourrehts.” (Cr. [lkjbrc _trejn`w bhc K`ttdrlec Jertzfb, Jlncekbrc `d Gl hkeh“s Meclolhe Meclolhe V_bhtb De, H.Mex.1 Gebr & O`mpbhy, 2<::], 5) †Lh rekbrc t` gbc jum`rs, Jlncekbrc mehtl`hs tje pjeh`meh`h `d b on`uc `h tje eye1 „[jeh tje grblh ls lhvbcec . . . tjls sehcs gbc jum`rs t` tje eyes. Sjls swebt pr`cuoes tje on`uc, wjloj, ld h`t enlmlhbtec qulofny, tjlofehs bhc wlnn nbter ge lmp`sslgne t` enlmlhbte. Sje on`uc ls d`rmec dr`m tje o`nc jum`rs bhc glne.” Sjls cesorlptl`h o`unc perdeotny o`rresp`hc t` wjbt we ourrehtny cesorlge bs b s`clum rlhk (see ojbpter 4).
OBU_BE ES OUWBE1 Eye Clsebses _eeh tjr`ukj tje Lrls
SUWGUNEHS, KNBUOU_, @W _EB KWEEH E\E_
• Dehhen „Sje sweet jebt `d dehhen, o`mglhec wltj tje dresj hbture `d ekk wjltes, jenps ebse tje pblh bhc gnurrlhess `d eyes o`htrbotec gy tje jumlc hbture `d tje nbhc.” Sje Sjebtrum _bhltbtls, b _bhltbtls, b w`rf ceven`pec bdter Jlncekbrc“s w`rfs, lhonuces slmlnbr lhclobtl`hs.
CBWF E\E_
• Wue „Sje wbrm hbture `d rue bhc j`hey, mlxec wltj grebcorumgs, bttrbo ts strehktj dr`m tje ebr tj bhc bnnevlbtes cbrf eyes.”
OBSBWBOS_ BHC SEBWLHE__
• Dehukreef bhc `rkbh pbrts dr`m bhlmbns Jlncekbrc wr`te bg`ut wjlte sp`ts `h tje eyes, wjloj we lhterpret bs b rederehoe t` wjbt t`cby ls fh`wh bs b obtbrbot `r tje brous sehlnls (see ojbpter 4). D`r tjese obses s je reo`mmehcec h`t `hny pnbhts nlfe dehukreef gut bns` `rkbh pbrts dr`m bhlmbns, nlfe lh bholeht meclolhe.
KWB\ E\E_
„_lmlnbr t` wbter, webfer tjbh tje `tjer eyes geobuse tje blr, wltj tje jebt, tje o`nc, bhc jumlclt y, ojbhkes tjem `dteh. Ebslny w`uhcec gy uhjebntjy blrs bhc jumlclty.”
GNBOF E\E_
„Crbwh t` ebrtj. @d s`nlc hbture, tjey feep tjelr vlsubn boulty d`r b n`hk tlme geobuse tjey o`me dr`m ebrtj ltsend, gut tjey obh ge ebslny w`uhcec gy tje jum`r `d ebrtj , bhc tje jumlclty `d wbter wbter.” .”
2;
? Lrlc` Lrl c`n`ky n`ky Ojb Ojbrrts N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
_eelhk ls bh bot `d o`upnlhk bhc deouhcbtl`h deouhcb tl`h tjbt jbppehs lh tje grlcbn ojbmger `d tje `pjtjbnm`s. K���� K�������
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LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedne otl`h `d @rkbh s bhc Sjelr Duhotl`h s
LKHBQ T@H YEOQEN\ BHC SJE LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS
Lkhbz v`h Yeozeny
Sje st`ry `d tjls pbrtlounbr ojbrboter precbtes s`me `d tje m`st o`htr o`htr`ver `ver-slbn bspeots `d lrlc`n`ky. Yeozeny (2:74‟ 2<22) wbs tje s`h `d bh exeout`r d`r b Juhkbrlbh o`uht. Je nlvec surr`uhcec gy mbhy pe`pne, pe`pne, bnm`st bn m`st bnn `d tjem, nlfe jls dbtjer, servbhts `d tje h`gnembh. Je cem`hstrbtec jls brtlstlo tbnehts d`r `gservlhk bhc crbwlhk hbture dr`m bh ebrny bke. Bt tje bke `d twenve, wjlne pnbylhk br`uhc wltj bh `wn, je uhlh uhlh-tehtl`hbnny drboturec tje glrc“s rlkjt nek. Yeozeny wbs krebtny lmpressec wjeh, seo`hcs bdter tje boolceht, je sbw lh tje glk k`nceh eyes `d tje bhlmbn b smbnn cbrf rbclbn nlhe bppebr `h tje lhderl`r seot`r `d tje rlkjt lrls, b nlhe je jbc hever seeh ged`re. [jeh tje drboture wbs jebnec, tje gnbof nlhe geobme succehny surr`uhcec gy tw` wjlte nlhes bhc tjeh clsbppebrec, gut tje tw` wjlte nlhes remblhec `h tje eye `d tje bhlmbn d`r tje rest `d lts nlde. Yeozeny w`unc bnwbys rememger tjls pjeh`meh`h. [jeh je wbs twehty-tw` yebrs `nc je d`ukjt bs b jussbr lh tje wbr t` nlgernlgerbte jls o`uhtry, bhc bt twehty-d`ur je tbukjt kymhbstlos bhc crbwlhk, jls `nc brtlstlo lhterest. Bt tjlrty-tjree yebrs `d bke, je weht gbof t` jls dbtjer“s j`me bhc wbs bkblh surr`uhcec gy jls `nc drlehcs. Je jenpec oure tjelr jebntj pr`gnems, slhoe bt tje tlme je je jbc mbsmbsterec j`me`pbtjy6 je eveh suooessdunny jebnec jls m`tjer, wj` sudderec dr`m ecemb. @he cby, p`sslgny cue t` b o`m pnblht, b pjyslolbh bhc b pr`dess`r `d meclolhe mec lolhe vlsltec jlm–h`t pbrtlounbrny bs drlehcs–t` h`tldy jlm tjbt je o`unc h`t prbotloe j`me`pbtjy wltj`ut gelhk b c`ot`r, bhc tjbt je jbc t` jbhc `ver tje j`me`pbtjlo remecy flt je usec d`r jls oures. Yeozeny wbs reslstbht, bhc,
bdter n``flhk bt tje lrls `d tje c`ot`r, je sblc, wltj`ut jesltbtl`h, tjbt je jbc reoehtny sudderec bh lnnhess bhc tjbt je wbs h`t yet o`mpneteny reo`verec. Sje c`ot`r, surprlsec geobuse tjls onblm wbs true, bgbhc`hec jls lhtehtl` l htehtl`h h t` o`hdlso`hdls obte tje j`me`pbtjlo remecles. Sjls eveht, nlfe jls ebrny experlehoe wltj tje tje `wn, `wn, jbc b krebt krebt eddeot `h Lkhbz, wj` dr`m tjbt p`lht `hw `hwbrc brc clc h`t st`p uhtln je mbhbkec t` ket booeptec lht` tje meclobn o`nneke `d Gucbpest Uhlverslty wjeh je je wbs tjlrty-slx yebrs `nc. Keher`slty wbs b clstlhotlve debdebture `d Yeozeny d`r jls wj`ne nlde. D`r exbmpne, bs b stuceh stuceht, t, bt s`me p`lht je jenpec twenve denn`w stucehts wltj tje m`hey je ebrhec tjr`ukj jls j`me`j`me` pbtjlo o`hsunt o`hsuntbtl`hs. btl`hs. Gut jls tehure bs b stuceht wbs bns` mbrfec gy hekbtlve epls`ces. Bt `he p`lht je jbc tje mlsd`rtuhe `d gelhk wbhtec gy tje butj`rltles, wj` boousec jlm `d jbvlhk p`ls`hec b w`mbh wltj brsehlo (`d o`urse, lt wbs nbter cem`hstrbtec tjbt tje brsehlo jbc geeh b j`me`j`me` pbtjlo prepbrbtl`h). Je wbs d`roec t` nebve Gucbpest Uhlverslty, gut je nbter t``f up jls stucles bkblh bkbl h bt tje Tlehhb Meclobn O`nneke bt tjlrty-elkjt yebrs `d bke. S`wbrc tje ehc `d jls stucles je jbc bh`tjer setgbof, tjls tlme wltj C`ot`r Obrn v`h W`fltbhsfy, wj` bssurec Yeozeny tjbt je w`unc h`t pbss jls onbss bhc, tjus, w`unc h`t ge bgne t` `gtblh b meclobn clpn`mb. Yeozeny metloun`usny stuclec d`r tje onbss, gut rum`r jbs lt tjbt `h tje cby `d tje dlhbn exbm, je jbc b rev`nver jlcceh lh jls on`tjes, b s`uvehelr `d jls tlme bs b jusjussbr, aust lh obse. (@he p`sslgne expnbhbtl`h d`r tje clsbkreemeht getweeh
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
tje tw` meh wbs tje drlotl`h getweeh tje vltbnlstlo-j`me`pbtjlo vlew `d Yeozeny–b pbrbclkm tjbt solehoe bt tje tlme wbs mbflhk bh edd`rt t` nebve gejlhc–wltj tje rbtl`hbn-bhbnytlo genleds `d W`fltbhsfy, wj` wbs `he `d tje dlrst bhbt`m`pbtj`n`klsts bhc nedt jls mbrf lh m`cerh meclolhe wltj jls onlhlonl hlobn cesorlptl`hs1 W`fltbhsfy-Ousjlhk unoer, Mbyer-W`fltbhsfy-Fþster-Jbuser syhcr`me, W`fltbhsfy‟Bsoj`dd slhuses, eto.). Cesplte tje o`hdnlot wltj W`fltbhsfy, Yeozeny pbssec tje exbm, bhc bt tje bke `d d`rty-tjree je gekbh prbotlolhk bs b c`ot`r bhc lrlc`n`kl lrlc`n`klst st lh `he `d tje up-bhc-o`mlhk helkjg`rj``cs lh Gucbpest, wltj bh bverbke `d tw` juhcrec o`hsuntbtl`hs b cby. Bt d`rty-seveh je pugnlsjec h`tes bkblhst tje Gucbpest J`me`pbtjlo Meclobn Bss`olbtl`h, bh ehtlty tjbt `pehny reaeotec lrlc`n`ky. Bt tjls p`lht, Lkhbz rebnlzec tjbt tje questl`h wbs h`t s` muoj bg`ut gelhk b c`ot`r, gut bg`ut wjetjer t` reaeot `r h`t tje prevblnl prevblnlhk hk c`kmbs wjlne mblhtblhlhk bh `peh bttltuce t` fh`wnecke, h` mbtter wjere `r wj`m lt obme dr`m, s`metjlhk Juhkbrlbh j`me`pbtjs clc h`t c`. Bt dldty-d`ur je pugnlsjec jls Lhtr`cuotl`h t` tje Clbkh`sls dr`m tje Eye, b g``f tjbt wbs wenn reoelvec lh Kermbhy, gut h`t lh Juhkbry, wjere lt weht uhh`tloec. Gy tje bke `d dldtyelkjt muoj `d jls crebm `d prbotloprbotlolhk meclolhe jbc o`me true, gut je wbs hever booeptec gy jls o`nnebk ues, j`me`pbtjlo c`ot`rs wj` clc h`t o`ho`hslcer lrlc`n`ky t` ge b vbnlc system t` use wltj j`me`pbtjy. Bdter je turhec sevehty, Yeozeny stbrtec sudderlhk dr`m cepressl`h, wjloj nec jlm t` pers`hbnny rem`ve jls g``f dr`m g``fst`res bdter b _weclsj mlhlster obnnec Hlns Nlnaequlst onblmec
t` ge tje true dbtjer `d lrlc`n`ky. Sjey exojbhkec netters, lh wjloj Nlnaequlst onebrny stbtec tjbt je w`unc h`t retrbot jls stbtemehts. Dbolhk `strbolzbtl`h dr`m jls j`me`pbtj o`nnebkues `h `he slce, bhc nlttne lh tje wby `d etjlos dr`m Nlnaequlst Nl naequlst `h tje `tjer, Lkhbz v`h Yeozeny, b wjlte-gebrcec krbhcdbtjer krb hcdbtjer wj` bnwbys b nwbys w`re b jbt, reaeotec bh lhvltbtl`h t` ge reo`khlzec bt b meclobn o`hkress lh Yjlnbcenpjlb. B ourl`us bheoc`te ls tjbt wjeh Nlnaequlst, bt sevehty-seveh yebrs `d bke, reecltec jls lrlc`n`ky g``f, je bcmltbcmlttec tjbt Yeozeny jbc geeh tje t je dlrst `he t` clso`ver lrlc`n`ky. lrlc`n`k y. J`wever, J`wever, yebrs nbter, n bter, bt bg`ut tje tlme `d Yeozeny“s cebtj bt elkjty-dlve yebrs `d bke, Nlnaequlst pugnlsjec b dlhbn ecltl`h `d jls w`rf lh wjloj je bkbl bkblh h `mlttec Yeozeny“s hbme. Yeozeny“s nlde wbs dlnnec, dln nec, lh pbrt, wltj clsbpp`lhtmehts. Sjls wbs bkkrbvbtec gy tje dbot tjbt tje clso`verer `d lrlc`n`kyy oj`se tje jbrcest pbrt `d lt1 orebtlhk `k bh lrlc`n`ky ojbrt, bh lssue tjbt eveh t`cby ls h`t dunny res`nvec. [ltj`ut b c`ugt, Yeozeny wbs mbrfec d`r pbtj `d ojlbr`sour` gy jls experlehoe wltj tje `wn curlhk jls ojlncj``c. [ee genleve [ gen leve tje lrlc`n`ky l rlc`n`ky ojbrt wln wlnnn evehtubnny ket t` <9 peroeht boourboy wjeh meclobn pr`dessl`hbns lhterestec lh tje t`plo o`nneot pnehty `d experlehoe bhc o`htrbst lt wltj jlst`n`ky.
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Yeozeny dlrst lhtultec tje lmp`rtbhoe `d lrlc`n`ky bt tje bke `d twenve, wjeh je `gservec ojbhkes lh tje eyes `d bh `wn tjbt jbc gr`feh lts nek.
77
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedne otl`h `d @rkbh s bhc Sjelr Duhotl`h s
Yeozeny bhc Meclolhe Yeozeny“s bttltuce t`wbrc meclolhe wbs h`t tjbt `d b nloehsec pjyslolbh gut tj bt `d b tjerbplst `r jebner–l h `tjer w`rcs, b pers`h wj` trusts jls lhtultl`h bhc experlehoes bhc ceven`ps tje lhterhbn fh`wnecke we bnn p`ssess. _`, lh tje jlst`rlobn o`htext, jls p`sltl`h wbs h`t `cc1 je crbhf dr`m tje splrlt `d bhtlqulty, ged`re tje orebtl`h `d uhlversltles lh tje [est, bhc d`nn`wec tje sbme pbtj bs Jlncekbrc bhc mbhy `tjers. [e must h`t d`rket tjbt lh meclolhe, bt n ebst tw` vlsl`hs `d rebnlty jbve bnwbys o`exlstec1 tjbt `d tje Ebsterh w`rnc (dr`m tje Brbgs we lhjerltec b wby t` `rkbhlze fh`wnecke lh o`mmuhltles `r oenns nlfe tje `hes tjbt exlstec d`r oehturles lh O`rc`gb, M`htpennler M`htpennler,, bhc _bnerh`) bhc tjbt `d tje Ojrlstlbh w`rnc (tje uhlverslty, wjloj wbs b o`py `d tje jlerbrojlobnny `rkbhlzec eooneslbstlo m`cen lhsplrec gy tje bholeht W`mbh w`rnc, feeplhk Nbtlh bs tje solehtldlo nbhkubke). Sje Ojrlstlbh uhlverslty w`rnc, `rlklhbtlhk lh tje tjlrteehtj oehtury, orebtec soj`nbstlo meclolhe, b mlxture `d genleds bhc meclobn fh`wnecke tjbt stemmec lh pbrt dr`m tje bd`remehtl`hec Brbg soj``ns, wjere tje tebojer bhc h`t tje jlerbrojy wbs tje mblh rederehoe. Wbtl`hbnlzbtl`h `d tj`ukjt wbs, bhc l s, tje m`st renevbht t``n `d tje Eur`pebh uhlverslty. Lh tjls m`cen, wjloj seems bttr botlve t` mbhy mlhcs, m`re `dteh tjbh h`t tje ebsy geo`mes clddlount bhc tje uhfh`wh seems lhtenneotubnny evlceht, eveh tj`ukj lt ls h`t. B pers`h“s experlehoe bhc sehslglnlty bre renekbtec t` tje gbofkr`uhc, lh tje pr`oess o bstlhk bslce fh`wnecke lh o`uhtness o btek`rles bhc onbssldlo btl`hs s` tjbt, bs lt ls trbcltl`hbnny sblc, we obhh`t see tje w``c d`r tje trees. Sjls mlkjt ehbgne us t` see wltj b getter nlkjt tje o`hdr`htbtl`hs wltj W`fltbhsfy bhc tje j`me`pbtj c`ot`rs, wj` were m`re w`rrlec bg`ut rbtl`hbnlzbtl`h tjbh tje emplrlolsm `d Yeozeny.
EZYN@WLHK LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_ _lhoe lts orebtl`h, lrlc`n`ky jbs seeh lts prbotltl`hers prbotlt l`hers lhtr`cuoe b rbhke `d mbp plhk ojbr ojbrts ts gbse gbsecc `h tjelr `wh exp expeerlehoes bhc `gservbtl`hs. Bntj`ukj tje nlst ls dbr dr`m o`mpnete, tjese ojbrt mbfers lhonuce A. Bhkenbts, Bcrlbh Tbhcer, Yeter A`jbhhes Sjlen, Lmmbhuen Denfe, J. E. Nbhe, A. Jbsfen Frltzer, Mbrf` A. Yetlhbf, A. D. Yetrlsoj, A. C. Nev Nevlhe, lhe, Gerhb Gerhbrc rc Aehseh, Kbs Kbst`h t`h Tercler, T ercler, B. W`ux, M. Nezbetb Nez betb Bojbrbh, Bojbrb h, Tloehte N. Derrâhc Derrâhclz lz,, G`rl G`rlss ce Gbrc`, A. N . Gerc`h Gerc`hoes oes,, M. Hetz Hetzbj bj,, bhc Ke`rke @sthess. Lh dbot, lrlc`n`klsts bs b wj`ne jbve uhcertbfeh mlnnl`hs `d `gservbtl`hs bhc jbve o`nnbtec tjelr experlehoes t` pr`cuoe b nbrke nbrk e humger `d ojbrts, b rebnlty rebn lty tjbt sj`unc ge lhterlhter pretec h`t bs b slkh `d vbkuehess vbk uehess,, gut bs b cem`hstrbtl`h `d tje rloj bhc vbrlec
m`sblo `d experlehoes tjbt lrlc`n`ky revebns. Sjere jbve geeh lrlc`n`klsts wj`, gy tjemsenves (Aehseh) `r lh b kr`up (Bhkerer“s clsolpnes), clsolpnes), jbve trlec t` gulnc b cedlhltlve lrlc`n`ky ojbrt–tje gest, uhbrkubgne ojbrt–gut tjey jbve jbc h` nuof s` dbr. Lh pbrt, tjls bttempt ls uhhbturbn, geobuse tjey bre h`t o`hslcerlhk tje gl`n`klobn rebnlty bhc tje vbrlbglnlty vbrlbgln lty bhc clverslty `d nlde“s n lde“s expressl`h. Sjere bre h` tw` lcehtlobn lrlses, tw` lcehtlobn pers`hs, `r tw` lcehtlobn bhbt`mles, s` we must nebrh dr`m `ur `wh experlehoes s` tjbt we obh o`rreotny o`htrbst bhc o`mmuhlobte tjem t` `tjers. Lh tjls wby, hew hew dlhclhks dlhclhk s klve wby t` keherbn bcvbhoes lh tje dbsolhbtlhk w`rnc `d lrlc`n`ky.
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
7?
Sje O`ce `d tje Lrlc`n`ky Ojbrt Sje lrlc`n`ky ojbrt jbs lts `wh o`ce t` n`obte tje redneotec bhbt`my bhc pjysl`n`ky `d tje g`cy. Sjls o`ce uses olrounbr bhc rbclbn o``rclhbtes. SJE _LZ OLWOUNBW WEDNEZLTE Q@HE_
Sje slx olrounbr z`hes bre n`obtec lh tjree nbrke z`hes dr`m tje pupln t` tje perlpjery1 tje oehtrbn z`he (OQ), tje lhtermeclbte z`he (LQ), bhc tje perlpjerbn z`he (YQ). 2. Dlrst z`he, z`he, o`rresp`hclhk t` tje st`mboj (OQ) (OQ) 7. _eo`hc z`he, o`rresp`hclhk t` tje lhtestlhes (OQ) (OQ) ?. Sjlrc z`he, redneotlhk tje nympjbtlo bhc gn``c systems (LQ) 3. D`urtj z`he, redneotlhk eherky cyhbmlos (LQ) 5. Dldtj z`he, redneotlhk tje g`hes bhc muo`sbe (YQ) 4. _lxtj z`he, o`rrenbtlhk t` tje sflh (YQ)
GB_LO H@MEHONBSUWE D@W _LKH N@OBSL@H_
Yuplnnbry z`he G`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he Yupln g`rcer O`nnbrette Olnlbry z`he Olnlbry g`rcer
SJE WBCLBN Q@HE_
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LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedne otl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
Lkhbz v`h Yeozeny Ojbrt*
Jehry Nlhcnbj Nl hcnbjrr Ojbrt
*Dlrst lrls ojbrt. Extrbotec dr`m J`me`pbtjlsoje M`htbs Gnbtter.
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
A. B. Tlcburrbzbkb Tlcb urrbzbkb Ojbrt*
J. [. [. Bhcersoj`u Ojbrt †
*Srbhsnbtl`h gy J. Nlhcnbjr. †Bs y`u obh see, Bhcersoj`u“s bssessmeht `d tje o`nnbrette ls clddereht tjbh tje ourreht `he.
75
74
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneo tl`h `d @rkbh s bhc Sjelr Duhotl`h s
Cetbln `d J. [. [. Bhcersoj`u“s Ojbrt Ojbrt
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
H. Nlnaequlst Nlnaeq ulst Ojbrt
_. Jbjhembhh Ojbrt
7;
7:
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedne otl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`h s
J. [. [. _ojmlct Ojbrt1 Wlkjt Wlk jt Eye* Eye*
2. Grblh
7;. @vbry
7. Ylhebn knbhc
7:. Cu`cehum
?. Yltultbry Yltultbry knbhc
7<. Kbnngnbccer
3. Dr`htbn slhus
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5. Mbxlnnbry Mbxlnnbry slhus
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4. Bmykcbnb
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;. N`wer abw
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:. Srbojeb
?3. Yneurb
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?5. Bsoehclhk o`n`h
29. Es`pjbkus
?4. Jebrt
22. Gbof musones
?;. Grebst
27. _plhbn o`numh
?:. Nuhk
2?. Ehtrbhoe t` tje st`mboj
?<. Bxlnnbry nympj h`ces
23. Lneum
39. _j`uncer
25. Yr`stbte
32. Ebr
24. Gnbccer
37. Oeregennum
2;. Uterus
3?. Ybhorebs
2:. Bhus
33. _pneeh
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35. Kr`lh
79. Aeauhum
34. Srbhsverse o`n`h
72. Flchey
3;. Cesoehclhk o`n`h
77. Nek
3:. _t`mboj
7?. Lhkulhbn nympj h`ces
3<. Lne`-penvlo o`n`h
73. Bppehclx
59. Mba`r ourvbture
75. Wehbn penvls
52. Mlh`r ourvbture
74. Sestlone
57. Sjymus
*Sje trbhsnbtl`h `d _ojmlct“s ojbrts wbs gy Mlojbenb Meyer, tjerbplst (d`r tje _pbhlsj ecltl`h).
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
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LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneo tl`h `d @rkbh s bhc Sjelr Duhotl`h s
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59. Mba`r ourvbture
75. Wehbn penvls
52. Mlh`r ourvbture
74. Sestlone
57. Sjymus
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
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LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedne otl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
EZYN@WLHK SJE WBCLBN Q@HE_ Sje lrls obh o bh ge clvlcec h`t aust lht` olrounbr z`hes gut bns` lht` twenve rbclbn seot`rs o`lholclhk wltj tje j`urs `h tje dboe `d b on`of. Lh tjls wby, wjeh we tbnf bg`ut tje humger `d b seot`r, we bre redereholhk b pbrtlounbr j`ur sn`t, wjloj ls ebslny e bslny n`obtec. n`o btec. [ee see tjbt, [ t jbt, lh tje t je lrlc`n`ky lrlc`n`k y ojbrt, ojbrt , tje `rkbhs n`obtec lh tje upper pbrt `d tje g`cy bre bns` n`obtec lh tje upper pbrt `d tje lrls, bhc tj`se n`obtec lh tje n`wer pbrt `d tje g`cy bre n`obtec lh l h tje n`wer pbrt `d tje lrls (tje flcheys bns` bppebr lh tjls z`he). \`u wlnn `gserve tjls pjeh`meh`h lh tje dlkures `ver tje d`nn`wlhk pbkes.
_t`mboj N`obtec lh tje oehtrbn z`he lh g`tj lrlses. Sje pyn`rus ls n`obtec bt ; j`urs, ?9 mlhutes lh tje rlkjt lrls bhc bt : j`urs lh tje nedt `he. Sje obrclb obh ge `gservec bt ? j`urs lh tje rlkjt lrls bhc bt < j`urs lh tje nedt `he. _ympt`mbt`n`ky1 B st`mboj wltj bh exoess `r nbof `d bolc wlnn ge expressec gy „hutrltl`hbn rlhks” (ojr`mbtlo slkhs n`obtec lh tje puplnnbry z`he). O`n`r m`cldlobtl`hs must bnwbys ge bssessec
lh renbtl`h t` tje rest `d tje t je o`n`r `d tje lrls“s str`mb. Lh obses `d btr`pjy, tje z`he sj`ws b onebr cepressl`h (exobvbtl`h lh tje str`mb `d tje lrls). Kbstrlo unoers bre expressec gy n`ss `d sugstbhoe6 orypts bre bns` lhonucec (see ojbpter 5). Cepehclhk `h tje o`mpnblhts `d tje pbtleht, tje lrlc`n`klst mby heec t` reder tjem t` b pjyslolbh t` rune `ut bh `ho`n`klobn `ho `n`klobn obse. ob se. Sje lhtestlhbn z`he lcehtldlec lh g`tj lrlses klves us lhd`rmbtl`h bg`ut lhtestlhbn pr`oesses (o`n`h-cu`cehum aeauhum-lneum aeauhum -lneum). ). [jeh tje puplnnbry z`he ls clstehcec, tjere ls b clspr`p`rtl`h getweeh tje v`nume `d d``c tjbt ls lhkestec bhc lhtestlhbn perd`rmbhoe6 wjeh tje puplnnbry z`he ls t`` hbrr`w, lhtestlhbn perd`rmbhoe ls jlkj gut hutrltl`h ls ojb`tlo. Sje cu`cehum bhc tje bppehclx bre redneotec lh tje rlkjt lrls bt 4 j`urs, ?9 mlhutes, bt tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he. Sje reotum ls n`obtec bt tje g`rcer `d tje nedt lrls bt ; j`urs, 79 mlhutes. Lt ls very lmp`rtbht t` bssess tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he lh tjls breb, geobuse b clstehcec puplnnbry
Clkestlve bhc Obrclbo Lrlc`n`ky Ojbrt
Wlkjt
Nedt Cetbln `d oehtrbn z`he (OQ)
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
z`he expresses stbkhbtl`h `r tympbhltes (W`emjenc syhcr`me s yhcr`me). ). Jyperpnbslb bt tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he `r o`nnbrette ls b slkh `d spbsm bhc lhtestlhbn ceo`mpehsbtl`h. B drbyec o`nnbrette o`rresp`hcs t` ojbhkes lh veketbtlve veket btlve duho duhotl`hs tl`hs renbte renbtecc t` btm` btm`-spjerlo ojbhkes. B c`ugnec o`nnbrette o`unc sukkest psyoj`sls. Lhd nbmmbtl`h lh tje lhtestlhbn z`he ls expressec bs rednexlve slkhs lh tjbt seot`r, s`metlmes vbsounbrlzec. _mbnn gnbof plkmehts lh tje reotbn z`he, bs wenn bs n`ss `d sugstbhoe bhc onebrbhoes, obh bns` ge d`uhc, bhc tjese slkhs d`roe tje lrlc`n`klst t` rune `ut `ho`n`klobn pjeh`mehb lh tjls pbrt `d tje `rkbhlsm (net us rememger tjbt reotbn obhoer jbs geo`me m`re drequeht bm`hk mbnes) mb nes)..
Jebrt Sje jebrt ls m`stny n`obtec `h tje nedt lrls bt 7 t` ? j`urs. Lt ls bnwbys d`uhc `h tje `uter breb `d tje puplnnbry z`he, rlkjt hext t` tje o`nnbrette o`nnb rette `r tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he. B redneotl`h `d pbrt `d tje rlkjt slce `d tje jebrt obh bns` ge d`uhc `h tje rlkjt lrls bt < t` 29 j`urs. _ympt`mbt`n`ky1 Lhdnbmmbtl`h slkhs d`r tjls `rkbh bre expressec gy
t`pjl pebrns bhc rednexlve slkhs. Sjese slkhs `rlklhbte `h tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbryy z`he bhc hever reboj tje g`r puplnnbr g`rcer `d tje lrls (tje (tje sflh rlhk, lh tje slxtj z`he).
Bppehclx Sje bppehclx ls bns` n`obtec hext t` tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he getweeh 4 bhc ; j`urs `h tje rlkjt lrls. _ympt`mbt`n`ky1 Lh ojr`hlo bppehcloltls b s`dt yenn`wlsj-krby o`n`r obh ge `gservec bt ; j`urs. Ye`pne wj` jbve uhcerk`he bh bppehceot`my usuusubnny clspnby slkhs `d n`ss `d sugstbhoe `r slkhs `d cedeots lh tjls z`he.
Ybhorebs Sje pbhorebs ls redneotec `h g`tj lrlses, bt 3 t` ; j`urs `h tje nedt bhc bt 5 t` ; j`urs `h tje rlkjt. _ympt`mbt`n`ky1 Lhdnbmmbtl`h slkhs sukkest suk kest ex`orlhe lhv`nvemeht, bhc nbouhbe sukkest suk kest ehc`orlhe lhv`nvemeht. lhv`nvemeht. Jere, lt ls usedun t` reobnn tje B3 lrls (see ojbpter 3), wjloj clspnbys pnehty `d on`sec nbouhbe d`rmbtl`hs tjbt sukkest b jerecltbry preclsp`sltl`h t` sudder clbgetes mennltus, `r klbht nbouhbe `h bhy pbrt `d tje str`mb, bs wenn bs b plk meht t`he bhc r`ukj surdboe slmlnbr t`
Knbhcunbr bhc Nympjbtlo Lrlc`n`ky Ojbrt
Wlkjt
Nedt Cetbln `d nympjbtlo rlhk
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LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneo tl`h `d @rkbh s bhc Sjelr Duhotl`h s
tjbt `d bh `rbhke peen. Bs d`r tje pjysl`n`klobn slkhs, slk hs, we must h`t d`rket slehhb plkmehts.
Nlver bhc Glnlbr Gl nlbryy _ystem Sje nlver bhc tje glnlbry system sj`unc ge bssessec pbrbnnen t` pbhorebtlo duhotl`h. Sje nlver ls n`obtec mblhny `h tje rlkjt lrls, bt ; j`urs, 39 t` 59 mlhutes. Sjls z`he extehcs dr`m tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry puplnnbr y z`he t` tje `uter g`rcer `d `d tje lrls. @h tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he we obh dlhc glnlbry duhotl`h. _ympt`mbt`n`ky1 S` `gserve tje jepbtlo rednex, we must d`ous `h `ojer plkmehts (tjls plkmeht ls drequehtny d`uhc `h nlkjt-o`n`r n lkjt-o`n`rec ec lrlses). l rlses). Lhdnbmmbtl`h Lhd nbmmbtl`h ls expressec lh tje d`rm `d t`pjl pebrns bhc rednexlve slkhs `d n`hker `r sj`rter extehsl`h, wjloj obh bns` jbve b trbhsverse d`rm bhc s`metlmes bppebr wltj plkmehts. plk mehts. Sjere bre tj`se wj` lcehtldy nltjlbsls bs smbnn sp`ts lh tjls z`he, tj`ukj tjls lhclobtl`h ls h`t o`mpneteny renlbgne. Wbclbn slkhs, redneotl`hs, bhc wlhclhk bhc trbhsverse vbsounbrlzec redneotl`hs bre usubnny renbtec t` tje p`rtbn veh`us system (b system tjbt trbhsp`rts gn``c dr`m tje bgc`mlhbn `rkbhs, mblhny tje lhtestlhes) lhtestlhes)..
_pneeh Sje spneeh ls n`obtec `h tje nedt lrls lrl s bt 3 j`urs, 29 t` 79 mlhutes, bnm`st rebojlhk tje o`nnbrette. _ympt`mbt`n`ky1 _pneeh slkhs bre renbtec t` `rbhke plkmehts bhc o`mpressl`h slkhs `h tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry puplnnb ry z`he. Lhd nbmmbtl`h `d tje spneeh ls rbre. B cbrfehec rednexlve z`he obh ge `gservec lh obses `d jebrt dbl nure (spneeh webfhess).
Kehlt`rlhbry _ystem Sje ur`kehltbn trbot ls `h tje rlkjt lrls getweeh 5 bhc 4 j`urs bhc `h tje nedt lrls getweeh 4 bhc ; j`urs, hebr tje o`nnbrette. Sje gnbccer bhc ureters bre `h tje nedt lrls getweeh 5 bhc 4 j`urs bhc `h tje rlkjt `he getweeh 4 bhc ; j`urs. Sestlones bhc `vbrles bre b re bns` n`obtec hebr tje o`nnbrette, t`wbrc ; j`urs `h tje rlkjt lrls bhc bt 5 j`urs `h tje nedt `he. Sje kehltbns reboj tje g`rcer `d tje lrls, bhc tje flcheys bre n`obtec `h tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he. _ympt`mbt`n`ky1 Lt ls gest wjeh tjls z`he jbs mlhlmbn slkhs s` tjbt we c`h“t jbve t` tbnf bg`ut preclsp`sltl`hs6 jere we bre n``flhk d`r rekunbr bhcc uhld`rm str`mb, lh terms `d o`n`r. bh Bs d`r tje pjysl`n`klobn slkhs, b strbw-
Kehlt`urlhbry Lrlc`n`ky Ojbrt
Wlkjt
Nedt Cetbln `d tje n`wer pbrt `d tje truhf
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
yenn `w plkmeht yenn`w pl kmeht suk sukkest kestss bnterbtl`hs b nterbtl`hs lh urlhe metbg`nlsm. Lt ls bns` lmp`rtbht t` tbfe lht` o`hslcerbtl`h tje o`hstltutl`hs bhc tjelr cysorbslbs, bs wenn bs `rkbhlo mbrflhks nlfe j`heyo`mgs bhc orypts. Bkblh, tjere bre tj`se wj` lcehtldy tje presehoe `d smbnn cbrf plkmehtec plk mehtec sp`ts bs b slk slkh h `d rehbn `r veslounbr veslou nbr nltj nltjlbsl lbsls, s, gut tjls t jls o`rrenbt o`rrenbtl`h l`h ls h`t renlbgne. Lh meh, `gservbtl`h `d tje pr`spr`s tbte z`he ls mbhcbt`ry6 tjls z`he ls n`obtec `h tje rlkjt lrls getweeh 3 bhc 5 j`urs bhc `h tje nedt lrls getweeh ; bhc : j`urs, hext t` tje o`nnbrette. Bh ehnbrkec pr`stbte `r pr`stbtlo jypertr`pjy wlnn ge redneotec bs bh lhwbrc clstehsl`h `h tje g`rcer `d tje puplnnbry z`he, t`wbrc tje puplnnbry z`he. Lhdnbmmbtl`h slkhs must bns` ge lcehtldlec jere.
Wesplrbt`ryy _ystem Wesplrbt`r Sje resplrbt`ry `rkbhs obh ge o`mm`hny d`uhc `h g`tj lrlses. Sje h`se ls n`obtec `h tje rlkjt lrls lrl s bt 7 j`urs bhc `h tje nedt bt 29 j`urs, wltj tje slhuses. Mbhy pe` pne sj`w permbheh permbhehtt lhdnbmmbtl`h slkhs lh tjese brebs6 tje sbme j`ncs true d`r tje ebr. Sje rest `d tje resplrbt`ry pbssbkes, nlfe tje pjbryhx bhc nbryhx z`hes, bre
n`obtec `h tje rlkjt lrls getweeh 7 bhc ? j`urs bhc `h tje nedt getweeh < bhc 29 j`urs. _ympt`mbt`n`ky1 Sje trbojeb, nuhks, gr`hojl, pneurb, bhc clbpjrbkm bre n`obtec getweeh : bhc 29 j`urs `h tje rlkjt lrls bhc getweeh 7 bhc 3 j`urs `h tje nedt lrls. lrl s. Sje m`st drequeht lrlc`n`ky slkhs d`r tjese resplrbt`ry pbssbkes pbssb kes bre o`mpbtlgne wltj lhd nbm nbm-mbtl`hs. Dblnure slkhs bre `dteh d`uhc lh obses `d O@YC. @rkbhlo mbrflhks nlfe nbouhbe bre `dteh preseht. [jeh `dderlhk kulcbhoe t` tje pbtleht, lt ls jenpdun d`r tjerbplsts t` klve bcvloe o`rrenbtlhk tje duhotl`hbn renbtl`hsjlps `d tjese rednexlve slkhs wltj tje `tjer slkhs, espeolbnny tj`se `d rehbn duhotl`h (enlmlhbtl`h `rkbhs) `rkb hs)..
N`o`m`t`r _ystem @gservbtl`h `d tje ps`bs z`he (boo`rclhk t` tje butj`r butj`r)) p`lhts us t` tje t je n`o`m`t`r system. Sje n`wer extremltles bre redneotec bt 4 j`urs, hext t` tje o`nnbrette, bhc reboj tje perlpjery `d tje lrls. Sje S je upper extremltles extremltles bre redneotec `h g`tj lrlses hext t` tje o`nnbrette, bt : j`urs `h tje rlkjt lrls bhc bt 3 j`urs `h tje nedt, bhc extehc bnn b nn tje wby t` tje perlpjery. Bh bsses bssessmeht smeht `d tjls pbrt
Oepjbnlo bhc Wesplrbt`ry Lrlc`n`ky Ojbrt
Wlkjt
Nedt
Cetbln `d 2:9-cekree r`tbtl`h, wjloj sj`ws tje n`obtl`h `d tje jebc wltj respeot t` tje rest `d tje g`cy
?5
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LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedne otl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
`d tje g`cy ls lmp`sslgne geobuse tje rednex ls webf bhc ls drequehtny super p`sec wltj `tjer duhotl`hs.
tl`h t` tje pupln (we must h`t d`rket c yso`rlbs). O`hstltutl`h must bns` ge bssessec t` boourbteny cetermlhe bhy preclsp`sltl`hs.
Oepjbnlo Q`he D`r tje butj`r, tjls z`he ls essehtlbnny mute bhc requlres bh bssessmeht `d tje pupln. Sje pbrbc`x ls tjbt, cesplte tje t je dbot tjbt tje oepjbnlo z`he `oouples b nbrke spboe `h tje lrls, bhbt`mlsts bhc pjysl`n`klsts jbve jbc cld clddlountles dlountles ore ore-btlhk bh lrlc`n`klobn mbp `d tje duhotl`hs `d tje oeregrbn o`rtex bhc tje d r`htbn r`htbn n`ge. Wbclbn slkhs bhc dlgrlnnbr cehslty lh tje oepjbnlo z`he pnby bh lmp`rtbht r`ne, gut bnwbys lh renb-
Sjyr`lc Sje tjyr`lc ls rebnny lmp`rtbht6 lt ls n`obtec `h tje rlkjt lrls bt ? j`urs, bhc `h tje nedt `he bt < j`urs. H`te1 Bhy bssessmeht `r rebclhk `d tje lrls must ge lhterpretec lh o`mglhbtl`h wltj lhd`rmbtl`h dr`m b pbtleht lhtervlew bhc `tjer expn`rbt`ry cbtb, bhc b meclobn clbkh`sls must ge bvblnbgne. Experlehoe ls lhclspehsbgne
Lrlc`n`klsts [j` D`nn`w Yeozeny“s [`rf HLN_ NLNAERUL_S
Sjls _weclsj mlhlster wbs slof d`r sevehteeh yebrs geobuse `d jls cblny lhtbfe `d l`clhe bhc olhoj`hb gbrf, bm`hk `tjer tjlhks. Nlnaequlst obme t` tje o`honusl`h tjbt tje presehoe `d plkmehts `h tje lrls l s clreotny renbtec t` tje lhtbfe `d t`xlhs `r p`ls`hs. Je o`hdlrmec tjls `gservbtl`h gy stucylhk tje eyes `d s`me `d jls stucehts wj` were bns` tbflhk cruks, s`me `d tjem cerlvec dr`m o`oblhe bhc `plum. @tjer t`xlo prlholpnes usec bt tje tlme were brsehlo sbnts, meroury, lr`h, nebc, bhc tlh. Lh 2:, twenve yebrs bdter Yeozeny pugnlsjec jls g``f, Nlnaequlst pugnlsjec jls `ounbr clbkh`sls (Cle (Cle Clbkh`se bus ceh Bukeh). Bukeh ). @he `d jls m`st pbssl`hbte d`nn`wers wbs tje Drehoj c`ot`r Ne`h Tbhhler, b o`htemp`rbry `d A`sed Ceo f. MBKCBNEHE MBCBU_
Lh 2<24, sje o`hdlrmec tjbt lh b clsebse, tje obuse bhc tje eddeot`r `rkbh bre h`t tje sbme. YESEW A@JBHHE_ SJLEN
Lh 2<97, uslhk jls `wh experlehoes , je bhtlolpbtec tje sugsequeht clso`very `d tje glp`nbr lhherv btl`h `d tje lrls (2 (2<2 <27) 7) gy o`rreotny n`obtlhk tje rednexlve slkh `d tje herv`us system. J. E. Nbhe (Bmerlobh pjyslolbh) bhc L. Denfe (Kermbh lrlc`n`klst) were d`nn`wers `d jls w`rf. WUC@ND _OJHBGEN
Je nedt preolse lhstruotl`hs renbtec t` bspeots `d tje lrls tjbt jbve ehcurec uhm`cldlec ever slhoe. Lh jls g``f _ympt`ms `d tje Eyes bhc Lts Bhhexes (2<72), je lhterprets rednexlve slkhs `h tje nehs bhc pupln.
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
t` o`htlhue kblhlhk m`re lh-ceptj fh`wnecke bg`ut tje pers`hbn ojbrt eboj lrlc`n`klst uses. Usec wltj pr`per
mebsure, bhc h`t bs b prlmbry t``n `d clbkh`sls, lrlc`n`ky obh pr`vlce sbtlssbtlsdbot`ry lhslkjts bhc kulcbhoe.
NBSEWBNLS\ LH LWLC@N@K\
Wlkjt
D`r mbhy prbotltl`hers `d hbturbn tjerbpy, tje lmp`rtbhoe `d nbterbnlty ls gey`hc questl`h. Sj`ukj tjr`ukj`ut jlst`ry s`me pjyslolbhs jbve sj`wh lhterest lh lt, tje o`hoept `d nbterbnlty ls h`t usubnny redneotec lh lrlc`n`ky ojbrts, pr`gbgny pr`g bgny geobuse lt ls h`t b stbtlo pjeh`meh`h gut b cyhbmlo `he, wjere tje n`obtl`h n`o btl`h `d tje bhbt`mlobn-pjysl`n`klobn redneotl`h pnbys b seo`hcbry r`ne. D`r bhy pers`h, tje rlkjt bhc nedt lrlses clspnby cldderehoes lh o`n`r, textexture, bhc slkhs. H` tw` pe`pne jbve lcehtlobn lrlses, bhc h` rlkjt lrls ls lcehtlobn t` tje nedt `he eveh `h tje sbme perrs`h. Sjls dbot pe dbo t tbfes us t` tje o`hoept `d nbterbnlty lh lrlc`n`ky. Sje obuses `d tjls nbterbnlty bre h`t ebsy t` cetermlhe. Yerjbps lt brlses cue t` lhequbnlty lh tje duhotl`hbn p`wer `d pblrec `rkbhs, t` musoun`sfenetbn bsymmetrles, t` heur`hbn cbmbke, `r t` clddereht tehclh`musounbr rednexes. (J`wever, tjere ls `he nbterbnlty slkh tjbt must h`t ge lkh`rec1 uhequbn puplns, lh wjloj obse we must rune `ut b tum`r gy rederrlhk tje pers`h t` b c`ot`r.) Sje prec`mlhbhoe `d nbterbnnbterbnlty lh oertblh m`rglc pjeh`mehb–d`r
exbmpne, wltj tje rlkjt, nedt, ned t, `r lhclddereht nbterbnlty–o`lholces wltj tje nbterbnlty bttrlgutec t` m`st j`me`pbtjlo rem re mecles. Lh dbot, tjere bre pe`pne wj` sudder m`re `h `he slce `d tje g`cy tjbh tje `tjer,, bhc swebr tjbt bnn `tjer bn n tjelr bdd nlotl`hs jbppeh `h aust tjbt slce. D`r exbmpne, lt jbs geeh `gservec tjbt wjeh b pers`h wltj nedt nbterbnlty jbs b dbnn, tje brm `r tje nek `d tjbt slce usubnny ls drboturec bs b resunt. _`, we must bsf1 Ls nbterbnlty syh sy h`hym`us wltj b vunherbgne vu nherbgne (webf) z`he0 @r ls lt syh`hym`us wltj b m`re botlve (str`hk) z`he0 H`t mbhy butj`rs jbve stuclec nbterbnlty, bhc tjbt ls espeolbnny true lh tje dlenc `d lrlc`n`ky. \et we fh`w tjbt pupln lhequbnlty `r bh uhequbn resp`hse resp`hse `d tje pupln t` numlh`us stlmunl lhcllhclobtes p`sslgne renbtl`hsjlps wltj tje oehtrbn herv`us system. Lh tje t je sbme wby, gut h`t bs w`rrylhk bs wjeh tje puplns bre `d uhequbn slze, b pupln tjbt ls dnbtdnbttehec `dteh tenns us tjbt tje slce wjere b slkh ls seeh c`es h`t o`lholce wltj tje bddnlotec bdd nlotec slce, wjloj tbfes us gbof t` tje questl`h we aust o`hslcerec bg`ut botlve versus vunherbgne vun herbgne z`hes.
Nedt
?;
?:
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneo tl`h `d @rkbh s bhc Sjelr Duhotl`h s
Ourl`usny, lh meclolhe tje d`nn`wlhk onlhlobn renbtl`hsjlps jbve geeh cesorlgec, bs ld tje pbtj`n`ky bns` cls pnbyec b clsp`sltl`h t` nbterbnlty1 n bterbnlty1 Jlkj drequehoy `d severe bojes lh . . . Y`punbtl`hs wltj Nedt Nbterbnl N bterbnlty ty • • • •
Jemldbolbn btr`pjy Grebst tum`r Yenvlo lhdnbmmbt`ry clsebse Orypt`rojlclsm Y`punbtl`hs wltj Wlkjt Nbterbnlty
• Yneurlsy • Obr`tlc brtery bheurysm • Sjyr`lc clsebse • S`rtlo`nnls • T Tbrlo`oene brlo`oene • Jerhlb
Bs obh ge `gservec, tjere ls nbterbnlty lh tje onlhlobn c`mblh,* o`hdlrmlhk o`hdlrmlhk tjbt nbterbnlty lhdnuehoes tje sympt`ms bhc tje sympt`ms lhdnuehoe clddereht pbrts `d tje g`cy, bhc tjus lt ls h`t bgsurc t` bppny lt t` hbturbn tjerbples. D`r exbmpne, `h bh lrlc`n`ky ojbrt, we fh`w tjbt tje nedt slce ls m`re lmp`rlmp`rtbht d`r nympjbtlo slkhs, wjlne wjl ne tje rlkjt slce ls m`re renevbht d`r veh`us slkhs. Sje cyhbmlo bspeot `d nbterbnlty tjbt wbs mehtl`hec ged`re ls o`hdlrmec gy tje dbot tjbt nbterbnlty obh ojbhke wltj bke, m`vlhk dr`m tje nedt t` tje rlkjt slce, bhc m`re rbplcny lh meh tjbh lh w`meh. Lh tje sbme velh, bh botlve nldestyne obh ge bss`olbtec wltj b
nedt pbtj`n`ky bhc b pbsslve (secehtbry) nldestyne wltj b m`stny rlkjt pbtj`n`ky. J`me`pbtjs lh pbrtlounbr vbnue nbterbnlty geobuse j`me`pbtjlo remremecles tehc t` cem`hstrbte nbterbnlty lh tjelr eddeots. Sests jbve bddlrmec tjbt tje remecles tjbt bre mbrfecny d`r tje rlkjt slce `d tje g`cy pr`cuoe sympt`ms `d bkkrbvbtl`h wjeh lh o`htbot wltj nlk nlkjt, jt, jebt, `peh blr, bhc m`vemeht, gut tjey lmpr`ve wltj obnmhess, dresjhess, cbrfhess, bhc rest. Exbmpnes `d Wemecles tjbt D`nn`w tjls Ybtterh • • • • •
Bpls Gennbc`hhb Obhtjbrls Ojenlc`hlum Nyo`p`clum
• Merourlus • Yj`spj`rus • Yunsbtlnnb • Wjus t.
J`wever, nbterbnlty ls h`t bnwbys t`tbn6 s`metlmes tjere bre or`ss`vers. Lh lrlc`n`ky tjls ls bh lmp`rtbht dbot geobuse tje lrlc`n`klst wj` w`rfs wltj ojbrts wlnn `dteh ge wr`hk ld je `r sje c`es h`t tbfe sympt`mbtlo nbterbnlty lht` o`hslcerbtl`h. Eveh mbkhetlzers o`hdlrm tjbt tje eherky `d tje dlhkers `h tje nedt jbhc jbs hekbtlve tr`plsm lh meh gut p`sltlve tr`plsm lh w`meh. Lh j`me`pbtjy, s`me `d tjese remecles jbve or`ssec nbterbnlty1 Upper Wlkjt N`wer Nedt • Gbrltb obrg. • Derrum
N`wer Wlkjt Upper Nedt • Bnumlhb • Brhlob
metbnnloum • Ynumgum b. • Hbtrum obrg.
• Obrg` b. • Bkbrlous
*„Bg`ut tje `hset `d clsebse lh tje tw` jbnves `d tje g`cy” (Gr`uss`ne) bhc „tje rlkjt mbh bhc tje nedt mbh” (W`nne)1 Sje butj`rs cesorlge jyperestjeslb (bgh`rmbn lhorebse `d sehsltlvlty) prec`mlhbtlhk `h tje rlkjt slce `d tje g`cy. Sjey bns` mehtl`h b krebter drequehoy `d eozemb, obvltles, vbrlo`se velhs, bhc solbtlob s olbtlob `h tje slce slc e tjbt ls o`hslcerec o `hslcerec webf.
LWLC@N@K\ OJBWS_1 N`obtlhk tje Wedneotl`h `d @rkbhs bhc Sjelr Duhotl`hs
Nbstny, we must p`lht `ut tjbt tjere t jere bre remecles tjbt jbve bh lhclddereht nbterbnlty `r tjbt (nlfe j`me`pbtjlo Nbojesls) lhltlbte sympt`mbt`n`ky `h `he slce `hny t` nbter m`ve t` tje `tjer slce. Lh tjese obses, tjls lhvbsl`h `d tje `tjer slce o`unc ge lhterpretec bs bh bkkrbvbtl`h dbot`r `r b duhotl`hbn o`m pehsbtl`h dbot`r. B remecy obh express nbterbnlty boo`rclhk t` wjere tje pr`gnem `d bh lnn pers`h ls, gut lt obh bns` preseht lh b jebntjy pers`h. Lts obuse esobpes `ur bhbnysls, bntj`ukj, bs Jbjhembhh sblc, „[jeh tje expnbhbtl`hs expnb hbtl`hs bre gey`hc `ur `ur fh`wnecke, L obh `hny sby wjbt L jbve
nebrhec dr`m experlehoe, wjbt L peroelve bhc lcehtldy tjr`ukj lt.” Yupln bhls`o`rlb (b o`hcltl`h lh wjloj tje puplns bre `d uhequbn slze) d`roes tje lrlc`n`klst t` rune `ut tum`rs, soner`sls, bhc lrrltbtl`h p`lhts. Sje cld derehoes lh tje slze `d tje puplns `d g`tj lrlses must ge bssessec bs b slkh `d duhotl`hbn bh`mbny, geobuse lh o`hcltl`hs `d jbrm`hy bhc jebntj tje t`he `d tje spjlhoter ls equbn lh g`tj eyes. Sjls cldcl dderehoe lh slze mbrfs b nbterbnlty, bhc lts bssessmeht wlnn cepehc `h tje etl`n`ky tjbt obuses tje cldderehoe. Lh tje obse `d pupln dnbttehlhks, d nbttehlhks, see ojbpter ; t` nebrh m`re bg`ut tjelr bssessmeht.
Wlkjt
Nedt
O`htrlgutl`hs `d tje Butj`r t` tje Lrlc`n`ky Ojbrt 2
4
Orbhlbn herves
2
27
79
_plhbn herves
?2
Wlkjt
N`obtl`h `d tje twenve orbhlbn herves (lh gnbof) bhc tjlrty-`he pblrs `d splhbn herves (lh rec)
Nedt
?<
3 Orlsls, O`hstltutl`h, bhc Clsp`sltl`h lh tje Lrls
_uoj bre tje eyes, suoj ls tje g`cy. J����������
37
OWL_L_ , O@H_LSUSL@H, BHC CL_Y@_LSL@H LH SJE LWL_
ONB__LOBN BHC M@CEWH UHCEW_SBHCLHK @D LWL_ O@H_SLSUSL@H D`r g`tj lrlc`n`ky bhc gl`n`ky, gl`n`k y, tje o`ho`hoept `d o`hstltutl`h ls on`seny renbtec t` kehetlos. @ur o`hstltutl`h ls b duhotl`hbn expressl`h `d `ur kehetlo p`tehtlbnltles, wjloj we obnn „preclsp`sltl`h” `r „clsp`sltl`h.” Sje dlrst lrlc`n`klsts `gservec tje ojbhklhk surdboe `d tje lrls bhc o`hheotec tje o`hoept `d o`hstltutl`h t` tje bppebrbhoe `d tje webve (surdboe) lh tje lrls bhc lts slkhs1 dlger clstehsl`hs, cepressl`hs, gunkes, et oeterb. Lrlc`n`klobn experlehoe jbs nec us t` onbssldy lrlses lh d`ur types `d webves1 h`rmbn webve, webf webve, vbou`nbr webve, bhc nbo nbouhbr uhbr webve. Lh b h`rmbn webve, tje keherbn o`n`r `d tje lrls ls evehny clstrlgutec bor`ss lts surdboe, tje o`nnbrette ls h`t bnwbys preseht, bhc h` plkmeht cep`slts obh ge `gservec (see ojbpter 4 d`r m`re cls-
oussl`h `d plkmehts lh tje lrls). Lh b w ebf eb f webve, tje dlgers `d tje str`mb bre s`dtny renbxec, d`rmlhk bh lmbke slmlnbr t` „o`mgec krby jblr” (boo`rclhk t` Mbugboj), bhc jeter`ojr`mlb obh ge `gservec lh tje oehtrbn z`he (OQ). Lh tje vbou`nbr webve, tje o`nnbrette ls drequehtny ced`rmec bhc jbs n`st lts olrounbr sjbpe. Lh tje nbouhbr webve, nbouhbe bhc cep`slts bre wlceny prespreseht, bs bre mbhy `tjer slkhs. Lh `ur `plhl`h, tjese clddereht webves express tje p`tehtlbn bglnlty `d tje `rkbhlsm t` pr`cuoe orlses. Net us rememger tjbt tje term orlsls, lh meclolhe, mebhs bh bgrupt bhc uhex peotec ojbhke ojbhk e lh `rkbhlo duhotl`h d uhotl`h tjbt obh mebh tje ehc `d b pbtj`n`ky* `r tje geklhhlhk `d `he. [e obnn tje dlrst bssumptl`h b „jebnlhk orlsls,” bhc tje seo`hc `he b „clsebse.”† Jebnlhk orlses
H`rmbn webve
[ebf webve
Tbou`nbr webve
Nbouhbr webve
*B jebnlhk orlsls o`unc ge redneotec lh b ojbhke lh temperbture, p`nyurlb (jlkjer-tjbh-h`rmbn v`nume `d urlhe), swebtlhk, et oeterb. †B clsebse `r geklhhlhk `d b pbtj`n`klobn orlsls o`unc ge, bm`hk `tjer tjlhks, bcrehbn (renbtec t` tje bcrehbn knbhcs), bhbpjynbotlo (bgh`rmbn bhc cbhker`us lmmuhe rebotl`h), oj`nlherklo (renbtec t` tje boetynoj`nlhe heur`trbhsmltter), o`hvunslve, jem`nytlo, hltrlt`lc, tjyr`lc, `r vbkus (botlvlty renbtec t` tje tehtj orbhlbn herve) lh hbture.
OWL_L_, O@H_LSUSL@H, BHC CL_Y@_LSL@H LH SJE LWL_
bre p`sltlve, bhc bs we jbve sblc ged`re, tjr`ukj tje `gservbtl`h `d tje lrls surdboe bs b wj`ne, we obh bssess wjetjer b pers`h jbs b jlkj `r n`w preclsp`sltl`h t` tjelr ceven`pmeht. Lh muntlpne obses we jbve o`hdlrmec tjbt pe`pne wltj b h`rmbn `r webf webve keherbte orlses wltj m`re ebse, e bse, wjlne tj`se wj` jbve vbou`nbr bhc nbouhbr nbou hbr webves jbve m`re clddlountles. @ur m`cerh bssessmeht c`es h`t o`lholce wltj tjbt `d tje dlrst lrlc`n`klsts. Boo`rclhk t` tjem, tje vbou`nbr webve, d`r exbmpne, wbs renbtec t` b vunherbgne bhc webfer `rkbhlsm, wjlne tj`se wltj h`rmbn webves were, lh tje`ry, str`hker. Bs dbr bs we uhcerstbhc, tjls webf‟str`hk cloj`t`my ls h`t boourbte. [e obh expnblh wjy ld we estbgnlsj b pbrbnnenlsm wltj Gboj d n`we n`werr remecles bhc bsslkh b webf qubnlty t` plhe bhc b str`hk `he t` `bf. [e fh`w tjbt lh prbotloe tjls ls h`t tje obse d`r plhe bhc `bf. @he `d tje rebs`hs ls tjbt lh hbture, wjbt ls webf bnn`ws tje expressl`h `d tje str`hk (gl`n`klobn cyhbmlos)6 s`, eveh ld tje tje`retlobn expeotbtl`hs seem pnbuslgne, tje `uto`me mby ge o`mpneteny clddereht tjbh wjbt we mlkjt jbve expeo expeotec1 tec1 Ylhe `vero`mes lts lhseourltles bhc stbrts deenlhk str`hk, wjlne `bf c`es h`t o`rreot lts lhertlb bhc geo`mes webf. Sje sbme tjlhk obh ob h jbppeh lh pe`pne wj`se lrlses bre supp`sec t` lhclobte tjbt tjey bre webfer bhc vunherbgne, wjeh o`m pbrec t` str`hker `hes.
Sje M`cerh O`hstltutl`hbn M`cen Sje ourreht o`hstltutl`hbn m`cen ls clddereht dr`m tje onbsslobn `he `d tj`se
ebrny lrlc`n`klsts. Bs wlnn ge cesorlgec lh tje d`nn`wlhk pbkes, tjls m`cen supp`rts tje o`hoept `d o`hstltutl`h boo`rclhk t` tje gbse `r keherbn o`n`r `d tje lrls (nlkjt, cbrf, gnue, mlxec, slehhb), wjere o`n`r ls bh bspeot `d tje bd`remehtl`hec kehe expressl`h. Sjls hew onbssldlobtl`h jbs equbtec t` b klbht step d`rwbrc d`r lrlc`n`ky, bhc lt nets us ge m`re preolse bhc eddeotlve lh `ur bssessmehts. Sje onbssldlobtl`h wbs o`hoelvec gy A`sed Ceof lh tje 2<59s. Sjbhfs t` jlm bhc jls d`nn`wers, nlfe J. [. _ojmlct,* t`cby we jbve tje gest lrls o`hstltutl`h m`cen s` dbr, wjere b pers`h“ss clsp`sltl`h t` ceven`p tjls `r pers`h“ tjbt clsebse ls fey. Lrlc`n`ky clvlces c lvlces o`hstltutl`hs lht` tjree kr`uplhks1
@bf gbrf
• Nympjbtlo o`hstltutl`h • Jembt`kehlo o`hstltutl`h • Mlxec/glnlbry o`hstl o`hstltutl`h tutl`h† Ylhe gbrf
Sjese bre tje mblh o`hstltutl`hbn obtek`rles6 tjere bre bns` mbhy sugkr`ups lh tje lrlc`n`klobn onbssldlobtl`hs. Net us rememger tjbt tje o`hoept `d o`hstltutl`h nets us fh`w bg`ut h`t `hny preclsp`sltl`h gut bns` tje sehsltlzbtl`h bglnlty `d tje `rkbhlsm d`r s`me cruks bhc meclolhes6 lt wlnn bns` net us bssess tje neven `d lhjerltec lht`xlobtl`h, b kehulheny lrlc`n`klobn o`hoept. Onbssldlobtl`h `d o`hstltutl`h gbsec `h `tjer pbrts `d tje g`cy jbs bnrebcy pr`vec lts lmp`rtbhoe lh meclolhe meclol he bhc psyoj`n`ky (w (wee jbve `hny t` rememg rememger er Obrn Auhk, Erhst Fretsojmer, Klbolht` Tl`nb, bhc Hlo`nb Yehce). Yehce). Lt ls ourl`us tjbt m`cerh meclolhe jbs hever geeh lhterestec lh tje lrls.
*_ojmlct ls bh lrlc`n`klobn tjerbplst lh tje stbte `d _bbrnbhc lh Kermbhy. D`r jls w`rf lh tjls dlenc, je wbs bwbrcec bh @rcer `d Merlt lh _eptemger 7999 gy Yreslceht A`jbhhes A`jbhhes Wbu. †Lh keherbn, nympjbtlo o`hstltutl`hs o`rrenbte wltj gnue lrlses, jembt`kehlo wltj gr`wh lrlses, bhc mlxec/glnlbry wltj lrlses `d gr`wh mlxec wltj `tjer o`n`rs. –Ec.
3?
33
OWL_L_ , O@H_LSUSL@H, BHC CL_Y@_LSL@H LH SJE LWL_
M@CEWH UHCEW_SBHCLHK @D LWLCLO O@H_SLSUSL@H
SJE N\MYJBSLO LWL_*
2. Yure Nympjbtlo Sje tehcehoy t` dbnn lnn o`rresp`hcs t` bh ehjbhoec rebotlve clsp`sltl`h `d tje nympjbtlo system. Webotlve pr`oesses (orlses) bre usubnny pr`cuoec lh tje muo`sbe `d tje upper resplrbt`ry bhc lhtestlhbn lhtestlh bn trbots, bs wenn bs lh tje st`mst`mboj, gnbccer, bhc kehltbns. Nympj`oytes lhorebse, `dteh o`mprlslhk 59 peroeht `d t`tbn neuf`oytes. Clsp`sltl`h1 Yreclsp`sltl`h t` jbve jyperpnbslb `d tje t`hslns bhc hbs`pjbryhkebn muo`sbe. Sje nympj h`ces `d tje punm`hbry jlnb bre `dteh lhvbcec, o`mpbtlgne wltj lhdnbmmbtl`hs lh tje mlccne ebr, `tjer nympj h`ces, tje flcheys, bhc tje rest `d tje ur`kehltbn system. Clbrrjebs `oour. _ukbr bcclotl`h usubnny o`mes wltj lt.
7. Jycr`keh`lc Jycr`keh`l c Clspnbys b rjeumbt`lc-type rebotl`h cue t` tje cep`slt `d ehc`keh`us h`xbs, bs lh tje obse `d sor`dunb. Bttehtl`h must ge pblc t` wjere t`pjl pebrns bre n`obtec (see ojbpter 4)1 Ld tjey bre d`uhc lh brebs renbtec t` tje o`hheotlve tlssue, musone pblh ls nlfeny6 nl feny6 ld tjey bre n`obtec lh m`re oehtrbn brebs, tje blnmeht wlnn bddeot tje g`hes bhc tjere wlnnn ge a`lht pblh. wln pbl h. Clsp`sltl`h1 Lh tjls obse tjere ls b preclsp`sltl` preclsp`s ltl`h h t` ceven` ceven`pp rjeumbtlo rjeumbtlo clsebses, eozemb, bhc bstjmb. [e bre dbolhk bh lmmuhe webfhess `d kehetlo `rlklh.
?. Urlo Bolc Clbtjesls Sjls type must h`t ge o`hdusec wltj krby lrlses, geobuse tjls w`unc nebc t` bh err`r.
Clsp`sltl`h1 Sjere ls b preclsp`sltl`h t` ket rjeumbtlo clsebses, espeolbnny k`ut bhc nltjlbsls. Sjls ls b kehetlo bh`mbny expressec lh tje metbg`nlsm. Sjls type `d lrls sj`ws tjbt tjerbpy sj`unc d`ous `h botlvbtl`h `d rehbn duhotl`h t` eho`urbke krebter enlmlhbtl`h `d urlo bolc.
3. [ebf [ebf O`hheotlve O`hheotl ve Slssue Sjls type jbs b n``se enbstlo struoture, wltj susoeptlgl susoeptlglnlty nlty t` vbrlo`se velhs, jerhlbs, jem`rrj`lcs, btr`pjles, `rkbh „cetbojmeht,” bhc pbrtlbn ecembs. Clsp`sltl`h1 [ebf mesehojyme, wltj ojr`hlo lhcurbtl`h l hcurbtl`h `d tje t je knbhcs, k nbhcs, pus, dlst dlstunbs unbs,, bhc lmmuhe webf webfhess hess curlhk lhdeotl`hs. Sje pers`h tlres ebsebslny curlhk tje cby bhc deens bkltbtec bt hlkjt. Sje renbxec t`he `d tje o`hheotlve tlssue obh austldy austld y b stbte `d o`hstlpbo`hstlpbtl`h. B ojlnc wltj tjls o`hstltutl`h jbs clddlounty nebrhlhk t` wbn f bhc tehcs t` wet tje gec. gec . Ye`pne `d tjls typ typee sj`unc h`t ebt nbrke mebns6 tjey must wbtoj tjelr welkjt, ge obredun h`t t` `vern`bc tje numgbr breb, bhc c` nlkjt sp`rts wltj g`cy w`rf.
5. Heur`kehlo Sjls type ty pe jbs b tehc tehcehoy ehoy t` sudder dr`m heurbnklbs, jebcbojes, bhc mlkrblhes cue t` vbsounbr spbsms. Lrrltbglnlty bhc webfhess `d tje t je oehtrbn herv`us system bre typlobn. Clsp`sltl`h1 Yr`he t` lhdnbmmbtl`hs bhc prevehtl`h `d dbtlkue bhc stbtes `d herv`us cepressl`h, t` wjloj tjey bre wenn booust`mec t`.
*Sjese o`hstltutl`hbn cesorlptl`hs bre gbsec `h tje w`rf `d J. [. _ojmlct
OWL_L_, O@H_LSUSL@H, BHC CL_Y@_LSL@H LH SJE LWL_
2. Yure nympjbtlo lrls
7. Jycr`keh`lc lrls
?. Urlo bolc clbtjesls lrls
3. [ebf o`hheotlve tlssue lrls
5. Heur`kehlo lrls
35
34
OWL_L_ , O@H_LSUSL@H, BHC CL_Y@_LSL@H LH SJE LWL_
M@CEWH UHCEW_SBHCLHK @D LWLCLO O@H_SLSUSL@H
SJE JEMBS@KEHLO LWL_*
2. Yure Jembt`kehlo Bs tje etym`n`ky `d tje term sukkests (jblmb1 gn``c, klkh`mbl1 kehesls) kehesls),, tjls ls b o`hstltutl`hbn type tjbt tehcs t`wbrc gn``c cysorbslb. cysorbslb. Wednexlve Wed nexlve slkhs tjbt suk kest lrrltbtl`hs, et oeterb, obh ge `gservec `h lrlses `d tjls type, type , lh tje sbme wby bs lh nympjbtlo o`hstltutl`hs. o`hClsp`sltl`h1 Ye`pne wltj tjls o`hstltutl`h jbve b tehcehoy tehcehoy t` sudder sud der dr`m
lnnhesses renbtec t` gn``c (d`rmbtl`h, o`hcuotl`h, bhc knbhcunbr knbhcunb r). O`mpbrec t` tje nympjbtlo o`hstltutl`h, lt obh ge `gservec tjbt lh jembt`kehlo types tjere bre h` lhorebses lh neuf`oytes bhc nympj`oytes, gut rbtjer b ceorebse.† Ye`pne `d tjls type rbreny exjlglt dever, gut tjey c` jbve b tehcehoy t`wbrc nym pj`oyt`pehlbb bhc pj`oyt`pehl b hc sj`unc ge evbnubtec d`r obrolh`mb.
7. Nbteht Nb teht Setbhlo Setbhlo Jembt`kehlo Jemb t`kehlo Sype
2. Yure jembt`kehlo lrls
_evehty peroeht `d tehsl`h rlhks bre d`uhc lh pe`pne wltj jembt`kehlo `r mlxec lrlses. lrls es. Ye`pne `d tje nbteht nbteht tetbhlo jembt`kehlo type jbve psyoj`s`mbtlo tehsl`hs. Sjelr gejbvl`r obh ge o`m pbrec t` tjbt `d jbres, geobuse tjey jbve tje sbme spbsm rlhks `r brojes lh tjelr lrlses. Clsp`sltl`h1 Sjere ls b tehcehoy t`wbrc tjyr`lcltls, strumltls, pbrbtjyr`lclsm, onbustr`pj`glo sehsbtl`hs, jysterlb, bgc`mlhbn spbsms, booenerbtec jebrt rbte, olrounbt`ry pr`gnems, bhklhb peot`rls, pblh lh tje extremltles, jyp`obnoemlb, mlkrblhes, bhc heurbnklbs. Ye`pne `d tjls type `dteh jbve clddlounty grebtjlhk, wltj b sehsbtl`h `d tlkjthess lh tje heof breb (kn`gus jysterlous). Sjey usubnny jbve sukbr metbg`nlsm syhcr`mes bhc bre bcclotec t` sukbr. Sjelr puplns rebot str`hkny t` nlkjt.
7. Nbteht jembt`kehlo lrls
*Sjese o`hstltutl`hbn cesorlptl`hs bre gbsec `h tje w`rf `d J. [. _ojmlct †_pbkyrlo remecles (orebtec gy tje brt `d bnojemy) bre reo`mmehcec d`r tjls o`hstltutl`hbn type bhc klve k``c resunts.
OWL_L_, O@H_LSUSL@H, BHC CL_Y@_LSL@H LH SJE LWL_
M@CEWH UHCEW_SBHCLHK @D LWLCLO O@H_SLSUSL@H
SJE MLZEC LWL_* Bntj`ukj mbor`so`plo `gservbtl`h `d tjese lrlses tenns ten ns us tjey bre gr`wh, wjeh we n``f bt tjem uhcer b mlor`so`pe we obh `gserve `vernbppec nbyers `d clddereht o`n`rs. [e [e bns` `gserve tje presehoe `d tehsl`h rlhks. typ e bre Clsp`sltl`h1 Ye`pne `d tjls type preclsp`sec t` cbmbke lh tje jepbtlo pbrehojymb, pbtj`n`kle pbtj`n`kless `d tje kbn kbnnn-
gnbccer, bhc jepbtlo stbkhbtl`h. Sjey obh deen tjelr jebrt, b stbte tjbt obh ge bttrlgutec t` tjyr`lc cysduhotl`hs, gut lt ls lmp`rtbht t` rune `ut jebrt clsebses clsebse s (jebrt dblnure). Sjey mby experlehoe epls`ces `d pseuc`-bhklhb peot`rls curcurlhk tje hlkjt. Sjey obh ob h ge uho`htr`nnec uho`htr`nnec glhke ebters, wltj bh lhonlhbtl`h t` sudder dr`m clbgetes.
*Sjese o`hstltutl`hbn cesorlptl`hs bre gbsec `h tje w`rf `d J. [. _ojmlct
Uhcerstbhclhk Clsp`sltl`h C` h`t lhterpret tje lrlclo o`hstltutl`hbn m`cen–uslhk tje o`n`r `d tje lrls t` cetermlhe o`hstltutl`hbn type–bs b preclot`r `d clsebse. Lh `tjer w`rcs, lt w`unc ge o`mpneteny wr`hk t` `gserve tje lrls bhc tjeh ceonbre tjbt tje pers`h sudders dr`m rjlhltls, nltjlbsls , obhoer . . . Sjls ls h`t tje essehoe `d lrlc`n`ky. Sjere ls b dlhe nlhe, bnm`st lhvlslgne t` s`me, tjbt o`hheots clsebse t` tje clsp`sltl`h (p`tehtlbn kehe expressl`h) `d b pers`h t`wbrc pbrtlounbr lnnhesses, bhc lt o`mprlses tje ehvlr`hmeht, `r eveh m`re preolseny, tje bnterbtl`h `d tje ehvlr`hmeht. [ltj every hew oehtury, jumbh gelhks boqulre hew teojh`n`klobn t``ns tjbt bre m`re p`werdun bhc s`pjlstlobtec bhc bre bgne t` m`cld y `ur ehvlr`hmeht lh wbys tjbt were uhlmbklhbgne oehturles ged`re. _`metlmes tjese o jbhkes bre s`uroes `d clsebse geobuse tjey bwbfeh preclsp`sltl`hs nlhfec t` kehetlos (s`me exbmpnes bre expnblhec lh tjls g``f). Net us n``f bt `he exbmpne1 Lh tje hlheteehtj oehtury, urgbh pnbhher Lnced`hs Oercé ceslkhec tje helkjg`rj``c `d Elxbmpne lh Gbroen`hb. Jls pnbh obnnec d`r gn`ofs `d j`mes wltj kbrceh brebs tjbt, lh tlme, were usec t` gulnc m`re j`uses. S`cby, `h tjese lhher pbtl`s bhc r``dt`ps we dlhc juke mbojlhes d`r blr o`hcltl`hlhk tjbt curlhk tje summer orebte jebt bhc h`lse, o`htrlgutlhk t` bh lhorebse lh tje temperbture bhc h`lse lh tje ol ty“s ehvlr`hmeht. Sjls eherketlo bnterbtl`h `d tje ehvlr`hmeht evlcehtny bwbfehs tje clsp`sltl`h d`r bnnerkles lh pe`pne wltj oertblh types `d lrlses. Lt ls lmp`rtbht t` uhcerstbhc bhc ge pr`perny trblhec lh tje use `d tje o`n`r-gbsec o`hstltutl`hbn m`cen. Lh tjls wby, sltubtl`hs wjere bh lrlc`n`ky bpprehtloe drlkjtehs `r w`rrles pbtlehts obh ge bv`lcec. Hevertjeness, wjeh bh lrlc`n`klst o`rreotny lhterprets o`hstltutl`h bhc preclsp`sltl`hs, je `r sje obh kulce tje onleht t` tje o`rreot pbtj d`r jebnlhk bhc jebntj.
3;
5 Duhcbmehtbn _lkhs `d Lrlc`n`ky, Ybrrt 2 Yb Sje Gbslo M`rpj`n`klobn Mbrflhks
Sje eyes bre tje mlrr`r h`t `hny `d tje s`un gut bns` `d tje g`cy. L���� ��� Y������
59
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\ LWLC@N@K\,, Ybrt L1 Sje Gbslo M`rpj`n`k lobn Mbrfl hks
@WKBHLO MBWFLHK_ [e obnn [e obn n slkhs tjbt t jbt mbrf ojbhkes `h tje surdboe `d tje lrls slhoe glrtj `rkbhlo `r m`rpj`n`klobn slkhs. slkhs. Sjelr hbture ls keh`typlo, bhc klveh tjbt dbot, tjey obh ge renbtec t` tje lrlc`n`ky ojbrt lh lts rbclbn `r seot`rbn versl`h. Sjese m`r pj`n`klobnn mbrfl pj`n`klob mbrflhks hks were lcehtldlec gy A`sed Ceof lh tje mlc-twehtletj oehtury bs nbouhb, j`heyo`mg, orypt, cedeot, bhc sflh rlhk.
Nbouhbb Nbouh B nbouhb ls bh ennlptlobn m`rpj`n`ky `d vbrlbgne slze, wltj ojbhkes lh g`tj tje krebter bhc mlh`r bxes. N`obtec prederehtlbnny lh l h tje olnl olnlbry bry z`he `d tje str`mb, bhc lh tje wj`ne rbhke `d tje ojbrt, b nbouhb o`lhol o`lholces ces wltj dlger clstehsl`h6 lt ls h`t drequehtny d`uhc lh tje dlrst bhc seo`hc olrounbr z`hes `d tje lrls. Lt obh ge on`sec `r `peh, bhc lt slkhbns `rkbh dblnure, wltj h` onlhlobn expressl`h, tjbt wlnn geo`me evlceht `hny wltj tje presehoe `d lhdeotl`us
2
pr`oesses, nesl`hs nesl`hs tjbt lhv`nve lhv`nve tje `rkbh, `r `nc bke. J. [. _ojmlct bhc A`sed Ceof g`tj bkree tjbt bh `peh nbouhb lhclobtes b preclsp`sltl`h t`wbrc succeh `rkbh dblnure. Sje seot`rs m`st drequehtny mbrfec gy tjls slkh bre tje grblh bhc tje jebrt. Sjere bre lrlc`n`klsts wj` genleve tjbt b on`sec nbouhb lhclobtes b o`honucec pr`oess, tj`ukj tjere bre mbhy c`ugts rekbrclhk tjls, bhc lt ls b o`htr`verslbn lssue. Sjere bre mbhy cesorlptl`hs d`r tje peounlbr sjbpes `d nbouhbe bhc tjelr wjlmslobn o`mglhbtl`hs lh tje lrls, gut eveh t`cby tjese clddereht cld dereht sjbpes jbve h` h` onebr bhc o`honuslve mebhlhks.
J`heyo`mg Sje j`heyo`mg `r onuster mbrflhk jbs pnurlnbouhbr pnurlnbou hbr m`rpj`n`ky, m`rpj`n`ky, gelhk sjbpec nlfe tje oenns `d b geejlve. Sjls mbrflhk lhclobtes b n`ss `d duhotl`h d uhotl`h cue t` hutrltl`hbn cls`rcers, wjloj obh ev`nve t` b stbte `d olrrj`sls. Sje m`st drequehtny
7
?
7 4 5
4 2 3
5
? 3 @rkbhlo mbrflhks
Sje clddereht sjbpes `d nbouhbe
2. On`sec nbouhb
2. Dn`wer nbouhb
7. @peh nbouhb
7. Nebd
?. _flh rlhk
?. Swlhs
3. J`heyo`mg
3. Klbht
5. Cedeot
5. _pnlt
4. Orypt
4. S`rpec`
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\, Ybrt L1 Sje Gbslo M`rpj`n`klobn Mbrflhks
mbrfec seot`rs bre tje pbhorebs bhc nuhks.
Orypt B orypt jbs b rj`mg`lc-sjbpec m`r pj`n`ky, pj`n` ky, wltj n`ss `d sugstbhoe. Lt lhcll hclobtes ojr`hlo cbmbke, `r bh unoer`us breb wltj b tehce tehcehoy hoy d`r perd`rb perd`rbtl`h. tl`h. [jeh lt o`mes wltj plkmehts plkmehts nlfe nl fe tje `he obnnec „pepper krblh,” lt lhclobtes b preclsp`sltl`h t`wbrc renbpslhk unoers. Sje m`st drequehtny dreque htny bddeotec rednexlve rednex lve brebs bre tje st`mboj, lhtestlhes, bhc pbhorebs. pbhorebs . (Oysts (Oysts wltj b tehc tehcehoy ehoy t`wbrc heor`sls heor`sls obh ge d`rmec lh tje pbhorebs.) Sje gbse nbyer `d tje lrls ls `gservec lh b orypt.
lhk ls h` clddereht dr`m tjbt `d b orypt (tlssue cestruotl`h, sobrrlhk), bhc lt ls o`mpbtlgne wltj lhtestlhbn p`nyps bhc clvertlounb. N`ss `d sugstbhoe1 [e use tjls term t` cesorlge b clstehsl`h bhc krbcubn n`ss `d str`mb dlgers. Cedeots bhc `tjer `rkbhlo mbrflhks bre s`metlmes boo`mpbhlec gy n`ss `d sugstbhoe. J`wever, ltlt ls heoessbry heoessbr y t` cldderehtlbte tje cedeot dr`m sblc n`ss. N`ss `d sugstbhoe lmpnles gehlkh tlssue ojbhkes `d boo`mm`cbtl`h wltj n`ss `d duhotl`h, tj`ukj tjbt duhotl`h ls reo`verbgne.
_flh Wlhk B sflh rlhk lhclobtes tje duhotl`hbn stbte `d tje sflh.
Cedeot M`rpj`n`klobnny, b cedeot ls slmlnbr t` b smbnn gutt`hj`ne, c`t, `r vlrkune vlrku ne (b (b very smbnn nlhe `r rbclus). Lt ls b ceep mbrf, wjere tje gbse nbyer `d tje lrls obh ge `gservec, aust nlfe lh b ory pt. Lts mebhmebh-
?
3 5
7
4
2 :
• Onebr1 k``c jebntj • Onebr sp`ts1 rbsj • Wednexlve slkhs1 enlmlhbtl`h • T Tery ery mbrfec1 rbsj supp suppressl` ressl`h h
52
;
<
WEDNEZLTE _LKH_ Wednexlve slkhs o`rresp`hc t` g`cy nevens (seot`rs) lh tje lrlc`n`ky ojbrt. Sjelr hbture ls pjeh`typlobn, bhc tjey bre `rkbhlo bnerts `r lh sltu repbrbtl`h slkhs, sj`wlhk tjbt tje g`cy ls lh b stbte `d cedehse `r repblr. Sjey d`nn`w vbsounbr vbsou nbr bhc herv`us pbtjwbys, wltj obnlgrbtec ojbhkes, bhc obh ge `gservec d`r cbys `r eveh m`htjs, cepehclhk `h tje pr`oess tbflhk pnboe. Wednexlve Wed nexlve slkhs bre reverslgne, wltj tje exoeptl`h `d tje trbhsverse `hes, wjloj, `hoe preseht, hever clsbppebr. Wednexlve slkhs obh keher k eherbnny bnny ge obt obt-ek`rlzec bs `he `d tje d`nn`wlhk1 • Wbclbn slkh1 _lkhbns bh boute lrrl-
tbtl`h stbte bhc sw`nneh tlssue. Cepehclhk `h tje ojbrt, lt obh ge b slkh `d obrclbo heur`sls.
• Tbsou Tbsounbr nbr rbclbn slkh1
_lkhbns lhtehse lrrltbtl`h bhc obplnnbry stbsls. • _lhu`us `r ourvec slkh1 _lkhbns pt`sls (cr``plhk `d tje upper eyenlc) `r bcjesl`hs. • Srbhsverse slkh1 _lkhbns bcjesl`hs `r ced`rmbtl`hs, wjloj obnlgrbtec ojbhkes d`nn`wlhk tje ojbhkes lh tje renevbht pr`oess. • T Tbsounbr bsounbr trbhsverse slkh1 _jbpec nlfe b r``t6 slkhbns o`hkestl`h `r jyperemlb. • Wbclbn slnver tjrebc1 _lkhbns spbsm`pjlnlb. • Wetlounbr `r heurbn hetw`rf1 _lkhbns herve lhdnbmmbtl`h. • Wbclbn dlsj j``fs1 _lkhbn psyojlo spbsm.
29
22
Wednexlve slkhs
2. Sjlof rbclbn slkh 7. _j`rt rbclbn rbclbn slkh ?. Dlhe rbclbn slkh 3. Wbclbn slkh wltj wltj vessens 5. _lhu`us slkh 4. Wbclbn slnver tjrebc ;. Heurbn `r retlounbr hetw`rf :. Wbclbn dlsj j``f <. Ourvec slkh 29. Srbhsverse slkh 22. Tbsounbr trbhsverse slkh
57
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\ LWLC@N@K\,, Ybrt L1 Sje Gbslo M`rpj`n`klob n Mbrf lhks
7
? 2 3 B
_equehoe `d slkhs wltj tje `oourrehoe `d b nesl`h (boo`rclhk t` Lkhbz v`h Yeozeny)1 Slssue cbmbke (2) nebcs t` lhdnbmmbtl`h bhc repblr (7), o`honuclhk lh tje nesl`h gelhk eltjer repblrec (?) `r h`t repblrec (3). N`ss `d sugstbhoe (B)
Bslce dr`m tje mbrflhks cesorlgec bg`ve, tjere bre b dew `tjer rednexlve slkhs tjbt bre bns` very o`mm`h1 tehsl`h rlhks, durr`ws, rbcll s`nbrls, bhc mbmlnnbtl`hs.
Sehsl`h Wlhks `r Brojes Lt ls b o`mm`h mlstbfe lh lrlc`n`ky t` bss`olbte tjls slkh wltj herv`ushess,
2
wjeh lh rebnlty lt lhclobtes lhclobte s b preclsp`sltl`h t`wbrc musone spbsms lh g`tj sm``tj bhc strlbtec musones. D`r b pers`h wltj tjls tehcehoy, dbot`rs tjbt dbv`r b spbstlo clsp`sltl`h lhonuce n`obn lrrltbhts, lhtehse o`nc, nbof nbo f `d gn``c supsup pny, bhc exoesslve exerolse. Sjls slkh jbs vbrl`us mbhldestbtl`hs, bnn wltj tje sbme mebhlhk. Lt `oours m`re drequehtny lh pe`pne wltj ojesthut `r mlxec-o`n`rec eyes bhc ls ness evlceht lh pe`pne wltj gnue `r krby eyes. Sehsl`h rlhks bre n`obtec lh tje olnlbry z`he, dr`m tje o`nnbrette t` tje g`rcer `d tje lrls, bhc bre rbreny n`obtec lh tje pupln z`he. Sjey bre bns` fh`wh bs _ojwbnge o`htrbotl`h d`ncs `r durr`ws.
Wbclbn Wbc lbn Durr`ws Dur r`ws Wbclbn durr`ws bre m`st o`mm`hny d`uhc lh tje oepjbnlo bhc vehtrbn z`hes, bhc tjelr presehoe bnn`ws us t` o`hheot blnmehts wltj b preclsp`sltl`h t` jbve sympt`ms `d kbstr`lhtestlhbn `rlklh bhc o`hstlpbtl`h. Wbclbn durr`ws jbve mbhy mbhldestbtl`hs, bnn wltj tje sbme
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7 2
3
? 7
Sehsl`h rlhks
Wbclbn durr`ws
2. _uperp`sec `r or`ssec
2. Mba`r rbclbn
7. S`tbn S`tbn `r olrounbr
7. Mlh`r rbclbn
?. Yuplnnbry `r kbstrlo
?. O`nnbrette rbclbn
3. O`mm`h
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\, Ybrt L1 Sje Gbslo M`rpj`n`klobn Mbrflhks
mebhlhk. Sjey `oour m`re drequehtny lh pe`pne wltj mlxec-o`n`rec eyes. _`me lrlc`n`klsts genleve tjbt sj`rt rbclbnss bre m`re o`mm`h bs we bke, gut rbclbn tjbt tje`ry remblhs t` ge c`oumehtec.
W bc l l w l t j p ` n b r l t y
Wbcll Wb cll _`nbrls _`nb rls Muntlpne rbclbn slkhs bre renbtec t` tje preclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m ojr`hlo dbtlkue.
W b c ll s ` n b r l s
Mbmlnnbtl`hs Mbmlnn btl`hs Boo`rclhk t` A. Bhcrews, mbmlnnbtl`hs Boo`rclhk mbml nnbtl`hs bre b slkh `d lmmuhe jypersehsltlvlty, wltj lhorebsec presehoe `d mbor`pjbkes (oenns bgne t` perd`rm pjbk`oyt`sls pjbk`oyt`sl s wltj nbrke pbrtlones).
Mbmlnnbtl`hs
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4 Duhcbmehtbn _lkhs `d Lrlc`n`ky, Ybrrt 7 Yb Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
„Lrls, kn`ry `d tje sfy, wj` wbs lt o`h�eyec y`u, on`uc-g`rhe, c`wh t` me jere `h ebrtj0” B����� ��� T�����, B��
54
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\ LWLC@N@K\,, Ybrt 71 Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
YLKMEHS_ LH SJE LWL_ Boo`rclhk t` tje ourreht p`lht `d vlew `d lrlc`n`ky, plkmehts tjbt `vernbp wltj tje keherbn o`n`r `d tje lrls bre onbssldlec bs pjysl`n`klobn slkhs. _lhoe lt o`unc ge sblc tjbt plkmehts bre tje „auhkne” `d lrlc`n`ky, wjere tjere ls bh exoess `d „ex`tlo pnbhts,” we must nebrh t` lcehtldy tje plkmeht nlhes bhc tjelr lhtercepehceholes6 tje rlk`r`us bhc obredun prbotloe `d lrlc`n`ky l rlc`n`ky ls tje gest t``n t` boo`mpnlsj tjls. Sje tw` bhterl`r nbyers `d tje lrls bre d`rmec gy o`hheotlve tlssue. Lhslce tjem we dlhc very speolbn trbhspbreht oenns obnnec menbh`oytes, wjloj `rlklhbte lh tje heurbn orest6 tjey syhtjeslze plkmeht krbhune krbhuness bhc bre resp`hslgne d`r mbhy `d tje „lrls sp`ts,” bs tjey“re o`mm`hny fh`wh. [e must h`te tjbt slmpny `gservlhk tje o`n`r `d tjese sp`ts c`es h`t pr`vlce lhd`rmbtl`h `h tjelr gl`ojemlobn o`mp`sltl`h. Lh mbhy obses, lt ls evlceht tjbt tje plkmehtbtl`hs `r ojr`mbtlo cep`slts `vernblc `h tje keherbn o`n`r `d tje lrls d`nn`w b preset pnbh tjbt mby ge p`sslgny p `sslgny o`cec `h b kehetlo neven. Lh `tjer obses, we obh see tjbt t jbt ojr`mbtlo mbrflhk mbrflhkss `r cep`slts bre pjysl`n`klobn slkhs renbtec t` tje pjeh`type. Lkhbz v`h Yeozeny bhc Wuc`nd _ojhbgen `gservec tjbt plkmehts n`obtec hebr bh `rkbhlo slkh lhclobte ojr`hlolty `d tje pr`oess bhc o`mpnlobo`mpnlob-
tl`hs wltj tje renbtec redneotec `rkbh, bhc tjese mbhldestbtl`hs bre drequehtny d`uhc lh tje olnlbry z`he. Cepehclhk `h tjelr n`obtl`h, tjey bre obnnec oehtrbn jeter`ojr`mlb (lh puplnnbry z`he), seot`rbn jeter`ojr`mlb jeter`ojr`mlb (lh tje rbclbn pbrt `d tje puplnnbry bhc olnlbry z`hes), `r slmpny plkmehts (lh tje olnlbry z`he). Lh obses `d vltbmlh B syhtjesls cls`rcers `r wjere pyrr`nlo rlhks (jeme) pbrtlolpbte, tjere wln wlnnn ge plkmehts. Bhc we must h`t d`rket d`rke t bg`ut tje syhtjesls `d menbhlh, wjloj ls meclbtec gy pltultbry j`rm`hes, wj`se dlhbn d`rmbtl`h `d gnbof plkmeht k`es tjr`ukj severbn o`n`rbtl`hs tjbt bre h`t s` cbrf. Bs Enl K. A`hes sblc, „Sje eye wlnn tenn y`u ld tje knbhcs bre w`rflhk pr`perny.” Sjr`ukj`ut tje jlst`ry `d lrlc`n`ky, tjere jbve geeh tw` jyp`tjeses rekbrclhk tje `rlehtbtl`h bhc mebhlhk `d tje plkmehts. Sje dlrst `he, pr`p`sec gy Hlns Nlnaequlst, o`hslcers plkmehts lh tje lrls t` ge b seo`hcbry eddeot `d cruks `r meclolhes. Je ojbrtec tje plkmehts renbtec t` cruks,* bhc Jehry Nlhcnbjr nbter ceven`pec tjls nlst lh durtjer cetbln.. Sje seo`hc tje`ry, enuolcbtec gy cetbln A`sed Ceof, J. [. [. _ojmlct, bhc A`sepj Bhkerer, bm`hk `tjers, o`hslcers ojr`mbtlo slkhs lh tje lrls t` ge duhotl`hbn– tjbt ls, kehetlo–bhc lhclobtlve `d preclsp`sltl`hs t` oertbl oertblh h flhcs fl hcs `d clsc lsebses bhc rebotlve bcbptbtl`hs.
OJW@MBSLO _LKH_ B_ LHCLOBS@W_ @D LHS@ZLOBSL@H Bt tje geklhhlhk `d tje twehtletj oehtury, lrlc`n`klsts nlfe Nlhcnbjr bttrlg-
utec mbhy `d tje plkmehts lh tje lrls t` lht`xlobtl`hs wltj jebvy metbns bhc
*Nlnaequlst nlstec sbnloynlo bolc, pjehbz`he, brsehlo, ore`s`te (wjloj ls h` n`hker lh use bs b cruk), erk`tbmlhe (extrbotec dr`m rye erk`t), lr`h, l`clhe, meroury, `plum, nebc, qulhlhe, sundur, bhc stryojhlhe (extrbotec dr`m tje hux v`mlob tree).
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\, Ybrt 71 Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
lh`rkbhlo o`mp`uhcs. Nlhcnbjr wbs oertblh tjbt mlherbns `d lh`rkbhlo `rlklh booumunbtec lh tje `rkbhlsm wltj m`re ebse tjbh tj`se `d `rkbhlo `rlklh, bhc tjbt tjey were m`re jbrmdun. Bs bh exbmpne, we obh n``f t` tje brous sehlnls, `r ker`ht`x`h. Sjls slkh lhclobtes n`w vltbnlty bhc webf grblh tlssue. Ld b yenn`wlsj plkmehtbtl`h ls d`uhc lhslce tje rlhk, lt ls pr`gbgny obusec gy qulhlhe. Ld tje rlhk ls surr`uhcec gy wjlte cep`slts, lt ls b slkh `d t`` muoj globrg`hbte. _bnts tjbt o`htblh o`h tblh s`clum, nlfe nl fe s`clum sbnloynbte,
B r o u s s e h ln l s
H`w net“s n``f bt s`me `d tje cruks cesorlgec gy Nlnaequlst bhc Nlhcnbjr bhc tje ojr`mbtlo slkhs tjey lhltlbte.
Lr`h B rlhk lh tje lhtestlhbn breb wltj b gr`whlsj plkmeht (tje o`n`r `d clrty rust `r rustec lr`h) ls b slkh `d lr`h cep`slts. Lh`rkbhlo lr`h jbs bh bstrlhkeht bhc pbrbnyzlhk eddeot. „L jbve seeh tjls slkh juhcrecs `d tlmes lh pbtlehtss wj` tbfe lr`h bs meclo pbtleht meclolhe,” lhe,” sblc Nlhcnbjr.
s`clum sundbte, bhc s`clum gr`mbte, d`rm slmlnbr cep`slts. Sjese cep`slts lh tje grblh tlssue obh obuse serl`us ceterl`rbtl`h `d tje mem`ry bhc `tjer mehtbn pr`oesses. B wjlte rlhk lh tje st`mboj z`he lhclobtes tje presehoe `d stryojhlhe (b cruk extrbotec dr`m tje hux v`mlob tree bhc usec t` bnnevlbte tje pbrbnyzpbrbnyzlhk eddeots `d meroury). meroury). Sjls slkh ls ebslny reo`khlzbgne d`r lts rekunbr struoture bhc dlhe rbclbtl`hs. Ld lt ls mbhldestec lmperdeotny, lt lhclobtes btr`pjy lh tje clkestlve `rkbh.
[ j l t e r lh k lh t j e s t ` m b o j z ` h e
L`clhe Lh b gnue lrls, grlkjt rec sp`ts wltj gnurrec g`rcers bre slkhs `d l`clhe. Curlhk bh enlmlhbtl`h orlsls, wjloj jbppehs mblhny tjr`ukj duruhones, pe`pne lh tjls sltubtl`h mby h`tloe b tbste `d l`clhe. Wec sp`ts surr`uhcec gy wjlte bre d`uhc lh pbtlehts wj` tbfe p`tbsslum l`clce. L`clhe wbs bh bnterhb bnterhb-tlve t` tje meroury tbfeh gy pbtlehts t` trebt sypjlnls. „L`clhe lht`xlobtl`h obh ge d`uhc lh `he-qubrter `d tje exbmlhec pbtlehts,” sblc Nlhcnbjr6 Nlnaequlst jlmsend experlehoec lt lh tje d nesj.
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5:
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\ LWLC@N@K\,, Ybrt 71 Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
Brsehlo
Nebc
„_h`wdnbfes” „_h`wd nbfes” `r t`pjl pebrns, wjloj bre wjlte cep`slts drequehtny vlslgne lh tje t je n`wer jbnd `d tje lrls, bre slkhs `d brsehlo lht`xlobtl`h.
Yurpne plkmehtbtl`h lh tje clkestlve breb lhclobtes nebc p`ls`hlhk. Sjls slkh ls `dteh seeh lh tje eyes `d pblhters, prlhtlhk press empn`yees, empn`yees,** bhc `tjer pe`pne wj` w`rf wltj nebc. neb c.
Meroury [j ltlsj cep`s [jltlsj cep`slts lts lh tje upper pbr pbrtt `d tje lrls, pbrtlounbrny lh tje grblh rekl`h, lhclobte tje cestruotlve eddeot `d meroury. Sjese slkhs bre drequehtny `gservec lh tje lrlses `d pe`pne wj` sudder dr`m str`fe, cemehtlb, `r pbrbnysls pbrb nysls..
Bheoc`te
@plum, Nbucbhum [jlt e rbys lh tje sjbpe `d b stbr tjbt [jlte extehc dr`m tje upper mbrklh `d tje pupln t` tje rednexlve rekl`h `d tje grblh bre slkhs `d `plum `r m`rm`r pjlhe lht`xlobt l ht`xlobtl`h. l`h. Lh tje t je eyes `d cruk bcclots, Nlhcnbjr usec t` sby, we obh `gserve wjlte rbys br`uhc tje lrls, pbrtlb pbr tlbnnnnyy dr`m tje pupl puplnn (pupln nbr y z`he) `r pbrtlbnny dr`m tje o`nnbrette (olnlbry z`he). Sjls cruk wbs sup pnlec t` bn nevl nevlbte bte pblh pb lh dr`m n`o`m`t`r btbxlb. Sje cruk jbs b speolbn bddlhlty d`r tje rednexlve breb `d tje st`mboj bhc lhtestlhes bhc wbs `hoe `he `d tje obuses `d ojr`hlo o`hstlpbtl`h lh ojlncreh.
Sjerbplst W. Qlmmermbh mehtl`hs dlhclhk c`oumehts bg`ut tje lht`xlobtl`h `d tje krebt o`mp`ser Geetj`veh (2;;9‟2:;7)* (2;;9‟2:;7)* dr`m nebc lh wlhe. Mbyge geobuse Geetj`veh“s gr`tjer wbs b pjbrmbolst, je clc h`t bsf d`r bsslstbhoe dr`m _ bmuen Jbjhembhh (2;55‟2:3?) (2;55‟2:3?) curlhk tje n`hk o`urse `d jls clsebse. Bt tjbt tlme, Jbjhembhh jbc ceven`pec bh bhbnytlobn metj`c t` lcehtldy nebc lht`xlobtl`h. *Welhjbrc Nucewlk bhc _usbhb _eudert, „Geetj`veh, Jbjhembhh uhc cbs Kldt lm [elh,” speolbn exjlgltl`h lh o``perbtl`h wltj tje Lhstltute `d Onlhlobn Yjbrmbo`n`ky `d tje Uhlverslty `d Nelpzlk, Mby 27, 7992, t` _eptemger 7, 7992, bt tje _bx`h Yjbrmboy Museum lh Nelpzlk.
*Nlh`typlsts lh tje 2<;9s stlnn mbhlpunbtec nebc lhk`ts.
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\, Ybrt 71 Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
M`rpjlhe
_`clum
Sje slkh ls s`mewjbt clddereht tjbh tjbt `d `plum6 lt o`hslsts `d dlhe wjlte nlhes `ver tje surdboe `d tje lrls, extehcex tehclhk dr`m tje pupln upwbrc, espeolbnny lh tje grblh rekl`h.
Nlhcnbjr, wj` hbrrbtes j`w je t``f s`clum sbnts t` heutrbnlze jls jebrtgurh d`r mbhy yebrs, jbc tjls wjltlsj rlhk. _`clum ls enlmlhbtec enlm lhbtec m`re ebslny gy tje `rkbhlsm tjbh l`clhe.
Rulhlhe Rulhl he
_bnloynlo Bolc
Rulhlhe ls redneotec lh yenn`wlsj plkmehtbtl`h lh tje rednexlve brebs `d tje grblh bhc nlver6 wjeh d`uhc `h gnue lrlses, lt klves b kreehlsj o`n`r, wjloj obuses b kreeh lrls. Rulhlhe jbs b speolbn bddlhlty d`r tje grblh, st`mboj, lhteslhtestlhes, nlver, bhc spneeh `d pe`pne wj` jbve tbfeh lt drequehtny t` trebt mbnbrlb bhc `tjer devers. S`cby, pjbrmboeutlobn s`nutl`hs `d qulhlhe bre usec d`r oertblh types `d brtjrltls. brt jrltls. Rulhlhe wbs bh`tjer cruk Nlnaequlst jlmsend t``f.
Drequehtny renbtec t` tje wjltlsj s`clum rlhk. Bs ls fh`wh t`cby, sbnloynlo bolc jbs b hekbtlve eddeot `h tje muo`sbe `d tje clkestlve `rkbhs, eveh ld lt ls boetynbtec.
S` summbrlze, tje pjbrmbo`n`klobn use `d tjese bhc `tjer cruks, nlfe gr`mlce, o`bn t br br,, pj`spj`rus, turpehtlhe, knyoerlhe, bhc erk`t, wjloj were lh o`mm`h u se bt tje geklhhlhk `d tje twehtletj oehtury, bnertec hbturbn tjerbplsts nlfe Nlhcnbjr `d tjelr bkkresslvehess, wjloj wbs h`t s` clddereht dr`m tjbt `d ourreht cruks, bhc bnn`wec tjem t` estbgnlsj bss`olbtl`hs getweeh tje cruks bhc tje presehoe `d oertblh plkmehts lh tje lrls. H`t bnn tje plkmeht‟cruk nlhfs mby jbve geeh o`rreot, gut tjelr bnn`pbtjlo use wbs, bt tje tlme, lh v`kue. Lr`h, d`r exbmpne, wbs usec lh lr`h brsehlce d`r ojr`hlo sflh clsebses, lr`h sund bte d`r ojr`hlo clbrrjeb, lr`h gr`mlce bs b t`hlo d`r ojn`r`sls lh y`uhk w`meh, lr`h knyoer`pj`spjbte bhc lr`h mbhkbhese d`r tje o`hvbnesoehoe `d bstjehlo pe`pne, vbnerlbhbte `d lr`h d`r obses `d jysterlb wltj o`mpnlobtl`hs dr`m ojn`r`sls, lr`h bhc qulhlhe d`r obojexl b obusec gy mbnbrlb, jebrt clsebse, `r rehbn clsebse, bhc lr`h sbnt bhtlc`tes d`r obses `d p`ls`hlhk wltj brsehlo sbnts .
5<
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DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\ LWLC@N@K\,, Ybrt 71 Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
DUHOSL@HBN OJW@MBSLO _LKH_ Sje seo`hc o`htemp`rbry jyp`tjesls jyp`tjesls bg`ut plkmehts o`hslcers o`n`r t` ge bh lhjerltec slkh–lh `tjer w`rcs kehetlo– tjbt lhclobtes b preclsp`sltl`h t` jbve krbcubn `rkbh dblnure, wltj h` onlhlobn expressl`h, tjbt geo`mes evlceht `hny wltj tje prese presehoe hoe `d bh lhdeotl` lhdeotl`us us pr`oess, b n`obn lhaury, `r `nc bke.
Sje speotrum `d plkmehts lh tje lrls rbhkes dr`m Hbpnes yenn`w t` slehhb, bhc dr`m nlkjt t` gurht t`hes. Eboj `he `d tje o`n`rs ls renbtec t` bh `rkbhlo duhotl`h1 rehbn, lmmuhe, jepbtlo, pbhorebtlo, et oeterb. Sje yenn`w plkmeht ls tje `he wltj tje onebrest mebhlhk, bhc lt ls renbtec t` rehbn duhotl`h.
Ylkmeht O`mp`sltl`h Sje w`rnc `d plkmehts ls exoltlhk. Aust t` geklh, m`cerh gl`ojemlstry tenns us tjbt tje o`n`r `d b plkmeht tenns us bg`ut lts ojemlobn o`mp`sltl`h, wjloj lh turh tenns us bg`ut lts botl`h lh bhc redneotl`h `d tje g`cy. Sje plkmehts lh `ur g`cy o`me dr`m tw` s`uroes1 bh lhterhbn `he (`ur g`cy pr`cuoes plkmehts dr`m p`rpjyrlh) bhc bh ex terhbn `he (`ur g`cy mbfes use `d plkmehts d`uhc lh d``c). D`r exbmpne, we ket obr`teh`lc plkmehts dr`m d``cs nlfe genn pepper (yenn`w bhc rec) bhc obrr`ts (`rbhke (`rbhke). ). Lt“s nlfeny tjbt `ur plkmehts bns` cerlve dr`m ojn`r`pjynn, wjloj klves m`st `d tje pnbht w`rnc lts kreeh bhc jbs p`rpjyrlh bs lts gbse.
Menbhlh Cep`slts Cep`sl ts Menbhlh ls bhy `d vbrl`us gnbof, cbrf gr`wh, recclsj-gr`wh, `r yenn`w plkmehts. Sjere ls krebt o`hdusl`h surr`uhclhk lrlclo slkhs lhv`nvlhk tjls plkmeht, bhc perjbps tjbt ls cue t` tje dbot tjbt menbhlh-gbsec ojr`mbtlo slkhs bre h`t o`mm`h lh tje lrls. Hevertjeness, w`rf obrrlec `ut lh tje psyojlbtrlo psyojlbtr lo j`spltbn _bht G`l gy c`ot`rs A. M. Gnbhquì, E. W`críkuez, A. B. _bhz, bhc S. Brrbhz `dders lmp`rtbht cbtb bg`ut menbhlh lrlclo slkhs, bs c` prlvbte `gservbtl`hs c`he gy tje butj`r `d tje lrls `d b sfyclver. Gnbhquì et bn. `gservec bhc bssessec menbhlh plkmehts `h tje lrlses `d w`meh clbk clbkh`sec h`sec wltj psyoj`sls1 b 2 mm cep`slt lh `he eye, `r slx cep`slts `d ness tjbh 2 mm eboj getweeh g`tj lrlses. Sje butj`rs questl`hec wjetjer tje presehoe `d s` muoj menbhlh wbs b pr`cuot `d pjysl`n`ky `r `d tje use
`d psyojlbtrlo cruks, nlfe heur`neptlos (pjeh`tjlbzlhe, ojn`rpr`mbzlhe, bhc tjl`rlcbzlhe). Sje mystery wbs h`t s`nvec, gut tjey expn`rec g`tj `d tje lrlc`n`klobn jyp`tjeses cesorlgec ebrebrnler lh tjls ojbpter–tjbt ls, tje pjysl`n`klobn `rlklh `rlk lh (Ceof, _ojmlct) bhc tje pjbrmbo`n p jbrmbo`n`klobn `klobn `rlklh (Nlnaeq (Nlnaequlst ulst bhc Nlhcnbjr). Lh supp`rt `d tje pjysl`n`klobn jyp`tjesls, resebrojers B. O. Krelher bhc K. B. Hlo`ns`h lcehtldlec vlsoerb wltj menbhlh cep`slts lh sojlz`pjrehlo pe`pne wj` jbc h`t tbfeh heur`neptlos. Lh supp`rt `d tje pjbrmbo`n`klo jyp`tjesls, plkmehtbtl`h jbs geeh `gservec lh pbrts `d tje eye (tje o`rheb, tje sonerb, bhc eveh tje retlhb) `d pbtlehts wj` jbve tbfeh heur`neptlos, wjloj remblh lh tje g`cy eveh m`htjs bdter tjelr lhtbfe (bs obh ge cetermlhec tjr`ukj urlhe bhbnysls). Sjus, we o`unc o`honuce tjbt bh
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\, Ybrt 71 Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
Bhxlety Obteoj`nbmlhe (C`pbmlhe, H`replhepjrlhe, Eplhepjrlhe) Menbhlh
lhorebsec menbh`kehesls jbppehs lh obses `d sojlz`pjrehlb (pjysl`n`klobn `rlklh) `rlkl h),, bhc lt ls strehktjehec gy heur`neptlos (pjbrmbo`n`klo `rlklh). _tucles jbve d`uhc slmlnbr resunts lh evbnubtlhk menbhlh cep`slts lh eplnepsy pbtlehts, wltj bhc wltj`ut meclobtl`h. Dr`m b pjysl`n`klobn p`lht `d vlew, tje plkmeht ls onebrny renbtec t` tje bhxlety tjbt mbhldests lh g`tj obses. Bppbrehtny, tje lrls jbs b jlkj o`hteht `d obteoj`nbmlhes (lhonuclhk c`pbmlhe) lh boo`rcbhoe wltj lts keherbn o`n`r, bhc c`pbmlhe ls b preours`r `d menbhlh. Jlkj stbtes `d bhxlety– d`r exbmpne, ged`re `r bdter trbumb (bs lh tje obse `d Yeozeny“s `wn, `r tje sfyclver wj`m tje butj`r `gservec)– `gser vec)– o`unc lhorebse tje syhtjesls `d menbhlh bhc resunt lh cbrf, rust-o`n`rec plkmehtbtl`h cep`slts. [jlne [jl ne `pjtjbn `pjtjbnm`n`k m`n`kyy klve klvess h` speolbn mebhlhk t` ojr`mbtlo slkhs nlfe menbhlh cep`slts, lh lrlc`n`ky tjelr
`gservbtl`h ls usedun tjbhfs t` tje resebroj c`he gy tje bg`ve-mehtl`hec psyojlbtrlsts. psyojlbtrlst s. Sjus, b menbhlh cep`slt obh ge lhterp lhterpretec retec bs b seo`hcbry eddeot ed deot `d b cruk `r meclolhe, wjloj mbhldests lh g`tj tje eye (o`rheb, lrls, bhc o`h auhotlvb) bhc b hc tje sflh `r vlsoerb, `r lt o`unc ge sblc tjbt tjls plkmeht ls tje expressl`h `d kehetlos lh tje pjeh`typ pjeh`type, e, klvlhk wby t` bh exoesslve pr`cuotl`h `r st`rbke `d tje plkmeht. Lh eltjer obse, we obh o`honuce tjbt tje menbhlh cep`slt ls h`t b slkh `d mbnlkhbhoy, bs s`me lrlc`n`klsts wltj`ut evlcehoe bre stlnn sukkestlhk.
@tjer Cep`slts H`w net“s n``f bt s`me slkhs tjbt jbve bnrebcy geeh mehtl`hec lh prevl`us pbkes, gut lh tjls obse we wln wlnnn clsouss tjelr mebhlhk dr`m tje perspeotlve `d tjelr o`rrenbtl`h t` keh`type, rbtjer tjbh tjelr o`rrenbtl`h t` b pbrtlounbr cruk `r meclobtl`h.
Menbhlh cep`slts
42
47
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\ LWLC@N@K\,, Ybrt 71 Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
S`pjl Yebrns S`pjl pebrns bre bnm`st b nm`st bnwbys d`uhc lh tje olnlbry z`he, bntj`ukj tjey obh bns` bn s` ge bcjerec t` tje o`nnbrette. Sjey lhclobte b tehcehoy t` sudder dr`m eozemb, rjeumbtlsm, bhc pJ m`cldlobtl`h. S`pjl pebrns (s`metlmes obnnec o`tt`h swbgs) bre slkhs `d lhjerltec lht`xloblht`xlo btl`h, o`mpbtlgne o`mpbtlgne wltj tje lhd l hdnbmmbtl`h nbmmbtl`h `d tje ser`sbe bhc muo`sbe typlobn `d exucbtlve clbtjesls.*
_`clum Wlhk (O`rheb) Sjls slkh ls n`obtec `h tje g`rcer `d tje lrls, lh tje d`rm `d b dblrny wlce, o`hslsteht wjlte on`uc tjbt o`vers tje wj`ne perlmet perlmeter. er. Ceof renbtec lt t` oj`nester`n bnterbtl`hs, gut lh rebnlty, m`st `d tje tlme tjere ls h` clreot nlhf
getweeh oj`nester`n humgers bhc tjls slkh, wjloj nebcs us t` tjlhf, bhc wjloj ls `dteh o`hdlrmec, tjbt lts mebhlhk jbs m`re t` c` wltj n`ss `d enbstlolty lh tje brterlbn tuhlob.
_flh Wlhk Sjls slkh ls very drequeht bm`hk y`uhk pe`pne. Lt d`rms lh tje sbme spboe bs b s`clum rlhk, gut lts o`n`r ls krbylsj `r gnbof, bhc lt lhclobtes tjbt tje sflh ls uhcerbotlve–tjbt ls, tje sflh jbs clddlounty enlmlhbtlhk t`xlhs (we must rememger tjbt tje sflh ls `ur „tjlrc flchey”). Sje pers`h c`es h`t crlhf `r swebt suddlolehtny. Lt bns` mbrfs b preclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m Bnzjelmer“s (boo`rclhk t` J. [. _ojmlct) _oj mlct)..
Brous _ehlnls _ehln ls (O`rheb) (O`rheb) Nlfe tje s`clum rlhk bhc sflh rlhk, tjls slkh ls n`obtec lh z`he 4, gut lt ls seot`rbn, mebhlhk tjbt lt c`es h`t `ooupy tje wj`ne perlpjery. Sje brous sehln sehlnls ls ls drequehtny `gservec lh tje oepjbnlo z`he, wjloj ls b slkh `d vbsounbr vbs ounbr cldd clddlountles. lountles.
S`pjl pebrns
_`clum rlhk
_flh rlhk
*Exbmpnes `d exucbtlve clbtjesls lhonuce prurlk`, lhtertrlk`, nympj h`ce ehnbrkemeht, bhc muo`us memgrbhe ehterltls.
DUHCBMEHSBN _LKH_ @D LWLC@N@K\, Ybrt 71 Ojr`mbtlo _lkhs
Brous sehlnls
Ylkmehtec cep`slts
Cep`slt slkhs
Bheoc`te A`sed Fbrn, b Kermbh lrlc`n`klst lrlc`n `klst , sbys tjbt A`jbhh [`ndkbhk K`etje, tje Kermbh p`et bhc crbmbtlst, crbmbtls t, wj` nlvec lh [elmbr, [elmbr, sudderec dr`m perlobrcltls lh 2:7?. K`etje jbc hever geeh s` slof6 jls r`gust g`cy wbs bddeotec gy ojlnns, sudd`obtl`h, bhc jebvy neks. Jls g`cy, je dent, wbs sudderlhk dr`m lhjerltec t`xlhs tjbt were tj`usbhcs `d yebrs `nc. Je sblc t` tje c`ot`rs, „ _et y`ur solehoe lh m`tl`h6 y`u wlnn h`t obtoj me bhywby.” bhywby.” Sje c`ot`rs presorlgec brhlob, bhc wjeh je jebrc tje hews, K`etje wbs renlevec, geobuse je rememgerec tje gebutldun dn`wer `d tjls pnbht. Bd ter tbflhk lt, K`etje k`t getter, bhc je s``h wbs bgne t` stbrt t bflhk wbnfs br`uhc tje kbrceh. Ysyojlobnny, je dent m`re bnlve tjbh ged`re6 pjyslobnny, je dent getter. B vlslt`r wj` sbw jlm curlhk tjls tlme cesorlgec K`etje“s lrls bs d`rmec gy tjree clddereht o`n`rs1 b nbrke gnue rlhk, surr`uhclhk tje gnue `d tje lrls bhc tje gnbof `d tje pupln. Bs K`etje sblc, we obrry wltj us t`xlo jerecltles tjbt geo`me b pbrt `d `ur pers`hbnlty bhc bddeot `ur jebntj.
Bppebrbhoe `d K`etje“s lrls
4?
; Sje Yupln, [lhc`w t` tje _`un
Sje eyes bre tje wlhc`ws t` tje s`un, tje mlrr`r `d hbture, bhc tje c``rs `d tje suh suh.. B����� N��������
44
SJE YUYLN, [LHC@[ S@ SJE _@UN
_LKH_ LH SJE YUYLN Bwbrehess ls g`rh lh tje mlccne `d tje lrls bhc ls expressec gy tje pupln. A`y, debr, pblh, bhc ojbhkes tjbt bnter `ur o`hsol`ushess bre redneotec lh lt. Lt bns` nets us fh`w wjeh we jbve geeh bddeotec gy o`hdnlot bhc jbve h`t geeh bgne t` `vero`me lt. Sje pupln ls tje t je oehoehter `d tjls mbhcbnb `d tje g`cy we bnn jbve6 lt expnblhs tje pbst, preseht, bhc duture `d `ur exlstehoe. _`, tjls ls tje pbrt `d tje lrls tjbt turhs tje eyes lht` tje wlhc`ws `d tje s`un bhc tje mlrr`r `d hbture. Bs bh `rldloe tjbt o`mmuhlobtes tje lhslce wltj tje `utslce `d tje jumbh gelhk bhc ehbgnes tje lhterpnby getweeh o`smlo bhc pers`hbn d`roes, tje pupln trbhsmlts g`tj psyoj`s`mbtlo bspeots `d hbture bhc rebotl`hs t` nlkjt bhc o`n`r. Lh dbot, muoj nlfe tje m`vemeht `d b pehcunum, tje glhbry oyone `d o`smlo d`roes tbfes pnboe lh tje pupln1 every twehtyd`ur j`urs we experlehoe tje tw` m`vemehts `d mycrlbsls (tje exbkkerbtec `r
pr`n`hkec `pehlhk `d tje jebntjy pupln) pupln) bhc ml`sls (tje pr`n`hkec o`htrbotl`h `d tje pupln). Sje pupln bns` sjrlhfs we bre renbxec `r lht`xlobtec wltj cruks, bhc lt wlcehs wltj pblh, syho`pe, `r b o`mbt`se stbte, geo`mlhk uhstbgne (jlppus*) lh stbtes `d herv`us webfhess. Mycrlbsls ls o`mpbtlgne wltj tje tehcehoy t` sudder dr`m duhotl`hbn tbojyobrclb, p``r bppetlte, debr, tlrectlrechess, bhc bppbrehtny lhorebsec obtbg`nlsm, espeolbnny mlherbn. B pers`h wltj mycrlbtlo puplns ls keherbnny pnebsbht bhc obh ebslny bcbpt t` sltubtl`hs, ls obpbgne `d kettlhk exoltec, bhc ls very sehslgne (boo`rclhk t` A`sepj Bhkerer). Curlhk ml`sls, `r tje o`htrbotec pupln, we dlhc jlk jlkjj clke clkestlve stlve botlv lty, perlpjerbn vbs`o`hstrlotl`h, bhc b wenn-ceven`pec nlglc`. Ml`tlo puplns puplns bre pehetrbtlhk6 we dlhc dl hc tjem lh l h ehtrepreheurlbn pe`pne wj` jbve bh lmp`slhk, sendlsj, bhc cerlslve pers`hbnlty (bkblh boo`rclhk t` Bhkerer).
Ml`sls
Mycrlbsls
*_pbsm`clo `r rjytjmlo o`htrbotl`h `r m`vemeht `d tje pupln, wltj b preclsp`sltl`h t` ge herv`us bhc jbve oj`reb bttbofs (very str`hk lhv`nuhtbry o`htrbotl`hs).
SJE YUYLN, [LHC@[ S@ SJE _@UN
Kn`gbn Ced`rmltles lh tje Yupln (S`tbn (S `tbn Cyso`rl Cyso`rlb) b)
Wlkjt
Nedt
Boo`rclhk t` Wuc`nd _ojhbgen, kn`gbn ced`rmltles lh tje pupln bre slkhs `d b p`sslgne lmmlheht pbrbnysls pbrbnysls.. Enn Ennlptlobn lptlobn puplns wltj tje krebter bxl bxlss perpehclouperpehclounbr t` tje kr`uhc bre o`mpbtlgne wltj t`tbn pbrbnysls bhc cebtj. _ojhbgen stbtes tje sbme bg`ut ennlptlobn puplns wltj b clverkeht krebter bxls. b xls. Enn Ennlptlobn lptlobn puplns wltj b krebter bxls bx ls pbrbnnen pbrbn nen t` tje kr`uhc sukkest heur`m`t`r bnterbtl`hs lh tje n`wer extremltles. Ennlptlobn puplns wltj tje krebter bxls nebhec t`wbrc tje rlkjt bre o`m pbtlgne wltj w ltj pbrbnysls `h tje rlkjt slce `d tje g`cy, bhc tj`se tlntec `r nebhec t` tje nedt slce wltj pbrbnysls `h tje nedt slce. Nbstny, puplns wltj b clverkeht krebter bxls mby bns` sukkest `r bnert us t` b preclsp`sltl`h t` nek pbrbnysls. Sje `rlklh `d tjese pbrbnyses ls usubnny bh bp`pneotlo pjeh`meh`h (str`fe).
S`tbn cyso`rlbs renbtec t` bp`pneotlo pjeh`mehb (boo`rclhk t` _ojhbgen)
4;
4:
SJE YUYLN, [LHC@[ S@ SJE _@UN
Ybrtlbn Ced`rmltles Ced`rml tles `r Dnbttehlhks Dnbttehl hks lh tje Yupln (Ybrtlbn Cyso`rlb)
Semp`rbn Dnbttehlhks (SD)
[jl ne kn`gb [jlne kn`gbnn ced`rmlt ced`rmltles les bre h`t tjbt drequeht lh tje p`punbtl`h, lrlc`n`klsts `gserve pbrtlbn ced`rmltles curlhk bppr`xlmbteny :9 peroeht `d o`hsuntbtl`hs.
Dr`htbn Dnbttehlhk Dnbtteh lhk (DD) [jeh `gser `gservec, vec, lt ls lhcl lhclspehsb spehsbgne gne t` rune `ut pre-sulolcbn syhcr`me bhc reder tje pbtleht t` b psyoj`n`klst. Sje slkh ls o`mpbtlgne wltj `gsesslve tj`ukjts bhc ojr`hlo menbhoj`ny stbtes. Nuoflny, tjls ls tje ness drequeht obse bm`hk dnbttehlhks, bhc, mbyge, boo`rclhk t` tje drequehoy `d tje `gservbtl`h `d tje butj`r `d tje g``f, lt mlkjt ge bh exoeptl`h.
Tehtrbn Dnbttehlhks (TD) Sjese bre slkhs tjbt lhclobte bnterec sehsltlvlty bhc m`glnlty `d tje neks (a`lht pblh lh tje jlps bhc fhees).
Hbsbn Dnbttehlhks Dnbtteh lhks (HD) Sjls slkh ls o`mpbtlgne wltj lhjlgltl`h `d tje grebtjlhk duhotl`h (bnterbtl`h `d tje vltbn obpbolty) bhc b preclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m cyspheb (clddlounty grebtjlhk).
D U S R
DD
SD
S R N D
R H U D HD
TD
D N H R
Sjls slkh ls essehtlbnny renbtec t` tje nuhk duhotl`h. _peoldlobnny, _peold lobnny, lt o`unc sukkest b preclsp`sltl`h t` jbve resplrbt`ry pbrbnysls.. pbrbnysls
Dnbttehl hk `d tje Upper Hbsbn Dnbttehlhk Rubcrbht (DUHR (D UHR ) Sjls obse reders t` psyojlo gnlhchess. Sje pers`h ls uhbgne t` repr`cuoe bhc rememger soehes `gservec seo`hcs ged`re.
Dnbttehl hk `d tje N`wer Hbsbn Dnbttehlhk Rubcrbht (DNHR (DN HR ) Sjls slkh lhclobtes o`mpbtlglnlty wltj bnterbtl`hs lh sexubn gejbvl`rs bhc duhotl`hs `d tje ur`kehltbn trbot.
Dnbttehl hk `d tje Upper Semp`rbn Dnbttehlhk Semp`rbn Rubcrbht (DUSR (D USR ) Sjls ls „psyojlo cebdhess.” D`r sj`rt perl`cs `d tlme tje pers`h c`es h`t uhcerstbhc wjbt je `r sje ls gelhk t`nc. Je `r sje mby bns` experlehoe buclt`ry jbnnuolhbtl`hs.
Dnbttehl hk `d tje N`wer Semp`rbn Dnbttehlhk Semp`rbn Rubcrbht (DNSR ) Sjls ls b slkh o`mpbtlgne wltj bnterbtl`hs lh tje sehsltlvlty `d tje brms bhc pbrestjeslbs.. pbrestjeslbs
D U H R
DD
S R U D
HD
R H N D
Wlkjt
SD
TD
D N S R
Nedt
Exbmpnes `d pbrtlbn cyso`rlb
SJE YUYLN, [LHC@[ S@ SJE _@UN
@tjer _lkhs Boolcehts bhc oertblh eye clsebses, clseb ses, suoj bs knbuo`mb, obh bddeot tje pupln, jlhcerlhk lts h`rmbn m`vemeht. Eye surkerles nlfe bh lrlceot`my lr lceot`my usubnny nebve bh lho`mpnete lrls. Grblh tum`rs bhc `tjer nesl`hs `r lnnhesses `d tje herv`us system obh pbrbnyze puplns. Bns`, bs clsoussec lh ojbpter 29, t`xlo jerecltles (mlbsms, nlfe nues) obuse very preolse slkhbns lh tje pupln. Ld tjese cetblns bre h`t tbfeh lht` boo`uht, pupln `gservbtl`hs wlnn ge lho`rreot. [ee must h`t d`rket tjbt tje pupln [ spboe ls empty bhc lt represehts b vltbn o`hcult d`r tje olrounbtl`h `d numlh`us lhd`rmbtl`h. [e must tbfe lht` o`hslco`hslcerbtl`h, espeolbnny lh hbturbn tjerbples, tjbt nlkjt bhc o`n`r bre `d krebt lmp`rtbhoe, bhc lt ls evlceht tjbt nlkjt heecs tje pupln t` pr`cuoe stlmunl. @ounbr slkhs tjbt dlnn bhc bnter tje gnbhf spboe `d tje pupln o`me dr`m tje lrls ltsend (grlckes, fh`ut, eto.) `r dr`m bhterl`r `r p`sterl`r bhbt`mlobn struostruotures, nlfe obtbrbots. Clsousslhk tje clddereht types bhc d`rmbtl`hs `d obtbrbots w`unc requlre bh bccltl`hbn ojbpter6
j`wever, lrlc`n`klsts bre mblhny lhterestec lh tjelr rednexlve mebhlhk, aust bs tjey bre lh tje rest `d tje d`rmbtl`hs lh tje eye. Bh`tjer mbtter tjbt bns` esobpes tje bhbnysls `d tjls mbhubn ls tje `gser`gser vbtl`h `d tje t je duhcus d uhcus `d tje eye, e ye, b teojhlque mbsterec gy `pjtjbnm`n`klsts. Sje `gservbtl`h `d tjls duhcus ls c`he wltj bh eneotr`hlo `pjtjbn `pjtjbnm`so`pe, m`so`pe, b t``n rbreny usec gy s`me lrlc`n`klsts geobuse tje lrls obhh`t ge dunny bppreolbtec wltj lt. Sje nlkjt `d tje `pjtjbnm`so`pe k`es clreotny tjr`ukj tje pupln wlhc`w, wjlne wltj n`upes bhc lrlc`so`pes tje nlkjt ls lhclreot bhc lnnumlhbtes `hny tje lrlclbn str`mb. Hevertjeness, slkhs lh tje duhcus obh pr`vlce very preolse lhd`rmbtl`h l hd`rmbtl`h bg`ut tje rbvbkes obusec gy jypertehsl`h `r clbgetes6 tjey bns` sjec nlkjt `h tje bcvbhoe `d oertblh rehbn pbtj`n`kles, gut t` use tjem o`rreotny tje prbotltl`prbotltl`her must ge trblhec, geobuse exoesslve exp`sure t` nlkjt o`unc obuse lrreverslgne cbmbke t` tje retlhb, bhc tjus tje pbtleht“ss vlsl`h. pbtleht“
Yupln Cyhbmlos bhc Lts [brhlhk Messbkes • Sje pupln sjrlhfs wjeh b pers`h ls renbxec `r sneeplhk.
• Sje pupln kr`ws wltj pblh, syho`pe, bhc o`mb.
[BWHLHK _LKH_ SJBS WERULWE WEDEWWBN S@ SJE C@OS@W
• • • •
Uhequbn slze getweeh puplns Lhbcequbte boo`mm`cbtl`h rednex Lhbcequbte o`hverkehoe rednex Lhbcequbte o`hsehsubn resp`hse
• Bgsehoe `d pbnpegrbn rednex • Bnterec vlsubn boulty • @ounbr clso`md`rt
H@WMBN YUYLN
• Olrounbr • Oehterec
• Gnbof • Bcequbte vlsubn rednexes
4<
: Tessens lh tje _onerb Ojr`hlo Clsebse bhc Tlol`us Oyones
[jeh mbh ls bwby dr`m hbture, je pr`kresslveny n`ses jls jebntj. M����� N������
;7
TE__EN_ LH SJE _ONEW B1 Ojr`hlo Clsebse bhc Tlol`us Oyones
OJW@HLO CL_EB_E Jumbh meclolhe t`cby ls extehslve bhc o`mpnex geobuse `d tje wby lt bhbnyzes clsebses bhc geobuse `d tje exlstehoe `d ojr`hlo clsebses. Bs psyoj`n`klst N`pez Lg`r usec t` sby, tje exlstehoe `d ojr`hlo clsebses, wltj tjelr o`uhtness o`mglhbtl`hs `d slkhs bhc sympt`ms, ls cue t` tje dbot tjbt we bre tje speo speoles les wlt wltjj tje jlk jlkjest jest humger `d clsebses `h tje pnbhet, b dbot on`seny renbtec t` `ur pbrtlounbr wby `d peroelv peroelvlhk lhk exlstehoe exl stehoe.. Sje mbhldestbtl`h `d ojr`hlo clsebses ls `dteh
renbtec t` `ur lhbglnlty t` s`nve b speoldlo o`hdnlot `r t` `ur reslstbhoe t` ge bhhljlnbtec bs lhclvlcubns, bntj`ukj tjls vlsl`h ls s`mewjbt vl`neht. Dr`m tje perspeotlve `d hbturbn tjerbples,* wjbt ls o`mm`hny obnnec „cls„c lsebse,” `r m`re speoldlobnny, „ojr`hlo clsebse” (he`pnbsm, tum`r, soner`sls, unoers, bhc lhdnbmmbtl`h) ls h` m`re bhc h` ness tjbh b o`hstbht bnterbtl`h `d tje duhotl`h (lhorebsec, ceorebsec, `r enlmlhbtec) `d b tlssue `r `rkbh, meclbtec gy tje g`cy“s j`me`stbtlo meojbhlsms.
*Sje butj`r `d tjls g``f w`unc nlfe t` p`lht `ut tje onebr bhc eddeotlve hbturbn perspeotlve lhstlnnec lh jlm gy `he `d jls drlehcs bhc tebojers1 Yecr` _lnvb, c`ot`r bhc d`uhcer `d tje Enneh [jlte hbtur`pbtjlo onlhlo lh Tlòb cen Mbr, wj` w`rfec t` pr`m`te hbturbn tjerbples lh Ojlne, brtlounbtlhk dr`m b solehtldlo p`lht `d vlew tje w`rf `d Mbhuen Nezbetb.
Tbsounbr lrrltbtl`hs lh tje sonerb obh tenn us bg`ut tje stbte `d tje vbsounbr system lh tje wj`ne g`cy, bhc oertblh mbhldestbtl`hs `d vessens obh ge slkhs `d ojr`hlo clsebse.
TE__EN_ LH SJE _ONEWB1 Ojr`hlo Clsebse bhc Tlol`us Oyones
Obuses `d Ojr`hlo Clsebse Dr`m tje perspeotlve `d hbturbn tjerbples bhc tje experlehoes `d lts prbotltl`hers, lhonuclhk lrlc`n`klsts, tj`se dbot`rs tjbt bre resp`hslgne d`r tje bhh`ylhk bhc bh`mbn`us sltubtl`hs obnnec „ojr`hlo clsebses” bre1
• Ls`nbtl`h `d tje pers`h dr`m tje d`roes `d hbture (nlkjt, suh, blr, wbter)
• O`hsol`us repressl`h `d tje uho`hsol`us (Dreuc) keherbnny cue t` ounturbn meojbhlsms (Auhk)
• Extehcec `r n`hk-stbhclhk o`hsumptl`h `d h`hpjysl-
• Bppnlobtl`h `d tje vboolhe c`kmb t` tje y`uhker
`n`klobn „d``c,” stlmunbtlhk geverbkes, kehetlobnny m`cldlec d``cs, bhc uhheoessbry bccltlves lh d``cs tjbt, bt tlmes, mbsf tje gbc qubnlty `d tje rbw mbtter
p`punbtl`h, nebvlhk b hbrr`w mbrklh `d `ptl`hs d`r pe`pne t` mbfe use `d tjelr dreec`m `d oj`loe `h tje t`plo `d vboolhes tjr`ukj uhglbsec bhc o`htrbstec lhd`rmbtl`h*
• Nlttne `r h` rbw bhc wj`ne-krblh d``cs lh tje cblny clet • N`hk-term lhbppr`prlbte renbtl`hsjlps wltj tennurlo d`roes,
• Lho`rreot meclobn clbkh`ses tjbt resunt lh lhbppr`prlbte trebtmehts, lhonuclhk rejbglnltbtl`h †
tje webtjer, bhc eherky lh keherbn (sugterrbhebh wbter ourrehts, jumlclty, uhsoreehec jlkj-tehsl`h wlres, mbkhetlo dlencs, rbcl`botlvlty. . .)
• Uhres`nvec o`hdnlots bhc tj`se b pers`h ehcures lh
• Lhbcequbte `rkbhlzbtl`h `d tje vltbn spboe (nlvlhk bhc
• Ls`nbtl`h `d b pers`h dr`m jls kr`up (dbmlny, oun-
w`rf)6 we d`rket t` set up `ur jbgltbt t` ge lh jbrm`hy wltj hbture (wlhc bhc wbter), bs Ebsterh trbcltl`h tebojes
ture, jlst`ry), lhonuclhk n`ss `d o`mmuhlty genleds bhc trbcltl`hs, wjloj usubnny klve r``m d`r getter send-mbhbkemeht `d tje pers`hbn nlde
• Wekunbr lhtbfe `d cruks, lhonuclhk uhheoessbry meclobtl`h • Exp`sure t` t`xlo ojemlobn sugstbhoes • Lhbppr`prlbte presehoe `d oertblh mlor``rkbhlsms (jenlo`gboter, obhclcb, eto.) uhrenbtec t` tje mlbsms clsoussec lh ojbpter 29
• Wekunbr use `d pnboeg`s, uhness tjey bre pbrt `d b wenn`rojestrbtec tjerbpeutlo strbteky
• Uho`htr`nnec use `d hutrltl`hbn suppnemehts • Nbof `d bwbrehess `d `ur `wh p`tehtlbnltles bhc clsp`sltl`hs
Lh b pers`h wltj ojr`hlo clsebse, tje strukkne d`r b jebntjy nlde ls nlmltec t` vltbn t`nerbhoe, ojbrboterlzec gy jer`lo bnterbtl`hs `d duhotl`h tjbt bnn`w tje pers`h t` feep `h nlvlhk, eveh ld lt ls lh p``r o`hcltl`hs. Lh tjese obses tje sympt`ms bre usubnny h`t tje obuse gut tje bcbptlve resunt `d tje pers`h“s p`tehtlbnltles p`tehtlb nltles.. Srbhsbotl`hb Srbhsbotl`hbnn bhb bhbnyst nyst Kuhter Aursoj cesorlges b ojr`hlo blnblnmeht bs bh „uho`md`rtbgne stbte wjere, lh splte `d lt, s`metlmes we eha`y b smbnn gehedlt”6 lh s`me obses, we o`unc spebf
slnehoe (_. W`zehj`no)
*Sje w`rfs `d tje nbte Brkehtlhebh hbtur`pbtjlo pjyslolbh Ablme _o`nhlf, wj`m tje butj`r b utj`r `d tjls g``f jbc jb c tje pnebsure `d meetlhk tjbhfs t` jls clsolpne bhc mutubn drlehc, Drbholso` [. Nbzzbr` (b hbtur`pbtjlo pjyslolbh lh O`rc`gb, _pblh), ceclobte severbn ojbpters t` questl`hlhk tje vboolhe p`nloy. †Jere we obh tbnf bg`ut tje obse `d b twehty-tjree-yebr-`nc mbh wj`, bdter twehty-tw` rejbg sessl`hs, clc h`t reo`ver duhotl`hbn c`rsldnexl`h bglnlty lh jls rlkjt jbhc geobuse `d bh lho`rreot clbkh`sls. Bns`, lh encerny pe`pne, lt ls o`mm`h t` dlhc tjbt tjey use mbhy cruks presorlgec gy clddereht speolbnlsts, gut tjere ls h` kerlbtrlolbh t` feep b reo`rc `d lt bnn.
`d tje „jebntjy pers`h wltj b ojr`hlo clsebse.” Ojr`hlo clsebse ls usubnny boo`mboo`m pbhlec gy n`wer vltbn vltbnlty, lty, j`m`t`xlhs bhc jeter`t`xlhs, bhc pnehtldun bhc permbheht bnterbtl`hs lh dbot`rs bssessec g y bhbnytlos bhbny tlos bhc `tjer clbkh`stlo c lbkh`stlo tests. te sts. Lh trbcltl`hbn [esterh meclolhe, ojr`hlo o`mpnblhts o`mpnblhts wlnn wl nn ge metloun`usny onbssldlec gy `rlklh, system, onlhlobn mbhldestbtl`hs, pr`kh`sls, clbkh`sls, et oeterb. J`wever, J`wever, lh lrlc`n`ky bhc lh tje `ste`pbtjy p`stunbtes `d B. S. _tlnn bhc
;?
;3
TE__EN _ LH SJE _ONEWB 1 Ojr`hlo Clsebse bhc Tlol`us Oyones
B. Ylsojlhker, bnn tjls meclobn o`mpnexlty obh ge summec up bs tje clddlounty clddlount y `d tje oenn t` ge h`urlsjec `r t` enlmlhbte. „[e bre h`t wjbt we ebt, gut wjbt we bsslmlnbte.” Lt ls tjbt slmpne, bhc lt ls bnn renbtec t` tje olrounbt`ry ol rounbt`ry system (lh (lhonuc onuc-lhk brterles, velhs, bhc tje nympjbtlo system), tem ), wjloj jbs fey `rkbhs d`r reo`very `d tje stbte `d jbrm`hy, dreec`m, bhc slnehoe `d pjysl`n`klobn pjysl`n`klobn duhotl`hs, wjloj ls b slkh `d b returh t` b stbte `d jebntj. [jehever p`sslgne p`sslgne,, tje ojr`hlo bspeot `d lnnhess sj`unc ge repnboec gy jebntj tjr`ukj tje pr`oess `d tbflhk m`re resp`hslglnlty d`r tje requlrerequlremehts bhc heecs `d nlde ltsend, ge lt gy `gservlhk tje g`cy bs bh usudruot we must obre d`r `r gy o`hslcerlhk tje pers`h bs b uhlt lh b krebter clverslty, wj` heecs t` w`rf `h respeot, keher`slty, bhc s`nlcbrlty t`wbrc jlmsend bhc `tjers. Sje expnbhbtl`h `d ojr`hlo m`rglc pjeh`mehb nlfe onbuclobtl`h, `r b cedehslve bttltuce bkblhst s`metjlhk `r s`me`he, ls m`re renbtec t` b vl`neht perperoeptl`h `d jumbh jumbh gelhks tjbh bhytjlhk bhyt jlhk
ense, bs wbs prevl`usny stbtec, bntj`ukj lh oertblh obses tjls peroeptl`h c`esh“t heoessbrlny pr`ve t` ge lhboourbte. S` perpetubte tje ojr`hlo pr`oess, d`ouslhk `h tje ehvlr`hmeht `d tje oenn, hbture uses glhclhk meojbhlsms (redneotec lh tje vessens `h tje sonerb `d tje eye) bhc pbtj`n`klobn deecgbof olroults (vlol`us oyones), wjloj bre repr`cuoec curlhk bh lnnhess. „Sje uhres`nvec trbumb,” lh lts m`re bmpne bhc pjysl`n`klobn sehse, o`hstltutes bh exbmpne `d dlxbtl`h, aust nlfe bhbpjynbotlo sj`of, cruk bcclotl`h, `r lrrltbtl`h p`lhts nlfe o`hstlpbtl`h. Sje perpetubtl`h `d o`hstlpbtl`h, d`r mbhy rebs`hs (lhtestlhbn duhotl`h, st``n v`nume, s`olbn gejbvl`r, lmm`glnlzbtl`h), boo`rclhk t` tje deecgbof pjeh`mehb sj`wh lh tje krbpj `h tje hext pbke, ls b onebr exbmpne `d b permbheht o`hdnlot bhc ojr`hlolty. Obhclclbsls ls bns` bh exbmpne `d tjls, bs b s wenn ls tje uglqult`us duhkbn lhdeotl`hs lh s`me pe`pne. Net us h`w expn`re, bs bh exbmpne, tje vlol`us oyones tjbt duen o`hstlpbtl`h.
TLOL@U_ O\ONE_ (TO) @D O@H_SLYBSL@H Sje `rlklhs `rlkl hs `d o`hstlpbtl`h obh ge lcehlcehtldlec lh psyojlo dbot`rs tjbt stbrt curlhk ojlncj``c, lh b n`w-dlger clet, `r lh g`tj. G`tj `d tjese olroumstbhoes pr`cuoe bh lhcurbtec g`nus `d deoes, wltj recuoec rec uoec v`nume, wjloj ls h`t bt bnn stlmunbtlhk d`r perlstbnsls (bt`hy). S` tjls, we obh bcc tje heknlk heknlkehoe ehoe `d tje pers`h t` bttehc t` tje cedeobtl`h lhstlhot (lhcldderehoe t` rednexes) `r cysojezlb, perlstbntlo lhjlgltl`h, bhc cenby lh tje expunsl`h edd`rt wltj pblh (TO). Lh bccltl`h, cedeobtlhk lh b sebtec p`sltl`h, p`sltl `h, wjloj lmpeces tje botl`h `d tje bgc`mlhbn wbnn, bhc nbof `d m`vemeht `r b secehtbry nldestyne dbv`r bt`hy (TO).
[jeh deoes bre retblhec lh tje reotum d`r n`hker tjbh h`rmbn, tjey n`se nlqulc bhc d`rm cry, jbrc pennets. Expunsl`h tjeh ls clddlount retehtl`h ls dbv`rec6 bt`hy bhc reotbn clnbtl`h tjeh bppebr, w`rsehlhk tje lhltlbn stbsls (TO). Lh encerny pe`pne, o`hstlpbtl`h lh tje reotum bhc o`n`h usubnny obuses clvertlounb, wjloj bre g`tj b obuse bhc eddeot `d o`hstlpbtl`h (TO). (TO). N`ss `d enbstlolty lh tje reotum obh nebc t` vbrlo`se velhs lh tje reotum lh w`meh. Deoes booumunbte bo oumunbte lh tje clver clver-tlounb sbo, d`rmec bt tje expehse `d tje reotbn wbnn (jerhlb), mebhlhk tjbt krebt edd`rt ls requlrec t` cedeobte6 sblc edd`rt lhorebses tje slze `d tje clvertlounb,
TE__EN_ LH SJE _ONEWB1 Ojr`hlo Clsebse bhc Tlol`us Oyones
s` tje cedeobtl`h edd`rt must geo`me krebter (TO). Lh bccltl`h, sbnplhkltls `r dlgr`mb obh obuse o`hstlpbtl`h lh w`meh, bnterlhk b jebntjy uterus bhc w`rsehlhk tje slofhess lh tje very very sbme breb wjere lt mlkjt jbve `rlklhbtec (TO). _pbsms lh tje bhbn spjlhoter obusec gy jem`rrj`lcs bre bh`tjer obuse `d o`hstlpbtl`h, wjloj lh turh wlnn w`rseh tje jem`rrj`lcs (TO). _lmlnbrny, repebtec evboubtl`h, clstehsl`h, bhc tje presehoe `d deoes lh tje breb `d bh bhbn dlssure o`hstbhtny lrrltbte lt, wjloj
obuses spbsms lh tje spjlhoter, wjloj lh turh lhorebses tje lrrltbtl`h bhc lmpeces jebnlhk (TO). Sje rupture `d tje slnehoe `d tje nebcs t` b clsg`cy, em`tl`hs, `r splrlt nebcs ebse tjbt, ld h`t res`nvec lh terms `d tje o`hdnlot tjbt `rlklhbtec lt, wln n geo`me ojr`hlo. Net us rememger tjbt pe`pne bre m`re nlfeny t` dbnn lnn, bhc jbve m`re speoldlo wbys t` dbnn lnn, tjbh bhlmbns, wjlne bt tje sbme tlme, pe`pne jbve b krebter bglnlty t` bcbpt tjbh bhlmbns. Lh tje vbsounbr vbsoun br represehtbtl`h `d `d tje sonerb, we dlhc onebr oneb r exbmpnes `d tjls t jls dlxbtl`h. dl xbtl`h.
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Tlol`us oyones (TO) `d o`hstlpbtl`h*
*Cr. Abmles`h G. Jurry, Tlol`us Olrones lh Clsebse (2<22)
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FE\ DBOS@W_ D@W OJW@HLO O@H_SLYBSL@H
• Lhtestlhbn bt`hy • Lhtestlhbn spbsm • Lhsuddloleht oennun`slo v`nume
• H`hpjysl`n`klobn s`olbn gejbvl`r
• Ceorebsec clkestlve duhotl`h
• Lmm`glnlzbtl`h
;5
;4
TE__EN_ LH SJE _ONEWB 1 Ojr`hlo Clsebse bhc Tlol`us Oyones
TE__EN_ LH SJE _ONEWB [jeh we bre b re g`rh, we c` h`t jbve j bve tje sbme vbsounbr slkhs lh tje sonerb tjbt wlnnnn o`me lht` exl wl exlstehoe stehoe curl curlhk hk bc` bc`-nesoehoe, bcuntj``c, bhc `nc bke. _`me vessens vesse ns lh tje soner sonerbb obh ge m`cl m`cldlec dlec wltj plkme plkmehts hts bhc cep`slt cep`sltss renbtec t` clsebse. [e wlnn h`t cenve ceepny lht` tjls t`plo lh tjls g``f geobuse, bs dbr bs we fh`w, tje vessens lh tje sonerb `d tje eyes jbve b o`htext clddereht dr`m tjbt `d tje lrls, gut renbtec t` lt, bhc tjey obh serve bs b wbrhlhk, bs we sblc ged`re, `d b ojr`hlo clsebse. Mbroen _oj`pp, b tjerbplst hurse bhc k``c drlehc, bnwbys sukkests sukk ests t` tje butj`r `d tjls g``f tjbt tje term `ounbr clbkh`clbkh` sls w`unc ge m`re boourbte t` cesorlge
wjbt bh lrlc`n` lrlc`n`kl klst st c`es c`es,, rbtjer tjbh lrlc`n`ky, geobuse b k``c lrlc`n`klst bnwbys ehcs up `gservlhk `tjer pbrts `d tje eye, nlfe tje t je o`rheb, o`hauhotlvb, o`hauhotlvb, sonerb, et oeterb. Tbsou T bsounbr nbr slkhs bre on`seny renbtec t` tje lrlc`n`ky ojbrt, bhc n``seny renbtec t` jereclty. Sje sonerb bhc o`hauhotlo`hauhotl vbn vbsounbr lrrltbtl`hs pr`vlce lhd`rmbtl`h bg`ut tje vbsounbr sltubtl`h lh tje wj`ne g`cy. [e wlnn wln n lhtr`cuoe jere jere tje vbsounbrr slkhs `d wjloj we jbve preolse vbsounb fh`wnecke. Lh obnlger, soner`tlo vessens usubnny bre `he `d tjese tjree types1 dlhe, tjlof, mlxec.
Tbsounbr _lkhs
Bnnerklo rlhk
Cermbtltls
Tbrlo`se velhs
Obrcl`pbtjy
Ke`pbtjles
O`hstlpbtl`h
TE__EN_ LH SJE _ONEWB1 Ojr`hlo Clsebse bhc Tlol`us Oyones
Srbumb
_oner`sls
Lhsuddlolehoy
_tbsls
Sje _weclsj c`ot`r Ylerre _mltj,* bntj`ukj wenn fh`wh d`r jls w`rf lh j`me`pbtjy,, bns` sj`wec krebt lhterest j`me`pbtjy
lh tje lrls bhc cesorlgec tje mebhlhk `d tje d`nn`wlhk d`ur vessens lh tje sonerb1
Ybhorebtlo lhsuddlolehoy
Brterl`soner`sls
Hepjrltls
Obplnnbry jem`rrjbke
Ojbrboterlstlos `d Tbsounbr _lkhs • Sje slkhs bre renbtec t` tje lrlc`n-
`ky ojbrt. • Sjey bre n`obtec on`se t` tje lrls. • Sjelr sjbpe bhc obnlger bre
lmp`rtbht. • Sje vessens, `hoe d`rmec, bre renuotbht t` clsbppebr.
• Exoesslve vbsounbrlzbtl`h `d tje
sonerb, bh bnterbtl`h `d vlsubn boulty, bhc `ounbr clsturgbhoes bre slkhs tjbt tje pers`h must ge rederrec t` bh `pjtjbnm`n`klst t` rune `ut pbtj`n`kles pbtj`n` kles `d tje eye.†
*Sje butj`r nebrhec bg`ut tje w`rfs `d Ylerre _mltj tjr`ukj b pers`h je rememgers wltj muoj bddeotl`h, b Gbroen`hbh j`me`pbtjlo pjyslolbh hbmec Ehrlo Yelrÿ, wj` pbssec lh tje 2<:9s. †Gbsbn oenn obrolh`mb clspnbys b str`hk vbsounbrlzbtl`h lh tje sonerb, bhc lhtrb-eplcermbn obrolh`mb clspnbys b recclsj gutt`h, et oeterb.
;;
< Onlhlobn Yrbotloe _lxteeh Obse _tucles
Sje eye wlnn tenn y`u ld tje knbhcs bre w`rflh w`rflhkk pr`pern pr`perny. y. E�� K. A����
:9
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE BHC SJE LWL_ Lh renbtl`h t` obhoer, tje Bmerlobh c`ot`r Enl K. A`hes reo`mmehcec `gservlhk tje eyes, t`hkue, bhc punse6 bs je stbtec, „Sjese wlnn lhd`rm y`u bg`ut tje o`hcltl`h `d y`ur onleht1 ld tje wjlte wj lte `d tje eye jbs b pebrny o`n`r wltj yenn`w sp`ts, tje gn``c jbs mbhy t`xlhs bhc bngumlh jbs ceterl`rbtec.” Nlfe Cr. A`hes, trbcltl`hbn meclolhe jbs wlthessec tje renbtl`hsjlp getweeh pbtj`n`kles bhc tje slkhs lh tje eyes, wjloj mebhs tjbt lrlc`n`klst lrlc`n`klstss bre h`t bn`he. Hevertjeness, tje meclobn pbrbpbrbclkm jbs pusjec lrlc`n`ky bwby dr`m tje dlenc `d meclolhe, bntj`ukj tjere bre bnwbys exoeptl`hs. Bs `he exbmpne, we obh tbnf bg`ut tje w`rf `d c`ot`rs M. ce Aesus Nbk` bhc A`vby Wehe, pugnlsjec lh tje a`urhbnn Meclolh a`urhb Meclolhbb Hbturlstb (Hbturbn Meclolhe) gy Yecr` _bz. Sjey exbmexbmlhec tje lrlses lrlse s `d 29? pbtlehts pbtlehts tjbt clscl s pnby ory orypt pt bhc nbou nbouhb hb slk slkhs hs lh b very o`horete breb `d tje puplnnbry z`he (oehtrbn z`he), bhc wjloj b re renbtec t` kbstr`cu`cehbn clsebses (kbstr`cu`cehbn unoer, kbstr`cu`cehltls, es`pjbkltls, gungltls). Bh ehc`so`py wbs usec
d`r clbkh`sls. Sje drequehoy `d tje `gservec nbouhbe lh sblc z`he `d tje lrls wbs 49.2< peroeht, bhc tjbt `d ory orypts pts wbs 53.?4 53. ?4 peroeht6 tehsl`h rlhks rl hks lh tje olnlbry olnlb ry z`he represehtec 49.29 peroeht. Sje jembt`kehlo o`hstltutl`h c`mlc`mlhbtec, wltj ;9 peroeht `d stucy pbrtlolpbhts dbnnlhk lht` tjls obtek`ry, wjlne wjl ne 2? peroeht were `d tje ml mlxec xec type. Sje cehslty `d tje vbou`nbr bhc nbouhbr lrls str`mb wbs 22.45 peroeht, wjlne wjl ne b jlk jlkjer jer drequeho drequehoyy `d tje slk slkhs hs mehtl`hec wbs d`uhc lh tje puplnnbry z`he `d tje rlkjt lrls. Sje stucy butj`rs mehtl`h mehtl`h bh`tjer stucy tjbt exbmlhec slmlnbr pbtj`n`kles lh ?73 pbtlehts wj` clstrlgutec b slmlnbr jlkj drequehoy `d nbouhbe bhc plkmehts.* Sjese w`rfs w`rfs redneot tje heec `d lrlc`n`ky t` lhtero`hheot tje slkhs t` getter uhcerstbhc tje preclsp`sltl`hs t` oertblh clsebses. Sjese bre h`t tje `hny w`rfs bvblnbgne. Sjere bre `tjers tjbt pr`vlce lrredutbgne pr``d `d j`w bh lrrekunbr o`nnbrette, rbclbn slkhs, bhc tehsl`h rlhks bre o`mpbtlgne wltj mlkrblhe syhcr`mes, et oeterb.
*Sjls stucy wbs obrrlec `ut gy butj`rs E. _. Tenfj`ver, H. G. _junplhb, bhc Q. B. Bnlevb.
LWLC@N@KLOBN _LKH_ T_. EHC@_O@YLO CLBKH@_L_* CLBKH@_L_*
Clsebse Clbkh`sec gy Ehc`so`py
Orypts
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
Nbouhbe
*Dr`m Meclolhb *Dr`m Meclolhb Hbturlstb
Kbstrlo unoer
Cu`cehbn unoer
Kbstr`cu`cehbn unoer
Kbst Kb str` r`cu cu`c `ceh ehlt ltls ls Es Es`p `pjb jbkl kltl tlss
Gung Gu nglt ltls ls
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ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
ONLHLOBN WENBSL@H_JLY_ N bo uhb
Or ypt
Kbstr`cu`cehltls
Cu`cehbn unoer
E s` p j b kl t l s
K b s t r `c u ` c e h l t l s Es`pjbkltls
Wlkjt Lrlc`n`klobn brebs wltj krebter drequehoy `d orypts bhc nbouhbe lh pe`pne wltj onlhlobn clkestlve sympt`ms, boo`rclhk t` b Ougbh stucy
[jeh tje lrlc`n`klst ls h`t d`ousec `h stucylhk oertblh speoldlo slkhs bhc `gtblhlhk m`re `r ness boourbte stbtlstlos, je ls usubnny or`ss-redereholhk
lhd`rmbtl`h `gtblhec curlhk tje lhter vlew wltj m`re renevbht `gservbtl`hs `d tje lrlses `d jls onlehts.
OB_E _SUCLE_ Sje d`nn`wlhk pbkes cesorlge slxteeh rebn-nlde obse stucles. D`r eboj `he, we wlnnn lcehtldy tje m`st renevbht o`m wln pnblht `d tje onleht, bs prevl`usny clbkh`sec gy b c`ot`r, bhc bhy rembrfbgne onlhlobn jlst`ry. [e wlnn tjeh lcehtldy tje lrlc`n`ky slkhs slk hs tjbt stbhc `ut, cedlhlhk b speoldlo duhotl`h bhc rebotl`h pr`dlne. Sje lrlc`n`klobn `gservbtl`hs were bnn c`he lh Gbroen`hb. Sje o`hstltutl`hs `d tje slxteeh onlehts, wj` were rbhc`mny oj`seh, gr`fe c`wh bs d`nn`ws1 ?2 peroeht were jembt`kehlo, 33 peroeht were nympjbtlo, bhc 75 peroeht
w ere mlxec. Sj`ukj tje sbmpne slze wbs smbnn smbnn,, lt ls rembrfbgne j`w krebtny tje heur`kehlo sugkr`up c`mlhbtec. Lh o`honusl`h, we wlnn sby tjbt `gservbtl`h `d eboj pbrtlounbr lrls bnn`ws us t` jbve krebter oertblhty `h tje wbys lh wjloj lhclvlcubn pe`pne rebot, b dbot tjbt ls usedun usedu n t` us bs b t``n t` ceepeh `ur uhcerstbhclhk `d tje vltbn pjeh`mehb tjbt ceterml cetermlhe he lhclvlcub l hclvlcubnn lcl`syhorbsy. Experlehoe jbs tbukjt us tjbt tje krebter tje humger `d slkhs lh `he pers`h tjbt we obh lhtero`hheot, tje m`re boourbte tje tjerbpy wlnn ge d`r tjbt pers`h.
Nedt
:2
:7
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE_1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
Obse _tucles OB_E 2 Ojled o`mpnblht1 Keherbn a`lht clso`md`rt
Mbne, tjlrty-elkjt yebrs `nc, btjnetlo, @ gn``c type. Yblh lh tje sj`uncer bhc numgbr breb6 stldd wrlst, heof, bhfnes, bhc dlhkers. _ympt`ms w`rseh wltj jumlclty. O`hstlpbtl`h, segboe`us oysts, pjysl`n`klobn jebrt murmur. O`hvehtl`hbn clet wltj o`ddee bhc drlec d``cs. Bt tje bke `d tjlrty-tw` je sudderec b drboture lh tje rlkjt bhfne. Nesl`hs lh nlkbmehts obusec gy sp`rts.
S`hslnneot`my bt tjree yebrs `d bke (rjeum lh tje gn``c). Ybterhbn jlst`ry `d n`ss `d m`glnlty. Meclobn o`hsuntbtl`h pehclhk.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• • • •
Oehtrbn jeter`ojr`mlb Ylkmehtec t`pjl pebrns Sehsl`h rlhks Duhotl`hbn plkmehts
OB_E 7 Ojled o`mpnblht1 Drequeht o`ncs
Mbne, d`rty yebrs `nc, @ gn``c type. Bverbklhk `he o`nc per weef. O`ncs obusec gy temperbture ojbhkes dr`m j`t t` o`nc. Hbsbn o`hkestl`h. Wesp`hcs wenn t` tjyme wltj `rbhke bhc j`hey. Clbrrjebn rebotl`hs t` mlnf (slhoe seveh yebrs `d bke) bhc b str`hk lhderl`rlty o`mpnex (brlslhk dr`m ojlncj``c). Sje sympt`ms `oour hebr tje `oebh bhc bre obusec gy tje lhtbfe `d kbrnlo, `hl`h, crlec
drult, bhc bno`j`nlo geverbkes bhc gy o`nc webtjer. webtjer. O`nc deet. Je sudderec dr`m bstjmbtlo sympt`ms wjeh y`uhk, gut tjey clsbppebrec curlhk jls yebrs `d mlnltbry serv loe. O`hvehtl`hbn clet tjbt lhonuces s`y bhc wj`ne wjebt grebc.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• Wbcll s`nbrls
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE_1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
OB_E ? Ojled o`mpnblht1 Guzzlhk lh tje rlkjt ebr, tehcehoy t` deen jebcbojes, clso`md`rt `h tje rlkjt slce, jyperv`nemlb (`verbguhcbhoe `d gn``c) lh tje jebc
Dembne, d`rty-tjree yebrs `nc, @ gn``c type. Gn``c pressure :9/45, o`hvehtl`hbn clet wltj b n`t `d o`ddee, t`hslnneot`my curlhk lhd bhoy, tj`rbo`t`my
bs bh bcunt. [bbner-W`se hekbtlve,* lhorebsec LkK (752). (752 ). Wec gn``c oenns 5.7?. J embt`orlt 34.?.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• Oehtrbn jeter`ojr`mlb • _flh rlhk
*Sje [bbner-W`se test bhbnyzes gn``c serum d`r tje presehoe `d tje rjeumbt`lc dbot`r bhtlg`cy.
OB_E 3 Ojled o`mpnblht1 Elkjt cbys bdter gelhk clsojbrkec dr`m tje j`spltbn, bttehcs tje o`hsuntbtl`h wltj bh bnnerky clbkh`sls t` bm`xlolnnlh/onbvunbhlo bolc, jebcboje, bhc ojr`hlo hepjr`pbtjy
Dembne, tjlrty-tjree yebrs `nc. Brterlbn jypertehsl`h slhoe tje bke `d twehty-tjree. _bnt-dree clet. Orebtlhlhe 5.2 mk/cn, ureb 7?9 mk/cn, bhemlb. J bc `hoe geeh t` exterhbn o`hsuntbtl`h wltj b hepjr` n`klst d`r b obse `d ecemb lh tje n`wer extreml-
tles bhc pr`telhurlb wltj h`rmbn rehbn duhotl`h. _udderec obrg`h m`h`xlce p`ls`hlhk bt tje bke `d twehty-tjree.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• _flh rlhk • Oepjbnlo durr`ws • N`ss `d sugstbhoe
:?
:3
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE_1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
Obse _tucles OB_E 5 W`utlhe o`hsuntbtl`h
Dembne, dldt y-tjree yebrs `nc. Clet m`stny o`hslstlhk `d drult bhc veketbgnes. Yheum`hlb bt teh yebrs `nc, bppehceot`my bt tjlrteeh, bguhcbht bhc pblhdun mehstrubtl`h, bhemlb curlhk pugert y. N`w gn``c pressure. Getweeh tje bkes `d d`rty-elkjt bhc d`rty-hlhe, sje sudderec tw` oervlobn wjlpnbsjes. Jlst`ry `d tje m`tjer1 tugeroun`sls bhc ojr`hlo gr`hojltls. Jlst`ry `d tje dbtjer1 herv`us st`mboj.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs • Oehtrbn jeter`ojr`mlb • Cyso`rlb • _flh rlhk • H`rmbn webve
OB_E 4 Ojled o`mpnblht1 _tress, nbstlhk d`r `he bhc b jbnd yebrs
Mbne, tjlr ty-hlhe yebrs `nc, `nc , gn``c pressure 279/2;9. 279/2;9. _tr`hk punse. Deenlhk `d pressure lh tje jebc, dblhtlhk, lhs`mhlb (jbs t bfeh sneep meclobtl`h slhoe je wbs teh). O`hvehtl`hbn Gbsque clet, tjree cblny oups `d o`ddee, bhc b pbof `d olkbrettes b cby. Sehcehoy t` sud der dr`m jem`rrj`lcs.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• • • •
Tbsounbr slkh Sehsl`h rlhks S`pjl pebrns Duhotl`hbn plkmehts
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE_1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
OB_E ; Ojled o`mpnblht1 Wjeumbtlsm
Dembne, dldt y-tjree yebrs `nc, @ gn``c type. Gn``c pressure 239/<9. 239/<9. Wjeumbt`lc brtjrltls slhoe d`rtyelkjt yebrs `d bke. Jelkjt 244 om, welkjt 4? fk. A`lht pbl h (bhfne), ced`rmec ced`r mec a`lhts, a`lht s, dbtlkue, dbt lkue, bnnerk b nnerkyy t` metbns bhc pehlolnnlh. O`hstlpbtl`h. Nuhk tugeroun`sls bt twehty-`he yebrs `d bke. Jbs tbfeh tje dunn rbhke `d bhtlrjeumbtlsm meclolhes, dr`m k`nc
sbnts t` gl`teojh`n`klobn meclolhes. Jlp pr`stjesls. Bnfbnlhe pj`spjbtbse 7<7 U/n. Obnolum 22.9 mk/cn. Bgs`nute heutr`pjlns ;.?. E_W 7< mm/j.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• Yr`mlheht sflh rlhk • Hbrr`w puplnnbry z`he • Ylkmehtbtl`h lh oepjbnlo z`he
OB_E : Ojled o`mpnblht1 Yblh bhc restrlotec m`glnlt y lh tje nedt sj`uncer bs b o`hsequehoe `d b dbnn `h jer o`ooyx
Dembne, tjlrty-elkjt yebrs `nc, 2.4< m tbnn, 5? fk. O`hvehtl`hbn clet. „_bc gbof,” bstjmb bhc em`tl`hbn pr`gnems slhoe tje bke `d tjlrty-tw`.
• • • • •
Hutrltl`hbn rlhk Wednexlve slkhs lh tje tj`rbolo bhc c`rsbn z`he Bnterbtl`h `d puplnnbry mbrklh Duhotl`hbn plkmehts Cehse str`mb*
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• Tbsounbr slkh • N`ss `d sugstbhoe
*Sjls ls h`t b slkh we wlnn bhbnyze lh tjls g``f.
:5
:4
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE_1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
Obse _tucles OB_E < Ojled o`mpnblht1 Gbof pblh slhoe tje bke `d d`rty-tjree
Dembne, dldty yebrs `nc. Gn``c pressure 279/:9, punse :9. Wec bhc orbofec t`hkue. Jbs h`t reo`verec m`glnlty lh tje brm bdter bor`ml`pnbsty surkery bt bke d`rty-hlhe. Yblh o`htlhues. Sje sbme pjeh`meh`h ls jbppehlhk lh tje `tjer brm. Yblh lh tje numgbr breb, bhfnes, bhc jlps . Sbfes Sbfes bhtlcepressbhts bhc c`esh“t sneep wenn. Bppehceot`my bt bke d`rty-d`ur. Obrpbn tuhhen syhcr`me lh nedt
wrlst. @t`soner`sls lh nedt ebr. S`hslnneot`my bt bke twenve. Cu`cehbn unoer obusec gy meclobtl`h. Sje c`ot`r rederrec jer t` tje pblh o`htr`n uhlt .
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• • • •
Cyso`rlb Ml`sls Oepjbnlo durr`ws _flh rlhk
OB_E 29 Ojled o`mpnblht1 Bhxlety
Dembne, d`rty-`he yebrs `nc. Jbs sudderec dr`m bhxlety d`r severbn m`htjs6 jbs b jlst`ry `d bhxlety. Gn`btec bgc`meh wltj pblh. _n`w clkestl`h. Jebcbojes. N`ses welkjt ebslny. [lsjes t` v`mlt t` deen wenn. [jeh tje pbtleht wbs tjlrty-dlve, b on`se dbmlny memger clec. Tbrlec clet6 orbves sbn t.
Mlnf bhc kbrnlo mbfe jer deen slof. O`nc jbhcs bhc deet. Numgbr o`htrbotl`h. H`rmbn o`n`h`so`py.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• Hutrltl`hbn rlhk • Y`nbrlzec durr`ws • Sehsl`h rlhks
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE_1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
OB_E 22 Ojled o`mpnblht1 Ys`rlbsls
Dembne, tjlrty-slx yebrs `nc. Gn``c pressure 229/49. 229/49. C`esh“t deen pbrtlounbrny stressec. Kbnngnbccer surkery bt bke `d tjlrty-tw` (aust nlfe jer m`tjer), bhemlb. O`hvehtl`hbn clet wltj drlec d``c bhc shbofs.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• Ylkmehtec t`pjl pebrns • @tjer duhotl`hbn plkmehts
OB_E 27 Ojled o`mpnblht1 O`htlhu`us o`ncs
Mbne, tjlrty-dlve yebrs `nc. O`htlhu`us o`ncs, vbs`m`t`r rjlhltls, reourrlhk `tltls. _n`w clkestl`h. Bnnerkles. Gn``c pressure 229/45. 229/45. Meclobtec d`r ceep cepressl`h6 jbs tbfeh jbn`perlc`n slhoe tje bke `d elkjteeh. Drboturec jls rlkjt brm bt bke teh. Teketbrlbh clet stbrtec slx m`htjs ged`re. Lhexpresslve. _menns nlfe swebt. Sehcs t` geo`me
ls`nbtec. Jbc surkery d`r b oyst lh tje sborum. M`tjer sudders dr`m cepressl`h.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• • • •
Cyso`rlb Expbhcec puplnnbry z`he Duhotl`hbn plkmehts Hl`sls
:;
::
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE_1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
Obse _tucles OB_E 2? Ojled o`mpnblht1 Eozemb `h tje rlkjt jbhc
Dembne, tjlrty-tw` yebrs `nc. Gn``c pressure 2?9/:5, punse ;7. Y`sslgne drboture `d tje dldtj oervlobn vertegrb (meclobn rep`rt). Jebcboje `h tje rlkjt slce bdter bh boolceht6 tje rlkjt eye on`ses lhv`nuhtbrlny. Yblh lh tje rehbn breb bhc rlkjt slce `d tje gbof. Nbof `d sehsltlvlty lh tje dldtj t`e `h tje rlkjt d``t. Mehlhk`o`oobn mehlhkltls bt bke slx. O`hvehtl`hbn clet.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• • • •
Yr`mlheht sflh rlhk Lrrekunbr o`nnbrette Duhotl`hbn plkmehts Lrrekunbr puplnnbry mbrklh
OB_E 23 Ojled o`mpnblht1 Bhxlety orlsls
Dembne, twehty-seveh yebrs `nc. N`w gn``c pressure. Sbojyobrclb, ojr`hlo t`hslnnltls, jebvlny meclobtec. Bstjehlo o`hstltutl`h. Bgsehoe `d mehstrubtl`h d`r tjree m`htjs. _ehsbtl`h `d puhoture lh tje ojest. Jebrtgurh bhc o`hstlpbtl`h, o`rreotec wltj clet. Debr `d dbnnlhk lnn.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• Ml`sls • Sehsl`h rlhks • Hbrr`w puplnnbry z`he
ONLHLOBN YWBOSLOE_1 _lxteeh Obse _tucles
OB_E 25 Ojled o`mpnblht1 Jypertehsl`h
Dembne, dldt y-dlve yebrs `nc. Gn``c pressure 2:9/<9. 2:9/<9. Jypertehsl`h stbr tec curlhk trebtmeht wltj lhterder`hs d`r jepbtltls O. Srebtmeht wltj lhterder`hs wbs suspehcec bt tje sbme tlme cue t` b m brfec ceorebse `d neuf`oytes. Jystereot`my d`r my`mb.
Bppehceot`my. S`hslnnltls. S`hslnnltls. [enn-gbnbhoec clet6 h` ourec ojeeses, o`nc mebts, `r geer.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• pJ bnterbtl`hs • Tlslgne sflh rlhk
OB_E 24 Ojled o`mpnblht1 Weourrlhk gr`hojltls
Mbne, tw` yebrs `nc. Weourrlhk gr`hojltls tjbt k`t w`rse lh tje nbst yebr yebr.. D`r tje pbst dew m`htjs je jbs tjr`wh tbhtrums tjbt o`lholce wltj teetjlhk, stbrtec flhcerkbrteh, bhc jbc b trlpne vlrbn vboolhe. J`me`pbtjlo remecles `solnn`o`oolhum, tjymunlhe, slhkunblr, bhtlm`hlum tbrtbrloum, lkhbtlb, bhc o`ddeb orucb jbve ylencec h` resunts. Grebst-dec
uhtln slx m`htjs. Jls lrls ls slmlnbr t` tjbt `d tje mbterhbn krbhcm`tjer krbhcm`tjer..
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs
• Lrrekunbr puplnnbry z`he • Oepjbnlo durr`ws • Sehsl`h rlhks
:<
29 Lrlc`n`ky bhc tje Mlbsms `d J` J`me` me`pbtjy pbtjy
Cestlhy1 o`haukbtl`h `d tje duture wltj tje pbst.
<7
LWLC@N@K\ BHC SJE ML_BM_ @D J@ME@YB J@ME@YBSJ\ SJ\
LCEHSLD\LHK MLB_M_ LH SJE LWL_ Kermbh pjyslolbh _bmuen Jbjhembhh dlrst pr`p`sec jls tje`rles `d j`me`pbtjy lh tje ebrny hlheteehtj oehtury. Sj`ukj juhcrecs `d yebrs jbve pbssec bhc `ur tje`rles bg`ut clsebs clsebsee jbve ojbhkec slhoe tjeh, tje orebt`r `d j`me`pbtjy s`mej`w obme up wltj b jyp`tjesls t` expnblh bhc trebt ojr`hlo clsebses wltj eddloboy lh b tlme wjeh mlor`ges jbc h`t yet geeh clso`verec. Lh tje hlheteehtj oehtury, c`ot`rs sp`fe `d mlbsms bs tje lhd nuehoes `r obrobrrlers tjbt obusec clsebse. Sjey S jey tehcec t` genleve tjbt tennurlo embhbtl`hs (kbses bhc vbp`rs dr`m tje kr`uhc) were tje mlbsm tjbt obusec clsebse. Jbjhembhh (2;55‟2:3?), `h tje `tjer jbhc, sp`fe `d clsebse uslhk terms nlfe lhdeotl`h, lhougbtl`h bhc o`htbkl`h, o`hslcerlhk tjls nbst `he bs fey d`r tje mbhldestbmbhldestbtl`h `d mlbsms. Je stuclec tje lholcehoe `d bhc evlcehoe d`r o`htbkl`h gy s`me uhfh`wh dbot`r, wjloj je obnnec mlb sm bhc s`uroe `d ps`rb–tje `rlklhbn mlbsm ojr`hlo clsebse. Bs je h`tec1 Sjls mlbsm . . . mby ge o`mmuhlobtec gy nlheh wjloj jbs geeh wbsjec t`ketjer wltj tje nlhehs `d pers`hs bdd nlotec wltj tje ltoj Vps`rb]6 Vps`rb]6 gy kn`ves wjloj suoj b pers`hjbc trlec `h ged`re ged`re66 gy b gec `r t`wen wjloj jbc geeh usec gy ltoj pbtlehts. @dteh eveh lt ls klveh t` tje ojlnc gy tje m`tjer curlhk lts pbssbke tjr`ukj tje mbterhbn `rkbhs, `r gy tje mlcwlde wj` aust obme dr`m bh`tjer pbrturleht w`mbh.*
Lh `rcer t` pr`ve tje exlstehoe `d tje ps`rlo mlbsm, Jbjhembhh o`nneotec reo`rcs `d jls `wh experlehoes
bhc tj`se `d jls o`nnebkues, wj`, wltj`ut fh`wlhk bg`ut mlor`ges, `gservec tje o`htbkl`h pjeh`meh`h `d oertblh m`rglc mbhldestbtl`hs tjbt were trbhsmlttec dr`m pers`h t` pers`h tjr`ukj sflh o`htbot bhc requlrec b speoldlo perl`c `d lhougbtl`h (slx t` twenve cbys).. Gut jls `gservbtl`hs weht gey`hc cbys) o`htbkl`h. Jbjhembhh tje`rlzec tjbt eveh ld tje slkhs `d sblc o`htbkl`h were extlhkulsjec extlhk ulsjec `h tje sflh, tje clsebse clsebs e h`t `hny perslstec gut wbs m`re botlve bhc vlruneht vlru neht wltjlh tje pers`h. Lh rebnlt rebnlty, y, Jbjhembhh jbc clso`verec b o`hoept m`re enbg`rbte tjbh bhytjlhk jls o`htemp`rbrles o`unc ehvlsl`h, bhc wjloj [esterh [ esterh meclolhe stln stlnnn lkh`res t`cby1 mlbsms bre `ur lhjerltec pbtj`n`klobn p`tehtlbn, k`verhlhk `ur susoeptlglnlt susoeptlglnltyy bhc rebotlvlty rebotlvlty t` lnnhesses. Jbjhembhh o`hdlrmec tjbt ld mbhldestbtl`hs `d tje ps`rlo mlbsm were h`t trebt trebtec ec wlt wltjj bhtlp bhtlps`rlo s`rlo j`me`pbtjlo remecles, tje clsebse w`unc remblh remblh.. Lh dbot dbot,, boo`rcl boo`rclhk hk t` tjls jyp`tjesls, we obh `gserve tjbt tje m`cerh bhtlgl`tlo ls h`t tje gest s`nutl`h s`nutl `h bkblhst b ojr`hlo pbtj`n`ky `d mlor`glbn mlor`g lbn `rlklh. `rlkl h. Sje ps`rlo mlbsm jbs bddeotec jumbhlty jumbhl ty slhoe lts `rlklhs bhc ls jlkjny jlk jny o`htbkl`us. Jbjhembhh lcehtldlec tjree mlbsms lh bnn1 ps`rlo, sypjlnltlo, bhc syo`tlo. Lh m`re m`cerh tlmes, j`me`pbtjs jbve bccec tje tugerounbr mlbsm bhc tje obhoer mlbsm. Lh tje seoseotl`hs tjbt d`nn`w, tje ps`rlo, sypjlnltlo, bhc tugerounbr mlbsms bre clsoussec lh m`re cetbln. Lkhbz v`h Yeozeny wbs very str`hkny lhdnuehoec gy tje j`me`pbtjlo c`o-
*_bmuen Jbjhembhh, Sje Ojr`hlo Clsebses, trbhs. O. A. Jempen (Bhh Brg`r, Mloj.1 Bcvbhoe Yugnlsjlhk O`mpbhy, 2::<). @rlklhbnny pugnlsjec lh d`ur v`numes, 2:7:‟2:?9.
LWLC@N@K\ BHC SJE ML_BM_ @D J@ME@YBSJ\
trlhe, bhc je lcehtldlec slkhs `d ps`rb lh tje lrls. _lhoe tjeh, lrlc`n`klsts jbve `gservec tjbt tje ps`rlo mlbsm ls expressec wltj m`re o`mpnexlty tjbh wjbt Lkhbz dlrst expnblhec bhc lh clddereht pbrts `d tje eye, h`t `hny lh tje lrls. Sje tugerounbr bhc sypjlnltlo mlbsms, `h tje `tjer jbhc, jbve numeh slkhs–slkhs `d tje nlkjt, wjloj obh ge `gservec lh tje pupln, wjere nlkjt nlk jt ehters tje eye (pupln ced`rmltles, obtbrbots, brojes, eto.). Hbturbnny, eboj `d tjese tjree mlbsms mehtl`hec o`rrenbtes t` tje pers`h“s pers`h“s sympt`ms, wjloj bre ebslny eb slny lcehtldlbgne, lceh tldlbgne, bs y`u wlnn see hext.
Ys`rlo Mlbsm Ys`rb ls tje mlbsm `d sobgles, tlheb, bhc tetters, bm`hk `tjer clsebses. Lt ls trbhsmlttec vlb tje exucbtes `d tje pustunbr gnlsters tjbt d`rm.
Ne`h Tbhhler sblc tjbt t`xlh trbhsmlssl`h dr`m tje pbrehts t` tje ojlnc estbgnlsjec b preclsp`sltl`h (ps`rb), gut tje plkmehts bre h`t renbtec t` sobgles. Je bns` wbrhec tjbt prbotltl`hers heec t` ge obredun wltj enevbtec ene vbtec j`me`pbtjlo j`me`pbtjlo clnutl`hs clnutl` hs lh tjese obses. Sje d`nn`wlhk sympt`ms bre o`mm`h wltj tje ps`rlo mlbsm1 • Ltojlhess lh tje sflh bhc bhus tjbt
obuses lhs`mhlb `r sneepnesshess, boo`mpbhlec gy b deenlhk `d kulnt • Ceterl`rbtl`h `d jebntj nebclhk t` cesperbtl`h6 tje pers`h mby deen bs ld dbte jbs turhec bkblhst jlm `r jer • Nbof `d vltbnlty, espeolbnny lh tje m`rhlhk • O`nc jbhcs bhc deet
Gr`y“s Ys`rlo O`hstltutl`h Sjbhfs t` tje prloeness o`nnbg`rbtl`h `d O. G. Jeuglsoj, tje butj`r `d tjls g``f fh`ws tjbt A. Gr`y cetblns b t`tbn `d twehty-`he o`hstltutl`hs bhc tjree clbtjeses (stbtes `d lnnhess getweeh jebntj bhc lnnhess ltsend ), bhc tjbt Gr`y“s d`nn`wers d`nn`wers ket k``c resunts wltj lrlc`n`ky. Gr`y“s bppr`boj t` o`hstltutl`h c`es h`t cldder krebtny dr`m tje `he we jbve expressec lh tje g``f, tj`ukj lt ls m`re expbhslve, s` tje prec`mlhbht slkhs cesorlgec lh ojbpter 5 prevbln.
Gr`y“s ps`rlo o`hstltutl`h
<3
LWLC@N@K\ BHC SJE ML_BM_ @D J@ME@YB J@ME@YBSJ\ SJ\
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs `d Ys`rlo Mlbsm
• B tehcehoy t` obtoj o`ncs `dteh • O`hstlpbtl`h bhc vbrlo`se velhs • Nbof `d resp`hse t` stlmunbtlhk
Ylkmehts lh tje lrls (sobgles sp`ts)* Mlnfy nympj Lhdnbmmbtl`h `d tje eyenlcs
crlhfs nlfe o`ddee • J`t swebts6 j`t dnbsjes bt hlkjt • Cry sflh, wltj gnlsters • Lhorebsec bppetlte bt hlkjt6 bversl`h t` mlnf • Yuruneht seoretl`hs mlxec wltj gn``c6 recclsj oerumeh (ebrwbx) • Ybne, rbsjy sflh tjbt w`rsehs wltj exterhbn trebtmeht d`r tje rbsj • [jlte t`hkue • Gltter, s`ur, bhc sweet tbste lh tje m`utj
_ugloterlo sonerb Gnurry vlsl`h
_ypjynltlo `r Nuetlo Mlbsm
Dn`bters
Sje sypjynltlo mlsbsm stems dr`m b o`htbkl`us bhc cestruotlve mlor``rkbhlsm. Sje serum `d sypjynltlo ojbhores sprebcs tjr`ukj`ut tje g`cy, wltj sympt`ms sy mpt`ms nlfe1
Hlkjt gnlhchess Bmbur`sls *Yeozeny obme t` tje o`honusl`h tjbt tjese sp`ts tjbt plkmehtec tje lrls were cue t` mlte lhdeotl`hs, wjloj je bss`olbtec wltj tje ps`rlo mlbsm. Lh jls tlme, sobgles wbs wlcesprebc lh jls j`me o`uhtry `d Juhkbry.
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs `d _ypjlnltlo Mlbsm
Ced`rmec pupln (cyso`rlb) Bgh`rmbn pupln rebotl`h (Brkynn W`gerts`h pupln) Nuetlo obtbrbot _lkhs bt tje puplnnbry mbrklh (jerecltbry psyoj`sls) (Y. _mltj)
• Debr `d k`lhk mbc, cylhk, `r pbrbn-
ysls, wjloj ls w`rse bt hlkjt • @gsessl`h wltj wbsjlhk tje jbhcs • Ceslre t` ge bn`he • Mekbn`mbhlb • Uhgebrbgne pblh bt hlkjt • _ypjlnls • [ [elkjt elkjt n`ss • Bno`j`nlsm • Jblr n`ss • Ybrbnysls `d tje `ptlobn herve bhc dboe • Yr`kresslve cebdhess • Obvltles lh ebr g`hes, hbsbn g`hes, bhc pbnbte • Jypertr`pjy `d tje t`hslns • Nympjbceh`pbtjy lh tje kr`lh
LWLC@N@K\ BHC SJE ML_BM_ @D J@ME@YBSJ\
• Bhbn dlssure
• Dbmlny `r pers`hbn jlst`ry `d
• Jbrc ojbhore lh tje pehls `r nbglb •
• Jerpes • _ypjlnltlo lrltls • Yupln ced`rmbtl`h
•
• Detlc seoretl`hs
•
Sugerounbr Mlbsm
•
Sje tugerounbr mlbsm ls ojbrboterlzec gy sympt`ms nlfe1 • O`hstbht ceslre d`r ojbhke • Debr `d k`lhk t` tje c`ot`r • _tugg`rhhess • Lht`nerbhoe d`r gelhk n``fec bt • Ceslre d`r vehkebhoe • Semperbmeht tjbt sjldts getweeh • • • •
lhc`nehoe bhc w`rf Mebhcerlhk `r mebhlhkness speeoj Deenlhks `d j`pedunhess Mehtbn dbtlkue bhc o`hdusl`h Jypersehsltlvlty t` h`lse
• • • • • • • • • • • •
tugeroun`sls Lhbglnlty t` reo`ver eveh wltj trebtmeht6 bhy lmpr`vemehts bre h`t permbheht Errbtlo bhc oyonlobn sympt`ms Yr`kresslve welkjt n`ss wltj dbtlkue Lhorebslhk nbof `d vltbnlty wltj hlkjt swebts Nympjbtlo jypertr`pjy Detlc seoretl`hs wltj`ut pblh Lhdnbmmbtl`h `d tje kums _trbwgerry t`hkue, wltj pblhdun tlp S`hsln jypertr`pjy Gneeclhk jem`rrj`lcs Bguhcbht mehstrubtl`h wltj on`ts Numgbr-sborbn pblh Yheum`hlb bhc punm`hbry bgsoess Grebst tum`r Yblh lh tje brmplt Ltojlhess bhc jebt lh tje g`cy
Lrlc`n`klobn _lkhs `d Sugerounbr Mlbsm
Grlcke Srbumbtlo fh`ut (Wusslbh wjlp) `r pecuhone _trlhk `r dn`btlhk broj
<5
<4
LWLC@N@K\ BHC SJE ML_BM_ @D J@ME@YB J@ME@YBSJ\ SJ\
O`mm`h _lkhs `d tje Sjree Mlbsms 1 Ys`rlo, _ypjlnltlo, bhc Sugerounbr Sugerounbr •
Bguse `d t`plobn cruks
•
Bddlhlty d`r oertblh mlor`glbn bkehts (_bro`ptes sobglel, Myo`gboterlum tugeroun`sls, Srep`hemb pbnnlcum) pbnnlcum)
•
Evlceht sflh bhc muo`sbn rebotl`hs
•
Keherbn slkhs `d cevltbnlzbtl`h
•
Bno`j`n orbvlhks
•
Ojr`hlo nympjbtlo rebotl`h
•
Drequeht swebtlhk
•
Mbn`c`r`us seoretl`hs
MLB_M_ BHC HE[G@WH_ Boo`rclhk t` A. B. Obsbne, mlbsms sj`unc ge tbfeh lht` o`hslcerbtl`h h`t `hny lh bcunts, gut lh hewg`rhs t``, geobuse tjey reoelve tje „mlbsmlo „mlbsmlo n`bc” n`bc ” `d tjelr pbrehts, bhc, m`re speoldlobnny, `d tje m`tjer curlhk tje kestbtl`h perl`c. Lh obses `d ps`rb (ps`rlo mlbsm), tje hewg`rh wlnn try t` geo`me b pbrt `d tje dbmlny kr`up lh bh uhjebntjy wby, mbhld mbhldestlh estlhkk evlceht lhseo lhseourlt urltyy bhc b mbrfec deenlhk `d bgbhc`hmeht
wjeh tje t je m`tjer, `r jer equlvbneht, e qulvbneht, ls bwby. Sjls bttltuce wlnn trbhsmlt t` tje `gserver bh lmbke `d bttehtl`h seeflhk `r b p`ssesslve pers`hbnlty. S` preveht tjls dr`m jbppehlhk, bhc lh bnlkhmeht wltj tje mlbsm jyp`tjesls, lt ls lmp`rtbht tjbt tje m`tjer bddeotec gy b mlbsm seefs jenp curlhk prekhbhoy bhc bdter tje glrtj, wltj tje purp`se `d jenplhk tje gbgy jbve b jbrm`hl`us ceven`pmeht bhc `dder getter o`hcltl`hs d`r dbolhk nlde.
LWLC@N@K\ BHC SJE ML_BM_ @D J@ME@YBSJ\
Dlrst1 C` H` Jbrm Ged`re bttemptlhk t` w`rf wltj pbtlehts bhc mbfe pr`onbmbtl`hs bg`ut tjelr jebntj bhc o`hstltutl`hs, we must d lrst prbotloe lrlc`n`ky d`r b n`hk tlme bhc tr blh wltj bh experlehoec tjerbplst. Bd ter bnn, lrlc`n`ky ls b solehoe `d lhterpretbtl`h. Ld bh `rkbhlo mbrflhk ls `gservec lh tje jebrt z`he `d tje eye, tjls c`es h`t heoessbrlny mebh tjbt tje pers`h sudders dr`m b jebrt o`hcltl`h. Sjls kehetlo expressl`h must bnwbys ge bssessec lh renbtl`h t` tje wj`ne eye bhc `tjer pers`hbn ojbrboterlstlos. @hny lh tjls wby wlnn tje `gservbtl`hs ge vbnlc, bhc tjey wlnn h`t bcc m`re w`rrles t` tj`se w j` bttehc `ur o`hsuntbtl`hs. Sjls bttltuce bhc gejbvl`r ls bns` vbnlc d`r `tjer rednex`n`kles. Lh bnterhbtlve meclolhe, tj`se wj` try t` o`hheot tjelr `gser vbtl`hs t` speoldlo clsebses bre k`lhk c`wh tje wr`hk pbtj. Bs Jlpp`orbtes sblc lh `he `d jls m`st qu`tec bpj`rlsms, „Lt ls m`re lmp`rtbht t` fh`w wjbt s`rt `d pers`h jbs b clsebse tjbh t` fh`w wjbt s`rt `d clsebse b pers`h jbs .”
<;
22 Sje Lhdnuehoe `d Hutrltl`h bhc Bolc Lht`xlobtl`h Lht`xlobtl`h
Urlo bolc ls tje `rlklh `d clsebse. B. J��� (2:2?)
299
SJE LHDNUEHOE @D HUSWLSL@H BHC BOLC LHS@ZLOB LHS@ZLOBSL@H SL@H
pJ BHC SJE [E_SEWH CLES B k``c exbmpne `d tje typlobnny p``r [esterh [ esterh clet ls tjbt `d tje bverbke Bmerlobh, wj`se hutrltl`h s`uroes bre mblhny mlnf, lhcustrlbn grebc bhc `tjer gbfec k``cs, bccltlves, ojbrouterle, o`ddee, lhstbht oerebns, mby`hhblse, lhcustrlbn ojeese, p`tbt`es, bhc geverbkes nlfe o`nb crlhfs, wjloj bs b wj`ne pr`vlce pr`vlce pj`spj`rus pj`spj`rus bt nevens tjbt exoeec wjbt ls o`hslcerec t` ge tje t`nerbtec cblny lhtbfe. Bs b resunt we dlhc lhorebsec nevens `d s`clum bhc pj`s pj`rus lh tje p`punbtl`h, bs wenn bs b
mbrfec bolclty, wjloj expnblhs wjy lh `ur ounture, wjeh we tbnf tbn f `d pJ, we bre keherbnny m`re lhterestec lh tje exoess `d bolc tjbh `d bnfbnls. bnfbnls . Gut stlnn, strlotny spebflhk, lmgbnbhoec pJ, wjetjer lt ls redneotec lh bh lhbcequbte bolclty `r lhbcequbte gbslolty, obh obuse mbhy jebntj pr`gnems, eveh ld lt ls true tjbt tje `rkbhlsm seems t` ge gejbvlhk bs bh bolc pr`cuoer, `r tjbt lt jbs b mbrfec tehcehoy t`wbrc bolc exoess, bs tje d`nn`wlhk krbpj sj`ws.
_BMYNE_ @D YJ\_L@N@KLOBN pJ* Kbstrlo dnulc
p J 2‟ ?
Ybhorebtlo d nulc
pJ ;.? ‟ :.2
L h t e s tl h b n d n u l c
pJ 4. 5 ‟;. ?
Glne
pJ 4.9 ‟;. :
_ bn l v b
p J 5. : ‟ : . 5
_webt
p J 5. 4 ‟ 4 . 7
Urlhe
p J 3. : ‟ :
Kn`merunl
pJ ;.3
G n `` c
pJ ;.?9 ‟;. 59
Extrboennunbr d nulc
pJ ;.3
Lhtrboennunbr dnulc
pJ ;
M l t `o j ` h c r l b
pJ 4.<:
V*Sje pJ sobne rbhkes dr`m 9 t` 23. B pJ `d ; ls heutrbn, b pJ ness tjbh ; ls bolclo, bhc b pJ krebter tjbh ; ls gbslo. –Ec.]
Ey e s j ` w l h k k e h e r b n b o l c ` s l s
E y e c l s p n b y lh k n` o b n b o l c ` s l s
SJE LHDNUEHOE @D HUSWLSL@H BHC BOLC LHS@ZLOBSL@H
Bolc exoess lh tje `rkbhlsm ls o`htr`nnec tjr`ukj gudder systems bhc bh bnfbnlhe tlce.* [ltj tje purp`se `d feeplhk gn``c pJ wltjlh h`rmbn vbnues d`r vltbn duhotl`hs, bolcs booumunbte lh tje mesehojyme, tje m`st lmp`rtbht gudder system lh tje g`cy. Lts pbrtlounbr struoture mbfes lt gejbve bs b flhc `d metbg`nlo sp`hke tjbt st`res bolc reslcue tjbt tje flchey bhc nuhks obhh`t enlmlenlml hbte wjeh tjey bre `vern`bcec. Sjls st`rbke bhc tje sugsequeht heutrbnlzbtl`h d`nn`w tje olrobclbh rjytjm (cbyhlkjt), geobuse `tjerwlse tje g`cy“s wbrhlhk meojbhlsms (resplrbt` (resplrbt`ry ry bhc metbg`nlo bolc`sls bhc bnfbn`sls) w`unc ge botlvbtec. Bh bolc `vern`bc ls reo`khlzbgne, espeolbnny curlhk tje cby, bs b resunt `d tje clet bhc pjyslobn botlvlty.†
Bt hlkjt, tje bolc „s`uroes” st`p, bhc curlhk sneep tje mesehojyme returhs tje exoess metbg`nlo reslcue tjbt wbs st`rec curlhk tje cby t` olrounbtl`h. Sje mblh bolcs tjbt o`htrlgute t` n`obn bhc tlssue bolcldlobtl`h bre m`h`gbslo pj`spjbtes, sundurlo bolc, pj`spj`rlo bolc, urlo bolc, bhc jlppurlo bolc. Sje mblh gudder systems bre pr`telhs, obrg`hlo bolc, bhc s`clum globrg`hbte, bn`hk wltj tje prevl`usny mehtl`hec mesehojyme. [e [e obh kr`up tjem bs d`nn`ws1 • Yr`telhs bhc pj`spjbtes1 lhtrb-
oennunbr gudders • Globrg`hbte bhc obrg`hlo bolc1 extrboennunbr gudders • Mesehojyme1 systemlo gudder
pJ BHC HUSWLSL@H Curlhk tje dlrst ceobce `d tje twehtletj oehtury, Wbkhbr Gerk, Jelhrloj Nbjmbhh, Wlfnl, N`uls Fujhe, bhc Jlhcjece were bnrebcy bccresslhk pJ lh l h renbtl`h t` hutrltl`h, onbssld on bssldylhk ylhk d``cs boo`rclhk t` tjelr bnfbnlzlhk `r bolcldylhk hbtures, bs bssessec gy tje pJ `gservec lh urlhe. Gerk, wj` wj` o`nnbg`rbtec wltj Nbjmbhh, b hbturbn pjysl-
olbh bhc clsolpne `d Fjuhe, estbgnlsjec b pr`t`o`n d`r bh bnfbnlhlzlhk clet1 D``cs rloj lh bnfbnl bre veketbgnes (rbw `r stebmec), p`tbt`es, bhc mlnf, bhc d``cs rloj lh bolcs bre mebt,‡ nekumes, dbts, oerebn dn`urs, bhc ekks. D`r bh bn fbnlhlzlhk eddeot, mblhtblh tje clet wltj w ltj b 512 t` ;12 ;12 pr`p`rtl`h `d bnfbnlhlzl bnfbn lhlzlhk-t`hk-t`bolcldylhk d``cs.
V*Bnfbnlhe tlce reders t` b o`hcltl`h, h`rmbnny `oourrlhk bdter ebtlhk b mebn, wjere curlhk tje pr`cuotl`h `d jycr`ojn`rlo bolc gy pbrletbn oenns lh tje st`mboj, globrg`hbte l`hs bre seoretec lht` tje gn``c, obuslhk b temp`rbry lhorebse lh pJ. –Ec.] V†Lhsuddloleht bhc exoesslve exerolse obh g`tj obuse bolcldlobtl`h. –Ec.] ‡Jlkj qubhtltles `d bhlmbn pr`telh lh b slhkne mebn nebcs t` krebter n`ss `d obnolum l`hs lh urlhe (Bhcers`h, 2<:;6 2<:;6 Ferstetter bhc Bn neh, 2<<96 _ojuette bhc Nlhf swlner, 2<:7) 2<:7) geobuse `d bh lhorebse lh tje pr`cuotl`h `d bolc `r jycr`keh l`hs (sundurlo bhc pj`spj`rlo bolc) dr`m tje bmlh` bolcs tjbt bre bguhcbht lh bhlmbn pr`telhs, `r geobuse `d lhorebsec seoretl`h `d knuo`se-rekunbtlhk j`rm`hes, bm`hk wjloj we dlhc knuobk`h bhc lhsunlh, tjbt ls stlmunbtec gy b pr`telh-rloj mebn. [jlne [jl ne bhl bhlmbn mbn pr`telh obuse obusess bh boute n`ss `d obnolum o bnolum tjr`ukj urlhe urlhe,, s`y s `y pr`telh pr`te lh jbs nlttne eddeo eddeott `h obnolum n`ss (Bhcers`h et bn., 2<:;).
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SJE LHDNUEHOE @D HUSWLSL@H BHC BOLC LHS@ZLOB LHS@ZLOBSL@H SL@H
C` Sjey O`htrlgute Bolcs `r B nfbnls0 BOLC D@@C_
• Mebt • Bhlmbn dbt • \`kurt • Ojeese • Ekks • Grebc • Oerebn dn`ur • Nekumes • Grussens spr`uts • Bspbrbkus tlps • Geer • _uor`se
BNFBNLHE D@@C_
• Y`tbt`es • M`st veketbgnes • M`st drults • W``t veketbgnes • Drult auloe • Mlnf • [j`ne d``cs • Obhhec d``cs wltj sbnt bhc wbter • Mlherbn wbter, boo`rclhk t` lts o`mp`sltl`h (s`clum globrg`hbte)
• Exoess `d rbw d``cs
• Wedlhec d``cs • Obhhec d``c wltj bccltlves • Mlherbn wbter, boo`rclhk t` o`mp`sltl`h
• Exoess `d o``fec d``cs
_ugsequehtny, `tjer butj`rs jbve `gservec tjbt, essehtlbnny, sugonlhlobn bolc`sls o`htrlgutes t` bnter g`tj `ur gejbvl`r (obuslhk sbchess bhc cepressl`h, boo`rclhk t` J`dd) bhc t` ehjbhoe lhdnbmmbtl`h pr`oesses (boo`rclhk t` Nuttjeh) `r `r t` lhorebse susoeptlglnlty susoeptlgln lty `d tje sflh t` l`hlzlhk l`hlzl hk rbclbtl`h. Evlcehtny, Evlcehtny, h`t `hny clet gut bns` bke bhc temperbtemperbture o`htrlgute t` tjls nbteht bolcldlobtl`h. Lh bccltl`h, tjls nbteht bolclty obh obuse n`obn pbtj`n`kles nlfe duhkl bhc gboterlb pr`nlderbtl`h. M`cldlobtl`hs `d pJ lh clddereht pbrts `d tje clke clkestlve stlve trbot obh dbv`r `r jlhcer clkestl`h `d tje o`hstltuehts lh `ur d``c, bhc tjey obh bns` m`cldy tje speec wltj wjloj we bgs`rg mlhmlherbns. M`cldlobtl`hs `d pJ obh bns` dbv`r pbtj`n`kles `d tje sflh, bhc lh tje systemlo so`pe lt obh m`cldy g`he cehslty, bhc tje m``c bhc vltbnlty `d
b pers`h. Lh keherbn, m`st ojr`hlo clsebses bppebr wltj tlssue bolc`sls, tjus tje lmp`rtbhoe `d jbvlhk bppr`prlbte pJ lh tje `rkbhlsm, `rkbhl sm, m`cldylhk m`cld ylhk,, ld p`sslgne, oertblh gejbvl`rs bhc tje clet t` eho`urbke eho` urbke bnfbn bnfbnlhlzbtl`h. lhlzbtl`h. Fujhe sblc tjbt tje slof mbh w`unc keherbn keherbnny ny jbve gbc clkes clkestl`h, tl`h, bhc Nbjmbhh obme t` tje o`honusl`h tjbt, bm`hk `tjer dbot`rs, tje slof pers`h bnm`st bnwbys ev`nvec t`wbrc tlssue bolclty, m`vlhk durtjer bwby dr`m tje bolc-bnfbnlhe bolc-bnfb nlhe gbnbhoe. J`wever, lt ls fh`wh tjbt tjls ls h`t bnwbys tje obse, geobuse pj`spjbtlo nltjlbsls, oertblh types `d oystltls, bhc eplnepsy bre getter trebtec ld tje `rkbhlsm ls bolclo, wjloj jenps expnblh wjy b fet`kehlo clet, wjloj ls bolcldylhk bolcld ylhk,, obh ge `d bsslstbhoe lh obses `d eplnepsy. Bs h`tec ebrnler, we dlhc lh m`cm`cerh s`olety tjbt bh `verny bolclo stbte
SJE LHDNUEHOE @D H USWLSL@H BHC BOLC LHS@ZLOB LHS@ZLOBSL@H SL@H
(bolc`sls) ls prevbneht lh bnn (bolc`sls) bn n p`punbtl`hs, slof `r wenn. Geobuse bh `verny bolclo stbte obh c` s` muoj jbrm, lt ls very lmp`rtbht t` lcehtldy bhy kehetlo preclsp`sltl`hs t` bolc exoesses, bhc lrlc`n`ky nets us c` tjbt. F h`wlhk h`wlhk tjbt g`tj preclsp`sltl`h bhc tje keherbn trehc lh `ur cletbry jbglts nebh t`wbrc bolcldlobtl`h, tje o`mm`h jyklehe bcvloe d`r tje p`pup`punbtl`h bt nbrke reo`mmehcs bh bnfbnlhe clet, wjere veketbgnes, crlec drults, bhc wj`ne-krblh wj`ne-krb lh d``cs prec`mlhbte, bhc
m`vlhk bwby dr`m tje jbglt `d ebtlhk b nbrke clhher wltj b n`t `d mebt. Lhstebc, clhhers sj`unc ge nlkjt, bhc we must lhslst up`h tjls, tj ls, `r ense en se d``cs p``r lh mlherbns bhc rloj lh s`clum, pj`spj`rus, purlhes, bhc `tjer bolcldy lhk o`hstltuehts o`mpnlobte tje hlkjtny turh`ver, wjloj nebcs t` sneep bnterbtl`hs cue t` bh `vern`bc `d tje clkestlve system bhc tje mesehojyme. Lt ls bns` b k``c jbglt, lh tjls sehse, t` use nem`h remecles, wjloj jbve bh bnfbnlhlzlhk eddeot, `hoe `r twloe b yebr.
Bheoc`te1 Sje Lrls `d Bhkenbts
A. Bhkenbts Bhken bts (2:;9‟2;) wbs b reh`whec Obtb nbh hbtur`pbtj. hbtur`p btj. Bs Yr`dess`r Yr`de ss`r J. [. _ojmlct cesorlgec ces orlgec lh tje pr`n`kue pr`n `kue `d Bhkenbts“s g``f Hbtur`terbplb, Hbtur`terbplb,** Bhkenbts“s lrls sj`wec tjbt je jbc b heur`kehlo o`hstltutl`h, wltj b clsp `sltl`h t` sudder dr`m bolc pr`gnems bhc k`ut epls`ces, wjloj je p`sslgny hever sudderec geobuse Bhkenbts dbstec perl`clobnny, bhc tje runes `d tje @rcer `d Mlhlms clc h`t bnn`w jlm t` ebt mebt (j`wever, tjls obhh`t ge stbtec wltj oer tblhty). Sje webf o`hheotlve tlssue `d jls lhtestlhes preclotec bkkresslve mbnlkhbht clsebses lh jls `nc bke. Mbyge tjese lhtestlhbn pr`gnems nec jlm t` reny `h b veketbrlbh clet bhc hbturbn reklme. Ld tjls wbs tje obse, je jbc bh`tjer p`lht lh o`mm`h wltj jls Eur`pebh o`mpbtrl`ts.† Bs Bhkenbts jlmsend h`tes lh tje g``f Lrlc`clbkh`sls, Lrlc`clbkh`sls, „D`r „D`r mbhy yebrs h`w L jbve sudderec b clnbtbtl`h `d tje st`mboj.” Lh cblny nlde, b o`hs tltutl`h nlfe tjbt `d A. Bhkenbts o`rresp`hcs t` jbrcw`rflhk pe`pne wj` s`nve tje tbsfs set up`h tjem wltj tehbolty, sborldlolhk tjelr `wh pers`hbnlty. Bhkenbts jlmsend m`re tjbh cem`hstrbtec tjls bssertl`h wltj jls c`ugne `ooupbtl`h, wltj prbotloes, tebojlhk, bhc wrltlhks, g`tj renlkl`us bhc hbturbnlst. Jls lrls bns` sj`wec b tehcehoy t` sudder dr`m clsebses `d tje nympjbtlo system lh tje gr`hojl, flcheys, pr`stbte, gnbccer, bhc lhtestlhbn muo`sb, wltj b p`sslgne ecembtlzbtl`h `d tje a`lhts. Lh `nc bke, tjese qubnltles mbhldest lh b sbc bhc menbhoj`nlo temperbmeht, wltj b tehcehoy t` geo`me cepresslve bhc n`heny. Uhd`rtuhbteny, tje _pbhlsj Olvln [br (24‟2< (24‟2<) ?<) clc h`t net Bhkenbts experlehoe tjls lh tje dlrst pers`h, geobuse je wbs flnnec bt tje geklhhlhk `d tje gbttne. *Bhkenbts l Bng`rhé, A`bh. Hbtur`terbplb1 Mbhubn ce meclolhb hbturbn. Eclol`hes ce JL, 2<7<. @rlklhbnny pugnlsjec 2<2:. †_egbstlbh Fhelpp (2:72‟2:<;) ourec jls tugeroun`sls wltj hbtur`pbtjy, bhc Gbur clc tje sbme wltj jls clsbgnlhk rjeumbtlsm.
29?
27 Lrlc` Lrl c`n`ky n`ky dr`m Lhdbho Lhdbhoyy tjr`ukj @nc @nc Bke Bke
Sje ehemy `d jebntj ls tje pers`h ltsend.
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LWLC@N@K\ DW@M LHDBHO\ SJW@UKJ @NC BKE
LWLC@N@K\ LH SJE S[EHS\-DLW_S OEHSUW\ Sjr`ukj lrlc`n`ky tje butj`r `d tjls g``f jbs nebrhec tjbt pe`pne jbve b duhotl`hlhk o`ce tjbt mbfes tjem m`re lhonlhec t` oertblh types typ es `d gejbvl`rs tjbh `tjers. (@h b rbtjer clddereht nlhe `d tj`ukjt, tjls stbtemeht o`unc remlhc us `d tje bholeht o`hoept `d cestlhy6 tjls ls wjy s`me pe`pne tbnf bg`ut clvlhbtl`h tjr`ukj tje lrls.) D`nn`wlhk tjls o`hslcerbtl`h, we kbtjer tjbt wjeh we c` h`t fh`w `ur lrls, we c` h`t h`t tbfe dunn bcvbhtbke `d `ur nlde, geobuse we aust m`ve bn`hk b n`hk tjr`ukj tj r`ukj `ur nlde wltj wltj-`ut fh`wlhk `ur dunn p`teh p`tehtlbn. tlbn. Durtjerm`re, ld we jbve tje t``ns t` bojleve bnm`st everytjlhk we set `ursenves t`, wjy c`es `ur nlde geo`me b onuster `d `gsessl`hs tjbt jbrm us, rbtjer tjbh grlhklhk us p`sltlve eherky bhc resunts0 D`r exbmpne, mbhy pe`pne bre kldtec wltj tje p`wer `d persubsl`h bhc hek`tlbtl`h, gut lhstebc `d uslhk tjelr sflnns d`r tjelr `wh gehedlt bhc tjbt `d `tjers, tjey geo`me uhcuny `gsessec wltj questl`hs `d tje pbst `r cblny lssues wltj`ut muoj lhterest. Ld we jbve tje krebt bglnlty t` lhterlhter-
bot wltj `ur ehvlr`hmeht (wjbt Auhk obnnec tje „extr`vert pers`hbnlty”), gut we c`h“t fh`w lt, geobuse we jbve h`t seeh `ur p`tehtlbn redneotec lh `ur lrls, tjeh we bnn`w `ur lhclvlcubnlty t` ge drbkmehtec, bhc we klve r``m t` debr, o`hstbhtny o`mpnblhlhk bg`ut tjlhks we obhh`t c`, `r j`w we we obhh`t mbfe b ceolsl`h. Lh `tjer w`rcs, we bre strbhkers t` `ursenves, bhc tjus, we lkh`re lk h`re tje o`ce `d duhotl`hlhk tjbt bnn`ws us t` reboj `ur jlkjest wenn-gelhk. Sje lrlc`n`ky we bre tbnflhk bg`ut–tje `he we bre w`rflhk `h rlkjt h`w–wlnn ge tje lrlc`n`ky `d tje twehty-dlrst oehtury. Lt wlnn tenn us `ur jyklehlo heecs–clet, nldestyne, bhc m`re–lh b jlkjny pers`hbnlzec wby. Lt wlnnn bnert us t` `ur jebntj preclsp`sl wln preclsp`sl-tl`hs bhc gejbvl`rbn tehceholes bhc tenn us tje m`st bcequbte remecles d`r eboj `he `d us. Lt Lt wlnn klve us bcvloe tjbt wlnn jenp us fh`w `ursenves getter. _` h`w, net“s n``f bt j`w we obh geklh t` fh`w `ursenves getter gy evbnevbnubtlhk tje ev`nutl`h `d tje lrls bhc `ur `gservbtl`hs `d lt tjr`ukj`ut `ur nlde.
LHDBHO\ Lh lhdbhoy, jebntj pr`gnems keherbnny rev`nve br`uhc EHS (ebr-h`se-tjr`bt) lhdnbmmbtl`hs, o`ncs, slhus slhusltls, ltls, bstjmb, gr`hojl`nltls, et oeterb. Bt tjls bke, lrlc`n`ky ls b vbnubgne metj`c tjbt nets us
f h`w bg`ut tje exlstehoe `d lhjerltec clsebses bhc jebntj cls`rcers tjbt bre stlnn lh l h b prenlmlhbry `r p`tehtlbn pjbse. Sjls ls wjy lrlc`n`ky pnbys bh lmp`rtbht r`ne lh peclbtrlos.
OJLNCJ@@C Lrlc`n`ky slkhs bppebr lh tje lrls `d tje Lrlc`n`ky ojlnc, pr`vlclhk lhd`rmbtl`h bg`ut duture jebntj pr`gnems. @hoe tjese webfhessess bre lcehtldlec, hbturbn bhc webfhesse
j`me`pbtjlo spbkyrlo remecles (orebtec boo`rclhk t` tje prlholpnes `d bnojemy), lh o`mglhbtl`h wltj b pers`hbnlzec clet, obh jenp stbglnlze tje
LWLC@N@K\ DW@M LHDBHO\ SJW@UKJ @NC BKE
ojlnc“s jebntj. Sje d`nn`wlhk lrlc`n`ky m`cens obh klve b keherbn vlsl`h `d tje m`st drequeht slkhs lh tje ojlnc“s lrls. Cletbry sukkestl`hs obh ge b kulce t` stlmunbte tje jebnlhk strehktj lhjereht lh ojlncreh bhc bnn gelhks.
d``cs tjbt recuoe muous1 h`h-KM s`y, obrr`ts, k``segerrles, splhboj, plofnes, mlht, bhc tjyme. Lh keherbn, lt obh ge sblc tjbt b rbw reklme recuoes pjnekm, geobuse d``cs prepbrec wltj wjlte dn`ur bhc sukbr lhorebse lt.
Sje Nympjbtlo Ojlnc
Sje Jembt`kehlo Ojlnc
Bs lt wbs sblc ged`re, tje gnue lrls revebns b prec`mlhbht nympjbtlo system, mbce up gy tje nympj, nympj h`ces, t`hslns, bhc tjymus. [jeh wjltlsj t`pjl pebrns bppebr lh tjls lrls, tje `rkbhlsm ls bt rlsf `d gelhk `vern`bcec gy bh exoess `d pjnekm. Bs b o`hsequehoe, tje ojlnc o`hstbhtny obtojes o`ncs, jbs b studdy h`se severbn tlmes b yebr, `r sudders dr`m d r`m t`hslnnltls. Sje lmmuhe system ls h`t lh jbrm`hy, bhc tje ojlnc jbs sehsltlve sflh, wltj nlttne reslstbhoe t` suh rbys. Lh tjls obse, bs s``h bs tje ojlnc“s bke bnn`ws lt, tje lhtbfe `d cblry sj`unc ge recuoec, geobuse cblry pr`telh lhorebses tje pr`cuotl`h `d pjnekm lh tje g`cy. Bh`tjer `ptl`h ls t` tbfe bcvbhtbke `d
Wbclb n bhc tehsl`h durr`ws bre tje m`st Wbclbn drequehtny `gservec lrlc`n`ky pjeh`mehb lh ojlncreh wltj ojesthut-o`n`rec lrlses, gut tjey c` h`t lhclobte bhy pr`gnems lh tje ojlnc.
Lrlclo _lkhs lh l h Ojlncreh [jeh bhy `d tje lrlc`n`k y slkh slkhss cesorlgec gen`w ls lcehtldlec lh tje eye `d b ojlnc, o`honusl`hs obh ge crbwh bg`ut tjbt ojlnc“s preclsp`sltl`h t`wbrc oertblh clsebses. [ltj tje perpers`hbnlzec reo`mmehcbtl`hs d`r eboj slkh, lhonuclhk `ur `verbnn peroeptl`h `d tje nlttne pbtleht, bcequbte bsslstbhoe obh ge klveh t` jenp tje ojlnc ojl nc jbve stbgne jebntj.
29;
29:
LWLC@N@K\ DW@M LHDBHO\ SJW@UKJ @NC BKE
2. S`pjl Yebrns
S`pjl pebrns
Sje exlstehoe `d wjlte t`pjl lh tje slxtj olrounbr z`he `d tje lrls (tje cermbn z`he) ls b wbrhlhk tjbt tje sflh sfl h obh ge bddeotec gy jbrmdun sugstbhoes `r gy tje gbc o`mp`sltl`h `d g`cy jum`rs. Sje g`cy obhh`t enlmlhbte tjese sugstbhoes tjr`ukj tje lhtestlhes, lhtestlhes , s` lt trles t` enlmlhbte tjem tjr`ukj tje sflh6 bs b o`hsequehoe, tje sflh ls `vern`bcec, wjloj ehjbhoes tje `hset `d lts sympt`ms, nlfe eozemb, orbcne obp, jlves, `r heur`cermbtltls. Lh tjese obses, lt ls jenpdun t` mlhlmlze lh tje clet bhy d``cs tjbt mby lrrltbte tje sflh bhc muo`sbe bs muoj bs p`sslgne, nlfe p`rf, sm`fec d``cs, d`` cs, bhc exoesslve pepper `r sbnt. Bt tje sbme tlme, p`nyuhsbturbtec dbt (`nlve `ln, wjebt kerm `ln) jbs dbv`rbgne eddeot eddeots, s, bs c` mlnnets, bnm`hcs, gnuegerrles, bhc grewer“ss yebst. grewer“ yeb st.
7. Ournec (O`rfsorew) _lkhs
Ournec rednexlve dlgers
Sjese dlgers bre n`obtec dr`m tje pupln g`rcer t` tje o`nnbrette `d tje lrls, gut h`t lh b rbclbn `rlehtbtl`h, bs tjey d`rm ourns, bhc tjey bre slkhs `d lrrltbglnlty `d tje herv`us system. Ojlncreh wltj tjls slkh jbve b very sehsltlve rebotl`h t` pjyslobn `r psyojlo stlmunl bhc c`h“t sneep wenn. Sjey S jey o`mpnblh drequehtny `d jebcbojes obusec gy dbtlkue. Sjey ebt `r crlhf t`` qulofny, wjloj obuses herher v`us v`mlt bhc ber`pjbklb. ber`pjbklb . Lt ls m`st lmp`rtbht d`r tje ojlnc t` ebt wltj`ut stress, lh b peboedun ehvlr`hmeht. Lt ls jenpdun t` eho`urbke lh tje clet d``cs tjbt jbve b jlkj o`hteht `d obnolum bhc mbkheslum, nlfe cblry pr`cuots, gbhbhbs, bppnes, bhc huts. B very lhterestlhk oun ounlhbr lhbryy jerg d`r tje herv`us system `d b ojlnc ls menlssb (nem`h gbnm), wjloj jbs obnmlhk pr`pertles.
LWLC@N@K\ DW@M LHDBHO\ SJW@UKJ @NC BKE
?. _flh Wlhk
Sjls cbrfehec olnlbry mbrklh ls bns` fh`wh bs tje bhemlo rlhk, bhc lt ls b slkh `d metbg`nlsm cls`rcers. Sjls mebhs tjbt tje `rkbhlsm ls h`t tbflhk bcvbhtbke `d tje sugstbhoes lt tbfes lh t` stbglnlze lts eherky cyhbmlos. cyhbmlos . M`stny, tjere ls bh lr`h cedlolt. Bs B s b o`hsequehoe, ojlncreh wltj tjls slkh ket tlrec qulofny bhc jbve cldd clddlounty lounty o`hoehtrbtlhk. Sjey `dteh o`mpnblh `d jebcbojes, bhc bs tje dbtlkue lhorebses, tje lmmuhe system ls webfehec bhc tje ojlncreh ojl ncreh obtoj o`ncs m`re ebslny. D``cs tjbt suppny `xykeh bre reo`mmehcec, nlfe wj`ne-krblh oerebns, `btmebn, bppnes, s`y mlnf, bhc gnuegerrles. Wec geet auloe bhc encergerry auloe stbglnl stbglnlze ze tje lr`h gbnbhoe lh tje g`cy.. _`me ounlhbry jerg g`cy jergss wltj b jlkj jlk j o`hteht `d lr`h bre o`mm`h hettne bhc wbteroress.
_flh rlhk
3. Wbclbn Durr`ws
Sjese durr`ws extehc dr`m tje perlpjery t` tje lrls rlhk bhc `rlklhbte wltj b rbclbn gehclhk `d tje str`mb lh tje lrls. Sjey bre slkhs `d exjbustl`h bhc p`sslgne herv`us bstjehlb lh tje ojlnc. Ojlncreh wltj tjls slkh obhh`t jbhcne t`` muoj pressure dr`m tje ehvlr`hmeht. Sjey drequehtny sudder dr`m clkestlve pr`gnems tjbt o`unc ge bttrlgutec t` recuoec ehzymbtlo botlvlty lh tje st`mboj, bhc tjey usubnny jbve n`w gn``c pressure, espeolbnny curlhk lhdbhoy. Geobuse `d tjls recuoec ehzymbtlo botlvlty, d``cs tjbt bre jbrc t` clkest `r tjbt obuse tympbhltes sj`unc ge bv`lcec. Sjey sj`unc bv`lc ebtlhk nbte bt hlkjt, s` tjbt tje t je clkestlve system ls h`t `vern`bcec wjlne tjey sneep. _`me d``cs tjbt bre reo`mmehcec d`r ojlnojln-
Wbclbn durr`ws
creh wltj tjls slkh bre `bts bhc j`hey, wjloj stbgln stbglnlze lze tje herv`us system system.. Ounlhbry jergs tjbt jenp lh tjls obse bre olhhbm`h bhc menlssb.
29<
229
LWLC@N@K\ DW@M LHDBHO\ SJW@UKJ @NC BKE
5. Bnnerklo Wlhk
Bnnerklo rlhk
Sjls slkh mbhldests tjr`ukj stbsls lh tje gn``c vessens `d tje o`hauhotlvb, wjloj d`rm b dlhe plhf het very on`se t` tje mbrklh `d tje lrls. Bs tje bn nerky pr`kresses, gn``c vessens pehetrbte tje olnlbry z`he `d tje lrls (resuntlhk lh wjbt“s s`metlmes obn obnnec nec b „or`wh `d tj`rhs”). Ld, bt tje sbme tlme, tje ojlnc jbs b jlst`ry `d cls`rcers lh tje resplrbt`ry `rkbhs `r sflh clsebses, je `r sje sj`uncc ge bssessec d`r bnnerkles. sj`un bn nerkles. Ojlncreh wltj tjls slkh sj`unc recuoe tjelr o`hsumptl`h `d mebt (espeolbnny p`rf) bhc lhorebse tjelr o`hsumptl`h sumptl` h `d p`nyuhsbturbtec p`ny uhsbturbtec dbt. _weets sj`unc ge bv`lcec, bs wenn bs bolcs (nlfe vlhekbr), wjloj obuse bh lmgbnbhoe `d pJ (see ojbpter 22 22). B nbrke pbrt `d tje t je cletbry reklme rek lme sj`unc lhonuce rbw d``cs bhc veketbgne auloe. Gbnbholhk tje pJ ls pbrbm`uht, bhc lh eboj obse, lt ls lmp`r lmp`r-tbht t` dlhc `ut wjloj bre tje d``cs tjbt bkkrbvbte tje bnnerky.
4. Sehsl`h Wlhks
Sjese nlhes obh ge `gservec drequehtny lh tje lrlses `d bc`nesoehts. Sjey bre
Sehsl`h rlhks
slkhs `d mlherbn cedlolt bhc bre b wbrhlhk tjbt tje ojlnc o`unc sudder spbsms, espeolbnny lh tje clkestlve system. Lh tje duture tjey obh ge slkhs `d orbhlbn spbsms, wjloj geo`me jebcbojes. Sjey obh bns` ge b wbrhlhk tjbt tje ojlnc deens stressec. Lh tjls obse, `gvl`usny, every edd`rt sj`unc ge mbce t` recuoe stress`rs lh tje ojlnc“s nlde. _`me ounlhbry jergs tjbt bre eddeotlve bkblhst clkestlve spbsms bre ojbm`mlne (b krebt bnny t` ojlncreh) bhc dehhen. D``cs tjbt jbrm`hlze tje herv`us system bre bns` jenpdun, jenp dun, nlfe n lfe `bts, gbhbhbs bhc bnm`hcs b nm`hcs (cue t` tjelr obnolum o`hteht), p`tbp`tbt`es (cue t` tjelr mbkheslum o`hteht), j`hey (wjloj jbs b stbglnlzlhk eddeot) bhc wjebt kerm (cue t` lts vltbmlh E o`hteht).
LWLC@N@K\ DW@M LHDBHO\ SJW@UKJ @NC BKE
BCUNSJ@@C BHC @NC BKE Curlhk bcuntj``c, t`plos nlfe n`hkevlty bhc sehlnlty stbrt t` o`hoerh us. [e bsplre t` b n`hkevlty tjbt o`rresp`hcs t` bh `ptlmbn stbte `d jebntj, bhc h`t `he `d pjyslobn `r mehtbn ceterl`rbtl`h. D`r pe`pne wj` vlslt tje lrlc`n`klst wltj tjls o`hoerh lh mlhc, b o`mprejehslve lhtervlew ls h`t eh`ukj d`r bcequbte kulcbhoe6 b tj`r`ukj `gservbtl`h `d tje lrls ls bns` heecec. Boo`rclhk t` s`me lrlc`n`klsts, tje m`st lmp`rtbht pbrt `d tjls bhbnysls ls tje texture `d tje dlgers lh tje str`mb (webf, h`rmbn, nbouhbr, `r vbou`nbr webve), webve ), `r lh `tjer w`rcs, tje onbsslo o`hstltutl`hbn m`cen (see ojbpter 3). Sje o`hstltutl`h lh lts m`cerh versl`h (jembt`kehlo, nympjbtlo, `r mlxec) ls bns` lmp`rtbht, bntj`ukj s`me lrlc`n`klsts genleve gen leve tjbt lt ls h`t bs renevbht d`r tje t`plo bt jbhc. J`wever, tje presehoe `d tje brous sehlnls (nlplc broj) ls fey6 ld lt ls preseht, tje y`uhker tje pbtleht, tje krebter lts mebhlhk. Boo`rclhk t` J. [. _ojmlct, mehmehtbn ceterl`rbtl`h cepehcs gbslobnny `h tje presehoe `d lht`xlobtl`h slkhs, tje sflh rlhk, bhc tje slkh `d tje o`hheotlve tlssue. Boo`rclhk t` T. Jbuser, wj` bkrees wltj Kermbh lrlc`n`klst A`sed Fbrn, tje mesehojymbn, lhtestlhbn, bhc oeregrbn
N@HKETLS\ OWLSEWLB
• Kehetlo clsp`sltl`h • M`cerbte clet • Wekunbr vltbnlty • Bv`lclhk trbumb bhc stress • Fh`wlhk j`w t` esobpe/cetbtoj • M`vemeht
syhcr`mes bre wjbt bre rebnny lmp`rtbht, bhc tjey bre renbtec t` tje slkhs `d tje o`hheotlve tlssue, tje or`wh, bhc tje presehoe preseh oe `d plkmeh plkmehts ts lh tje oepjbnlo breb. Boo`rclhk t` A. Gr`y, tje slkh `d tje or`wh ls fey. Lt must ge olrounbr bhc on`sec, bhc lts slze sj`unc ge pr`p`rtl`hbte t` tje slze `d tje pupln. A`sepj Bhkerer sblc tjbt tje t je `gser`gser vbtl`h `d seclmehts `d tje t je o`hauhotlvb wbs eveh e veh m`re lmp`rtbht lmp`rtb ht tjbh `gservlhk tje slkhs `d tje lrls. [jbtever tje obse obse,, lh tje everycby rebnlty `d lrlc`n`klobn o`hsuntbtl`hs, tjere bre pe`pne wltj lrlses dunn `d slkhs wj`, lh splte `d lt bnn, nlve n`hk bhc jebntjy nlves, wjlne `tjers wltj dewer slkhs clspnby b mbrfec ceterl`rbtl`h `d tjelr jebntj. Lh bccltl`h t` tje orlterlb bnrebcy nlstec bhc `tjer orlterlb tjbt jbve geeh nedt `ut, wjbt seems t` ge lmp`rtbht ls tjbt tje pers`h nlves gy `gservlhk tje w`rnc, lhstebc `d aust wbtojlhk lt. Lh L h `tjer w`rcs, tje pers`h c`es h`t j`nc `h t` lce`n`kles tjbt bre lh dbsjl`h gut mlkjt st`p jlm `r jer dr`m mbflhk tje o`rreot oj`loes bt tje rlkjt tlme. Gen`w y`u wlnn dlhc b syhtjesls `d tje dbot`rs tjbt o`me lht` pnby wjeh we bssess wjbt ls heecec lh `rcer t` kr`w `nc wltj clkhlty.
DBOS@W_ SJBS YW@M@SE BKLHK
YBSJ@N@KLE_ SJBS YW@M@SE BKLHK
• Gelhk `verwelkjt • S`gboo` use
• Clbgetes • Brterl`soner`sls
• Cruk use (lhonuclhk uhheoessbry
• Sjyr`lc jyp`duhotl`h
meclobtl`hs)
• Bno`j`n use
222
2? Lrlc`n`ky O`hsuntbtl`hs bhc tje „Lmp`rtbhoe `d Everytjlhk”
Sjere bre h` slof pe`pne wltj k``c clkestl`h clkestl`h,, h`r jebntjy pe`pne wltj gbc clkestl`h. N���� F����
223
LWLC@N@K\ O@H_UNS O@H_UNSB BSL@H_ BHC SJE "LMY@WSBHOE @D ETEW\SJLHK"
B MBSSEW @D W@NE_ [e wln [e wlnnn dlhlsj tjls g``f wjere `tjers geklh1 wltj tje clkestlve system. Gut dlrst, lt w`unc ge k``c t` `dder b serles `d onbrldlobtl`hs bg`ut tje lrlc`n`ky o`hsuntbtl`h, tje r`ne `d tje tjerbplst, bhc tje r`ne `d tje onleht. Sjls ls wjbt we obnn „tje lmp`rtbhoe `d everytjlhk every tjlhk.” .” Bh lrlc`n`ky o`hsuntbtl`h ls h`t cedlhec s`neny gy tje bttehtlve `gservb`gservbtl`h `d tje lrls6 tje lrlc`n`klst heecs t` fh`w tje pers`h tj`r`ukjny1 ounturbn trblts, dbmlny, nlhe `d w`rf, renbtl`hsjlp wltj meclolhe (drequehoy `d use bhc lhtbfe `d meclobtl`h, bhc surkery) surker y),, renbtl`hsjlp wltj tje send, bhc bg`ve bnn, tje peroeptl`h tje onleht jbs bg`ut jls `r jer `wh rebnlty bt tje m`meht `d tje o`hsuntbtl`h. Wekbrclhk tjls nbst p`lht, bt tlmes tje pers`h mby use very cesorlptlve expressl`hs, expressl`hs, nlfe nl fe „L obhh`t k` t` w`rf geobuse tje pe`pne L serve mbfe me bhxl`us, bhc L jbve jbc t` tenn tjem t` step bwby dr`m tje o`uhter geobuse
tjey bre sm`tjerlhk me” `r „L c`h“t see b wby `ut,” `r tjey mehtl`h sltubtl`hs renbtec t` lhvbsl`h `d tjelr pers`hbn spboe, extreme gurcehs, et oeterb. Bs K. Kr`cceof pr`onblmec, tje r`ne `d tje tjerbplst ls h`t tje sbme bs tjbt `d b c`ot`r `r b jebntj obre pr`pr` vlcer, geobuse tje tjerbplst c`es h`t lmp`se trebtmehts gut `dders pbtlehts tjerbples tjbt o`unc jenp tjem ket `ut `d tje rut tjey bre lh. Sjls bttltuce `d servloe d`roes tje tjerbplst t` bcbpt jls `r jer lmpressl`hs bhc reo`mmehcbreo`mmehcbtl`hs t` tje heecs `d tje onleht. Sjls r`ne ls slkhldlobhtny clddereht dr`m tje lhtervehtl`hlsm `d tje meclobn trebtmehts we bnn fh`w. Sje r`ne `d tje onleht ls tjbt `d bh botlve pers`h lh sebroj `d s`nutl`hs t` lhtervehe lh tjelr `wh nlde bhc m`cldy `r ojbhke bttltuces, gejbvl`rs, bhc prbotloes tjbt c` h`t bnn`w tjem t` deen k``c. Sjls ls h`t b pbsslve lhclvlcubn. lhclvlcubn.
SJE CLKE_SLTE _\_SEM @he bspeot `d tje onleht“s nlde tjbt tje tjerbplst drequehtny expn`res ls clet. @h tjls dr`ht, tje lrls `dders lhterestlhk lhd`rmbtl`h, d`uhc `h tje rednexlve breb `d tje puplnnbry z`he. Sjls olrone surr`uhclhk tje pupln (oehtrbn z`he) redneots clkestlve duhotl`h duhotl`hs. s. [ee obh dlhc wlce, hbrr`w, reku [ nbr, `r lrrekunbr puplnnbry z`hes wltj uhld`rm `r drbyec str`mb wltj sp`ts, `rkbhlo mbrflhks, et oeterb. Bs N`uls Fujhe sblc, ld clkestl`h obuses clso`md`rt, we wlnn h`t deen wenn, h`t `hny lh `ur bgc`meh, gut bns` lh `ur stbte `d mlhc, geobuse wjeh `ur cletbry gejbvl`r ls trbhsd`rmec lht` b webp`h bkblhst `ur jebntj, s`metjlhk ls h`t rlkjt rlk jt lh `ur psyoje.
@utcbtec lrlc`n`ky m`cens bre h`t usedun d`r lhterpretlhk tjls z`he. Experlehoe jbs cem`hstrbtec tjem t` ge lheddeotlve–bhc we bre tbnflhk bg`ut tje o`nnbrette, wjloj usec t` ge bss`olbtec wltj tje redneotl`h `d tje but`h`m`us herv`us system, `r wltj tje redneotl`h `d tje vertegrbn o`numh, b o`mpneteny lmpnbuslgne mbtter, cesorlgec gy Abusbs). Sje `hny m`cen tjbt jbs geeh o`hdlrmec bs vbnlc ls tje `he `d tje puplnnbry z`he bs b clkestlve rednex. S` geklh, tje puplnnbry z`he must ge pr`p`rtl`hbte t` tje rest `d tje surdboe `d tje str`mb. _`metlmes tje o`nnbrette ls bgseht, gut lh m`st lrlses lt ls pr`mlheht. _`metlmes lt n`ses
LWLC@N@K\ O@H_UNSB O@H_UNSBSL@H_ BH C SJE " LMY@WS LMY@WSBHOE BHOE @D ETEW\SJLHK "
7 B
2
O G
G Wlkjt Bppehclx (B), pbhorebs (G), bhc cu`cehum (O), wltj tje n`obtl`h `d tje pyn`rus (2 bhc 7) Cetbln `d tje puplnnbry z`he
lts olrounbrlty, `r ls `hny pbrtlbnny vlslgne6 bt `tjer tlmes lt bc`pts b keherbn o`n`r clddereht tjbh tje rest `d tje lrls (oehtrbn jeter`ojr`mlb). Lh tje pure nympjbt nympjbtlo lo o`hstlt o`hstltutl`h utl`h lt bc`pts b s`dt krbylsj t`he, bhc lh obses `d lht`xlobtl`h dr`m cruks, tje oehter usubnny bc`pts tje clverse o`n`rs (see ojbpter :). Sje nlmlts `d tje puplnnbry z`he, mbrfec gy tje o`nnbrette, bre b symg`n `d tje lhtestlhbn m`rpj`n`ky `d tje o`n`h bhc tje smbnn lhtestlhe, bhc lh tje vehtrbn z`he, we dlhc rednexes `d tje pbhorebs bhc bppehclx duhotl`hs. Lh obses `d rjeumbtlo pbtj`n`pbtj`n`kles `r `ste`p`r`sls, very lhterestlhk slkhs obh ge `gservec lh tjls z`he `d tje lrls. Lh tje uhcunbtl`hs `d tje o`no`nnbrette we obh `gserve tje preclsp`sltl`h t` jbve clvertlounb, tje z`hes `d ojr`hlo lhtestlhbn spbsm, bhc slkhs `d W`emjenc syhcr`me. Wbclbn durr`ws obh estbgnlsj renbtl`hsjlps getweeh tje clkestlve system bhc tje rest `d tje `rkbhlsm tjbt bre lho`hoelvbgne t` meclolhe. _`me `d tje m`st drequeht
renbtl`hsjlps bre tje trbhsverse o`n`h wltj tje t je jebc, tje smbnn smbn n lhtestlhe wltj tje neks, bhc tje g`wen wltj tje slkh `d keherbn exjbustl`h (rbcll s`nbrls). Sje lmp`rtbht hutrltl`hbn rlhks cesorlgec gy A. Bhkerer lhclobte p``r lhtestlhbn duhotl`h1 clddlounty bsslmlnbtlhk pr`pr` telhs, kbstrltls, dermehtbtlve cyspepslb, clddlounty bsslmlnbtlhk o`mpnex obrg`jycrbtes (wjloj dbv`rs rjeumbtlsm), n`w pr`cuotl`h `d glne bolcs . . . Mbhy tlmes pe`pne wj` o`hsunt b tjerbplst c` s` geobuse tjey bre experleholhk sympt`ms lh tjelr clkestlve bppbrbtus (eplkbstrlo pblh, gn`btec bgc`meh, jebvy clkestl`h, gurps, gurps , hbuseb, eto.) gut fh`w tjbt clkestlve sympt`ms c` h`t heoessbrlny mebh tjbt tje clkestlve system ls tjee obuse `d tje pr`gnem (lh bkreemeht tj wltj Mbkcbnehe Mbcbus, mehtl`hec mehtl`hec lh ojbpter ?). Eveh t`cby, pe`pne wj` jbve geeh clbkh`sec wltj b jlbtbn jerhlb gy b c`ot`r wlnn drequehtny vlslt bh lrlc`n`lrlc`n`klst wltj`ut jbvlhk sympt`ms `d tjls jerhlb. Sje d`nn`wlhk bre obses t` jenp rebcers vlsubnlze suoj sltubtl`hs.
O
Nedt
225
224
LWLC@N@K\ O@H_UNS O@H_UNSBSL@H_ BSL@H_ BHC SJE "LMY@WSBHOE @D ETEW\SJLHK"
Sje Obses OB_E 2
Dembne, tjlrty-tw` yebrs `nc, wltj clbrrjeb, jebr tgurh, pblh, hbuseb, bhc v`mltlhk. _je jbc sudderec s`metjlhk slmlnbr ged`re bhc wbs trebtec wltj j`me`pbtjy wltj h` resunts6 `he `d tje remecles wbs sundur. _je h`tloec tjbt lt bddeotec jer bgc`meh, bhc jer premehstrubn clso`md`rt lmpr`vec. Jbs b n`t `d bhxlety bhc debr6 c`es h`t crebm t`` muoj. Sw` t` tjree g`wen m`vemehts per cby, d`un smennlhk. Sje c`ot`r presorlgec bh bhtbolc tjbt clc h`t w`rf. _je ls very tlrec. Drequeht obhoer jlst`ry lh tje dbmlny6 rekbrclhk tjls, sje sbys severbn p`nyps were d`uhc lh jer o`n`h wjeh sje wbs twehty-`he. O`hvehtl`hbn clet, wltj druo t`se6 orbves oj`o`nbte. Bdter `gservlhk jer lrls bhc tbflhk lht` o`hslcerbtl`h wjbt sje sblc, `ur reo`mmehcbtl`hs were dblrny slmpne1 Enlmlhbte druot`se dr`m tje clet, lho`rp`rbte nbotlo bolc lh tje m`rhlhks, bhc tbfe b dn`wer remecy rekunbrny. Bdter tw` weefs sje experlehoes sympt`ms `d tje o`mm`h o`nc tjbt sje sbys bre slmlnbr t` tje `hes sje jbc curlhk lhdbhoy, jer st`mboj ls dlhe, bhc sje stbrts tjlhflhk
bg`ut jer pbst, jer d bmlny, bs ld tje o`nc t``f jer gbof t` tjbt tlme `d jer nlde t` eho`urbke jer t` mbfe peboe wltj dbmlny memgers wj` bre bnrebcy k`he bhc wj`, bt tje tlme, clc h`t reoelve jer bttehtl`h. Sje sequehoe tenns us tjbt, gejlhc tje clkestlve sympt`ms, tjere wbs bh uhs`nvec o`hd nlot tjbt ls h`w stbrtlhk t` ge s`nvec (jerelh nles tje lmp`rtbhoe `d wjbt we sblc ebrnler bg`ut b oertblh peroeptl`h `d rebnlty bhc tje r`ne `d tjerbplst bhc onleht).
OB_E 7
Mbne, d`rty-dlve yebrs `nc, B gn``c type. Btjnetlo o`mpnexl`h. O`mpnblhs bg`ut pblh lh tje st`mboj tjbt ls geo`mlhk m`re perslsteht. Lts `hset o`lholcec wltj tje cebtj `d jls dbtjer. Jbs geeh clbkh`sec wltj b jlbtbn jerhlb bhc wbs t`nc tjbt tje vbnves `d jls st`mboj c` h`t on`se pr`perny. Sje c`ot`r sbys tjbt, bs o`hsequehoe, je bns` sudders dr`m ojr`hlo pjbryhkltls. Je deens o`hstbht pblh uhcer tje xlpj`lc bppehcbke. Je bv`lcs oltrlo d``cs bhc grebc wltj t`mbt` lh jls clet. Jbs geeh b o`hstbht o`hsumer `d s`clum globrg`hbte6 h`w tbfes `meprbz`ne. Jls clet ls mblhny g`lnec veketbgnes, wltj tje exoeptl`h `d sweet jbm bt grebfdbst bhc dlsj. Je sbys tjbt je sudders dr`m ojr`hlo slhusltls gut jbs h` pr`gnems wltj jls t`hslns. Y`sslgne jlst`ry `d tugeroun`sls dr`m tje m`tjer.. B tj`r`ukj `gserv btl`h `d jls lrls s j`ws m`tjer b j`rlz`htbn hystbkmus (lhv`nuhtbry m`vemeht `d tje eye) lh tje nedt eye, s` we bsf ld je jbs seeh b c`ot`r d`r tjls. Sje keherbn peroeptl`h bt tje ehc `d tje lhtervlew ls tjbt lh tje p bst dew yebrs, bhc
bns` lh jls w`rf, je jbs geeh exp`sec t` cepresslhk cblny sltubtl`hs. Sje reo`mmehcbtl`h ls b dn`wer remecy, bppnlobtl`h `d suotl`h oups lh tje o`rresp`hclhk metbmere (bhbt`mlobn pbrt `d tje g`cy renbtec t` tje splhbn her ve), bhc `nlk`tjerbpy every tw` cbys. Je ls bcvlsec h`t t` geo`me `gsessec wltj g`lnec veketbgnes geobuse tjey bre h`t tje s`nutl`h t` jls o`hstbht blnmehts.
LWLC@N@K\ O@H_UNSB O@H_UNSBSL@H_ BH C SJE " LMY@WS LMY@WSBHOE BHOE @D ETEW\SJLHK"
OB_E ?
OB_E 3
Mbne, d`rty-slx yebrs `nc, clbkh`sec wltj bnnerkles t` Krbmlhebe (krbsses) bnn yebr n`hk, bhc sud derlhk dr`m hbsbn o`hkestl`h tjbt feeps jlm dr`m grebtjlhk h`rmbnny, bhc d`r wjloj lmmlheht surklobn lhtervehtl`h jbs geeh reo`mmehcec. Sjere ls h` dbmlny jlst`ry `d bnnerkles, gut stlnn je c`es h`t nlfe mlnf geobuse lt klves jlm clbrrjeb. Je ebts mlnc ojeeses bhc n`ves sbnt, wjloj je o`hsumes `dteh. Je deens b pblhdun sp`t `ver tje xlpj`lc bppehcbke `d tje sterhum. Sje o`hstbht bnnerky orlsls ls mbhldestec bs tebrlhk lh tje eyes bhc nlqulc muous slmlnbr t` wbter.. Sje c`ot`r o`hheotec tjese bnnerky sy mpwbter t`ms t` b p`sslgne jlbtbn jerhlb tjbt stlnn jbs h`t geeh lcehtldlec. Sje nedt hbsbn pbssbke ls gn`ofec m`st `d tje tlme. Sje knutebn z`he ls o`nc. Weoelvec lhtervehtl`h d`r b p`nyp lh tje v`obn oj`rcs. Jls clet ls gbsec `h redlhec pr`cuots (sbhcwlojes bhc restburbht mehus), bhc bt clhher je usubnny ebts `hny drult. Je n`ves grebc. Sjls lhd`rmbtl`h renbtec t` tje lrls nebcs t` tje reo`mmehcbtl`h `d sltz gbtjs wltj sbnt bhc vlhekbr, meclolhbn pnbhts, bhc tlssue sbnts (oenn sbnts).
Mbne, d`rty-hlhe yebrs `nc. Yyfhlo pjyslque (r`uhcec (r`uhcec g`cy wltj b tehcehoy t`wbrc `geslty). Jlst`ry `d rehbn o`nlo. Ls ourrehtny sud derlhk dr`m `he, reoehtny clbkh`sec gy b c`ot`r. Ex-sm`fer (`he pbof b cby d`r twehty yebrs). Ebts nbrke bm`uhts `d d``c, wltj h` restrlotl`hs6 n`ves sbnty d``cs, ourec ojeeses, mlnf, bhc y`kurt. Crlhfs nlttne wbter. _bys tjbt bt tje m`meht je jbs jembturlb (gn``c lh tje urlhe), wjloj ls renlevec gy wbrm gbtjs. Brterlbn jyper tehsl`h. Ourrehtny tbfes spbsm`nytlos bhc bhbnkeslos. Sje pyfhlo g`cy type o`lholces wltj tjese cletbry gejbvl`rs, bhc bnn tje gejbvl`rbn bhc lrlc`n`klobn cbtb net us o`mpnemeht tje meclobn trebtmeht wltj n`klo bhc o`jerehoe. Yjyt`tjerbpy ls reo`mmehcec lh o`hauhotl`h tlssue sbnts, jycr`tjerbpy, bhc `nlk`tjerbpy, `nlk`tjerbpy, bs wenn bs bcvloe t` m`c ldy jls ourreht cletbry o`hcuot, wjloj ourrehtny debtures nlttne veketbgne dlger, exoesslve bno`j`n, o`ddee, bhc redlhec d``cs.
Sje Yuplnnbry Q`he bhc Hutrltl`h • Sje clet ls resp`hslgne d`r b jlkj peroehtbke `d tje obuses `d clsebse. • Bhy tjerbpy wlnn dbln ld tje clet ls h`t pnboec `h oehter stbke. • _`me d``cs bre hutrltl`hbn bhc jebntjy, gut `tjer d``cs bre cetrlmehtbn t` jebntj. • Lt ls lmp`rtbht t` o`hslcer tje jebnlhk vbnue `d d``c. • [e must fh`w wjbt tje pers`h heecs t` ebt t` ge jebntjy. • Ye`pne c` h`t wbht t` booept tjbt `verebtlhk ls cetrlmehtbn t` jebntj.
22;
22:
LWLC@N@K\ O@H_UNS O@H_UNSBSL@H_ BSL@H_ BHC SJE "LMY@WSBHOE @D ETEW\SJLHK"
CLKE_SLTE _LKH_ LH SJE YUYLNNBW\ Q@HE
B _ENEOSL@H @D LMBKE_ Lh tjelr cblny w`rf, lrlc`n`klsts jbve o`uhtness o`hsuntbtl`hs renbtec t` clkestlve o`mpnblhts, o`mpnblhts, bhc tje lrls spebfs t` us en`quehtny bg`ut tje r``t `d tje pr`gnem. S` dlhlsj tjls g``f, we wlnn qu`te tje krebt K. Kr`cceof, b hbtur`pbtj bhc psyoj`n`klst wj` o`nnbg`rbtec wltj Erhst _ojwehlhker bhc _lkmuhc Dreuc. Lsh“t lt strbhke tjbt h`t `he `d tje mbhy `pjtjbnm`n`klobn textg``fs tbfes bhy h`tloe `d tje dbot tjbt mbh obh cev`ur s`metjlhk wltj jls eyes (mlt ceh Bukeh versojnlhkeh), tjbt je obh murcer wltj jls eyes, tjbt je obh aembhceh mln ceh Bukeh curojg`jreh (pleroe s`meg`cy wltj tje eyes), messeh (mebsure), nlegbukenh (klve s`meg`cy tje knbc eye) e ye) `r `r bhkenh (dlsj) wltj jls eyes6 tjbt tje eye obh ge tjr`wh nlfe b st`he (cle Bukeh bua etwbs werdeh)6 tjbt lt obh mehboe (cr`jeh) `r drlkjteh (Durojt errekeh). \et \et tje eye e ye obh h`t `hny `h ny ge usec
d`r b tj`usbhc `tjer purp`ses tjbh slkjt bn`he, lt ls bns` s`metjlhk very lhcepehceht, s`metjlhk tjbt jbs b sepbrbte exlstehoe, bs nbhkubke pr`ves. Mbh obh ge bnn eye (kbhz Buke)6 eyes obh dnbsj, spbrfne, nbukj, ge cruhf6 tjey obh kbze, puhlsj6 tjey bre nlfe bhlmbns lh tje krbzlhk-kr`uhc6 tjey obh ge sneepy `r mecltbtlve, cry `r wet6 tjey jbve b s`undun expressl`h `r h`t, tjey bre seelhk `r gnlhc, pjyslobn `r splrltubn6 `he sees wltj `he“s `wh `r wltj `tjer pe`pne“s eyes6 lt o`unc ge sblc `d `ur bke `d speotbones speotb ones tjbt lt preders t` see wltj strbhke eyes, geobuse tje pers`h wj` webrs knbsses c`es h`t use jls `wh vlsl`h v lsl`h gut b o`rreotec `he. Lt d`nn`ws dr`m bnn tjls tjbt tje duhotl`hbn rbhke `d tje eye ls muoj wlcer tjbh tje rbhke wltj wjloj `ur solehtldlo stucy `d tje eye o`hoerhs ltsend.*
Sjls ls wjer wjeree lrlc`n`ky ls n`obtec.
_tbhcbrc puplnnbry z`he
*Ke`rk Kr`cceof, „Tlsl`h, tje [`rnc `d tje Eye, bhc _eelhk wltj`ut tje Eye,” lh Sje Mebhlhk `d Lnnhess1 _eneotec Bhbnytlobn [rltlhks , trbhs. Kertruc Mbhcer (Hew \`rf1 Lhterhbtl`hbn Uhlversltles Yress, 2<;;), pbke 2:?.
LWLC@N@K\ O@H_UNSB O@H_UNSBSL@H_ BH C SJE " LMY@WS LMY@WSBHOE BHOE @D ETEW\SJLHK "
Uhequbn puplnnbry z`hes (W`emjenc syhcr`me)
Hbrr`w puplnnbry z`he* *Sje m`cerh-cby lrlc`n`klst Cbhlene N` Wlt` bttrlgutes b prec`mlhbhoe `d tje bcreherklo system t` tjls slkh.
Ylkmehtec puplnnbry z`he (t`xemlb)
22<
279
LWLC@N@K\ O@H_UNS O@H_UNSBSL@H_ BSL@H_ BHC SJE "LMY@WSBHOE @D ETEW\SJLHK"
Oehtrbn jeter`ojr`mlb
_eot`rbn teter`ojr`mlb
Tery hbrr`w puplnnbry z`he cue t` lhsuddloleht perlstbnsls
LWLC@N@K\ O@H_UNSBSL@H_ O@H_UNSBSL@H_ BHC SJE " LMY@WSBHOE @D ETEW\SJLH K"
[lce puplnnbry z`he
Tery hbrr`w puplnnbry z`he cue t` lhtestlhbn pbrbsltes
Hutrltl`hbn rlhks
272 27 2
B Y Y E H C L Z 2 _bmpne Lrlc`krbpjles
H`t bnn tjbt tje eye sees ls seeh gy lts `wher, bhc vloe versb.
273
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
Lrlc`krbpjles _pebf t` Us
• Yreclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m slhusltls bhc t`hslnnltls, wltj b tehcehoy t` jbve bh bnterec m``c
• Mlkrblhes
• Yreclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m o`hstlpbtl`h, wltj b tehcehoy t` ge tlrec
• Gurhlhk sehsbtl`h lh tje es`pjbkus
• Sehcehoy t` deen a`lht pblh • Uho`htr`nnbgne juhker
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
• Lht`xlobtl`h wltj cruks
• Gr`hojlbn webfhess • Sehcehoy t` ceven`p bstjmb • Tery cepehceht `h clet • Yreclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m cysmeh`rrjeb
• Bnnerkles • Ybnpltbtl`hs • Gn`btec bgc`meh
275
274
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
Lrlc`krbpjles _pebf t` Us
• Yreclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m o`hstlpbtl`h • Must nlmlt bccltlves lh tje clet
• Bstjehlb bhc dbtlkue `d o`hstltutl`hbn `rlklh • Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m jem`rrj`lcs
• Bstjehlb bhc dbtlkue `d o`hstltutl`hbn `rlklh • Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m jem`rrj`lcs • Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m mlkrblhes renbtec t` tje lhtbfe `d oertblh d``cs
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
27;
• Bstjehlb bhc dbtlkue `d o`hstltutl`hbn `rlklh • Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m jem`rrj`lcs
• Lht`xlobtl`h
• Yreclsp`sltl`h t` jbve pblh lh bhy pbrt `d tje g`cy
• _uh bhc stebm gbtjs obh pr`vlce renled
27:
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
Lrlc`krbpjles _pebf t` Us
• Sehcehoy t` o`hsume exoesslve sukbr bhc oj`o`nbte
• Yreclsp`sltl`h t` jbve bhemlb
• Yreclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m kbstrltls • Yreclsp`sltl`h t` sudder clsebse lh tje muo`sbe lh keherbn (espeolbnny lh tje ebrs, h`se, bhc tjr`bt)
• Oehtrbn jeter`ojr`mlb • Clddlounty clkestlhk o`mpnex obrg`jycrbtes
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
• Heurbstjehlb • Herv`us dbtlkue • Sehcehoy t` geo`me `gsessec wltj clsebse
• Gn`btec bgc`meh • Jebcbojes `r mlkrblhes
• Yblhdun mehstrubtl`h • Y`sslgne lht`xlobtl`h dr`m cruks `r meclobtl`hs6 bssessmeht ls reo`mmehcec
• Clddlounty clkestlhk krebsy d``c
27<
2?9
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
Lrlc`krbpjles _pebf t` Us
• Yerl`clo sympt`mbt`n`ky • Gn`btec bgc`meh • Cysmeh`rrjeb
• Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m bnnerkles bhc eozemb
• Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m ojr`hlo kbstrltls • Nbof `d sympt`mbt`n`ky
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
2?2 2? 2
• Sehcehoy t` sudder ojr`hlo stbtes `d debr • Y`sslgne presehoe `d lhtestlhbn pbrbsltes6 bssessmeht ls reo`mmehcec
• Sehcehoy t` deen ojr`hlo tlrechess bhc errbtlo pblhs, o`mpbtlgne wltj stbtes `d ojr`hlo dbtlkue syhcr`me
• _ehsltlvlty t` clet lho`mpbtlglnltles • Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m mlkrblhes
2?7
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
Lrlc`krbpjles _pebf t` Us
• Oehtrbn jeter`ojr`mlb • Tunherbglnlty lh tje clbpjrbkm musones bhc qubcrloeps dem`rls
• Yreclsp`sltl`h t` sudder dr`m k`ut
• Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m vbsounbr soner`sls
• Srbumbtlo obtbrbots
_BMYNE LWLC@KWBYJLE_
2??
• _lkhs `d lht`xlobtl`h • Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m ojr`hlo lhdnbmmbtl`hs `d tje nympjbtlo system
• Sehcehoy t` ebt k``c d``c • Heecs o`hstbht pjyslobn botlvlty
• Sehcehoy t` sudder dr`m bstjmbtlo epls`ces • Clddlounty clkestlhk dbts bhc obrg`jycrbtes
• _ypjlnltlo mlbsm • Lhtestlhbn clsturgbhoe
B Y Y E H C L Z 7 Nbg`rbt`ryy Ses Nbg`rbt`r Sests ts Sjbt Lhd`rm Lrlc`n`ky
Je wj` oures ls rlkjt. J�����
2?4
NBGB WBS@W WBS@W\ \ SE_S_ SJBS LHD@WM LWLC@N@K\
BHBN\_L_ BHC SJE LWL_ H`rmbnny, onlehts tehc t` vlslt bh lrlc`n`klst bdter tjey jbve reoelvec b onlhlobn clbkh`sls dr`m b c`ot`r (`tjerwlse, tje lrlc`n`klst must reder tje pbtleht t` b c`ot`r t` cetermlhe b clbkh`sls). Lrlc`n`klsts c` h`t pr`vlce b clbkh`sls gut `dder s`nutl`hs t` b prevl`usny clbkh`sec pr`gnem. J`wever, lt `dteh jbp pehs tjbt tje lrlc`n`klst c`es h`t jbve bt jls `r jer clsp`sbn tje bhbnyses perd`rmec bt tje j`spltbn (lt ls estlmbtec tjbt `hny 79 peroeht `d tje pbtlehts bre bgne t` grlhk tjelr nbg resunts t` bh lrlc`n`klst), tj`ukj lt ls jenpdun d`r bh lrlc`n`klst t` ge bgne t` o`htrbst tje gn``c, urlhe, bhc `tjer pbrbmeters bhbnyzec gy tje nbg`rbt`ry wltj tje lrls `d tje onleht. [ee jbve orebtec jere b grled [ emplrlobn revlew `d nbg`rbt`ry bhbnyses
o`rresp`hclhk t` tje tjree mblh o`hstltutl`hbn types1 nympjbtlo, jembt`kehlo, bhc mlxec (see ojbpter 3). Lt ls lh h` wby cedlhlte gut ls mereny b kulce, bhc lh pbrt mbyge speounbtl`h, geobuse we w`unc heec dur durtjer tjer cetbl cetblnn `h tje pbtlehts“ meclobn jlst`rles t` o`hdlrm tje tehceholes `d tje resunts `gtblhec lh tje nbg`rbt`ry lh renbtl`h t` tje o`hstlo`hstltutl`hs `d tje lrls bhc `tjer pbrtlounbrlpbrtlounbr ltles cesorlgec lh tje prevl`us ojbpters. Lh splte `d tjls, tje d`nn`wlhk tbgnes stlnn `dder b vbnubgne o`htrlgutl`h t` lrlc`n`ky. H`te1 Sjr`ukj tjls slhkne `gservbtl`h we jbve verldlec tjbt tjere ls h` evlceht o`hheotl`h getweeh gn``c types bhc lrls o`hstltutl`hs.
Nympjbtlo o`hstltutl`h
NBGB WBS@W WBS@W\ \ SE_S_ SJBS LHD@WM LWLC @N@K\
N\MYJBSLO O@H_SLSUSL@H YBW BME S EW
W E B_@ H D@ W B__E __ME HS
W ED EW EH OE TBNU E
Ynbsmb, urlhe, a`lht nlqulc nlqu lc
W l s f ` d k` u t
D embne1 27 9 ξm`n/n ( ;.9 mk /cn) Mbne1 3:9 ξm`n/n (:.9 mk/cn)
Bngumlh
Ynbsmb, urlhe, 73-j`ur urlhe, oeregr`splhbn dnulc
Evlc Ev lceh ehoe oe `d re rehb hbnn bnt bnterb erbtl tl`h `h
Ynbsmb Ynbs mb11 ?5‟59 ?5‟59 k/n (? (?.5‟5. .5‟5.9 9 k/ k/cn cn)) Urlhe1 ?9 mk/n (?.9 k/cn) 73-j`ur urlhe1 59 mk/cby O_D1 299‟?99 mk/n (29‟?9mk/cn)
Ojym`trypslh
Deoes
Ybhore btlo clkestl`h
? ‟ : U /k
Orebtlhlhe/ orebtlhlhe onebrbhoe
Ynbsmb, gn``c, urlhe
Wehbn nesl`h, rehbn cls`rcer
Orebtlhlhe lh pnbsmb1 dembne, :9 ξm`n/n (9.<9 mk/cn) mbne, 295 ξm`n/n (2.7 mk/cn) Orebtlhlhe lh 73-j`ur urlhe1 2: ξm`n/cby (7.9 k/cby) Orebtlhlhe onebrbhoe1 ;5 ‟249 mn/mlh
[jlte gn``c oenns (neuf`oytes)
Gn``c, urlhe, syh`vlbn dnulc
Urlhbry lhdeotl`h, p`nybrtjrltls, `tjer cls`rcers
7-yebr-`nc1 4,999 ‟2; ‟2;,999/ξn ,999/ξn 4-yebr-`nc1 5,999‟2?,999/ξn Bcunt1 3,999‟<,999/ξn Urlhe1 hekbtlve
LkK, LkM
G n `` c
Ojr`hlo `r reoeht lhdeo tl`h
Lk K1 5: 9 ‟2,35 9 mk /cn LkM1 49‟7:9 mk/cn
Ureb
Ynbsmb, 73-j`ur urlhe
Wehbn cls`rcer, jepbtlo cls`rcer, trbumb
Ynbsmb1 :.? mm`n/n (59 mk/cn) 73-j`ur urlhe1 79‟?5 k/cby
E_W
G n ` `c
Lhd nbmmbtl`h , rjeumbtlsm, tum`r
Dembne1 2st j`ur, 4‟22 mm6 7hc j`ur, 4‟79 mm (`ncer tjbh 59 yebrs1 7hc j`ur up t` ?9 mm) Mbne1 2st j`ur, ?‟: mm6 7hc j`ur, <‟2: mm (`ncer tjbh 59 yebrs1 7hc j`ur up t` 79 mm)
Wec gn``c oenns
G n ` `c
Tbrlec cls`rcer s
Dembne1 3 .2‟ 5 .3 mlnnl`h /ξn Mbne1 3.5‟4.9 mlnnl`h/ξn
Oj`nester`n
G n ` `c
Nlplc met bg`nlsm
Ojlnc1 7 .< ‟ 5 .: mm`n/n (227 ‟7 7 5 mk /cn) Dembne, ?9 yebrs1 ?.<‟ 4.7 mm`n/n (259‟739 (259‟739 mk/cn) Dembne, 49 yebrs1 5.2‟;.7 mm`n/n (2<5‟7;5 mk/cn) Mbne, ?9 yebrs1 ?.<‟ 5.; mm`n/n (259‟77 (259‟77 9 mk/cn) Mbne, 49 yebrs1 3.5 ‟4 .7 mm`n/n (2;5‟73 (2;5‟73 mk/cn)
S_J
G n ` `c
Sjyr`lc duho tl`h
9. 7;‟ 5 ξ U/mn
Dree S3
G n``c
S jyr`lc duh otl`h
9.< ‟2. : mk/cn
D``c sehsltlvlty test (LkK)
G n``c
Oj r`hlo eo ze mb , `geslt y, mlkrblhes, ojlnc jyperbotlvlty, dbtlkue, bkkresslvehess, lrrltbgne o`n`h, ojr`hlo rjlhltls, mlkrblhes
Boo`rclhk t` Bhbnytlfb pbrbmeters `r `tjers
Urlo bolc
D NULC
Cbtb `gtblhec dr`m Ojrlstlhe _oj`ttc`rd-Slmm bhc T. Mblen, Bhbnes Mblen, Bhbnes mìclobnes.
2?; 2? ;
2?:
NBGBW BS@W S@W\ \ SE_S_ SJBS LHD@WM LWLC@N@K\
JEMBS@KEHLO O@H_SLSUSL@H YBW BMES E W
D N U LC
WE B_@H D @W B __E __ME HS
W ED E WE HOE TBNU E
Jycr`xylhc`neboetlo bolc
Urlhe
_usplol`h `d lhte stlhbn clse bse
59 ξm`n/cby (29 mk /c by)
Glne bolcs
Ynbsmb, lhtestlhbn dnulc, deoes
Jep btlo pbtj`n`k y
Ynbsmb1 > 4 ξ m`n/n Lhtestlhbn dnulc1 > 4 ξm`n/n Deoes1 329‟2,799 ξm`n/cby
Glnlruglh/ur`glnlh`keh
Ynbsmb, urlhe
Abuhcloe , jepbtlo cls`rcer
Ynbsmb t`tbn glnlruglh1 Gbgy, 7‟5 cbys `nc, 2;9 ξm`n/n (29 mk/cn) Ojlnc bhc bcunt1 2; ξm`n (2.9 mk/cn) Ynbsmb o`haukbtec glnlruglh1 ? ξm`n (9.7 mk/cn) Urlhe1 hekbtlve glnlruglh bhc ur`glnlh`keh
KKS (kbmmb-knutbmyn trbhsderbse)
Y n b sm b
Glne cuo t bnte rbtl`h s
G bgy > 29 9 U /n Bcunt dembne > 2: U/n Bcunt mbne > 7: U/n
K@S (knutbmbte `xbn`boetbte trbhsbmlhbse)
Y n b sm b
Jep btlo clsebse , oenn nesl`h
Dembne1 25 U/n Mbne1 2; U/n
KYS (knutbmbte pyruvbte trbhsbmlhbse)
Y n b sm b
Jep btlo bnte rbtl`h
D embne > 2< U/n Mbne > 7? U/n
LkE (Llmmuh`kn`gunlh E)
Y n b sm b
Bnnerk y, plhw`rms
H `r mbn r bhke , v bnues v br y boo`rclh k t` testlhk metj`c
Sjyr`tr`pes
Y n b sm b
Sjyr`lc pbtj `n`k y
H ewg `rh1 79 mU/n Gbsbn1 9.2‟?.5 mU/n
Srlknyoerlces
Y n b sm b
Nlplc met bg `nlsm
> 7 .7 : mm`n/n (7 9 9 mk/cn) Ojlnc1 9.??‟2.;9 mm`n/n (7<‟259 mk/cn)
D``c sehsltlvlty test (LkK)
G n `` c
Ojr`hlo eo zemb , `g eslt y, mlkrblhes, ojlnc jyperbotlvlty, dbtlkue, bkkresslvehess, lrrltbgne o`n`h, ojr`hlo rjlhltls, mlkrblhes
Boo`rclhk t` Bhbnytlfb pbrbmeters `r `tjers
Cbtb `gtblhec dr`m Ojrlstlhe _oj`ttc`rd-Slmm bhc T. Mblen, Bhbnes Mblen, Bhbnes mìclobnes. mìclobnes.
Jembt`kehlo o`hstltutl`h
Mlxec o`hstltutl`h
NBGBW BS@W S@W\ \ SE_S_ SJBS LHD@WM LWL C@N@K\
2?<
MLZEC O@H_SLSUSL@H YBW BME S EW
D N U LC
W E B_@ H D@ W B__E __ME HS
W E DE WE HOE TBN UE
Wec gn``c oenns
G n `` c
Tbrlec cls`rcers
D embne1 3.2‟ 5.3 mlnnl`h /ξn Mbne1 3.5‟4.9 mlnnl`h/ξn
Srlknyoerlces
Y n b sm b
Nlplc met bg`nlsm
> 7 . 7: mm`n/n (7 9 9 mk /cn) Ojlnc1 9.??‟2.;9 mm`n/n (7<‟259 mk/cn)
Dree S? bhc S3
Y n b sm b
S jy r`lc duh o tl`h
Dree S?1 ?.: 3 ‟<.7 pm`n (7 . 5 ‟ 4 .9 pk /mn) Dree S31 29.3‟74 29.3‟74 pm`n/n (9.: ‟7 mk/cn)
Jembt`orlt
Gn` Gn ``c
Bhem Bh emlb lb//p` p`ny nykkn` n`gu gunnlb
Ojlnc1 Ojln c1 h` h`rm rmbbn rb rbhk hke e boo oo` `rcl clhk hk t` bk bke e Bcunt dembne1 9.?;‟9.3; (?;‟3;%) Bcunt mbne1 9.39‟9.53 (39‟53%)
Jem`kn`glh
Gn``c, urlhe
Y`ny Y` nykn kn`g `gun unlb lb/j /jem em`n `nys ysls ls
Ojlnc1 Ojln c1 h` h`rm rmbn bn rb rbhk hke e boo boo`r `rcl clhk hk t` bk bke e Bcunt dembne1 27‟24 k/cn Bcunt mbne1 23‟2: k/cn
S`tbn oj`nester`n
G n `` c
Nlplc met bg`nlsm
Ojlnc1 7 .< ‟ 5. : mm`n/n (227 ‟7 75 mk /cn) Dembne, ?9 yebrs `nc1 ?.<‟ 4.7 mm`n/n (259‟739 (259‟739 mk/cn) Dembne, 49 yebrs `nc1 5.2‟5.; mm`n/n (2 (2<5‟7;5 <5‟7;5 mk/cn) Mbne, ?9 yebrs `nc1 ?.<‟ 5.; mm`n/n (259‟7 (259‟7 79 mk/cn) Mbne, 49 yebrs `nc1 3.5 ‟4. 7 mm`n/n (2;5‟739 (2;5‟739 mk/cn)
JCN bhc NCN oj`nester`n
Y n b sm b
W lsf `d br te rl`so ner`sls
J CN 1 boo`rclhk t` bke , 8 2. 5 ξm`n/n (55 mk/cn) NCN1 boo`rclhk t` bke, > 3.92 ξm`n/n (25< mk/cn)
Lr`h bhc derrltlh
Y n b sm b
N bo f `r `vern`bc
D embne1 22‟7; mmn/n (4 9 ‟259 mk /cn) Mbne1 2?‟?2 ξm`n/n (;9‟2:9 ξk/cn)
Knyoemlb/knuo`se lh tje gn``c
Ynbsmb, gn``c, obplnnbry gn``c, urlhe
K nu nu o` o`se me met bg bg`nlsm
_e ru rum1 ?. ?. :< :< ‟5 ‟5. 55 55 mm mm`n/n (; (;9 ‟2 ‟29 9 mk mk /c /cn) Urlhe1 > 2.2 mm`n/n (79mk/cn) Knyoemlo lhcex1 dbstlhk, > 4.; mm`n/n (279 mk/cn) mk/cn) 7 j`urs nbter, > ;.: mm`n/n (239 mk/cn)
Mbkheslum
Y n b sm b
Or bmp s, jebr t rjy tjm bnterbtl`h
9.;‟2.9 mm`n/n
Ynbtenets (tjr`mg`oytes)
G n `` c
_ mbnn jem`rrj bke `r tjr`mg`sls
259,999‟399,999/mn
MOT, MOJ, MOJO
Gn` Gn ``c
Bhemlb dr`m cldd dde ereht `rlklhs
MOJ1 MO J1 ?7‟ 7‟?4 ?4 k/ k/cn cn66 MO MOT T1 :< :<‟< ‟<7 7 dn dn66 MOJ MOJO1 O1 7: 7:‟? ‟?7 7 pk pk
Orebtlhlhe/orebtlhlhe onebrbhoe
Ynbsmb, gn``c, urlhe
Wehbn Weh bn nesl nesl`h, `h, rehb rehbnn cls`rc cls`rcer er
Orebtlhlh Orebtl hlhe e lh pnbs pnbsmb1 mb1 dembne, :9 ξm`n/n (9.<9 mk/cn) mbne1 295 ξm`n/n (2.7 mk/cn) Orebtlhlhe lh 73-j`ur u rlhe1 2: ξm`n/cby (7.9 k/cby) Orebtlhlhe onebrbhoe1 ;5 ‟249 mn/mlh
Ureb
Ynbsmb, urlhe
Wehbn cls`rcer, jepbtlo cls`rcer, trbumb
Ynbsmb1 :.? mm`n/n (59 mk/cn) 73-j`ur urlhe1 79‟?5 k/cby
Y_B
G n `` c
Y r`st bte -speold lo bhtlke h nevens
49 yebrs `nc1 9‟3 hk/mn 49‟4< yebrs `nc1 9‟3.5 hk/mn ;9‟;< yebrs `nc 9‟4.5 hk/mn
Nbot`se lht`nerbhoe test
Grebtj, gn``c
Sympbhlsm, bgc`mlhbn pblh, clbrrjeb, hbuseb, detlc st``ns, welkjt n`ss
Lhorebsec J, n`w knuo`se neven
Cbtb `gtblhec dr`m Ojrlstlhe _oj`ttc`rd-Slmm bhc T. Mblen, Bhbnes Mblen, Bhbnes mìclobnes.
Glgnl`krbpjy Bhcrews, A`jh. Lmmuh`n`ky & Lrlc`n`ky Lr lc`n`ky . O`r`hb, 799?. Gbr`h, Bgrbjbm N`uls. Mbh Bkblhst Kerms. Hew \`rf1 E. Y. Cutt`h, 2<5;. Gr`y, A`bojlm. Wepert` Wepert`rlum rlum cer lrlsclbkh`se lrlsclbk h`se. 2<:?. Ceof, A`sed Ceof, A`sed . Cldderehzleruhk cer lrlszelojeh. 2<:9. –––. Kruhcnbkeh cer lrlsclbkh`stlf. Fbrnsruje, Kermbhy1 _engstvernbk ces Terd, 2<45. Jbjhembhh, _bmuen. Sje Ojr`hlo Clsebses, trbhs. O. A. Jempen. Bhh Brg`r, B rg`r, Mloj.1 Bcvbhoe Yugnlsjlhk O`mpbhy, 2::<. @rlklhbnny pugnlsjec lh d`ur v`numes, 2:7:‟2:?9. Jeuglsoj, O. G. Ouícbte, Oubcerh` 5, ?er trlmestre. Gbroen`hb1 Eclol`hs JL, 2<<4. J`dd, Derclhbhc. Bspeot`s m`cerh`s ce nb meclolhb oníhlob. Gbroen`hb1 Eclt`rlbn Olehtídlob-Mìclob, 2<5 2<5?. ?. Nlhcnbjr, Jehry. Lrlclbkh`sls bhc @tjer Clbkh`stlo Metj`cs . 2<77. _ojmlct, J. [. Nejrguoj cer hbturjelnfuhce . 799;. _elkhbnet, Aebh. N N“bnlmehtbtl`h “bnlmehtbtl`h `u nb tr`lslême mìclolhe. M`hbo`1 Ecltl`hs cu W`ojer, 7927. _plhettl-Gertl, M. Mbhubn ce gl`químlob. Gbroen`hb1 Eclt`rlbn Olehtídlob-Mìclob, 2<43. Tlcburrbzbkb, Tlcburrbzbk b, A. Bhken. B hken. Duhcbmeht`s olehtídlo`s cen hbturlsm`. 2<7<.
239
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LHCEZ
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LHCEZ
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233 233
LHCEZ
Lhcex pbke 3
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Lhcex pbke 5
235
G@@F_ @D WENBSEC LHSEWE_S
Uho`rreotec Ybke Yr``ds • H`t d`r Wesbne
Sje D`uhcbtl`hs `d Lrlc`n`ky Sje Eyes bs tje Fey t` \`ur Kehetlo Jebntj Yr`dlne KU_SBU YBU B o`mpnete kulce t` ceo`clhk tje lrls t` revebn jebntj preclsp`sltl`hs d`r prevehtl`h bhc ebrny trebtmeht • Cetblns tje duhcbmehtbn rednex slkhs `d lrlc`n`ky bhc j`w t` lcehtldy o`hstltutl`hbn strehktjs bhc webfhesses lh tje str`mb, plkmehts, bhc obplnnbrles `d tje eyes bs wenn bs rebc eherky pbtterhs lh pupln t`he • Expn`res tje jlst`ry bhc ceven`pmeht `d lrlc`n`ky dr`m tje 2:tj oehtury t` t`cby • Lhonuces bhbnysls `d rebn obse stucles wltj dunn-o`n`r pj`t`s bhc lnnustrbtl`hs
Sje lrls `d y`ur eye ls b pers`hbn bhc uhlque lcehtldler tjbt expresses muoj m`re bg`ut us tjbh we obh lmbklhe. Sjr`ukj cetblnec `gservbtl`h `d tje lrlses“ str`mb, plkmehts, bhc obplnnbrles, y`u obh cetermlhe b pers`h“ pers`h“ss o`hstltutl`hbn strehktjs bhc webfhesses bhc kblh lhslkjt lht` tjelr kehetlo preclsp`sltl`h t` oertblh lnnhesses bs wenn bs prevehtlve bhc trebtmeht `ptl`hs tjbt w`unc ge m`st eddeotlve. Gy rebclhk tje lrls, prbotltl`hers `d hbturbn meclolhe obh lhterpret tje slkhs tjbt revebn b onleht“s nldestyne oj`loes bhc use tjls fh`wnecke t` mbfe ehnlkjtehec ceolsl`hs rekbrclhk tje onleht“s onleht“s jebntj pnbh bhc j`w t` jenp tjem rebnlze tjelr dunn p`tehtlbn. Lh tjls dunn-o`n`r kulce, Kustbu Ybu, bh lrlc`n`klst wltj m`re tjbh ?5 yebrs `d experlehoe, cetblns tje ojr`mbtlo sobne bhc slkhs expressec lh tje eyes bhc j`w t` use tjem t` lcehtldy `rkbhs bhc tjelr duhotl`h bs wenn bs susoeptlglnlty t` speoldlo blnmehts. Je expn`res tje jlst`ry bhc ceven`pmeht `d lrlc`n`ky dr`m Jlncekbrc v`h Glhkeh“s w`rf `h jebnlhk t` 2:tj-oehtury Eur`pebh solehtlsts, lhonuclhk Lkhbz v`h Yeozeny, tje dbtjer `d m`cerh lrlc`n`ky. Je revebns reoeht lrlc`n`ky ceven`pmehts `h lcehtldylhk kehetlobnny lhjerltec pjyslobn trblts, expnblhlhk j`w lhclvlcubns obh use tjls lhslkjt t` mbfe hutrltl`hbn bhc nldestyne oj`loes tjbt wlnn `ddset lhjerltec webfhesses bhc g`nster strehktjs. D`ouslhk `h tje clkestlve system, system, je sj`ws j`w tje puplnnbry z`he obh revebn clkestlve duhotl`h bhc cem`hstrbtes j`w clet ls resp`hslgne d`r obuslhk mbhy clsebses. Sje butj`r bns` expn`res mlbsmbs lh tje eyes, lhonuces metj`cs d`r rebclhk eherky pbtterhs lh pupln t`he, bhc `dders tje solehtldlo expnbhbtl`h d`r tje `nc o`htehtl`h tjbt tje „eyes bre tje wlhc`ws `d tje s`un.” Lnnustrbtlhk tje duhcbmehtbn slkhs tjbt lrlc`n`klsts use d`r rederehoe, Ybu pr`vlces sbmpne lrlc`krbpjles bhc rebn obse stucles wltj pj`t`s bhc clbkrbms. Expnblhlhk j`w solehtldlo resebroj `h tje eye jbs h`t yet obukjt up wltj tje lhh`vbtl`hs `d lrlc`n`ky, je sj`ws j`w tje eyes revebn g`tj `ur lhterhbn stbte bhc duture jebntj bhc jbve b muoj gr`bcer r`ne lh tje g`cy tjbt we bre `hny h`w aust clso`verlhk. Kustbu Ybu ls b hbturbn tjerbplst bhc jbs geeh bh lrlc`n`klst d`r m`re tjbh ?5 yebrs. _lhoe 2<:5, 2<:5, je jbs geeh Clreot`r bhc Ojled `d _tucles bt tje Jelnprbftlfer Lhstltut lh Gbroen`hb, _pblh, wjere je tebojes Lrlc`n`ky, Gboj Dn`wers, @nlk`tjerbpy, _ojussner _bnts, bhc `tjer hbturbn tjerbples. Je nlves lh _pblh. Jebnlhk Brts Yress • L_GH <;:-2-47955-;;:-5 • $39.99 (OBH $59.99) Bns` bvblnbgne bs bh eg``f 249 pbkes, pbkes , :½ : ½ x 22 • Dunn-o`n`r tjr`ukj`ut tjr`ukj`ut Wlkjts1 [`rnc Ehknlsj • Jebntj/Jebnlhk
Abhubry 792<
Jbrco`ver