A Project Report On Film Analysis In Partial fulfillment for the requirement of Organizational Behavior course in the two year full time Masters of Business Administration to Gujarat Technical University Submitted By: Bhadresh Dangar (NR11037) Saloni Lohia (NR11067) Kiran Patel (NR11108) Ami Sanghavi (NR11128) Karishma Sharma (NR11146) Submitted To: Prof. Juhi Shah Submitted On: 15th November, 2011
NR Institute of Business Management
Ahmedabad
PREFACE This is a Film Analysis Project undertaken by us (students of NR Institute of Business Management) under the guidance of Prof. Juhi Shah. The selected movie is AVATAR (2009) a Hollywood movie which deals with varied current and socially burning topics. It discusses hypothetical consequences of increasing demand of energy sources and its depletion, advancement in military weaponry, social issues like Liberty, Exploitation, Cultural Differences and Team Dynamics. Various Theories of Organizational Behavior have been observed from various Contextual Angles and discussed in detail in further analysis.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT On the behalf of all the group members this is to acknowledge the support and the guidance of Prof. Juhi Shah (Professor, NRIBM- Ahmedabad) We are grateful to her for providing us the opportunity to undertake this project on Film Analysis (Avatar-2009). Her subject expertise has guided us adequately, without which this project would have not been completed. We have learned various concepts of Organizational Behavior practically, which make us understand those concepts more clearly.
INDEX 3
Sr. No.
Topic
Pg No.
1
Movie Details
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2
Introduction
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3
Critical Analysis And Learning
8
4
3.1 Organization and Organization Behavior
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3.2 Perception and Attributes
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3.3 Values and Attitudes
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3.4 Learning and Personality
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3.5 Motivation
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3.6 Individual Decision Making
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3.7 Foundation Of Group Behavior
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3.8 Leadership
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3.9 Conflicts & Negotiation
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3.10 Organization Culture
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Conclusion
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Movie Details 4
Year of Release: 2009 Director: James Cameron Producers: James Cameron Jon Landau Actors: Sam Worthington as Jake Sully Zoe Saldana as Neytiri Stephan Lang as Colonel Miles Quaritch Michelle Rodriguez as Captain Trudy Chacon Sigourney Weaver as Dr. Grace Augustine Joel David Moore as Dr. Norm Spellman Giovanni Ribisi as Parker Selfridge
introduction 5
“AVATAR” “A Reluctant Hero. An Epic Journey”. The movie starts with Jake Sully who is a combat marine and has been injured in battle. Which renders him a wheelchair bound paraplegic. Jake’s twin brother was killed in an experimental accident and bound by the terms of the contract signed by his brother, Jake has to take his place in a project on Pandora (distant planet). Earthlings need a rare mineral found there in order to solve the humans’ energy crisis. Pandora is a hostile environment for humans. The air is toxic, and the wilderness is filled with prehistoric-like savage beasts. Scientists have taken the DNA from the indigenous Pandorans; humanoids called the Na’vi, and combined it with human DNA to create Avatars. These avatars can then be controlled by the humans in the quest for the rare mineral. Jake is induced by the evil Colonel Miles Quaritch to infiltrate the Na’vi in exchange for an operation on his legs. Jake agrees, but he soon finds himself indebted to a beautiful member of the Na’vi tribe, Nevytri, who saves his life. Also Jake falls in love with Nevytri and is indoctrinated into the tribe, his outlook changes. Jake is not only transformed from an Earthling to a Na’vi Avatar but also undergoes a Socio-Physiological transformation He wants to remain in his avatar persona and protect the people from the annihilation the Colonel Miles Quaritch has planned. The climax of the plot is the traditional epic battle of good versus evil, where the Na’vi fights against almost insurmountable odds in an effort to protect their homeland and their culture. The movie has rich characters on both the sides of i.e., Earthians (militia) and the Pandora’s Population. The likes of the money-minded project entrepreneur Parker Selfridge, purposeful and determined Colonel Miles Quaritch, and the zoological scientist-cum-botanist Grace. Jake’s colleagues- Captain Trudy Chacon with her never-say-die spirit and others who support him through thick and thin have essayed wonderful roles. The Na’vi’s culture, their high respect and awe of their deity (the tree Goddess-Mother Eva), its wild flora and fauna populace all
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have a mystically yet a surrealistic beautiful persona of their own. The Princess of Na’vi, the beautiful and brave Neytiri all lend a wonderful charm to the movie. The movie gives out a strong social message to save the planet and the humanity and delivers a brilliant appeal for peace and mutual sustainability.
Critical Analysis and Learning Various learning of Organizational Behavior are seen in the movie are describe as below.
Organization and Organization Behavior 7
Organization: Organization are made with different people come together for achieving the same goals. Here in Avatar in very beginning we see different people are gathering together for achieving the same goal i.e., for obtaining the mineral from the other planet.
Features of Organization and Organizational Behavior: The movie also impacts on various features of organization and Organizational Behavior that are as follows:
Organization is not Open for Everybody:
This means that the one who wants to be the part of an organization must be capable of fulfilling the organization’s goal. Here in the movie too, the one must have to be scientist and have at least some year of experience in the same.
Organizational Relationships are Interdependent: The people of high authority and status also need to be dependent on subordinates because of work pressure. The same is seen here as Colonel Miles Quaritch & Parker Selfridge are dependent on Jake for the achievement of their mission
Importance of Groups: A group work is generally understood as a collectivity of people who have individuals as common work goal and who depend on each other for achieving those goals, the same is seen in Avatar Colonel Miles Quaritch & Parker Selfridge were the main while few others like Jake Sully, Captain Trudy Chacon, Dr. Grace Augustine, Dr. Norm Spellman are dependent on each other for achieving the same goal.
Behaviorism: A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
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Jake Sully follows the Behaviorism pattern of action when he is stimulated by the change in circumstances which shockingly motivatates him to lead the Na’vi people in their fight against injustice.
Boundary less Organization: Boundary less Organization is an organization that seeks to eliminate the chain of command, have limitless spans of controls, and replace departments with empowered teams. During the Battle between the Earthians and the Na’vi it can be observed that the Na’vi had a successful boundary less organization with all leaders at equal rankings leading empowered teams of their specialization whether be the Na’vi Prince leading the horse-riders, Neytiri and Jake leading the winged–dragon teams etc., co-ordinating and complementing each other excellently
Perceptions and Attributes Perception & Attributes: Perception and Attribution is how we interpret and judge others. Perception consists of various natures of perception such as a lens providing our world view, socially co-created, culturally influenced and self fulfilling. Among all these some points are seen in Avatar while people judge Jake, as he was a marine, people over there were having perception about him that he won’t be able to help them for achieving their mission.
Errors in Making Perception: While judging any individual only on the basis of perception it consists of some Perceptual Errors such as
Halo Effect: 9
When one judge an individual on the basis of one single positive characteristic and assume all the characteristics be the same, the same is seen in Avatar as people selects Jake because of only one characteristic that his DNA is as same as his brother.
Stereotyping: The one judges an individual on the basis of the one class or group to whom he belongs, which is seen in the movie too as Jake was brother of one of their most effective individual Tom so they judged that, as Jake belongs to Tom’s family he would also be as effective as Tom.
Projection: Projection is perceiver’s tendency to assume that others also think and feel the same way as the perceiver does in the given situation, the same is seen in the movie at the time of climax, when there is difference in thoughts of Colonel Miles Quaritch & Parker Selfridge and Jake, which ultimately lead to not achieving their mission.
Selective Perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, backgrounds, experiences and attitudes. It is seen in beginning as Jake was belonging to marine and not related to science background, he was not accepted by everybody there.
Pygmalion Effect: The higher or lower performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities it can be positive or negative. It is seen in Avatar as Jake performs very well for achieving the mission of organization it reflects the attitude of organization towards him.
Attribution theory: Attribution theory says that it is an attempt to determine whether an individual’s behavior is internally or externally caused.
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The Colonel Miles Quaritch was confused about Jake’s behavior as depicted in the scene in which he confronts Jake as to why he has become so irregular in reporting to him and mistakenly attributes his decision to be more and more with the Na’vi people as to be externally caused
Values & Attitudes Values: Values are the basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence. In the movie too it is seen when Jake Sully & Neytiri have a very strong value based personality and they firmly believe that their existence and survival would depend upon, how well they nurture their environment
Types of Values: The values are divided into two parts which are described as follows Terminal
Values:
Terminal values are the desirable end states of existence, the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime. The same is seen in Jake Sully and his followers about the world of beauty, freedom, national security and Self respect Instrumental
Values:
The instrumental values are preferable modes of behavior or means, of achieving ones terminal values. Various aspects of Instrumental values like Courageous, imaginative, responsible, self control, obedient, intellectual was seen in the movie.
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures: Some of the aspects of this theory were seen in the movie are as described below.
Long-Term Orientation and Short-Term Orientation:
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Long term Orientation is a culture where it attributes and emphasizes about the future, thrift, and persistence, while Short Term Orientation is a culture where it attributes and emphasizes that the past and present, respect for tradition, and also fulfilling social obligation. The Na’vi people are persistent to ensure that they want to sustain and preserve their future generations and protect their nature and mother Eva which describes a long term Orientation while when torukmatco comes and calls for war all the people are ready to sacrifice their lives and follow him because it’s their tradition and social obligation which shows Short term Orientation
Individualism and Collectivism: The degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of group is individualism, while the degree to which each group members enacts as a part of group rather than being an individual it is known as collectivism. Jake Sully prefers to act against the instructions of his seniors and does what is correct according to him is individualism while when the entire Na’vi population of Pandora have a tight social frame work and they try to protect their gods, ancestors, and mother nature its Collectivism.
Attitudes Attitude reflects an individual’s persistent tendency to think, feel and behave towards an object in a particular way involving favor or disfavor.
Components of Attitudes: There are three components of attitude they are as follows
Cognitive: Cognitive is the opinion or believe segment of an attitude.
Affective:
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Affectiveness is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. Behavioral:
Behavioral refers to an intention to behave in a certain way towards someone or something. Various different attitudes are seen in the movie of various characters, two of the main characters are described as under. Jake Sully: His cognition says that his original job is unethical in the sense that it trespasses upon people and their habitats which suggests that if given a chance he has to set things right and the divine signal that he gets by the showering of divine flowers and the healing of his wounds motivates him to act upon it and causes the behavioral components to come into being Colonel Miles Quaritch The cognitive aspect of Colonel Miles Quaritch towards his work is that, “Crush it, Kill it, but Any How take it” The effective aspect is that he doesn’t like being opposed and his plans getting hindered upon facing opposition from Na’vi people under Jake’s leadership, he immediately undertakes a disastrous and a full fledge weaponry attack.
Normative Commitment: Normative commitment is an obligation to remain with the organization for moral or ethical reasons. Though Jake is forbidden from the Na’vi organization by Neytiri he still remains loyal to them because he believes in their ideologies.
Learning and Personality Learning:
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Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience is called Learning. Entire transformation from a human being to a Na’vi is the major learning is in movie
Theories of Learning: There are various theories of learning and is also noticed in the movie, the theories are as follows
Classical Conditioning: Classical conditioning is a type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. It is seen when for the first time when Jake Sully is told the myth of torukmatco he doesn’t give importance to it but when he has to prove himself as the leader he starts believing and enacts the myths. Operant
Conditioning:
Operant Conditioning is a type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. The Colonel Miles Quaritch uses operant conditioning by telling Jake Sully that if he is the major contributor in the success of the mission he will be rewarded by aiding him to removing his physical disability Social
Learning:
Social Learning shows that people can learn through observation and direct experience. Jake Sully is trained how to move in the forest, the ways of Na’vi and many other things by Neytiri, which shows social learning.
Personality: In general personality is a wide range of individual attributes that distinguish people from one another; it is the enduring and consistent characteristics leading to predictable patterns of behavior in similar ways across situations and settings. Various personalities are observed in the movie at every stage that’s from the very beginning till the climax and ending.
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Approach 14
Sigmund Freud has made tremendous impact in Psychology. He distributed the psychological approach into three parts
Id: Id is an important part of our personality because it allows us to get our basic needs met when we are newborns; it represents the untamed, primal forces and desires. The identities of Na’vi’s are totally different from human being because they don’t have their desires exceeding their wants and necessities.
Super Ego: Super ego is our moral part that develops with the influence of and sanctions by role models and other significant persons, it represents “authority within” that tells us “does this” or “don’t do this”And generally gives judgment calls on what is ‘right or wrong.’ Jake Sully, the main leader of Pandora and Colonel Miles Quaritch, they all are motivated by super ego.
Ego: Ego is based on the reality principal, emerges in attempt to balance these often conflicting elements so that the demands of the both are satisfied. Dr. Grace Augustine is example of ego because she balances her thirst for knowledge and also compromises with the unethical practices of her organization.
Personality Determinants: Personality determinant shows that how an individual behaves differently at different situation. The same is seen in Avatar that personality of each character is determined completely by the situation, different situation motivates people to act differently.
Personality Traits:
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There are various personality traits in Organizational Behavior like Core-Self Evaluation, Locus of Control, Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Self-Esteem, Self-Monitoring, Risk Taking, Type A and Type B personality, Proactive Personality and High Flyers. Some of the Personality traits are seen in the movie such as, Jake Sully was initially motivated by high negative affectivity but through his Personality, Determination, Internal Locus of Control, Self-Monitoring and High Risk taking i.e., Type A personality and High Flyer converts it into High Positive Affectivity.
Motivation Motivation: Motivation is a set of energetic forces both within and beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work related behavior, and to determine it’s from, direction, intensity and duration. The main part noted after climax is the motivation, as it may happen that the end without motivation would b completely different and the victory of Na’vis won’t be seen.
Features of Motivated Behavior: There are various features of Motivated Behavior such as Arousal and Goal Directedness, Patterns of Motivated Behavior & Choice of Goals, Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation, Persistence and also Individual, Group and Organizational Level of Analysis. From all the above mentioned features some of the features are also seen in Avatar such as Goal Directedness and Arousal, Patterns of Motivated Behavior & Choice of Goals, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation and Persistence.
Theories of Motivation: Some of the motivation theories are seen in the movie from the very beginning till the end. The theories which are implemented in Avatar are as follow:
Equity theory: 16
Equity theory explains that a self comparison done by an employee serves an effective motivational tool. It describes about various comparisons done by an employee that can within the organization or outside the organization. Different comparisons are as follows. Self Inside Comparison: in the climax of the movie Jake is shown shooting a video logs where he speaks about his comparison between the life which he lead before the Earthians have left and after it. Self-Outside Comparison: The disturbing comparisons made by Jake as a helpless paraplegic outside the capsule as a part of Militia and a self motivated person as a Na’vi within the capsule. Other-inside: The self assessment done by Jake by comparing himself to the Prince of Na’vi during the dragon selection process. Other-Outside: The traitor Jake’s comparison done by Colonel to the rest of the militia
ERG Theory: This theory was developed in 1969 by a psychologist Clayton Alderfer. It is also considered as an extension of Maslow’s Theory. Clayton had given three core groups of needs they are
Existence Need: Existence need provides our basic material existence requirements. They include Maslow’s physiological and safety needs.
Relatedness Need: Relatedness needs are the desire we have to for maintaining important interpersonal relationships, these social and status desires require interaction with others. They include Maslow’s social need and external component.
Growth Need: 17
Growth needs are the intrinsic desire for the Personal Development. They include Maslow’s Esteem category needs and Self-Actualization. All these aspects are seen in the movie very frequently.
For Eg: The Na’vi people (Neytiri, and the leader of Pandora) are participating in the fighting motivated by their Existence Need. Jake is motivated by the Relatedness and the Growth principle of motivation because he first relate and sympathizes with Na’vi people and then he takes the final decision of permanently staying back at Pandora, motivated by Self Actualization.
Theory X and Theory Y: This theory was developed by Douglas McGregor in 1960. This theory remains central to organizational development and to improving the organizational culture. This theory is also a very useful and simple reminder of the natural rules of managing people, which under the pressure of day to day business are all too easily forgotten. Theory X is related towards the negativity and assumes that lower level needs dominate individuals. It also assumes that the workers have very little ambition, they dislike their work and also that they are avoiding their responsibilities towards their work Theory Y is related towards the positivity and assumes that higher level needs dominate individuals. It also assumes that the workers are more self directed, they enjoy their work and also that they accepts the responsibilities towards their work. Colonel Miles Quaritch is motivated by Theory X and believes that an iron-hand rule is better, and Jake Sully is motivated by Theory Y and believes that Na’vi are Self Directed.
Goal Setting Theory:
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Edwin Locke has developed this theory in late 1960’s with the intention “to work towards the goals” as the major source of work motivation. The goals of an individual tell an employee what to be done and how much efforts are required to meet that goal’s. This theory describes that Specific goals will increase the performance while when the difficult goals are accepted they results in higher performance than easy goals performance. And also says that when feedback is given it will lead to higher performance. This is seen in movie as when Jake Sully was having the goal of only removing his physical disability (specific goal) his performance was lower but later when he was concerned about Pandora and protecting the Na’vi (difficult goal) his performance was much much higher than before.
Expectancy Theory: Victor Vroom has developed this theory in 1964 and this theory is also known as “ValenceInstrumentality Expectancy-Theory”. Expectancy theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to an individual. It means that an employee will be motivated to exert a high level of efforts when he believes: “His effort will lead to a good performance appraisal, which will lead to organizational rewards and that rewards will satisfy his personal goals.” This theory is seen on various characters of the movie few of them are as follows Jake Sully: His efforts were that he tries to coordinate and lead the Na’vi people, that leads to drive the Earthians away from Pandora and in returns he was able to free Pandora from cruelty and exploitation of Earthians, which shows that his personal goals were satisfied. Nevytri
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Her efforts were that she tries to be brave and help her planet by doing her best, by it she was able to help Jake Sully till the end and in return she was able to free Pandora from cruelty and exploitation of Earthians, which lead to met her personal goals i.e., outsiders were driven out and peace is resorted in her planet again. Colonel Miles Quaritch: His personal efforts were to do everything in his power to extract the mineral and he doesn’t give up till his last for getting it, though he was not successful but his efforts matches the goals, his main goal was to do his best and that’s what he was able to do.
Management by Objectives (MBO): Management by Objectives is a program that encompasses specific goals, a participative set, for an explicit time period with feedback on goal progress. Its being noted in the movie that Jake Sully after the critical stage when he comes to know that a battle is impending, was having the duty to protect the Na’vi from the destructive schemes created by Colonel Miles Quaritch, but the resources for a battle against advnce military weaponry and what Na’vi were having and what the earthians were having has a vast difference, but still Jake Sully manages the resources and motivates the Na’vi to fight for achieving the same as he employs the MBO principle.
Individual Decision Making Three Component Model of Creativity The proposition that individual creativity requires expertise,,creative thinking skills and intrinsic task motivation. When Jake is faced with a problem of saving Grace’s Life he utilizes his interpersonal communicative expertise to convince the hostile Na’vis to save her life; Usind a creative way out of saving his mortally injured friend by taking her to the spirituallyadvanced Na’vis instead of giving the conventional treatment and is motivatied by intrinsic values of trying to save his friend’s life. 20
Foundation Of Group Behavior Brainstorming: Brainstorming is an idea generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of these alternatives. This process is observed in the scene when Na’vi’s, Jake and others realize that now a massive scale confrontation with the Earthians can happen anytime and Jake, Captain Trudy Chacon, Dr. Norm Spellman, and Neytiri discuss their options
Deviant workplace behavior: Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the wellbeing of the organization or its member, workplace misbehavior or workplace incivility. The Participation of Captain Trudy Chacon in the battle from the Na’vi’s side without the Colonel Miles Quaritch even having a hint of her intentions is a classic example of defiance and deviant workplace behavior.
Groupshift : Achange in decision risk between the group’s decision and the individual decision that members within the group make, either towards conservatism or greater risk. Nevytri when faced with a life threating situation in the battle is on the verge of impulsive confrontation and does not follow the norm of “retreat when life is threatened” of the group exemplifying groupshift.
Five stage group development model Here Jake (along with his trusty colleagues) and the Na’vis are assumed as members who represented as the members of the group 21
The five distinct stages that are seen in the movie are described below: Forming: Jake is first inducted to the Na’vi’s habits and lifestyle and the prince, the Priestess etc are accepting an avatar in their social framework. Storming: The Na’vis and jake face internal conflict and mistrust. Norming: when Jake appraoaches the priestess with a plea to save grace’s life when she is dying,subsequently they group undergoes norming Performing: both the parties unitedly stand together in the battle and contribute equally Adjorning: the group is adjorned with the accomplishment of the task(i.e driving out the Earthians) and Jake being formally accepted as an Na’vi.
Leadership Leadership The ability to influence a group towards the achievement of a vision or a set of goals. Jake exemplifies leadership qualities when he gives an inspirational speech to the assembled Na’vi gathering and motivates them to fight with a unity
Fiedler Contingency Model: The theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. This model can be appropriately used to describe the military style of interaction done by the colonel to his soldiers during his prep-training sessions and his completely centralized controlling leading to effective battle strategy which causes the opposition to suffer serious losses.
Charismatic Leadership Theory: A leadership theory that states that followers makes attribution of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. 22
When the Na’vi have lost all hope and all faith in Jake and are sitting completely despondent they are inspired by a heroic conquest of Torukmacto by Jake and motivates them to fight.
Identification-based trust & Leader-member relations Trust based mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of other’s wants and desires. Jake when passes the dragon test, does the toruk matco conquest and gets a divine signal by the showering of divine flowers, trust develops in the minds of Neytiri and the Na’vis.
Behavioral theories of leadership: Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non leaders. Though the Colonel Miles Quaritch is a negative character in the movie he is an efficient leader as he immediately understands when he meets Jake for the first time that Jake has no specific selfdesire to be a part of the project, he immediately proves his leadership by giving Jake an incentive to participate whole-heartedly by offering him a choice reward of curing him of his physical disability.
Conflict & Negotiation Conflict: A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affected something that the first party cares about benefits of cultural difference. Conflict is observed between the Na’vis and the avatars though they are having similar appearances have vastly different ideologies which is depicted in the scene when Neytiri gets angry on Jake’s Avatar when he kills the wild dogs.
Conflict process: A conflict process has five stages, they are as mentined below:
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Potential, Opposition or Incompatibility, Cognition and Personalization, Intentions & Behavior Potential, Opposition or Incompatibility (the Colonel Miles Quaritch and Jake are totally incompatible as they have conflicting ideologies) cognition and personalization (their conflict is identified when Jake spends more and more time and energy for the betterment of Na’vis and the Colonel Miles Quaritch confronts him) Intentions (Jake’s intentions become clear when the Colonel Miles Quaritch tells his militia that more and more Na’vi people are assembling and same is conveyed to Jake it is a competing intention with both the individuals unwilling to give up) Behavior (the decision and the declaration of battle by both the Colonel Miles Quaritch and Jake exemplifies conflict behavior), and out comes (the resultant actual battle that takes place and the driving out of the Earthians are the resultant outcomes)
Organizational Culture Encounter stage: The stage in which a new employee sees what the organization is really like and confronts the possibility that expectations and reality may diverge. When Jake is confronted with the technical department headed by Dr. Grace Augustine and undergoes the transformation from a human being to a tall healthy avatar he passes an “Encounter Stage” where his expectation and realities diverge because he being a paraplegic as a human had never imagined that upon becoming an Avatar he would be able to move his toes, stand on his feet, walk, run again and feel the grainy soil.
Conclusion: From the entire film analysis of the movie AVATAR, it can be concluded that the Organizational dimensions at Individual, Group and Organizational Level are present in almost every sphere of our life, hence the theories of Organizational Behavior are relevant and their study and practical 24
applications can yield many positive results and has the power to bring about a drastic change in way which people deal with each other and can make it a better place to live in.
THANK YOU.
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