fichas-maquinarias

Maquinaria Equipo y de Construcción

CIV-247

SS

BBBBBBBBBBBB

Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. $

Maquinaria y Equipo de Co nstrucción CIV-247

INGENIERIA, UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES. ESTE TRABAJO FUE REALIZADO EN LA MATERIA DE MAQUINARIA Y EQUIPO DE CONSTRUCCION ,DE LA FACULTAD DE

EL TRABAJO FUE ELABORADO BAJO LA CONDUCCION DEL Ing. José Lus

G!"#$ R#n%s&'


!"#. 2


INDICE (. )ISTORIA DE LA MAQUINARIA Y EQUIPO DE ( CONSTRUCCION ............................................................... ( *. CLASIFICACION DE LA ( MAQUINARIA...................................................................................................... + M-un P#s/..................................................................................................................... ( *.( ... + M-un S#"0#s/o ............................................................................................................ ( *.* ... 1 E-u0o L3no .................................................................................................................... ( *.2 ........... 1 V#'5&u6os P#s/os .................................................................................................................. ( *.4 ....... 1 V#'5&u6os S#"0#s/os .......................................................................................................... ( *.7 ....... 1 V#'5&u6os L3nos .................................................................................................................. ( *.+ ....... 1 V#'5&u6os s#g8n #6 nu"#o /# ( *.1 #9#s ................................................................................................ : S#g8n 6 ;u#n%# /# ( *.: En#g5 ............................................................................................................ < S#g8n #6 ss%#" /# ( *.< %s6&!n....................................................................................................... < S#g8n 6s o0#&on#s -u# * *.(= #6$n ............................................................................................... = )#"#n%s * *.(( "#no#s.................................................................................................................. = *.((.( Ss%#"s > M-un * Co"06#"#n% ................................................................................ ( *.((.* E-u0o /# T?9o /# 6os * O0#os........................................................................................ * 2. E@&3/os ...................................................................................................................... * .................... * D#n&!n................................................................................................................ * 2.( ...................... * O0#&on#s ........................................................................................................... * 2.* ....................... * Es-u#" ................................................................................................................ * 2.2 ....................... 2 A06&&on#s ........................................................................................................... * 2.4 ....................... 2 T0os ....................................................................................................................... * 2.7 ...................... 4 E@&3/o No"6 /# * 2.7.( Cu&'.............................................................................................. 4 E@&3/o o 06 &g/o &on * 2.7.* u#/s................................................................................ 7

E@&3/o /# * Mo/$s ....................................................................................................... 7 E@&3/os D# * 2.7.4 Roso ......................................................................................................... 7 E@&3/o /# %"?o * 2.7.7 No"6............................................................................................... 7 Gn #@&3/o /# * 2.7.+ "n#5 .................................................................................................. + P#-u#s M-uns * 2.7.1 E@&3/os........................................................................................... + Tns0o%#............................................................................................................... * 2.7.2

2.+ Mn%#n"#n%o ....................................................................................................... ...................... 1 * 2.1 ...................... 1 S#gu// In/us%6................................................................................................................. * 2.: ...... : Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. %


M#/o A"?#n%# ................................................................................................................ 2.< ........... Po3##/o#s > 2.(= M&s ................................................................................................................... R#%o#@&3/o............................................................................................................. 4. ...................... D#n&!n................................................................................................................ 4.( ...................... O0#&on#s ........................................................................................................... 4.* .......................

* : * : * < * < * <

Es-u#" ................................................................................................................ ....................... A06&&on#s ........................................................................................................... 4.4 ....................... T0os ....................................................................................................................... 4.7 ...................... R#%o#@&3/o 4.7.( M@%.......................................................................................................... R#%o ................................................................................................................. 4.7.* ........... Tns0o%#............................................................................................................... 4.+ ...................... Mn%#n"#n%o ....................................................................................................... 4.1 ...................... S#gu// In/us%6.................................................................................................................

* < 2 = 2 = 2 (

4.:

* 2 2 2 2

4.2

...... M#/o "?#n%#................................................................................................................. 4.< ........... Po3##/o#s > 4.(= M&s ................................................................................................................... Dgs > Dg6ns ...................................................................................................................... 7. ......... D#n&!n................................................................................................................ 7.( ...................... O0#&on#s ........................................................................................................... 7.* ....................... Es-u#" ................................................................................................................ 7.2 ....................... A06&&on#s ........................................................................................................... 7.4 ....................... T0os ....................................................................................................................... 7.7 ...................... Dgs )/u6&s ........................................................................................................ 7.7.( ......... Dgs M#&n&s ......................................................................................................... 7.7.* ......... Tns0o%#............................................................................................................... 7.+ ......................

2 ( 2 * 2 * 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 7 2 1 2 1 2 : 2 :

Mn%#n"#n%o ....................................................................................................... ...................... S#gu// In/us%6................................................................................................................. 7.: ...... M#/o "?#n%#................................................................................................................. 7.< ........... Po3##/o#s > 7.(= M&s ................................................................................................................... +. T&%o#s &on )o9 /#

2 :

E"0u9#............................................................................................................... D#n&!n................................................................................................................ ...................... O0#&on#s ........................................................................................................... +.* ....................... Es-u#" ................................................................................................................ +.2 ....................... A06&&on#s ........................................................................................................... +.4 .......................

< 2 < 4 = 4 = 4 =

7.1

+.(


!"#. 4

2 < 2 < 2 < 2


T0os ........................................................................................................................ 4 ..................... = Po #6 ss%#" /# 4 +.7.( %s6&!n ................................................................................................... = D# +.7.(. Ougs ........................................................................................................... 4 ( ............... = D# +.7.(. u#/s ............................................................................................................ 4 * .............. ( Po 6 ;o" #n -u# "u#3# su 4

+.7

+.7.*

'o9........................................................................................ O% &6s&&!n s#g8n &%#066 ........................................................................................ A&&#soos A/&on6#s...................................................................................................... +.7.4 ..... Tns0o%#................................................................................................................. +.+ .................... Mn%#n"#n%o ......................................................................................................... +.1 .................... S#gu// In/us%6................................................................................................................... +.: .... M#/o A"?#n%# ................................................................................................................. +.< .......... +.( Po3##/o#s >

( 4 *

= T66s M&s > ................................................................................................................... Mo%o%66s.................................................................................................................. 1. .......... D#n&!n.................................................................................................................. 1.( .................... O0#&on#s ............................................................................................................. 1.* ..................... Es-u#" .................................................................................................................. 1.2 ..................... A06&&on#s ............................................................................................................. 1.4 ..................... T0os ........................................................................................................................ 1.7 ..................... Tns0o%#................................................................................................................. 1.+ .................... Mn%#n"#n%o ......................................................................................................... 1.1 .................... S#gu// n/us%6................................................................................................................... 1.: .... M#/o A"?#n%# ................................................................................................................. 1.< .......... 1.( Po3##/o#s > = M&s ................................................................................................................... :. Cg/os Fon%6#s .....................................................................................................................

7 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 1 4 : 4 : 4 <

+.7.2

4 * 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 7 4

4 < 4 < 7 = 7 =

....... D#n&!n.................................................................................................................. :.( .................... O0#&on#s ............................................................................................................. :.* ..................... Es-u#" .................................................................................................................. :.2 ..................... A06&&on#s ............................................................................................................. :.4 ..................... T0os ........................................................................................................................

7 = 7 = 7 ( 7 ( 7

:.7 Tns0o%#................................................................................................................. ..................... 7 * :.+ .................... * Mn%#n"#n%o ......................................................................................................... 7 :.1 .................... * S#gu// n/us%6................................................................................................................... 7 :.: .... 2 M#/o A"?#n%# ................................................................................................................. 7 :.< .......... 4 Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &


:.( =

Po3##/o#s > M&s ................................................................................................................... <. Un//#s /# A&#o o Tns0o%# ........................................................................................................ D#n&!n.................................................................................................................. <.( .................... O0#&on#s ............................................................................................................. <.* ..................... Es-u#" .................................................................................................................. <.2 ..................... A06&&on#s .............................................................................................................

7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 7 7

<.4

..................... T0os ........................................................................................................................ ..................... # U?n............................................................................................................ <.7.( .............. # Ru6................................................................................................................ <.7.* .............. C"on#s <.7.*. A%&u6/os...................................................................................................... ( ... <.7.*.* C"on#s ;u# /# &#%#. TRU ................................................................................. Tns0o%#................................................................................................................. <.+ .................... Mn%#n"#n%o .........................................................................................................

+ 7 +

<.1

1 7 :

<.7

.................... S#gu// In/us%6................................................................................................................... <.: .... Mé/o A"?#n%# ................................................................................................................. <.< .......... <.( Po3##/o#s > = M&s ................................................................................................................... E-u0os /# Co"0&%&!n .......................................................................................................... (=. ....... (=. D#n&!n.................................................................................................................. ( .................... Ens>os /# &o"0&%&!n ................................................................................................. (=.(.( ..... Con%o6 /# &o"0&%&!n #n #6 (=.(.* &"0o ................................................................................... Ens>o /# &o"0&%&!n (=.(.2 Nu&6#........................................................................................... Ens>o G#oGug#....................................................................................................... (=.(.4 ........... En#g5 /# &o"0&%&!n #n #6 (=.(.7 &"0o ................................................................................... Cn%// /# gu (=.(.+ #-u#/ ...................................................................................................

7 + 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7

7 < 7 < + = + = + ( + * + * + 2 + 2 + 2

(=. O0#&on#s ............................................................................................................. + * ..................... 4 (=. Es-u#" .................................................................................................................. + 2 ..................... 4 (=. A06&&on#s ............................................................................................................. + 4 ..................... 4 E6#&&!n /# "-un 0 6 + (=.4.( &o"0&%&!n........................................................................ 4 (=. T0os ........................................................................................................................ + 7 ..................... 7 Ro/66o 6so ................................................................................................................. ............ Ro/66os #s0#&6#s &on (=.7.* s6#n%#s ............................................................................................ Ro/66o 6so 3?%oo ........................................................................................................ (=.7.2 ..... Ro/66o n#u"%&o....................................................................................................... (=.7.4 ........... (=.7.(


!"#. '

+ 7 + + + + + 1


(=.7. 7

Co"0&%/o#s /# "0&%o ................................................................................................... Ds&os (=.7. &o"0&%/o#s .................................................................................................. + ......... P6n&' (=.7. &o"0&%/o..................................................................................................... 1 ...... M%66os (=.7. &o"0&%/o#s .................................................................................................. : ..... (=. + (=. 1

+ 1 + : + : + :

Tns0o%#.............................................................................................................. ....................... Mn%#n"#n%o ...................................................................................................... ....................... S#gu// (=. In/us%6................................................................................................................ : ....... M#/o (=. A"?#n%# ............................................................................................................... < ............ (=.( Po3##/o#s > = M&s ............................................................................................................... Mo%on3#6/os ...................................................................................................... ((. ......................... ((. D#n&on............................................................................................................... ( ....................... ((. O0#&on#s ..........................................................................................................

+ < + <

* ........................ ((. Es-u#" ............................................................................................................... 2 ........................ ((. A06&&on#s .......................................................................................................... 4 ........................ ((. T0os ...................................................................................................................... 7 ....................... ((. Tns0o%#.............................................................................................................. + ....................... ((. Mn%#n"#n%o ...................................................................................................... 1 ....................... S#gu// ((. In/us%6................................................................................................................ : ....... M#/o ((. A"?#n%# ............................................................................................................... < ............ ((.( Po3##/o#s > = M&s............................................................................................................... O%os E-u0os..................................................................................................................... (*. ............... (*. F#s/o ............................................................................................................... ( ....................... (*. Tun#6/o ............................................................................................................. * ....................... (*. As;6%/o o E@%#n/#/o /# 2 Ag6o"#/o....................................................................................

( 1 ( 1 * 1 2 1 2 1 2

+ < 1 = 1 = 1 ( 1 ( 1

1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 7 1 7

(*. 4 (*. 7 (*. + (*. 1 (*. : (*. < ............................................................

(*.( = (*.( (

P3"#n%/o ...................................................................................................... 1 ........................ + M-uns 0 T?9os #n 1 Ro& .................................................................................................. 1 C"on u%o ?o"? 0 #6 'o"gon/o /# #s%u&%us  &u6-u# 1 6%u ................................. 1 P6n% /# #6?o&!n /# 1 /os..................................................................................................... : Tns0o%#s #s0#&6#s 0o &#%# /# gn/#s #-u0os > 1 "-uns ........................................... : T&%o &"on 6oH 1 ?o> ................................................................................................................ < 1 < Zn9/os.......................................................................................................... 1 ....................... < Co "#s%n$ o /# : '#"#n%s ......................................................................................... = Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 7


(*.(*

(*.(2 (*.(4

C"!n /# &o"?us%?6# ...................................................................................................... ....... C"on#s &ns%.............................................................................................................. ........ C"!n "#$&6/o "@# ...........................................................................................................

(2.

B?6og;5................................................................................................................ : ........................ (

INDICE DE FIGURAS FIGURA (( PRIMERA NIVELADORA .................................................................................................................................... FIGURA (*PRIMER BULDOZER ........................................................................................................................................ ... FIGURA (2PRIMERAS COMPACTORAS............................................................................................................................... FIGURA (4 EKCAVADORA DE VAPOR BUCYRUS................................................................................................................. FIGURA (7 EMBARCACIONES DE DRAGADO...................................................................................................................... FIGURA *()ERRAMIENTAS MENORES............................................................................................................................... FIGURA ** EQUIPO DE TRABAJO ....................................................................................................................................... FIGURA 2( EKVADORA SOBRE RUEDAS ............................................................................................................................. FIGURA 2*EKCAVADORA SOBRE ORUGAS ......................................................................................................................... FIGURA 22EKCAVADORA O PALA CARGADORA CON RUEDAS........................................................................................... FIGURA 24EKCAVADORA DE MORDAZAS .......................................................................................................................... FIGURA 27 EKCAVADORA DE TAMBOR NORMAL .............................................................................................................. FIGURA 2+ EKCAVADORA DE MINERA ..............................................................................................................................

( *

FIGURA 21PEQUEAS MAQUINAS EKCAVADORAS ........................................................................................................... FIGURA 2:EKCAVADORA MAS GRANDE DEL MUNDO....................................................................................................... FIGURA 4*PARTES RETREKCAVADORA ........................................................................................................................... ... FIGURA 4 (RETROEKCAVADORA....................................................................................................................... .................. FIGURA 42RETROEKCAVADORA SOBRE ORUGA ................................................................................................................ FIGURA 44RETROEKCAVADORA SOBRE RUEDAS ............................................................................................................... FIGURA 47RETROEKCAVADORA MIKTA ............................................................................................................................. FIGURA 4+RETRO ARAA............................................................................................................................................... .... FIGURA 7(PARTES DE UNA DRAGA.................................................................................................................................... FIGURA 7* PARTES DRAGALINA........................................................................................................................................ .

* + * :

( * ( 4 ( 7 ( + * = * * * 2 * 2 * 7 * 7 * 7 * +

* < * < 2 = 2 = 2 ( 2 ( 2 4 2 7

FIGURA 72REMOCIN DEL ESTRIL PARA MOSTRAR LAS VETAS DE CARBN .................................................................. FIGURA 74 CONSTRUCCIN DE OLEODUCTOS .................................................................................................................. FIGURA 77 DRAGA CON TOLVA OPERANDO EN LA PROFUNDIZACIN DE EL CANAL DE PANAM .................................. FIGURA 71DRAGADO Y BOMBEO EN BAJAS PROFUNDIDADES ......................................................................................... FIGURA 7: DRAGA DE CORTADOR AMAZONE ................................................................................................................... FIGURA 7+ DRAGA )IDRULICA ...................................................................................................................................... .. FIGURA 7(= DRAGA DE ARRASTRE .................................................................................................................................... Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. (

2 + 2 + 2 + 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 :


FIGURA <+ CAMIN ARTICULADO FIGURA 7< DRAGA MECNICA

2:

FIGURA +(TRACTOR CON )OJA DE EMPUJE 2< FIGURA +* PARTES TRACTOR CON )OJA DE EMPUJE TOPADORA 4=

FIGURA <1 CAMIN TRU

71

71

FIGURA (=( PARTES COMPACTADORA

+4

FIGURA (=* CLASIFICACION GENERAL DE COMPACTADORES +7 FIGURA (=2 RODILLO LISO DE UN SOLO EJE +7

FIGURA +4 TILDOZER,ANGLEDOZER 4(

FIGURA (=7COMPACTADOR DE PISONES

++

FIGURA +2TRACTOR CON )OJA DE EMPUJE SOBRE RUEDAS 4(

FIGURA (=4RODILLO PATA DE CABRA

++

FIGURA +7)OJA DE EMPUJE SEMIUNIVERSAL 4* FIGURA ++TRACTOR CON ESCARIFICADOR 42 FIGURA 1( PARTES MOTOTRAILLA

4+

FIGURA (=+ RODILLO LISO VIBRATORIO EN TANDEM O DE DOS EJES. +1 FIGURA (=1 COMPACTADOR NEUMTICO DE DOSEJES +1 FIGURA (=: COMPACTADOR DE IMPACTO DE TRES LADOS +1

FIGURA :( PARTES CARGADORA FRONTAL 7(

FIGURA (=<COMPACTADORES DE PISONES MANUAL A CONTROL REMOTO. +:

FIGURA :*CARGADORA FRONTAL SOBRE ORUGAS 7*

FIGURA (=(=PLANC)A COMPACTADOR VIBRATORIA +:

FIGURA :2 CARGADORA FRONTAL SOBRE RUEDAS 7*

FIGURA (=((MARTILLO COMPACTADOR MANUAL +<

FIGURA :4 CARGADORA FRONTAL CON CUC)ARA POR DEBAJO 7*

FIGURA ((( PARTES MOTONIVELADORA FIGURA ((*MOTONIVELADORA DE DOS RUEDAS 12

FIGURA <( OPERACIONES DUMPER 74 FIGURA <* PARTES VOLQUETA

77

FIGURA <2 CAMIN DE TRANSPORTE 7+ FIGURA <4 TRACTO CAMIN 7+ FIGURA <7 CAMIN VOLQUETA

7+

FIGURA ((2MOTONIVELADORA DE CUATRO RUEDAS 12 FIGURA ((4MOTONIVELADORA DE CUATRO EJES 12 FIGURA (*( FRESADORA

14

FIGURA (** TUNELADORA

17


!"#. )

1*


ARIDOS FIGURA (*2 ASFALTADORA

1+

FIGURA (*4PAVIMENTADORA1+ FIGURA (*7MAQUINAS PARA TRABAJOS EN ROCA 11

1:

FIGURA (*:TRANSPORTE ESPECIAL 1< FIGURA (*< LO BOY FIGURA (*(=ZANJADORA

1< 1<

FIGURA (*(* CAMION COMBUSTIBLE

:=

FIGURA (*+ CAMION AUTO BOMBA PARA )ORMIGON 11

FIGURA (*((CARRO DE )ERRAMIENTAS

:=

FIGURA (*1 PLANTA DE ELABORACION DE

FIGURA (*(2CAMION CANASTA FIGURA (*(4 CAMIN MIKER:(


:=

!"#. $*


&o"0&%o, #6 &g/o > #6 u?&uo %&%o g5&o6. Es%# 0o&#so s# /o "s o "#nos

1. HISTORIA DE LA MAQUINARIA Y 6#/#/o /# 6os (::= 's% #6 n6 /# 6 EQUIPO DE CONSTRUCCION

0"# gu# "un/6. Y #n #s% é0o& Los Es%/os Un/os ;u#on 6os 0"#os #n%o/os '?5n /-u/o su s6u#% ;"6. E6 /#so66 nno3&on#s 0 'o /s#o #6#gn%# > u%6%o /#6 %&%o /# "no /# o?, 0"#o #n g&u6%u, '&#n/ &"?! 0o&o #n 6os 86%"os /#s0ués #n &ons%u&&!n, 6os /os no3#n% os. Ls 0"#s n3#6/os, #n&9n/os# #n un 3goos %/&!n /# s0/o#s > &o"0&%os #n /# %&&!n "#&n$&!n. E6 R#no Un/o > Euo0 s# n"6, 0#o #6 #s;u#$o /# %&&!n '66?n #n &ons/#?6# %so #n "?osn#&#so #-u#5 /# #-u0os /# un s#&%o#s, 0o??6#"#n%# /#?/o  6 %"o #@&#s3o s# "#n&onon #-u0os ?un/n& /# "no /# o? > 6 "#no /# 's% /#&sés "u6s, #n%on&#s #s&6 /# 6s o?s 0 #6$, 6o -u# 0/"#n%# #6 %&%o, > 6u#go #6 s#n%/o 66#3!  un /6u&!n /#6 5"0#%u '& un /# 35s ;u#on /0%/os 0 0o/# ">o 0o/u&%3//. Los "nu;&%u#os 966os. Lu#go ;u#on "o%o$/os. L no%#"#&nos /# #-u0"#n%os, /&!n /# 6 &u&' /#6 B86/o$# 6 %&%o 0on#os #n 6 o?so6#s&#n& 06n&/, s%/o, un nno3&!n &63# 0 6 &on%o /#6 0n&0o Euo0#o /# 6 %# so?# &o%s /s%n&s, &ons%u&&!n /u/#, %"?én /#s06$ 66#g! un 0o&o "s %/#. En 6 "#// #n 6"#n%on #6 0o&#so /# &"?o, /#"s-u# 6 %&&!n 0o 30o no /o"n? /# -u# 6os 6$os #n%# 6os "nu;&%u#os &o"o # #6 &so #n #6 R.U., /on/# 6 > 6os usuos s#"0# #s%u3#on n/#s%u&%?6// 6s "-uns /# 30o #s%#&'os s5 0#"%#n/o -u# 6#&&on#s 3&%ons -u#/on #n s#3&o 0o "#/o /# o0#&!n s# n&o0on #n #6 sg6o > "s # sn /u/ un ;#no 6 0o&#so /# /s#o.

/#so66o /# "-un #6%3"#n%#

6g# > g6, #6 "o%o  &o"?us%!n n%#n L 's%o /#6 "#9o"#n%o #n #6 /s#o ;u# /o0%/o 0/"#n%#. Sn /u/, #6 /# "-uns, -u# s# /o 0n&06"#n%# '#&'o /# -u# ;u# %n &o"0&%o > 0&%&o #n 6os Es%/os Un/os, nos / un #s%"u6! "u&'o #6 /s#o. A 0#s /# -u# ;s&nn%# 6us%&!n /#6 0n&0o /# no ;u# un %# %36 #n&#n/# un &!"o 6 ;o" sgu# 6 ;un&!n. L "o%o  0#%!6#o #n %#"0#%us /# #s0#&6$&!n /#6 #-u0"#n%o /# &ong#6"#n%o  0n&0os /# sg6o, 6os "o3# %#, #s#n&6"#n%# &o"o ;un&!n 0o&#/"#n%os 0 n& un "-un /# 6 /s%n& /# &#o, '$o 0#&# 6 /# 30o o&u0?n 6s 0"#s 'os /# ni vel adora , #6

aspad r or , #6 ?u6/!$#, 6 &/ /5.

D#s0ués /#6 /#so66o 0/o /# 6os %#n%

os n%#s /# 6 0"# gu# "un/6, 6os ss%#"s '/u6&os. A6 u"?6 /# 6 s# &onso6/! #6 /s#o #n 6os os *= > 2=. s#gun/ gu# "un/6 6 "-un /# E6 %"o > 6 0o%#n& /# 6os "o%o#s &ons%u&&!n '?5 66#g/o gosso "o/o  n&#"#n%on, 6os "o%o#s /#s#6 s# su ;o" &%u6. 3o63#on ?s%n%# un3#s6#s, s5 &o"o Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. $$


CIV-247

FIGURA 1-1: Primera Nivela!ra

Nivela!ra

L 0"# n3#6/o #&ono&?6# 0#&! #n (::+. E n%u6"#n%# /# %&&!n n"6, sn #"?go s# 3# so"?os"#n%# s"6  su /#s&#n/#n%#, ;o%og/o 6 "s"o 6ug (== os /#s0ués.

L u%o0o0u6s!n ;u# n%o/u&/ 0o 0"# 3#$ #n (<=<. Ra"#a!r

E6 s0/o F#sno # #6 n&#s%o /# 6os "ons%uos &%u6#s, 6os &u6#s 0u#/#n 96 *4= "#%os &8?&os 0o 'o so?# un /s%n& /# &#n "#%os.

$%l&'er

FIGURA 1-(:Primer $%l!'er

L 's%o /#6 B86/o$# #"0#$ &on #6 /#so66o /#6 3#'5&u6o s#n%/o /# 35s. E6 0"#o, -u# ;un&on?  30o, ;u# u%6$/o 0o 0"# 3#$ #n C"# #n (:74. Mo/#6os

%#"0nos

%o"on

&#%o

%#"0o

#n

#n&on% su ;o" /#6 > %o"! su %#"0o n%#s -u# #6 "n#9o 0o &on%o6 /;##n&6 /# 6 3#6o&// /# 6 66n% /# oug s# 3o63! g#n#6$/o > 0#"%! /#s'&#s# /#6 #9# 0n&06. A& s# 0u#/# 0#& 6 "n# #n -u# #6 "o%o /# Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. $2


CIV-247

&o"?us%!n n%#n ;&6%! 6 un!n /# ;o" > ;un&!n.

El término genérico "caterpillar" (tractor de oruga) fue utilizado por primera vez en 1909. En 1914 su silueta era poco diferente de los actuales.

L 0o3#&'os un!n /#6 %&%o /# oug > 6 &u&' #-u! &#%o %#"0o. E6 BULL BOARD '?5 s/o /#so66/o s#0/"#n%# 0 6 %&&!n n"6. Los

0"#os

?86/o$##s

#&ono&?6#s

0#&#on 6#/#/o /# (<** > #n 6os os sgu#n%#s su;#on nno3&on#s n%#ns3s #n 6 "on%u > #6 &on%o6 /# 6 &u&' 0 6og "@" 0o/u&%3//. En (<2= #6 %50&o %&%o /# oug s# /;##n&? 0o&o /# 6os -u# s# #n&u#n%n #n 6 &%u6//.

Tra)*!r a+r,)!la

E6 %&%o n&! 0 su?s%%us#, #n 6s ;#ns g5&o6s,  6os n"6#s /# %&&!n, 6os &u6#s #s%?n 6&n$n/o 0/"#n%# 0#&os 0o'?%3os. R#su6% n%##sn%# no% -u# 6"#n% un &?66o /un%# un o #-u#5 0% /os '#&%#s /# &u6%3o, /#"s /# un 'o 0o /5 /# &u//o.

E6 0"# %&%o #&ono&?6# 0#&! #n (:<=. Fu# 0#&#//o, 6!g&"#n%#, #n 0%&u6 #n #6 R.U., 0o #6 "o%o  %&&!n, sn #"?go su 0#so > su &os%o "0#/5n -u# s# ##"06$ #6 &?66o 0 3s ;#ns g5&o6s &o%/ns.


!"#.

%$ Maquinaria y Equipo de Co nstrucción CIV-247

S#

u%6$?n C!m#a)*!ra.

"s g#n#6"#n%# &o"o "-uns #s%&ons

E6 R.U. 6/#? #n #6 /#so66o /# &o"0&%os "#&n&s, /#?/o 0o??6#"#n%#  6 0o0g&!n nos de Mac adam 0/ /# 6os cami /un%# #6

sg6o KIK. Ls 0"#s 0son/os, 0 /o > "nu;&%u/s 0o A3#6ng n/ Po%# un no"?# ;"6 0 %66/o,  6os 3#9os -u# #n su 9u3#n%u/ s# 'n #n%uss"/o "#nu/o &on su 6-u6n/os# "o3"#n%o 0#s/o, su n"#nso 3o6n%# > 6o 0 uso /o. -u# s# E6

%&%o

s#

&#&! 0/"#n%# /# su

/s#o

!0%"o

9us%o

/#s0ués /# 6

 "  g  n

0"# gu# "un/6, ? &un/o #6 "o%o  > #6 %#n /# &on/u&&!n

u &'ss. Lu#go, # 6 nno3&!n ##"06$on #6

&onss%! 8n&"#n%# #n &"?os /#%66#s

/#

 # s

&on u 6 #6 n&#"#n%o % &on%nuo /#  %"o >  0o%#n&. 5  so&/os

FIG C!

5 s  s #

& o " o

&

6

 > #

o

 

 n

/ # ?  9 o / # 6  "  u

0

%  ?  n 6  s %    s / 

 n

? u

 ,

9 

 s

/  s

+ / #

1 .

6 

s%os #n, s5 &o"o 6s "-uns /# %&&!n  30o,

é 0 o &   , ; u #  o n u %  6  $  /  s # n ( :

# @ 0 o  %  / o s # n &  n %  /  / # s '  &   6

o s E . E . U . U . E 6 3  0 o  0 #  "  n # &  ! u n  ; u #

n % # & o    # n % # / # # n #  g 5  / u   n % # gn 0%# /#6 sg6o KK. Sn #"?go, s# 0#&s? gn &n%// /# %?9o 0 

  6 # 3  n %   # 6 3  0 o  ,  # g   6  "  u  n 

> " o 3 #  6  . A / # "  s ,  0   # &  ! > s # /  ; u n /

 !

# 6

  0  /

 o /  6

 " # n % #

6 o 3?n%#, #6 &u6 #su6%? %"?én s# "s 0o%%6. Es%os ;&%o#s &uson su /#s0&!n /# 6s &#%#s #uo0#s #n 6os os 7=.(


!"#. $4


6 #"0#s &ons%u&%o #s0o6 Fo"#n%o PRIMERAS COMPACTADORAS Y TRACTORES REMOLCADORES DE APOR.

/# O?s > Cons%u&&on#s SA, #s un /# 6s 0#$s "s "0o%n%#s /# 6 &o6#&&!n /#6 Mus#o /# 6s Mns /# C#&s, s%u/o #n #6 0u#?6o "n#o /# Sn% Con#6, C#&s, 0o3n& /# Bon, C%6u Es0. O&u0 un /#s%&/o #s0&o #n #6 &#n%o /# 6 06$ Sn Ro"n, un n%g #s&o"?# /# 6 "n /#6 "s"o no"?#, ;#n%# 6 "us#o > #6 0u#?6o "n#o. D#s/# no3#"?# /# (<<: / 6 ?#n3#n/ 

%o/os 6os 3s%n%#s /#6 "us#o > /#6 0u#?6o Mus#o /# %&%o#s 's%!&os "n#o. L ;o%o /# 6 /##&' &o#s0on/#  &o"0&%/os /# g6o"#/o o% "-un s"6 0#o /# ">o#s s;6%&o > #"o6-u#s. /"#nson#s. E/CAADORA DE APOR $UCYRUS.

FIGURA 1-0: E)ava!ra e a#!r $%)2r%"

EL LARGO VIAJE DE UNA EKCAVADORA DE VAPOR Es% #@&3/o  30o 66"/ BUCYRUS ;o%o I$-u#/ -u# 0#%#n#&! 

P &ono&# 6 ?on% > &uos 's%o /# #s% "-un 3s%# 6 sgu#n%# 0gn H#? '%%0HHH.HH"".ogs%o #s%o.s0 /s%oW*41X0gnW(


!"#. $&


CIV-247

EM$ARCACIONES PARA EL DRAGADO DEL FONDO DE RIOS Y COSTAS.

FIGURA 1-3: Em4ar)a)i!5e" e Dra+a!

A 6 $-u#/ 0u#/# 3#s# 6 ;o%og;5 's%!& /# un DRAGA /#/&/  #@%# %#s /#6 ;on/o /#6 o 0 "n%#n# 6 0o;un/// /# &6/o n#&#s 0 #6 0so /# 6os ?u-u#s. L "g#n /# 6 /##&' 0#%#n#&#  un g?/o /#6 Mus#o E6/# HHH."us#o#6/#.&o" -u# #0#s#n% 6 s#&&!n 6ong%u/n6 /# un ?&o /# /g/o.

(. CLASIFICACION DE LA MAQUINARIA L "-un s#g8n 6 #6&on /# P#so3o6u"#n #s /#& s#g8n su &0&// s# &6s& /# 6 sgu#n%# "n#

(.1 Ma6%i5aria Pe"aa M-un /# gn/#s 0o0o&on#s g#o"é%&s &o"0/o &on 3#'5&u6os 63nos, %#n#n 0#so > 3o6u"#%5 &ons/#/ #-u## /# un o0#/o &0&%/o 0o-u# 35 6 o0#&!n s#g8n 6 "-un s# u%6$ #n "o3"#n%os /# %# /# gn/#s o?s /# ng#n#5 &36 > #n o?s /# "n#5  &#6o ?#%o. E9#"06os G8s, #@&3/os, %&%o, #%&. Ma6%i5aria #e"aa 1


!"#. $'


CIV-247

(.( Ma6%i5aria Semi#e"a! Son "-uns /# %"o "#/no u%6$/os g#n#6"#n%# #n 6 &ons%u&&!n 0o #9#"06o C"!n 3o6-u#%, &os Cs%#ns o Agu%#os, &"on#s #s&6#. E6 0#so > 3o6u"#n /# #s%s un//#s #s "#/no. Camión volueta

(. E6%i#! Livia5! Pu#/#n s# "-uns 0#-u#s o #-u0os #s0#&6$/os &o"o &o"0#sos, ?o"? /# gu, ?o"? /# 6o/o, 3?/os, gn&'#s, &o%/os /# &#o, o"0# 03"#n%os, "on%&gs, #%&. !oma de agua

(.0 e7,)%l!" Pe"a!"

En%# #s%os 3#'5&u6os s# %#n#n 6 &"!n /# #s%&s o &"!n &on &o&#5. Camión con remolque

(.3 e7,)%l!" Semi#e"a!" En%# 6os 3#'5&u6os s#"0#s/os s# %#n#n 6os /# uso 0u?6&o &o"o s# 6os ?us#s, "&o?us#s, #%&. #icro$us

(.8 e7,)%l!" Livia5!"

D# 0#so > 3o6u"#n #/u&/o, u%o %ns0o%?6#s, 0o #9#"06o u%o"!36, ;ugon#%s, 9##0, &"on#%, "n?8s, #%&. Furgoneta


!"#. $7


CIV-247

(.9 e7,)%l!" "e+5 el 5%mer! e e;e" L &6s&&!n /# 3#'5&u6os -u# 0#s#n%? #6 S#3&o n&on6 /# C"nos "#/n%# &on%9# /# #9#s #n Bo63 #s 6 sgu#n%#. M!el!

CF13<

De")ri#)i&5

=>1 Cla"e"

Mo%o&&6#%s, %us"os sn #"o6-u# Tus"os &on #"o6-u# /# ( #9# Tus"os &on #"o6-u# /# * o "s #9#s

CF(0< 1(>1 Cla"e"

(

(

*

*

2

2

Fugon#s, ;ugon#%s, &"on#%s >

4

o%os 3#'5&u6os /# * #9#s

4

C"on#s > u%o&#s /# * #9#s

(=

Fugon#s, &"on#%s;ugon#%s, > o%os 3#'5&u6os /# * #9#s &on #"o6-u#/#(#9#

7

7

C"on#s > u%o&#s /# * #9#s &on

((

#"o6-u# /# ( #9# Fugon#s, ;ugon#%s, &"on#%s > o%os 3#'5&u6os /# * #9#s &on #"o6-u#/#*o"s#9#s

+

+

C"on#s > u%o&#s /# * #9#s &on (*

#"o6-u# /# * o "s #9#s C"on#s > u%o&#s /# 2 o "s #9#s C"on#s > u%o&#s /# 2 o "s #9#s &on #"o6-u# ( #9#

1

1

:

:

C"on#s > u%o&#s /# 2 o "s #9#s &on #"o6-u# * o "s #9#s Sn /#n%&

T?6 /# &6s&&!n /# 3#'5&u6os "#/n%# n8"#o /# #9#s > 6%u &on 6s &o%ns ;o%o#6é&%&s CFKK SNC Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. $(

<

<

=

=


2.8

Se+5 la ?%e5*e e E5er+,a

S# %o" &o"o #;##n& #6 %0o /# "o%o /# 6 "-un, /#nén/os# "o%o &o"o [Ss%#" "%#6 -u# %ns;o" un /#%#"n/ &6s# /# #n#g5 '/u6&, -u5"&, #6é&%&, #%&.  #n #n#g5 "#&n& > 0o/u&# "o3"#n%o.\

Combustible Gasolina

Maquinaria

Maquinaria

Semipesada

Pesada

R#/ /# En#g5 o Gu0o g#n# /o

(.= Se+5 el "i"*ema e *ra"la)i&5 Son &6s&/os #n ;un&on 6 "#%o/o /# %ns0o%#, 6s /"#nson#s > 0#so /# 6 "-un.

Sistema de Traslación

Fijos

Tns0o%/s

Moviles

Plantas

Orugas

Maq.

Rueda

R#6#

Au%o0o0u6so

J6/s R#"o6&,/, s

Po sus 0o0o s "#/ os

Po o%o #-u0o

Fun&u6 Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. $)


o #6é&%&o. Fn6"#n%# un s%66o /# 0#/, -u# &o"8n"#n%# #s u%6$/o 0

(.1< Se+5 la" !#era)i!5e" 6%e reali'a5

?%# > #@%#n/# #6 'o"g!n.

S# &6s&n s#g8n 6s o0#&on#s &o"un#s -u# #6$n 6s "-uns.

FIGURA (1:Herramie5*a " me5!re"

(.11 Herramie5*a" me5!re" En

#s%

s#&&!n

s#

0#s#n%n

6s

'#"#n%s "s &o"un#s -u# son u%6$/s #n 6 &ons%u&&!n. D# $-u#/  /##&' 0u#/# o?s#3s# un 0&o, un 06, %#s "o/#6os /# &#%66s, un /# 6s &u6#s &u#n% &on un ss%#" -u# 0os?6% su %ns0o%#  %3#s /# un g8, s#n/o "u> u%6$/ #n #6 s&#nso o /#s&#nso /# "%#6#s  o?s s%u/s  /s%n%s 6%us &o"o #s #6 &so /# 6os #/&os o ?9o %# &o"o son 6os &o6#&%o#s /# 6&n%66/o, #%&.., %o/o #66o "#/n%# #6 #"06#o /# 0#-u#s gus %"?én 66"/s "-un66os. As "s"o 0u#/#

o?s#3s#

un

'o"gon#

"nu6 &u>o "o%o 0u#/# s# /# gso6n


!"#. 2*


En 6s "g#n#s n;#o#s 0u#/#n 3#s# /3#sos %0os /# 06#%s #"06#/s s#g8n 6 &%3//  #6$ &o"o 0on# (.11.1 Si"*ema" 2 Ma6%i5aria 6/66os, 6&% &on $u6#9os, #%&...  C!m#leme5*aria L6ns, #s0%u6 > 06#%  C0$o > #s0u#%  Bu6  F%s o %6o&' 0 #n;os&  R#/# 0 #6 "s/o /#6 &#"#n%o  A6&o%n o 0-u#%  M&#%  Co%;5os



Pun%#o



M%66o

/#

#n&o;/o  Cu?o  N3#6  Es&u/  P6o"/  Cn% "é%&  F6#@!"#%o.

So?# #s%s 65n#s 0u#/#n 3#s# /3#sos %0os /# n/"os M!/u6o s#n&66o  T?6on "#%6&o  An/"o &o6gn%# /# "n3#6  An/"o #6#3/o u%o"%&o  An/"os "o/u6#s /# 6% s#gu// > #-u0o /# g8 "-un66o. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 2$


(.11.( E6%i#! e Tra4a;! e l!" O#erari!"

E-u0o ?s&o /# %?9o /# un o0#o /# 6 &ons%u&&!n. Bu$o o "ono  An#s /# s#gu// 0 %?9os #n 6%u  C'6#&o #]#&%n%# ;un/"#n%6 0 %?9os #n 3s 08?6&s, #%&..,  Cs&o 0o%#&%o  Gun%#s > ?o%s /# s#gu// 'o"o6og/s, s6n%#s, n%/#s6$n%#s > #;o$/s #n 6 0un%#  Bo%s /# gu 0 %?9os #n ?o, $n9s, #%&..,

M-un u%o0o0u6s/ so?# u#/s o &/#ns &on un su0##s%u&%u &0$ /# #;#&%u un o%&!n /# 2+=^, -u# #@&3, &g, #6#3, g > /#s&g "%#6#s 0o 6 &&!n /# un &u&' 9/  un &on9un%o /# 06u" > ?6n&5n, sn -u# #6 &'ss o 6 #s%u&%u 0o%n%# s# /#s06&#. L /#n&!n n%#o, 0#&s -u# s 6 "-un /#s&% no #s &0$ /# g su su0##s%u&%u un 3u#6% &o"06#% 2+=^, no #s &ons/#/ &o"o #@&3/o. L 0#&s!n /# 6os !gnos /# %?9o, %6#s &o"o 06u", ?6n&5n,

'o"o6og/s, s6n%#s, n%/#s6$n%#s > #s%u&%u 0o%n%#, #%&. 9 > un& 6os #;o$/s #n 6 0un%#  I"0#"#?6# &%#os &6s&/o#s. 0 %?9os ?9o 6 66u3.

.( O#era)i!5e" E x c a v a r C a r g a r

FIGURA (-(: E6%i#! e Tra4a;!

G i r a r

. E)ava!ra" Desplazar Movilizar desmovilizar

.1 De@5i)i&5


!"#. 22

y


CIV-247

. E"6%ema

FIGURA -1: Eva!ra "!4re R%ea"

FIGURA -(:E)ava!ra "!4re !r%+a"

.0 A#li)a)i!5e" E@&3&!n /# $n9s E@&3&!n /# $n9s /# gn %"o P#n/o /# %6u/#s #n&" /#6 06no /# sus%#n%&!n /# 6 "-un. E@&3&!n 0 #s%u&%us. E@&3&!n #n ?n&os /# 0és%"o ! #@&3&!n /# "%#6#s.


!"#. 2%


.3 Ti#!" Ls #@&3/os s# &6s&n /# 6 sgu#n%# "n# S#g8n su &&on"#n%o E @ &  3  / o   s / # &  ? 6 # o

@ &  3  / o   s )  /   u 6  &  s . S#g8n #6 ss%#" /# %s6&!n E@&3/os "on%/s so?# &/#ns ougs

" # &  n

E @ &  3 

 &  s .

/ o   s

E

" o

n %  /  s s o ?  #  u # /  s o N # u "  %  & o s . E @ &  3  / o 

 s " o n %  /  s s o ?  #   # 6 # s . E@&3/os "on%/s ?&os. S#g8n #6 T0o /# o0#&!n E @ &  3  / o   s

so?#

n o  "  6 o S %  n /   E @ &  3  / o   s / # " o  /  $  s .

E @ &  3  / o   s / # %  " ? #  E @ &  3  / o   / # R o s    o

#/u&én/os# /# #s% "n# 6 "5n"o #6 %#"0o n#&#so 0 #6 &&6o /# ;un&on"#n%o /# 6 "-un. No #s 3.5.1

E)ava!ra N!rmal e C%)7ara #&o"#n/?6# #;#&%u #6 go &un/o s#

P #;#&%u 6 /#s&g 6 &u&' g 6#/#/o /# un #9# 3#%&6 > s# ?9 's% &o6o& #n un 0un%o /# 3#%/o s# /#s&g so?# #6 ;on/o.

#s% &gn/o 6 &u&', 0u#s s# so"#%#  6 06u"  un #s;u#$o /# %os!n -u# 0u#/# 0o/u& 3#5s.

Un %0o /# #@&3/o no"6 "s "o/#no %#"0o #s% #-u0/ &on &n% %ns0o%/o su "0o/u&%3o > #s%# /#?# s# #/u&/o 6 ;o" /# %?9o #s n6og, &on 6 gn "5n"o 0o #66o 6os &"on#s 0 &g 3#n%9 /# #/u& #6 %#"0o n#&#so 0 #6 "%#6 #@&3/o, /#?#n s%us# 6o #6 go, 6 /#s&g /# 6 &u&' > 6 nu#3 "s &#& 0os?6# /#6 ;#n%# /#6 %-u#. &o6o&&!n 6 ;#n%# /#6 %-u#. Es% &n% Cun/o #6 o0#o #s #@0#%o, #;#&%8 %ns0o%/o no 0u#/# %ns0o% #6 E6

go

&o#s0on/#



un

"?os "o3"#n%os, go > 0u#s% #n "%#6 #n n&6n&on#s su0#o#s 6 (7_ 0os&!n /# /#s&g, s"u6%n#"#n%#, o *=_. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 24


/# /#n%#s .3.( E)ava!ra ! #ala )ar+a!ra )!5 r%ea"

#n 6 06 &g/o

nos n/& E6 "o/#6o /# #@&3/o o 06 &g/o #n #s%# /# 6 "g#n #s un "-un &on un &so -u# gn &0&// /# &g > 0o%#n&, %?9 #n /!n# 0 /# 6?o#s /# #@%&&!n > "o3"#n%o %#s.

$ons ?6n/s

En

&on %#s >

6

"g#n 0o/#"os 3#

"o3/s.

6

"-un %?9n/ o #n un

.3. E)ava!ra e M!ra'a"

Es

&o0o /# /os

%#

#@s%#n%# #n

o /#

g3#s, 06n%s /#

#@

#6?o&! n /#

3

g6o"#



/os

s

>

%0

& /o

$'os,

%#

#%&...

n#

Su

/s#o &on

6

u#/s 6 '&# 0%

% &u6

#



/!n#

0

0

/

%##nos un;o"#s

/

. L ;6%

u%

/#

FIGURA -0:E)ava!ra e M!ra'a"

6

"

$

#&



n



s

u

"

n

os



-u

&

#

&

0#

#

"

s

%#

o

n



#@

o

&

-

3

u



#

#n

%

un



"

? 

% #

9

6



0



6

0

/o

#

,

s

6

o

&u

0

&'





o



0 

%# n#

o

"

,

o

&

/

o

$

n

s

-

"

u

u>

#

0o

s

&

#

0



6&

?

&



!n

#

#n

n

"

>

o3

&

"



#n

#

%o



/#



%#

n



.

s,

E

0#

s %

o s

#

s#

%

0

0

6&

o



/

#n

#

&o

#

ns

-

%u

u

&&



!n

0 o

/# #/

s

&

%

os

#

,

n

>

#

-u

#

0

 * "2 su#6%os. Los 0#sos /# #s%# %0o /# #@&3/os os&6n #n%# (= > 2= %on#6/s > su 3#6o&// /# %s6&!n /# (  4 P). L &u&' 0#s 6#/#/o /# un %on#6/. E@s%#n 3os /s#os /# &u&'s /# "o/$s.

o

.3.0 E)ava!ra" De R!"ari!

%  n s

% 

Es%# %0o /#/# #-u0os 0 6 #@&3&!n $n9ss# /#u%6$ gn "gn%u/.

"

E6 ss%#" /# #@&3&!n 6o &ons%%u># un #s0#&# /# &n% sn n &on nu"#oss &u&'s /# #@&3&!n. Es%# #-u0o %#n# ?s%n%# u%6$&!n #n Euo0, 0n&06"#n%# #n A6#"n.

 % #   6

.3.3 E)ava!ra e *am4!r N!rmal

s u #

FIG URA -3: E) ava !r a e *am 4!r 5!r mal

6% o . L &0&// /# #s%# #-u0o #s% // 0o 6 &u&' /# "o/$s &u> &0&// 3 /# =.2 Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 2&


.3.8 Gra5 e)ava!ra e mi5er,a

Es%

"-un

#@&3&!n /# %#s #n 6ug#s /# #/u&/s /"#ns!n#s #n 6os -u#  6s gn/#s "-uns 6#s #s "0os?6#

#s%

/s#/ "no?. Es%s "-uns #6$n #s0#&6"#n%# 0 #@%&&!n /# /os ;un&on#s %6#s &o"o 6 #6$&!n /# #n #@&3&on#s /# "n#5  &#6o $n9s 0 &"#n%os #n 0#-u#os so6#s ?#%o, un-u# %"?én 0u#/# #"06#s# o #n o?s #n 6s -u# 6 &o"06#9// /#6 #n gn/#s "o3"#n%os /# %#s #n%"/o /# &"#n%os '&# &s /un%# 6 &ons%u&&!n /# gn/#s o?s "0os?6# 6 0os?6// /# 6 #@&3&!n &356#s &o"o #"?6s#s, #%&... Es un "#&n&. "-un -u# un-u# #s% /o%/ /# &/#ns no su#6# #6$ /#s06$"#n%os &on%5nuos /un%# su &%3// > su 06 #@&3/o #s% /s#/ &on 6#&on#s #s0#&6#s /# &#o # n&6uso /o%/ &on /#n%#s /"n%/os 0 6 #@%&&!n /# o& > /os /# gn /u#$. E6 3o68"#n > &0&// %n%o /# 6 "-un &o"o /# 6

FIGURA 9:Pe6%ea"

06 son &0&#s /# &g #n 0o&os

Ma6%i5a" E)ava!ra"

"o3"#n%os gn/#s /u"0#

En 6 "g#n su0#o 0u#/#n 3# /# $-u#/  /##&' un "n #%o &on &/#ns /#6 0 #@&3&!n /# $n9s #n 6 #6$&!n /# os%s, $0%s > o%os &"#n%os. En 6 "g#n &#n%6 un "n #@&3/o, &u>o "o/#6o 0#"%# /#"s #6$ un sn n /# ;un&on#s /s%n%s > FIGURA -8: -u# 0os## gn 3#// /# "#&ns"os E)ava!ra e mi5er,a &o"06#"#n%os -u# s# 6# 0u#/#n &o06

&o"o son #6 "%66o n#u"%&o 0 .3.9 Pe6%ea" Ma6%i5a" E)ava!ra"

%6/ 'o"gon o s;6%o, ?$o #%o#@&3/o, 6"/o /# s;6%o, &'ss

E@s%#n "-uns /# 0#-u#s /#6n%#o &on &u&'66 0 &on3#%s# /"#ns!n#s -u# son /#6#s 0 6 Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 2'


#n "n "o%on3#6/o, #%&... En 6 "g#n /# 6 $-u#/ 0u#/#n 3# un &"#n%&!n, 6 &u6 %n%o 0o 6o #/u&/o /#6 %##no &o"o 0o #6 #n%"/o /# 6os 0o$os > $n9s ' s/o 0os?6# #@&3

&  n % # s >

8n&"#n%# &on 6 >u/ /# un "n #%o &o"o 6 -u# s# "u#s%  6 /##&'.

.8 Tra5"#!r*e L #@&3/o 0u#/# s# %ns0o%/ 0o #6 Lo> Bo> #n &so /# no 0o/# %ns0o%s# so6, s #s so?# u#/s > 6 o? s# #n&u#n% &#& 0u#/# no n#&#s% /# %ns0o%#

.9 Ma5*e5imie5*! PREVENTIVO. V #   ;  &  &  ! n / # 6 u ?  

g   s  s  n % # s / # s  6   . R # 3  s   6 

&n %# #n " -u n > #@s %#n & #n 6os 6" &# n#s. V# &  0un %os /# #ng s#

' o 9  / # "  n % # n  "  # n % o 0  # 3 # n %  3 o .

. Au"#n%os > &"?os /# &#%#. PREDICTIVO. To" /# "u#s% /#6 &"?o /# &#%#. V#&&!n /# #&o"#n/&on#s "#&n&s #n "-un. S #6 #-u0o #s  u#/s &on%o6 /# 6 0#s!n /# # /# 6s 66n%s. U ?& #6 6?o%o

E@s%#n& /# 6%os #n 6os o /on/# 6"&#n#s. s# 3 T '&# #6 0o n6ss. /# CORREC 6u TIVO. ?

P  # 3 #  # 6 &  " ?  o

 &  o n  "  # n % o / #

/ #

& u & '

u   s

   .

o

C  " ?  o

g     s . A & o n /

/ # 0   % #

s . T?6#o /# &on%o6. Ls% /# #0u#s%os -u# s# usn "s #n 6 "-un &on &os%os #s%"/os > 0o3##/o#s. Ins%6&on#s #n %66# o 0os%. C  "  ! n 6 u ?   &

 / o  . C  "  ! n "  # s %   n $  .


!"#. 27


#

.B Se+%ria I5%"*rial Ls 0#n/s /# 3#s% /#?#n s# #6%3"#n%# 9us%/s, /#?# #3%s# &'-u#%s su#6%s, "ngs /# &"s, n66os > &u6-u# o%o %0o /# 9o>s, > -u# #@s%# #6 0#6go /# #ngn&'6s #n 0#$s "!36#s. L n/u"#n% #-u#/ #s C  s & o s  # s  s % # n % # s ,

G  ;  s /

s # g u   /  / , V # s %  / o  # ; 6 # & %  n % # , Z  0

#  0  6 6  

 % o s / #

V o 6 3 o

s # g u   /  / Cs&os 0o%#&%o#s 0 6os o5/os

Mei! Am4ie5*e

3.9

Ru/o /#n%o > ;u#, &un/o #6 n3#6 /# u/o so?#0s# #6 "g#n /# s#gu// #s%?6#&/o := /B, s# o?6g%oo #6 uso /# u&u6#s o %0on#s. E"s!n /# gs#s CO*, NO* P%5&u6s #n sus0#ns!n 0o63o, #n %?9os &on %#s 0u635g#ns, s# /#?# '&# uso /# "s&66s o 6#&'/s /# &6. 3.10

Pr!vee!re" 2 Mar)a" C  %

  H  s  `   o "  % s u

FIGURA B:E)ava!ra ma" +ra5e el m%5! Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 2(


// /#

0. Re*r!e)ava!ra 0.1 De@5i)i&5 L #%o#@&3/o #s un "-un #n 6

#s%os /#?# s# "86%06o

/# 6 &u6 6 06u" ?9 > su?# #n &/ &u&' o0#&!n 6 &u&', un/  #66, #@&3 %n/o '& #6 &#%!n, #s /#& '& , 0 #3% %s &o"o s# 3# #n 6 gu , #n 3#$ /# -u# #"0u9 '& /#6n%#, &o"o 6o '&# 6 un #@&3/o no"6 . &g %#ng Es ;un/

-u#

"#n%

3&s

6 -u# #6

#

%ns0

%os /s%n%o

o%# #s%#

s

ogn

?u#n

$/o /#

ss%#"

"n#  %6

s#"0# -u# s#

-u# 6

0os?6# #n 6

#@&3

#n

#6#"#n

un

,

/o no

0&%&

#s0#

&onss%

#  6os "#/o

# #n s%u 6os

s

/#

,

%ns0 o%#

&"on

6 &0&

6%#n%

#s 3"#n

%#



D#s06$ Mo36$ > /#s"o36$

un 6/o > 6 o%o

4.3

E"6%ema

/# 6 #@&3/o > 6o "s &#& 0os?6# /#6 ;#n%# /# %-u#. 4.2

O#era)i!5e" E@&3 Es 6 "#9o "-un 0 #@&3 %6u/#s 3#%&6#s 0o /#?9o /#6 06no /# sus%#n%&!n /# 6 "-un. Cg R#6$n/o gos s#g8n su #9# 3#%&6 '& #6 3o6-u#%# -u# s# #n&u#n% /#%s /# #6 G

FIGURA 0(:Par*e" Re*re)ava !ra Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 2)


4.4

CIV-247

A#li)a)i!5e" E@&3&!n /# $n9s &on %6u/#s 3#%&6#s o& /u /sg#g/ 0#3"#n%#. L #@&3&!n s# #6$ 0o /#?9o /#6 n3#6 /# sus%#n%&!n /# 6 #@&3/o sn "0o% #6 n3#6 ;#%&o. E@&3&on#s

/#

&"#n%os E@&3&!n &n6#s

/#

L"0#$ > n3#6&!n D#s"on%#, &g > /#s&g /# "%#6#s R#66#no /# &"#n%os > $n9s Es&& 0o&#so /# #"o3# 6 #s%u&%u /# un 03"#n%o #@s%#n%#, > /#sg, #"o3# %##no o&oso R00#. 4.5

Ti#!"

S#g8n su &&on"#n%o R#%o#@&3/os /# &?6# o "#&n&s. R#%o#@&3/os )/u6&s. S#g8n #6 ss%#" /# %s6&!n R#%o#@&3/os  #6#s R#%o#@&3/os "on%/s so?# &/#ns ougs E6 &'ss #s% so0o%/o 0o /os &/#ns 06#6s. As5 "s"o 6os !gnos /# "n/o, gu6 -u# #n 6 /# n#u"%&os, s# #n&u#n%n #n 6 &?n /#6 &on/u&%o. R#%o#@&3/os "on%/s so?# u#/s o n#u"%&os. E6 %#n /# o//u #s% &o"0u#s%o /# u#/s /# &u&'o, 6os !gnos /# "n/o /# /#s06$"#n%o, /#&&!n > ;#nos #s%n #n 6 &?n. L #s%?6// s# s#gu &on #s%?6$/o#s n/#0#n/#n%#s /# 6s u#/s.

FIGURA 0-:Re*r!e)ava!ra "!4re !r%+a


!"#. %*

FIGURA 0-0:Re*r!e)ava!ra "!4re R%ea"


CIV-247

0.3.1 Re*r!e)ava!ra Mi*a

Es%# %0o /# "-un #s "u> 0&%& //o -u# 0o un 6/o /s0on# /# un 06 n&' &0$ /# "o3# 3o68"#n#s &ons/#?6#s /# %#s > 0o o%o 6/o /s0on# /# un 06 &on ?$o %&u6/o "u> 0&%& 0 6 #9#&u&!n /# $n9s, %?9os #n %6u/#s, /#s#s&o"?os #%&. Un/o %o/o #66o 6 #/u&/o 3o6!"#n /# 6 "-un > su /s#o 0o 6o &u6 #s &0$ /# "o3#s# #n %##nos /;5&6#s '&# /# #s% "-un un "o/#6o "u> 0&%&o # "0#s&n/?6# 0 %o/ #"0#s /#/&/ 6 "o3"#n%o /# %#s >o &ons%u&&!n. Es "u> usu6 su u%6$&!n #n #6 /#s?o$# o /#s#s&o"?o /# so6#s > %##nos 0 &o"#n$ nu#3os #/&os, 6"0n/o #6 %##no > #6$n/o 6s #s&3&on#s #n $n9 > 0o$os 0 sus &"#n%os

FIGURA 0-3:Re*r!e)ava!ra Mi*a

0.3.( Re*r! araa

S# %% /# un #%o#@&3/o g%o, /o%/ /# /os u#/s > /os 0%s, /# g#o"#%5 3?6# > &0$ /# %?9 > "o3#s# #n 0#n/#n%#s su0#o#s 6 (== _ Sus &&%#5s%&s 6# 0#"%#n un gn 3#s%6// /# "o3"#n%os, s#n/o &0$ /# "n"$ #6 "0&%o 0o3o&/o 0o su /#s06$"#n%o  6 3#$ -u# s# o0%"$ #6 #n/"#n%o /#6 %?9o

FIGURA 0-8:Re*r! Araa

A06&&on#s En 6 A+ri)%l*%ra 0 6 &ons%u&&!n > "n%#n"#n%o /# &n6#s /# /#n9# o /# #go. En 6 Mi5eria 0 #@06o&on#s, #@06o%&on#s #n os > o%os.

En 6 C!5"*r%))i&5 /# L5n#s /# A6% T#ns!n, Fun&u6#s, 'os%6#s 60nos


!"#. %$


0.8 Tra5"#!r*e L R#%o#@&3/o 0u#/# s# %ns0o%/ 0o #6 Lo> Bo> #n &so /# no 0o/# %ns0o%s# so6, s #s so?# u#/s > 6 o? s# #n&u#n% &#& 0u#/# no n#&#s% /# %ns0o%#

0.9 Ma5*e5imie5*!

/ #

E6 "o%o /#?# #s% 0/o 0 #6$ #6 "n%#n"#n%o, s s# #-u## #n&#n//o 0 '&# 9us%#s #6 o0#/o /#?# #s% #n 6 &?n 0 #3% #6 &&#so /# 6os &on%o6#s  #@%os.

g   s 

P#3#n%3o Po%o&o6o /# #n&#n//o C0&//

/#6

%n-u#

R # # " 0 6  $ o

/#

s u

&o"?us%?6# P#3# 0os?6#s #"06$"#n%os /# %u?#5s /# 6&n%66/o o gs.

&  

S 3n  #;#&%us# so6//us #n 6 un//, /#s&on#&%# #6 6%#n/o > ?%#5s.

0 o 

Ls ?%#5s /un%# su &g o /#s&g 0o/u&#n '/og#no > o@g#no, un "#$&6 "u> #@06os3, un &'s0 0u#/# 0o/u& 6 /#%on&!n /# 6os "s"os.

n u # 3 

P#/&%3o In&6n/o#s /# T?6#o Ins0#&&!n Vsu6 6#/#/o /# 6 "-un. Co#&%3o

C  " ?  o

/ #

# s  s % # n %

& o " ? u s %  ? 6 #

# s ,

Ins0#&&!n Vsu6 6#/#/o /# 6 "-un. U%6$ #6 &#%# #&o"#n//o 0o #6 ;?&n%#. En #6 &so /# #@&3/os so?# u#/s 6 n] 6os n#u"%&os u%6$ un "ngu# 6g -u# 0#"% s%us# 06#6  6 u#/ > ;u# /#6 6&n&# /# /# 0os?6#s #3#n%on#s 4.8

Se+%ria I5%"*rial

In/u"#n% Ls 0#n/s /# 3#s% /#?#n s# #6%3"#n%# 9us%/s, /#?# #3%s# &'-u#%s su#6%s, n66os > &u6-u# o%o %0o /# 9o>s. L n/u"#n% #-u#/ #s C  s & o s 

G  ;  s / # s # g u   /  / , Z  0  % o s

/ # s # g u

  /  / Cs&os 0o%#&%o#s 0 6os o5/os Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. %2


o?s. En #6 "#&/o s# /s0on# /# 3/os /s#os, 6s /gs s# 0u#/#n

Mei! am4ie5*e

4.9

&6s& s#g8n su ;un&!n u o0#&!n, /#

Ru/o /#n%o > ;u#, &un/o #6 n3#6 /# u/o so?#0s# #6 "g#n /# s#gu// #s%?6#&/o := /B, s# o?6g%oo #6 uso /# u&u6#s o %0on#s. E"s!n /# gs#s CO*, NO* P%5&u6s #n sus0#ns!n 0o63o, #n %?9os &on %#s 0u635g#ns, s# /#?# '&# uso /# "s&66s o 6#&'/s /# &6. 4.10

Pr!vee!re" 2 Mar)a" C  % #  0  6 6  

&u#/o  su ;un&!n s# %#n#n /gs 0 6guns, #s/uos 0#6gosos, ?o"?#o /# ]u9os 3s&osos > &ons%u&&on#s "ns > s#g8n #6 "o/o /# o0#&!n s# /s0on# /# /gs #6é&%&s, /#s#6,  &on%o6 #"o%o, %0u6/s ! 0o0u6s!n u%o"%&. L /g6n, 66"/ %"?én /g /# s%# , #s #6 #-u0o n/&/o 0 #6$ #@&3&on#s ?9o su n3#6 /# sus%#n%&!n #n %##nos ?6n/os, ;ngosos o su"#g/os. Es%o #s 0os?6# 0o su gn 6&n&#, -u# 6# 0#"%# #@&3 un gn # sn /#s06$s# o /#s06$n/os# 0o %##no "#. Es%# "s"o 6&n&# 6# 0os?6% /#s&g 6#9os /#6 s%o /# #@&3&!n > ;o" "on%on#s 6%os &on #6 "%#6 #@%5/o.

3.( O#era)i!5e" Un o0#&!n /# /g/o &onss%# #n #@&3 "%#6 %#oso &u?#%o 0o gu. A "#nu/o, s# 0o3o& 6 sus0#ns!n /#6

V o 6 3 o

"%#6 #n #6 gu, 0 %ns0o%6o 6 6ug /# /#0!s%o. T6#s %?9os 0u#/#n %#n# 0o o?9#%3o 6 #@&3&!n g#n#6 su?"n /# un ?'5, /# un 06>, /# un 5o o /# un 6go. En #sos &sos, s #6 #

Cs# o"%su

0o

#@&3

%#n#

un

n&'u

&ons/#?6#, 6o "s"o -u# 6ong%u/, s#

3. Dra+a" 2 Dra+ali5a"

s%8 6 /g /# "n# -u# #9#$ un

3.1 De@5i)i&5

&&!n /# #&o/o &on%nuo > #@%#nso

Ls /gs son "-uns #s0#&6"#n%#

so?# 6 su0#&# /#6 gu, 6#/#/o /# un &#n%o /# go. En o%os %?9os, 6

/s#/s

0

#6$

#@&3&on#s

&u%&s > #@%# 6os #s/uos /# #s%s

/g %#n/ -u# #@&3 un &n6 o un

%n&'#, > n#&#s% "o3#s# s#g8n un65n#,  "#// -u# 3n&# 6 #@&3&!n. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. %%


. E

-

x c

C

a

a

v

r

a

g

r .

u !



o

P

d

o

e

r m a

a

r

t

r

e

a

r

s

i

t

a

r e

l s

d

u

e

e l

m

t

a

o

t e r i a l

5.3

E"6%ema

P%#s -u# &ons%%u>#n #6 #-u0o /# /g/o DRAGA.-

.

Es un #"?&&!n so0o%n%# /#6 ss%#"

C

/# ?o"?s > "6&%#s. L /g #s%

a

n&6/  6s o66s /#6 #"?6s# 0o &u%o

r

0un%os "#/n%# &?6#s -u# s6#n /# &u%o

g a r

"6&%#s /#s/# 6s &u%o s%s /# 6 /g. Los &?6#s s# 0u#/#n #no66 o

/#s#no66 &on 6o &u6 #6 #-u0o 0u#/# gus ?9o /#6 5o. 0os&ons# #n un %"o /#%#"n/o. MDULO DE DRAGADO.-

Es #6 /s0os%3o su9#%o  un &s%66o so0o%n%# #n 6 0o /# 6 /g "#/n%# un &?6# -u# 6 s# so6%/o 0o un "6&%# 0#"%# -u# #6 "!/u6o 66#gu# 's% #6 s#/"#n%o 0 /sg#g6o, "#$&66o &on gu > ?so?#6o TU$ERA.-

Cons%%u># 6 %#&# 0%# > 0#"%# -u# 6 "#$&6 s# %ns0o%/ so?# #6 n3#6 /#6 gu /#6 #"?6s# > s# /#0os%/  0é /# 0#s /on/# 6s #@&#/#n&s -u# s6#n 0o #6 3#%#/#o > /#sg# /# ;on/o > 6os %?u%os s%#n #6 s#/"#n%o

FIGURA 31:Par*e" e %5a Dra+a


!"#. %4


Dg/o /# 5os > 0#ss Dra+ali5a

Son #-u0os -u# #s%n &on;o"/o 0o un &?n, un ss%#" /# %s6&!n, un 06u" /# gn 6ong%u/, #n #6 o/#n /# 6os  += "#%os. T#n#n un &u&' &&on/ 0o un ss%#" /# &?6#s > #6$ #s&6s!n 0o s%#

E@&3&!n /# /os /#6 ;on/o /#6 6#&'o /# 6os 5os Au"#n%o /# 6 0o;un/// /# &6/o n#&#s 0 #6 %ns%o /# &#%s #"?&&on#s. Té&n& /# %s?o/o /# "%#6 R # " o &  ! n / # 6 # s % é   6

FIGURA 3-(: Par*e" Dra+ali5 a 5.4

0   

A#li)a)i!5e" L"0#$ /#6 ;on/o /# 6os 0u#%os > &os%s. Au"#n%o /# 6 0o;un/// /# &6/o n#&#s 0 #6 %ns%o /# &#%s #"?&&on#s.

" o s %   

! n

6  s

/ #

3 # %  s

o 6 # o / u & % o s

/ # &   ? ! n

D   g 

D # " o 6  &  ! n

/ o / #  5 o s

C o n s %  u & & 

>

0  # s  s


!"#. %&


CIV-247

FIGURA 3-:Rem!)i&5 el e"*ril #ara m!"*rar la" ve*a" e )ar4&5

FIGURA 3-0: C!5"*r%))i&5 e !le!%)*!"

FIGURA 3-3: Dra+a )!5 *!lva !#era5! e5 la #r!?%5i'a)i&5 e el Ca5al e Pa5am Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. %'




3.3 Ti#!"

 g

 Los #-u0os /# /g/o 0u#/#n s &6s&s# #n /os gn/#s gu0os DRAGAS MECNICAS E/CAADORAS / O DRAGALINAS > DRAGAS DE ASPIRACIN HIDRULICA, ?s/s #n 6 &0%&!n /#6 "%#6 /#6 6#&'o

#

"#/n%# %u?#5s /# s0&!n > #-u0os /# ?o"?#o.

B 

3.3.1 Dra+a" Hir%li)a"

 

Dgs )/u6&s u%6$n gu 0 # 0o0u6s #6 "%#6 /g/o6. E6 "%#6 n #s su&&on/o 0o 6 ?o"? > 0o0u6s/o   %3és /# 6 %u?#5. E;em#l!"

D 

D 



 g  s / # S u & &  o n D

g  s / # P 6  n & '  D 



Dgs /# Cu?#%

FIGU RA 3-8: Dra+ a Hir %li) a

g  s / # S u & & FIGURA 39:Dra+a! 2 $!m4e! e5 $a;a" Pr!?%5iae"

 o n D 

L ra+a e )!r*a!r Ama'!5e, &on un #n/"#n%o /# 0o@"/"#n%# 2.=== "2 0o 'o, > sus #-u0os /# 0o>o

 g  s / # FIGURA 3-B: Dra+a e )!r*a!r Ama'!5e

J # % Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. %7


 3.3.( Dra+a" Me)5i)a"

Dgs "#&n&s usn un &u?#%, 6"#9, o o%0s "#/os "#&n&os 0 su?s%# #6 "%#6 /#6 ;on/o. S #6 "%#6 no 0u#/# s# /#s&g/o &#& /# 6 /g, #s%# s# %ns0o%/o 6%#n"#n%#. E;em#l!"

Dgs /# B6/# D   g  s E s &  3  / o    # @ &  3  / o  

D   g  s R # %  o # s &  3  / o   Dgs /# Es&6# Dgs /# Cu&'on FIG URA 3-=: Dra +a Me) 5i) a

DRAGAS DE ARRASTRE. Un o0#&!n /# /g/o &onss%# #n #@&3 "%#6

%#oso &u?#%o 0o gu

6

FIGURA 3-1<: Dra+a e Arra"*re

3.8 Tra5"#!r*e L Dg s# %ns0o% 0o "#/o /#6 LoH Bo> #n &so /# no 0o/# %ns0o%s# so6, s #s% so?# u#/s > 6 o? s# #n&u#n% &#& 0u#/# %ns0o%s# so6.

3.9 Ma5*e5imie5*! P #6$ #6 "n%#n"#n%o #6 "o%o /#?# #s% 0/o. Ins0#&&!n 3su6 R  6 # n % >  C  6 # n %  "

" o % o  0  o g  # s  3  " # n % #  E n g   s   0

# n % o

 # $  s

/ #

 #

u #   / 

s C"?o /# &o"?us%?6# En &so /# /gs so?# u#/s 6 n]6os &on un "ngu# 6g ;u# /#6 6&n&# /# /# 0os?6#s #3#n%on#s. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. %(


L 5.8




P %?9 s# #-u## 6og un 06no /# s#n%"#n%o 'o$on%6 /# 6

#

"-un. Ls un//#s /# &#o /#?#n s%us# 6o "s &#&ns  #s%s "-uns.

 

? ' #

C

No '&# gos &on 6 &u&' &g/, 0 no '&# #s;u#$os /# %os!n #n 6 06u".

 % #

Forma de encarar el trabajo" los operadores



deben ser conscientes # responsables de la

0

seguridad$

estar

%!sica&

mental

#

emocionalmente en buenas condiciones. Encendido.

'nspeccionar la maquinaria

%pagado.$ Con&6u/o #6 %?9o

?9 %o/os 6os "06#"#n%os 6 su#6o o 0!>6os so?# un so0o%# 6o su&#n%#"#n%# ;u#%# 0 gun% #6 0#so /# 6os "s"os. &raa'o.$ Dun%# #6 %?9o no

so?#0s 6 &0&// /# #6#3&!n > 0#"n#&# /#n%o /# 6os 65"%#s /# #6#3&!n #@0u#s%os #n 6 %?6 /#6 ;?&n%#.

 6 6    o "  % s u

3.= Mei! am4ie5*e Es%# %#n# un gn "0&%o "?#n%6 /#?/o 6 #"o&!n /# %# -u# s# 0o/u&# 0o s%# /# "%#6 s#/"#n%/o, &on%"nn/o #6 gu > #osonn/o #6 su#6o.

L 

3.1< Pr!vee!re" 2 Mar)a"



%  o n

&

#@&3n/o >

B

6 "s"o %#"0o

u

#"0u9n/o

&

&on

> 

%ns0o%#. En #s%

u s

"-un son "on%/os

6

'o9

/3#sos #-u0os 6.

Tra)*!re" )!5 H!;a e Em#%;e

0

0o/# #9#&u% su

8.1 De@5i)i&5

%?9o,

/#"s /#?/o  su gn

M-un 0 "o3"#n%o /# %# &on

0o%#n& %#n# 6 0os?6//

un

gn

/# #"0u9 o

> #n

0o>  o%s

su #s%u&%u, /s#/o

"-uns &un/o #s%s

0o%#n& o?us%#$

#s0#&6"#n%

6o n#&#s%#n E9. un

#

"o%o%66.

0

%?9o

#6 /#

&o%# FIGURA 8-1:Tra)*!r )!5 H!;a e Em#%;e Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. %)


6.2

CIV-247

O#era)i!5e" E@&3 &#6o ?#%o #n gn/#s /"#nson#s. A&#o #n gn/#s /"#nson#s.

6.3

E"6%ema

FIGURA 8-(: Par*e" Tra)*!r )!5 H!;a e Em#%;e T!#a!raJ

8.0 A#li)a)i!5e" Gn/#s #@&3&on#s  &#6o ?#%o E@&3&!n #n ?n&o /# 0és%"o L"0#$ > /#s?o&# A0#%u /# 35s

8.3 Ti#!" 8.3.1 P!r el "i"*ema e *ra"la)i&5 8.3.1.1 De Or%+a"

Su &o"?us%?6# ">o"#n%# #s #6 /#s#6, son #-u0os /# ">o 0o%#n&. C'ss 5g/o. V#6o&//#s "@"s /# #n%# 1 > (7 `"'. Po%#n&s /# #n%# (4= > 11= )P. Tns"son#s "#&n&s.

P#sos #n s#3&o /# #n%# (2,7 > +: %. C0&// /# #"on% 0#n/#n%#s /# 's% 47^. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 4*


6.5.2

8.3.1.( De r%ea"

Po/u&#n "#nos &o"0&%&!n #n #6 su#6o, s# usn "s #n gono"5.

P!r la ?!rma e5 6%e m%eve "% 7!;a

Ls 'o9s /# #"0u9# 0u#/#n #6$ 6os sgu#n%#s "o3"#n%os In&6n&!n 6%#6.

C'ss %&u6/o &on ngu6os /# 4=^  47^. T&&!n #n 6s &u%o u#/s.

V&!n /#6'o9. ngu6o /# %-u# /# 6

V#6o&//#s "@"s /# /#s06$"#n%o /# #n%# (+ > += `"'. Po%#n&s /# #n%# (1= > :*= )P.

V&!n /#6 ngu6o /# 6 'o9 #s0#&%o /# 6 /#&&!n /# 3n&#. E6#3&!n > /#s&#nso /# 6 'o9.

FIGURA 8:Tra)*!r )!5 H!;a e em#%;e "!4re r%ea"

Tns"son #s "#&n&s o #6é&%&s. P#sos #n s#3&o /# #n%# (:,7 > <+ t. FIGURA 80: Til!'erKA 5+le!'er Univ. Richard Mamani

.

!"#. 4$


 6 (@s%#n

/;##n%#s %0os /# 'o9s

/ #

&ons#9/ 0 %?9os /# #"0u9# #n g#n#6, #s0#&6"#n%# #n -u#66os -u# #-u##n 0s/s &o%s o /# "#/ /s%n&. Es 6 /# ">o 3#s%6// > &0&// 0 %?9os #n o&.

Hoja

Hoja

recta:

angulable:

/s#/

  /  o 3     ? 6 #

0

#"0u9 #6 "%#6 6%#6"#n%#, 0 6o &u6 0u#/# s%us# #n #6 ?s%/o /# 6os ?$os &on ngu6os /# *7^  6 /##&' o $-u#/

) o 9 

#s0#&%o /# 6 /#&&!n /#6 %&%o. Hoja de empuje amortiguado: s#



%% /# un 'o9 /# 0o&o n&'o, 6o -u# 6# o%og ">o "no??6// 6 %&%o #n su 6?o /# #"0u9#. 6.5.3

O*ra )la"i@)a)i&5 )a*er#illar

)o9 #&% )o9 un3#s6 )o9 s#"un3#s6 ) o 9  s # "  u n  3 #  s

" o  %  g u  / 

"e+5

o'a universal o en ""* us/ 0 #6

#"0u9# /# gn/#s 3o68"#n#s /# "%#6  6gs /s%n&s. Po

FIGURA 8-3:H!;a e em#%;e "emi%5iver"al

#s%o, 6 &u3%u /# 6os #@%#"os /# 6 'o9 "0u6s #6 "%#6 '& #6 &#n%o /# 6 "s", /s"nu>#n/o 6os /#"#s 6%#6#s. +as

,o'as

semiuniversale

&#n%6 #ss%#n%#

&o"?nn 6 &0&// /# #%#n&!n /# 6 &g /# 6s 'o9s un3#s6#s &on 6 &0&// /# 0#n#%&!n

6 /#sgs%# > un

s

/#6 %##no /# 6s 'o9s #&%s #n un so6o /s#o /# 6%o #n/"#n%o. +as ,o'as amortiguadas

s# usn 0 &g "#/n%# #"0u9# %566s o %&%o#s /# &/#ns. E6 /s#o /# s#3&o 0#s/o n&6u># un 06& /#

s#&&!n #;o$/ /# &u&'66. +as ,o'as semiuniversales

/# /o 3?6# son #@#n%#s '#"#n%s 0 #6 "#9o"#n%o /# %#s, &ons#3&!n /# su#6os, /#so66o /# #"06$"#n%o /# o?s > &ons%u&&!n g#n#6 8.3.0 A))e"!ri!" Ai)i!5ale"

T"?#n 0u#/# &on% #n su 0%# %s# &on un #s&&/o. Es%# &&#soo 0#"%# #@&3 su#6os /uos -u# no s# 0u#/#n #"o3# &on 6 'o9, %6#s &o"o s;6%o, 03"#n%o 3#9o > su0#&#s &ong#6/s.

#3#s%"#n%o Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 42


8.8 Tra5" #!r*e

FIGURA 88:Tra)*!r )!5 E")ari@)a!r

6s u#/ "#/o /#6 LoH Bo> #n &so /# s o no 0o/# %ns0o%s# so6, s so? # 6s #s% so?# u#/s > 6 o? s# &/# #n&u#n% &#& 0u#/# ns, %ns0o%s# so6. S# 0#s#n% ?9o #6 "on%9# /# un %o0/o Bu6% 6 &u&' /o$#.  L To0/o s# %ns0o% 0o

8.9 Ma5*e5imie5*! Ma5*e5imie5*! e5 la '!5a e *ra4a;!

Co6o& 6 "-un #n %##no 66no. B6o-u# 6s u#/s o 6s &/#ns. Co6o& 6 &u&' 0o>/ #n #6 su#6o. S s# /#?# "n%#n# 6 &u&' 6#3n%/ s# n"o36$ /#&u/"#n%#. D#s&on#&% 6 ?%#5 0 "0#/ un n-u# s8?%o /# 6 "-un. No -u#/ s# #n%#

o #6 ?$ o. No &o6o & nun&  un 0#$  "#% 6& #n& " /# 6os ?on #s /# 6 ?%#

 5  . U% 6$  un " #/ / o /# & g  0  3#  &  6 ? %# 5 . N o u %  6  $

  n u n &  u n " # & ' #  o o & #  6 6  s 0

  

6$ 6os #@% n%o #s.

3 # 

C o n s

/ # n %  o

#  3   6 "  u n  # n ? u # n # s%  / o / # 6 " 0 # $ .

/ # 6 " o % o  . A 0  # n / #   u %

mie5 *! e5 *aller

6 

&on3# n#n%# 6"0  6 $on  #0 . No 6"0  nun& 6s 0#$s &on gso6 n. T?9  #n un 6o&6 3#n%6 /o.

s

NO FUMAR.

A n % # s / # # " 0 # $  

 # 0    &  o n # s , # s

M a 5 * e 5 i Un iv. Richard Mamani .

An%#s /# #"0#$ 6s #0&on#s, -u% 6 663# /# &on%&%o, ?6o-u# 6 "-un > &o6o& 6#%#os n/&n/o -u# no s# "n0u6#n 6os "#&ns"o. S 3os "#&n&os %?9n #n 6 "s" "-un, sus %?9os /#?#n s# &oo/n/os > &ono&/os #n%# #66os. D#9 #n; #6 "o%o n%#s /# -u% #6 %0!n /#6 //o. !"#. 4%


B96 0#s!n /#6 &&u%o '/u6&o n%#s /# -u% #6 %0!n /# 3&/o, s5 "s"o &un/o s# #6&# #6 3&/o /#6 &#%# 3g6 -u# no #s%é -u#"n/o. 6.8

&o"0#%#n%# /#sgn/o 0o #6 "s"o. E6 no"?# > #6 &go /# #s% 0#son s# &onsgnn #n un 6?o /# #gs%o /# s#gu//, #6 &u6 6o gu/ #6 #n&g/o.


S s# %#n# -u# /#9 #6#3/o #6 ?$o > 6 &u&', s# 0o&#/#  An%#s /# #"0#$ &u6-u# %?9o s# 0#&s &ono&# 6s #g6s > su n"o36$&!n n%#s /# #"0#$ #&o"#n/&on#s -u# &ons#9 #6 #6 %?9o. &on%%s% /# 6 o?. As5 "s"o /#?#n R#6$ 6 #3&u&!n /# s#gus# 6s #&o"#n/&on#s #s0#&6#s 6os gs#s /#6 %u?o /# -u# #6&# #6 #n&g/o /# 6 o? #s&0# /#&%"#n%# 6 C!5"e;!" #ara el )!5%)*!r #@%#o /#6 6o&6. .

Cun/o s# #g6# 6 %#ns!n /# 6s &o#s /#6 "o%o, és%# #s% 0/o. An%#s

/#

n&

#6

No ng# ?#?/s 6&o'!6&s n%#s > /un%# #6 %?9o.

"o%o,

&o"0o? -u# no s# '> /#9/o nngun '#"#n% #n&" /#6 "s"o. U%6$ gun%#s s#gu//.

>

$0%os

/#

Eame5 e la m6%i5a

L "-un n%#s /# #"0#$ &u6-u# %?9o, /#?# s# #@"n/ #n %o/s sus 0%#s. Los #@"#n#s /#?#n #no3s# %o/s 6s 3#&#s -u# s#n n#&#ss > ;un/"#n%6"#n%# &un/o '> '?/o un ;66o #n #6 "%#6, #n 6 "-un, #n 6s ns%6&on#s o 6os /s0os%3os /# s#gu// '?#n/o 0o/u&/o o no un &&/#n%#. To/os #s%os #@"#n#s 6os #6$ #6 #n&g/o o 0#son6

No %o" "#/&"#n%os sn 0#s&0&!n ;&u6%%3, #s0#&6"#n%# %n-u6$n%#s. No #6$ &#s, n ?o"s  6os /#"s &on/u&%o#s. E s %   8 n  &  " # n %

#   % # n % o

n  /  #

 6

# n

%   ?  9 o .

6 

N

& u & '   

o

.

%   n s 0 o  %  

Cun/o 6gu#n /#?# gu 6 "-uns%, és%# no 6o 0#/# nun& /# 3s%. No /#9 nun& -u# #s%# >u/n%# %o-u# 6os "n/os. En&#n/# 6os ;os 6 n6 /#6 /5 0 3# > s# 3s%o. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 44


Pr!*e))i&5 el a#ara*! re"#ira*!ri!

En %?9os &on %#s 0u635g#ns, s# /#?# '&# uso /# "s&66s.

N!*a" "!4re eleme5*!" e #r!*e))i&5 #er"!5al

Cs&o 0o%#&%o /# 6 &?#$

Mei! Am4ie5*e

6.9

)?%u6"#n%# #6 0u#s%o /#6 &on/u&%o #s% 0o%#g/o &on &?n, 0#o #s n/s0#ns?6# #6 uso /#6

Con%"n 6o "#nos 0os?6# #6 # &on 6os gs#s > 0%5&u6s #n sus0#ns!n No &"? /s%&"#n%# #6 "?#n%#

&s&o 0o%#&%o &un/o ?n/on 6 "s" 0s#&&u6 0o 6 o?. $!*a" e "e+%ria a5*ie"li'a5*e

E6 &6$/o /# s#gu// #s "0o%n%# /#?/o  6s &on/&on#s #n 6s -u# s# su#6# %?9 #n 6 o? &on ?o, gu, &#%#, gss, #%&.. Po%#&&!n /# 6os o5/os Cun/o #6 n3#6 /# u/o so?#0s# #6 "g#n /# s#gu// #s%?6#&/o > #n %o/o &so, &un/o s# su0#o  := /B, s# o?6g%oo #6 uso /# u&u6#s o %0on#s.

No / #s0#&#s 33s /#6 6ug 6.10

Pr!vee!re" 2 Mar)a" &  s # & #

R!#a e *ra4a;!

No s# /#?#n u%6$ o0s /# %?9o su#6%s -u# 0u#/n s# %0/s 0o #6#"#n%os #n "o3"#n%o. E3#n%u6"#n%# &un/o 6s &on/&on#s %"os;é&s 6o &ons#9#n > #6 0u#s%o /# "n/o &#$& /# &?n, #6 &on/u&%o /#?# /s0on# /# o0 -u# 6# 0o%#9 /# 6 66u3. G%a5*e"

E6 &on/u&%o /#?# /s0on# /# gun%#s /#&u/os 0 0os?6#s #"#g#n&s /# &ons#3&!n /un%# #6 %?9o.

3 o 6 3 o &  % ` o "  %

s u 9 o ' n

' # #  #


!"#. 4&


  6

9. Trailla" 2 M!*!*railla" 9.1 De@5i)i&5

 # " o 3  / o

L T66 &ons%, #n 0n&0o, /# un ?s%/o o &'ss -u# 66#3 un &9 o #&0#n%# /# %ns0o%# > /#?# s# #"o6&/. Un Mo%o%566 /#?# %#n# 6 0o%#n&, %&&!n > 3#6o&// 0 un 0o/u&&!n 6% > &on%nu &on un "06 g" /# "%#6#s, &on/&on#s > 06&&on#s.

&o%n > &gn 0/"#n%#, %#n#n 6%s

T   n s 0 o 

3#6o&//#s /# /#s06$"#n%o, #@%#n/#n #n o0#&!n > #3#n%u6"#n%# &o"0&%n

% #

A6guns /# 6s o0&on#s /# 6s Mo%o%566s n&6u>#n "o%o s"06# &on &9 ?#%, "o%o %n/#" &on &9 ?#%, "o%o %n/#" /# #"0u9# > %o, #6#3/o#s > &ongu&on#s /# sn;5n. Ls Mo%o%566s

0o 0#so 0o0o /un%# 6 o0#&!n. 7.2

/ # 6

O#era)i!5e" Co%# /#6 su#6o C   g 

"  % #  

/ # M  % # 

 6 V&/o o /#s&g > su &on9un% &o"0&%&!n 7.3

E"6%ema FIGURA 9-

1: Par*e" M!*!*rail

la


!"#. 4'


7.4

A#li)a)i!5e" C  & 6

A &    # o

o & o " 0 6 # % o / # " o 3  "  # n % o

/ # ?  n & o s / # 0  é s %  " o V#6&!n /# 06%;o"s

/ # %  #    s

E@&3&!n #n ?n&os /# 0és%"o "06os > 6 /#s&g o #@%#n//o 0 %#06#n#s ! gn/#s #66#nos. S# 06& #n &ons%u&&!n /# &#%#s /on/# 6 &6// /# 6os %##nos #s #6%3"#n%# 'o"ogén#o. Mo3"#n%o /# %#s

6os ?o/#s '& #6 &#n%o, /#0#n/#n/o /#6 #s0#so, /# 6 3#6o&// /# &o"0&%&!n, #6 g/o /# &o"0&%&!n > 6 &0&// /# #6$ #@&3&on#s 0o &0s, &g > 6s %566s. %ns0o%# /# %##no #@&3/o, En 6 gu s# "u#s% un #s-u#" /# &o6o&&!n /# "%#6 0o &0s. Po &ons%u&&!n /# 0#s &on /os $ons /# #s%s &&%#5s%&s s# u%6$n #n 0és%"o > %566s. S# 6%#n 6 o0#&!n #@&3&on#s &on %s6/o > &o6o&&!n /# #n%# %566s "%#6 0 &ons%u&&!n, "%#6, s# #6$n $n9s, ;osos, /-u#s, ?u66/o$# n3#6&!n > #@%#n//o /# 6 %#06#n#s, &n6#s &?66#os, /#s%0# &0 > &o"0&%/o. #n &n%#s > 0és%"os, #@06n&on#s, L o0#&!n /# %566s s# u%6$ 0

n3#6&!n /# %#s, s# 0u#/#n #6$ &o%#s &on %6u/#s "#no#s  (2.7 /# 0#n/#n%#. E@s%#n %#s %0os /# %566s /# #"o6-u#, s#"#"o6-u# > "o%o%566s. TERRAPLENES IALES Y PRESAS

G#n#6"#n%# #s%s o?s s# dividen en L /#s&g /# 6 %566 s# '&# #n 65n# cuatro tramos de hasta 200 ". C / #&% > 6 $on /# /#s&g /#?# s# %6 -u# %"o s# 'u"#/#&# o s#& > s# &o"0&% 0#"% 6 /#s&g &o"06#%. /#&u/"#n%#. E6 "%#6 s# &o6o& /# Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 47


9.3 Ti#!"

/# 06#%s -u# 3n &gn/o #6 "%#6 /#n%o /# 6 &9, no #-u##n /#6 %&%o 0 su &g sn #"?go su uso s# 6"%

S# &ono&#n 0o su 0o%#n&

 %?9os &on "%#6#s su3#s.

&ons% Escrepas, #s&#0 /# s%#, 6s &u6#s 0n&06"#n%# /# /os 0%#s, un &9 son 96/s 0o un %&%o /# ougs, 6s "#%6& #;o$/ so0o%/ 0o un #9# &u6#s 0#/#on 0o0u6// 0o su ?9o #ototrailla

Est-ndar ,

&on u#/s n#u"%&s, un &o"0u#% #n/"#n%o. &u3 -u# 0u#/# ?9 o su? "#/n%# M!*!*railla" Ele)*ri)a" Ls "o%o%566s un "#&ns"o '/u6&o, un &u&'66 /# &on 0o0u6s!n #6é&%& 0os##n "o%o#s &#o #n 6 0%# n;#o /# 6 &9 -u# -u# "u#3#n %o/os 6os !gnos /# %?9o s3# 0 &o% #6 "%#6 > un 06& /#6 #-u0o, &&onn/o6os /#&%"#n%# "#%6& "!36 #n 6 0%# n%#o 6 &u6 u#/s o  %3és /# %ns"son#s s"06#s 0u#%, 0#/ #>#&%o, #%&é%#. 6 /#s06$s# '& /#6n%# 0#"%# L &o#n%# #6é&%& #s su"ns%/ 0o /#s6o9 %o/o #6 "%#6 &on%#n/o #n g#n#/o#s -u#,  su 3#$, son #66. &on/&on/os 0o #6 "o%o /# 0#%!6#o /# 6 "-un. #ototrailla de dole motor K %"?én M!*!*railla" Ta5em A6guns "s &ono&/s &o"o "o%o%66s /# /o?6# &ons%u&%os 'n /s#/o un "o%o%566 %&&!n, %#n#n un s#gun/o "o%o -u# /# /os "!/u6os, #s /#&, un so6o %&%o /# "0u6s #6 #9# %s#o /# 6 "-un &on 6 s66 -u# s% /os %566s, ;o"n/o un -u# s# o?%#n#n un %&&!n #n 6s &u%o so6o &on9un%o. E6 >ugo /# 6 0"# 3 u#/s 6o -u# 0#"%# 0#s&n/ /#6 "on%n/o so?# #6 #9# 0o0u6so /#6 %&%o %&%o /# >u/, > 0u#/# %?9 #n /# 6 "n# usu6. E6 >ugo /# 6 s#gun/ 0#n/#n%#s ">o#s s5 &o"o #n "%#6 %566 s# &o6o& #n ;o" s"6 so?# #6 gnu6. #9# %s#o /# 6 0"#. #ototrailla de tiro  empu'e K %"?én 66"/s ss%#" Pus'0u66, %#n#n 6 9.8 Tra5"#!r*e 3#n%9 &o"o 6 #6"n&!n /#6 %&%o L Mo%o%66 s# %ns0o% 0o "#/o /#6 #"0u9/o, #s un #-u0o ?6n&#/o &on LoH Bo> #n &so /# no 0o/# %ns0o%s# "#no n3#s!n. so6, g#n#6"#n%# s# %ns0o% so6 s 6 #ototrailla autocargales K %#n#n un o? s# #n&u#n% &#& "#&ns"o #6#3/o -u# ;un&on  ?s# Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 4(


9.9 Ma5*e5imie5*! D#?# %#n# #n &u#n% #6$ #6 "n%#n"#n%o #n #6 &so /# 6s %66s &on #"o6-u#, #6 "n%#n"#n%o %"?én /#6 %&%o #"0u9/o. Es%# #-u0o #-u## "n%#n"#n%o 0#3#n%3o 6u?&n%#s > gss #n ;o" 0#!/& , %"?én &on%#"06 #6 n6ss #n 6?o%oo &#%# us/o /# 6 "-un .O%o %0o /# "n%#n"#n%o #s #6 Co#&%3o -u# &onss%# #n #6 &"?o /# #0u#s%os -u# n#&#s% 6 "-un . V#& 6os /s0os%3os /# #ngn&'#, 6 'o9 /# 0#n#%&!n > 6 &u&'66 n&o0o/  6 'o9 7.8

Se+%ria i5%"*rial Cono&# > &u"06 #6 0og" /# s#gu// /# su #"0#s. V#s% 6s 0#n/s /# s#gu// 0#%n#n%#s &on #6 %?9o -u# %#n# sgn/o . D#?# &ono&# 6s 0os?6//#s /# su "-un, s5 &o"o sus 6"%&on#s. F "6 5 &#s # &o n

6os &on% o6#s , n/& /o #s # ns% u"# n%os . D#? # &ono &# /# n%# "n o #6 #s% /o /# 6s $on s /# %? 9o. D#?# &ono&# 6s s#6#s /# %&o, 6s s#6#s -u# s# '&#n &on 6s "nos > -u#n#s son 6os #n&g/os /# 6 s#6$&!n. As#g8#s# /# -u# &ono&# #6 s#n%/o /# 6 "&' > &u6-u# o% no" n%#n /# 6 #@06o%&!n -u# 0u/# /;##n&s# sgn&%3"#n%# /# 6os 0o&#/"#n%os '?%u6#s. Los 0og"s 0 6 s#gu// /#6 #"06#/o /#?#n #@g 6 0#s#n& /# un 'o"?# #n &/ 6ug /# %?9o, -u# s# #s0ons?6&# > %#ng u%o//, #n 6o -u# 

s#gu// s# ### L6#3# s#"0# 6os &&#soos 0o%#&%o#s #-u#/os, &o"o &s&os #ss%#n%#s, g;s /# s#gu//, 3#s%/o #]#&%n%#, $0%os /# s#gu// > &s&os 0o%#&%o#s 0 6os o5/os. Sus 0#n/s /# 3#s% /#?#n s# #6%3"#n%# 9us%/s 7.9

Mei! Am4ie5*e Ru/o /#n%o > ;u# Cun/o #6 n3#6 /# u/o so?#0s# #6 "g#n /# s#gu// #s%?6#&/o > #n %o/o Univ. Richard Mamani .

&so, &un/o s# su0#o  := /B, s# o?6g%oo #6 uso /# u&u6#s o %0on#s. E"s!n /# gs#s CO*, NO* &un/o #@s% gn #"s!n /# gs#s -u# ;#&%#n #6 ss%#" #s0%oo s# /#?#n us ??9os ! "s&66s. P%5&u6s #n sus0#ns!n 0o63o En %?9os &on %#s 0u635g#ns, s# /#?# '&# uso /# "s&66s ! ??9os. T"?én s# 0u#/# us 6#&'/s /# &6. !"#. 4)


0 miami Florida $$%&'2(%9

9.1< Pr!vee!re" 2 Mar)a"

En #6 "#&/o n&on6. o"%su.

In%#n&on6#s.

C%#066 3 + /# "$o ;#n%# 6 #g"#n%o Ing3.

Cs#. F   %  6  &  s . J o '

8.

Car+a!ra" Fr!5*ale"

B.1 De@5i)i&5 E6 &g/o ;on%6 #s un #-u0o %&%o, "on%/o #n ougs o #n u#/s, -u# %#n# un &u&'!n /# gn %"o #n su #@%#"o ;on%6. Los &g/o#s son #-u0os /# &g, &#o > #3#n%u6"#n%# #@&3&!n, #n #6 &so /# &#o so6o s# #&o"#n/ #6$6o #n /s%n&s &o%s. E6 uso /# &g/o#s / so6u&on#s "o/#ns  un 0o?6#" /# &#o > &g

n

/# "%#6#s, &on 6 n6// /# #/u& 6os &os%os > u"#n% 6 0o/u&&!n. En #6 &so

D # #  # .

/# #@&3&on#s &on #@06os3os, 6 ?u#n "o36// /# és%# 6# 0#"%# "o3#s# ;u# /#6 # /# 3o6/u 0/"#n%# > &on s#gu// > n%#s /# -u# #6 0o63o /# 6 #@06os!n s# /s0#, #6 &g/o 0u#/# #s% #&og#n/o 6 o& #g/ > 0#0n/os#

So6&%u/#s /# "-un nu#3 > 0 6 #n%#g /#6 "%#6. us/ #n #6 su06#"#n%o "#nsu6 /# Los &u&'on#s /#6 &g/o ;on%6 35n 6 #3s% n%#n&on6 ROC X DIRT #n %"o, /#s/# =.(< "2 's% "s /# &on #6 %#6#;#no n%#n&on6 <2( (<.( "2 /# &0&//, &o6"/o. E6 %"o 4:47(21  F@ <2(4:4*72*. C!5"*r%))i&5 Pa5ameri)a5a #3s% "#nsu6 /s%?u/  Bo63, Ag#n%n , C'6#, Bs6 &o"o 05s#s "s &#&nos Reader servicec department 900 !0" dadeland #lvd" !uite

/#6 &u&'!n #s% #s%&%"#n%# #6&on/o &on #6 %"o /# 6 "-un. 8.2

O#era)i!5e" E @ &

 3   C   g  

D # s &   g   Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &*


A&# o %ns0o% Los &g/o#s son #-u0os /# &g, &#o > #3#n%u6"#n%# #@&3&!n, #n #6 &so /# &#o so6o s# #&o"#n/ #6$6o #n /s%n&s &o%s. E6 uso /# &g/o#s / so6u&on#s "o/#ns  un 0o?6#" /# &#o > &g /# "%#6#s, &on 6 n6// /# #/u& 6os &os%os > u"#n% 6 0o/u&&!n. En

#6

&so

/#

#@&3&on#s

FIGURA B-1: Par*e" Car+a!ra Fr!5*al

&on

#@06os3os, 6 ?u#n "o36// /# és%# 6# 0#"%# "o3#s# ;u# /#6 # /# 3o6/u 0/"#n%# > &on s#gu// > n%#s /# -u# #6 0o63o /# 6 #@06os!n s# /s0#, #6 &g/o 0u#/# #s% #&og#n/o 6 o& #g/ > 0#0n/os# 0 6 #n%#g /#6 "%#6.

B. E"6%ema

B.0 A#li)a)i!5e" S# 06& #n &ons%u&&on#s /on/# #@s% "06o #s0&o 0 "no?, s# u%6$ #n %o/ o? -u# #-u## /# &o%#, &guo, &#o > /#s&g /# "#/nos 3o6u"#n#s /# %#. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &$


# s C   g u 5

E@&3&!n /# %##no su#6%o ! ?6n/o A06/o /# "%#6 > &gu5o /# "%#6 su#6%o D#0os% #6 "%#6 su#6%o, > s# #n

o / # "  % #    6 # s M # $ & 6  / # "  % #    6

un 06n% &'n&/o, /# 'o"g!n, s;6%o, #&&6/o, #%& o #n un 6ug /# /#s#&'o 8.5

Ti#!"

De a)%er! a la ?!rma e e?e)*%ar la e")ar+a:

D # s &   g  F  o n %  6 D # s &   g 

s L  % #   6 D # s &   g  T   s #  

De a)%er! a la ?!rma e r!amie5*!:

D # N # u "  %  & o

 B  s %  / o   5 g  / o o   %  & u 6  / o  D # O  u g  s

FIGURA B-(:Car+a!ra Fr!5*al "!4re Or%+a"

FIGURA B-: "!4re Car+a!ra Fr!5*al

R%ea"

B.8 Tra5"#!r*e L Cg/o Fon%6 s# %ns0o% 0o "#/o /#6 LoH Bo> #n &so /# no 0o/# %ns0o%s# so6, s #s% so?# u#/s > 6 o? s# #n&u#n% &#& 0u#/# %ns0o%s# so6. 8.7

Ma5*e5imie5*! Po%o&o6o /# #n&#n//o Pun%o /# &on#@!n /# #ngs#


!"#. &2


o C0&// /#6 %n-u# /# &o"?us%?6# P 6  n / # "  n % # n  "  # n % o 0  # 3 # n %  3 o  &  " ? 

/ #  & #  % #  R # # " 0 6  $ o / # g   s  s u &  0 o 

n u # 3  L Ins0#&&!n Vsu6 A6#/#/o D#6 E-u0o

6"%#s /# 6 "-un > 0%&u6"#n%# #6 #s0&o n#&#so 0 "no?. Cun/o #6 #s0&o s# "no? #s "u> #/u&/o o 6"%/o 0o o?s%&u6os, '> -u# ?6$ 6 $on /# #3o6u&!n /# 6 "s".

Vg6 6 0os&!n, 6 ;un&!n, #6 C#&os# -u# no '> #s0#9os s#n%/o /# ;un&on"#n%o /# &/ &5/os, "&s -u#?/s, &o%#s #n uno /# 6os "n/os /# 6os /s0os%3os s# s#6$&!n > /# 6os /s0os%3os 6os n#u"%&os, ?6/# #n ?u#n /# s#gu//. #s%/o, 3/os %$/os, 06u"66s #n "6 #s%/o, n3#6#s /# &#%# /# C!5!)er la !5a e *ra4a;! "o%o, n3#6#s /# &#%# '/u6&o, Cir)%5"*a5)ia" Peli+r!"a" No #@"n &on3#n#n%#"#n%# 6 $on n3#6#s /# &#%# /# 6 %ns"s!n, /# %?9o n3#6 /#6 gu /#6 #;g#n%# /#6 "o%o, ? %#5s > su ?on#, &o% Meia" Preve5*iva" Cono&# #6 06n /# &&u6&!n /# 6 &o#n%#, #@%n%o#s ;#&'s /# o? > &/ /5 n;o"s# /# 6os 3#n&"#n%o, /#s0&'# /# 6os %?9os #6$/os -u# 0u#/n &u"u6/o#s /# # s #s -u# %#n#, %0s /# 6os #s%n-u#s, n#u"%&os > sus #s0#&%3s 0#son#s #&o"#n//s 0o #6 ;?&n%# /# 6os n#u"%&os 8.8

Se+%ria i5%"*rial

Cir)%5"*a5)ia" Peli+r!"a"

Mno? 6 "-un n%#u"0/"#n%# Meia" Preve5*iva"

Cono&# 6s 0os?6//#s > 6os

&ons%%u #sgo Zn9s ?#%s, %#n//o /# &?6#s. Cono&# 6 6%u /# 6 "-un &&u6n/o > %?9n/o, s5 &o"o 6s $ons /# 6%u 6"%/ o #s%#&'s. Con #6 %#n /# o//u /# u#/s /# go", &&u6 &on 0#&u&!n o 3#6o&// 6#n%, #n $ons /# 0o63o, ?o o su#6o '#6/o. R#6$ un ?u#n "n%#n"#n%o /# 6s $ons /# &&u6&!n. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &%


6 6  

Mei! Am4ie5*e

8.9

Ru/o /#n%o > ;u# Cuando e+ nive+ de ruido so,repase e+ mar#en

 

de se#uridad esta,+ecido y en todo caso cuando sea superior a (* d ser" o,+i#atorio e+ uso de auricu+ares o tapones.

H  s  ` 

E"s!n /# gs#s CO*, NO* P%5&u6s #n sus0#ns!n 0o63o En tra,a/os con

tierras

pu+v0#enas se

de,er"

hacer

V o 6 3 o

uso

de mascari++as. 1am,in se puede usar +echadas de ca+. 8.10

Pr!vee!re" 2 Mar)a"

=. U5iae" e A)arre! ! Tra5"#!r*e

 o "  % s u

=.1 De@5i)i&5

C  % #  0 

/#ns# /#"s 0o 6 6#> /# &gs &ons/#n/o 6s 35s 0o /on/# 3>  "o36$s# #6 &"!n #s%o 0 no / #6 &"no #@s%#n%#.

Es%s "-uns #s%n /s#/s 0 #6 &#o /# "%#6 > su #s0#&%3 /#s&g, Pos## un %o63 &u> &0&// 0u#/# s# 6 s o &o6"/, #6 0#so  &g #n /&' %o63 #s% #n ;un&!n /#6 %0o /# "%#6. E6 3o6u"#n /# &g /#?#

9.2

O#era)i!5e" Car+ar .#@&#/#n%#

&g

M%#6

De")ar+ar . D#s&g "%#6 #n o?

#6

A)arrear .- Ts6/ 3o68"#n#s /# %# #@&3/ FIGURA =-1: O#era)i!5e " D%m#er Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &4


=. E"6%ema

FIGURA =-(: Par*e" !l6%e* a

A6%u 's% 6 0%# /# ? /# 6 ( #s%u&%uROPS * Long%u/%o%6/#6&9 2 Long%u/n%#n/#6&9 4 Long%u/ %o%6

(* A6%u%o%6aC9su?/ (2 An&'o/#o0#&!n An&'o #n%# 65n#s /# &#n%o /# 6os (4 n#u"%&os /#6n%#os (7

Es0&o 6?# /#6 0o%#&%o /#6 "o%o Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &&


7

Ds%n& #n%# #9#s

+

E9# %s#o  6 &o6

1

Es0&o 6?# so?# #6 %##no

:

A6%u /# /#s&g

<

A6%u /# &g a V&5o

# @ & # / # n % #

(=

A6%u /# 6s 0#/#s L%#6#s %s#s

((

Po;un/// n%#n /# 6 &9 a M@"

T   n s 0 o  % #

=.0 A#li)a)i!5e" S# 06& #n o?s /on/# s# #-u# "o3"#n%o /# %# &guo, &#o > /#s&g /# gn/#s 3o68"#n#s /# %# T   n s 0 o  % #

/ # # s & o " ?  o s

/ # 6 "  % #    6

So?# &#o

=.3 Ti#!" Ls Un//#s /# &#o s# &6s&n /# 6 sgu#n%# "n# 9.5.1

rea Ur4a5a

C  "  o n # s / # %   n s 0 o  % # 0    "  u  n     T   &

% o &  "  ! n C"!n 3o6-u#%.S# #"06#n #n 6s o?s /# "o3"#n%os /# %# /# gn "o36// > 0/#$ s5 &o"o 6 gn /0%?6// 0 %?9os ;u# /# &#%# > #n su#6os 35g#n#s, s# #n&u#n%n #n 6 &%#go5 /# %&%o #"o6-u#.

FIGURA =-: Cami&5 e *ra5"#!r*e

FIGURA =-3: Cami&5 !l6%e*a FIGURA =-0: Tra)*! Cami&5 Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &'


=.3.( rea R%ral FIGURA =-9: Cami&5 Tr%

=.3.(.1 Cami!5e" Ar*i)%la!"

Son #-u0os /s#/os 0 #6 &#o /# "%#6#s > é6 %ns% #n 6 o? o 0o &"nos no ?#n n3#6/os, #@s%#n /# /3#ss &0&//#s > "o/#6os. FIGURA =.8 Tra5"#!r*e =-8: Cami&5 G#n#6"#n%# s# %ns0o%n so6s . Ar*i)%la ! =.9 Ma5*e5imie5*!

Es%# %0o /# #-u0os %#n# 6 0os?6// /# Mn%#n"#n%o #n %66# un "o3"#n%o #6%3"#n%# An%#s /# n/#0#n/#n%# /# 6 &?n /# "n/os /#6 #"0#$ 6s &"!n. Con #6 0o0!s%o /# ;&6% #6 go #0&on#s, #s /# 6 "-un #n 6s o0#&on#s. &on3#n#n%# Es%# %0o /# #-u0o 0u#/# %#n# 6 %o63 6"0  &on /#s&g '& %s o /#s&g '& #0.6 $onNo 6os 6/os. T"?én #@s%# Vo6-u#%s &on 6"0 nun& 6s 0#$s &on #s%# ss%#". gso6n. =.3.(.( Cami!5e" ?%era e )arre*era. T?9 #n un TRUJ 6o&6 3#n%6/o. An%#s /# #"0#$ 6s #0&on#s, -u% 6 663# /# &on%&%o, ?6o-u# 6 "-un > &o6o& 6#%#os n/&n/o -u# no s# "n0u6#n 6os "#&ns"o. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &7


Cun/o s# #s%é n]n/o un u#/ no 0#"n#&# #n;#n%# /# 6 "s" sno #n #6 6%#6. No &o% n so6/ #n&" /# un 66n% &on #6 n#u"%&o n]/o.

S 3os "#&n&os %?9n #n 6 "s" "-un, sus %?9os /#?#n s# &oo/n/os > &ono&/os #n%# #66os.

D#9 #n; #6 "o%o n%#s /# -u% #6 E@"#n /# 6 "-un %0!n /#6 //o.

L "-un n%#s /# #"0#$ &u6-u# %?9o, /#?# s# #@"n/ #n %o/s sus 0%#s.

B96 0#s!n /#6 &&u%o '/u6&o n%#s /# -u% #6 %0!n /# 3&/o, s5 "s"o &un/o s# #6&# #6 3&/o /#6 &#%# 3g6 -u# no #s%é -u#"n/o.

Los #@"#n#s /#?#n #no3s# %o/s 6s 3#&#s -u# s#n n#&#ss > ;un/"#n%6"#n%# &un/o '> '?/o un ;66o #n #6 "%#6, #n 6 "-un, #n 6s ns%6&on#s o 6os /s0os%3os /# s#gu// '?#n/o 0o/u&/o o no un &&/#n%#.

S s# %#n# -u# /#9 #6#3/o #6 ?$o > 6 &u&', s# 0o&#/#  su n"o36$&!n n%#s /# #"0#$ #6 %?9o. R#6$ 6 #3&u&!n /# 6os gs#s /#6 %u?o /# #s&0# /#&%"#n%# 6

Pu#? /# 6 %o63. Mn%#n"#n%o

#@%#o /#6 6o&6. Cun/o s# #g6# 6 %#ns!n /# 6s &o#s /#6 "o%o, és%# #s% 0/o.

`6o"#%9# -u# #s0#&&&on#s.

9.8

>

$0%os

Mn%#n"#n%o /# 6os n#u"%&os

"o%o

#n

#s0#&-u#

#6 sus

To/os #s%os #@"#n#s 6os #6$ #6 #n&g/o o 0#son6 &o"0#%#n%# /#sgn/o 0o #6 "s"o. E6 no"?# > #6 &go /# #s% 0#son s# &onsgnn #n un 6?o /# #gs%o /# s#gu//, #6 &u6 6o gu/ #6 #n&g/o.

An%#s /# n& #6 "o%o, &o"0o? -u# no s# '> /#9/o nngun '#"#n% #n&" /#6 "s"o. U%6$ gun%#s s#gu//.

/#6

/#


E6 o0#/o -u# u%6$ o "n#9 un &"!n /# o? /#?#

P &"? un u#/, &o6o& 6os Cono&# > &u"06 #6 0og" /# s#gu// /# su #"0#s, 0#gun%#  su #s%?6$/o#s. U%6$ s#"0# un &9 /# n]/o, su0#o 0o #6 "s"o > so6&%# un &o0 &un/o 6 u#/ no #s% so?# 6 0 &onsu6%6o. "-un. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. &(


L 3#6o&/ /# o0#&!n U?n :  (* b"'c &g/o Ru6 (7  *7 b"'c &g/o

V#s% 6s 0#n/s /# s#gu// 0#%n#n%#s &on #6 %?9o -u# %#n# sgn/o, &onsu6%# #6 "nu6 /# s#gu// /# su #"0#s /!n/# %#n#n -u# 3#n 9.9 #s0#&&/s &u6#s son #s%s.

(=  (7 b"'c /#s&g/o*=  4= b"'c /#s&g/o

Mi! Am4ie5*e

D#?# &ono&# 6s 0os?6//#s /# su &"!n, s5 &o"o sus 6"%&on#s. F"65&#s# &on 6os &on%o6#s, n/&/o#s # ns%u"#n%os. D#?# &ono&# /# n%#"no #6 #s%/o /# 6s $ons /# %?9o, %6#s &o"o Es%/o /# 6s 0s%s, ?&'#s, ?o, %&o n%#nso, 0o63o, 'u"o, n#?6, #%&. D#?# &ono&# 6s s#6#s /# %&o, 6s s#6#s -u# s# '&#n &on 6s "nos > -u#n#s son 6os #n&g/os /# 6 s#6$&!n, /#?# #s0#% 6s n/&&on#s /# #s%os. As#g8#s# /# -u# &ono&# #6 s#n%/o /# 6 "&' > &u6-u# o% no" n%#n /# 6 #@06o%&!n -u# 0u/# /;##n&s# sgn&%3"#n%# /# 6os 0o&#/"#n%os '?%u6#s. To/os 6os &"on#s /# 3o6-u#% /#?#n %#n# 06n&s /# /s0o 0 6s &o"0u#%s /# /#s&g 0 "n%#n# 6 o0#/o #n un #s0&o 6?#. Es "u> "0o%n%# 6 #@0##n& /#6 &'o;# N#&#s"#n%# /#?# %#n# un u6 0 &ono&# 6 u?&&!n /# 6 un// /# &#o. L "-un /#?# #s% 6"0, 0 #s%o us gu ! 30o #n 0os%.

C!/go /# %ns%o s# /#?# #s0#% 6os 'oos #n 6os 0u#/# %ns% #n #6 # u?n En #6 # u6 #"n&!n /# gs#s > u/o Consu"o /# &o"?us%?6# &on%"n&!n /#6 #. 9.10


I5*er5a)i!5ale"

Cs#. F   %  6  &  s . J o ' n D # #  #

>

.

#3s% n%#n&on6 ROC DIRT &on #6 %#6#;#no n%#n&on6 <2(4:47(21  F@ <2(4:4*72*.

1&

So6&%u/#s /# "-un nu#3 > us/ #n #6 su06#"#n%o "#nsu6 /# 6


!"#. &)


C!5"*r%))i&5 Pa5ameri)a5a #3s% "#nsu6 /s%?u/  Bo63, Ag#n%n , C'6#, Bs6 &o"o 05s#s "s &#&nos Reader servicec department 900 !0" dadeland #lvd" !uite

C o   # & % 

0 miami Florida $$%&'2(%9

E5 el mer)a! 5a)i!5al

o"%su. C%#066 3. + /# "$o ;#n%# 6 #g"#n%o Ing3. 10.

E6%i#!" e C!m#a)*a)i&5

1<.1 De@5i)i&5 Conss%# ;un/"#n%6"#n%# #n #6 0o&#so %&6 -u# s# sgu# 0 6og #6 u"#n%o #n 6 /#ns// /# un su#6o n%u6 o /# #66#no,  n /# o?%#n# 6 ">o #s%?6// /# é6. Es%# 0o&#so s# #6$ "#/n%# #6 #"06#o /# #-u0os "#&n&os o "nu6#s #n#g5 > 6 /&!n /# gu -u# ;u## n#&#s. Cu%o ;&%o#s n&/#n #n #6 6ogo /# un ?u#n &o"0&%&!n, > son #s%os T0o /# "%#6 -u# s# 3  &o"0&% &o"0o%"#n %o ;5s&o a "#&n&o. Con%#n/o !0%"o /# 'u"#// /#6 "%#6 #ns>o Po&%o.

# 6 # & &  ! n / # 6 o s # u  0 o s u # s # 3 

n

.

 u %  6  $   . T é & n  &  s u # s # 3  n  # " 0 6 #  

Po&#/"#n%o Cons%u&%3o Ss%#" /# n-u#, &#o > #@%#n//o

1•

2•

Es0#so#s /# #@%#n//o

C&%#5s%&s /# 6os "%#6#s

3•

Ms _ /# 'u"#// #s0#&%o 6 !0%"o

4•

Mé%o/o /# &o"0&%&!n > %"os /# 0u#?

5•


!"#. '*


n3#6&!n. Mé%o/os /# #@%#n//o

1<.1.1 E5"a2!" e )!m#a)*a)i&5

1•

Mo%o%566s

E6 #ns>o /# &o"0&%&!n /# 6?o%oo

2•

T&%o /# &/#ns

�%/o 0o 6 ">o5 /# 6s #n%//#s

)o9 #"0u9/o /# -u# &ons%u>#n &#%#s #s #6 #ns>o &o"0&%/o P!&%o. P #s%# #ns>o s# us un

3•

4• Mo%on3#6/o Los "#/os o &on%o6#s -u# s# sgu#n #n o? 0 &ono&# s s# ' 6&n$/o 6 &o"0&%&!n /#&u/, 35n s#g8n #6 %0o /# "%#6#s

"u#s% /# su#6o &o"0u#s% 0o "%#6 "#no  e\. L "u#s% s# &o6o& #n un

d T#06#n#s

&" 4.7<\. En #6 #ns>o #s%n/, &/

"o6/# "#%6&o #n %#s &0s gu6#s. E6 "o6/# &65n/&o /# &#o %#n# /#n%o un /"#%o /# (= &" 4\ > un 6%u /# ((.+

1-

D#ns// s#&

un /# 6s &0s s# &o"0&%n &on 6 &5/

2-

 W E3*E3(

/# un "%66o /# (*.( `g 7.7 6?s -u#

3-

)u#66

go60# #6 "%#6 *7 3#&#s /#s/# un 6%u /# (* 0u6g/s so?# 6 "u#s% 3#

d P#/06#n#s 1-

n/&# /# 'u#&os

2-

Fgu *.2. E6 #s0é&"#n s# #"u#3# /#6 "o6/# > s# 0#s.Lu#go, s# %o" un

&gAs#n%os 06&s /# "u#s% /#6 &6n/o > s# 0#s. Es "u#s% s# s#& 's% #6"n %o/ 6 'u"#// > 3D#ns// "&o&%s s# 0#s /# nu#3o, /# "o/o -u# s# 0u#/ L /#ns// s#& #s 6 "s /# #6#"#n%os /#%#"n #6 &on%#n/o /# 'u"#//. Con s!6/os #n 6 un// /# 3o6u"#n /#6 su#6o 6 n;o"&!n /#6 &on%#n/o /# 'u"#// &ons/#/o.  W E3*E3( #s 6 #6&!n /# "!/u6os /# > #s 0os?6# &6&u6 #6 0#so s#&o /#6 /#;o"&!n /#6 (^ > *^ &&6o /# &g, #6$/os "#/n%# #6 #ns>o /# &g &on 06&. E6 #ns>o /# 6 'u#66 #s 6 "#/ /# 6os s#n%os 0o/u&/os 0o #6 0so /# un #9# /# (= %, "#/os 0o

"%#6. E6 #ns>o s# #0%#, g#n#6"#n%# 3n/o #6 &on%#n/o /# 'u"#// &/ 3#$ > s# g& 0 /#%#"n #6 &on%#n/o /# 'u"#//

!0%"o.

Es%#

#ns>o

#s%

/#sgn/o 0o ASTM D+<:, AAS)TO T<< ! NTP 22<(4*. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. '$


s# ' 6og/o 6 &o"0&%&!n s# 0u#/#n #6$ #ns>os &o"o #6 &ono /# #n, #6 E6 #ns>o 0!&%o "o/&/o #s% ?6!n /# gu o #6 #ns>o nu&6#. Los /#sgn/o 0o ASTM D(771, AAS)TO T 0"#os /os "é%o/os son #ns>os (:= o NTP 22<(4(. S# #6$ /# 6 "s" /#s%u&%3os -u# &onss%#n #n #@&3 un "n#, 06&n/o un ">o #n#g5 &on 'u#&o #n #6 "%#6 &o"0&%/o > 0#s #6 un "%66o /# *.* `g (= 6?s, un 6%u "%#6 #@%5/o, "#/ #6 3o6u"#n /#6 /# &5/ /# 47 &" (:\ > un %o%6 /# &n&o &0s gu6#s

gu9#o #su6%n%# usn/o #n o un ?6!n /# gu, /#%#"n 6u#go #6 &on%#n/o /# 'u"#// /#6 "%#6 #@&3/o > &6&u6 6 /#ns// usn/o #6 0#so %o%6 o?%#n/o, 6 'u"#// > #6 3o6u"#n /#6 gu9#o. L &on3#s!n  /#ns// s#& s# 0u#/# '&# g&s 6 &on%#n/o /# 'u"#// &ono&/o. Ls /#s3#n%9s /# #s%os "é%o/os son -u# ( &onsu"# /#"s/o %#"0o #6$ su&#n%#s #ns>os 0 un n6ss #s%/5s%&o &o"06#%o, * '> 0o?6#"s &on 6s 0%5&u6s /# gn %"o, > 2 s# /#"o #n /#%#"n #6 &on%#n/o /#

1<.1.( C!5*r!l e )!m#a)*a)i&5 e5 el 'u"#//. Co"o #n &/ un /# 6s &0s )am#! &o6o&/s s# #6$ un #ns>o, &u6-u#

Ls #s0#&&&on#s 0 un 0o>#&%o

/#"o #n 6os #ns>os o #n su �%&!n

0o 0%# /# 6 su0#3s!n 0u#/# /#"o &o"0&%# #6 su#6o 6 (==_ /# su /#ns// %"?én #6 0o&#so &ons%u&%3o. 0u#/#n #-u# -u# un &on%%s%

"@", ?s/ #n #6 #ns>o P!&%o

1<.1. E5"a2! e )!m#a)*a)i&5 Es%n/ o #n #ns>os /# 6?o%oo &on N%)lear

un n3#6 /# #n#g5 s"6. S 6 "@"

Los "é%o/os nu&6##s s# usn /#ns// s#& /#6 su#6o #n 6?o%oo s# "06"#n%# 0 /#%#"n #6 &on%#n/o /# 'u"#// > 6 /#ns// /# 6os su#6os. E6 /#%#"n -u# #s *.*= `g"2 , #6 &on%%s% /#?# &o"0&% #6 su#6o #n ns%u"#n%6 #-u#/o 0 #s%# #ns>o 0u#/# %ns0o%s# > &o6o&s# ;&6"#n%# #6 &"0o 's% 6og un /#ns// /# *.*= `g"2. P 3#& #n #6 &"0o -u# 6 #66#no #n Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. '2


/"#%o > *7.4 &" /# 6%o > /#s&ns 6 u?&&!n -u# s# /#s##, > #n unos 0o&os "nu%os, s# 0u#/#n 6## 6os #su6%/os /#&%"#n%# /# un 0n%66 /g%6. Es%# ss%#" us #6 #;#&%o Co"0%on /# 6os >os g"" 0

so?# un so0o%# #n ;o" /# n66o. L #n#g5 6 0o0o&onn 6s ?%#5s s#&s &on3#n&on6#s. 1<.1.3 E5er+,a e )!m#a)*a)i&5 e5 el )am#!

L "@" /#ns// s#& #s s!6o un /#%#"n 6 /#ns// > 6 %#"6$&!n "@"o -u# s# 6og 0 un /#%#"n/o '/!g#n /# 6 3#6o&// /# 6os n#u%on#s 0 6s /#%#"n&on#s /# 'u"#//. Los n3#6 /# #n#g5 /# &o"0&%&!n 06&/ >os #"%/os ng#sn #n #6 %##no,

> #6 "é%o/o /# 06&&!n. Es ;&6 &ons#gu

/on/# un 0%# #s ?so?/ > 6 o%

#n #6 &"0o un #n#g5 /# &o"0&%&!n

#]#9/. Los >os #]#9/os 0sn 

s"6 o ">o  6 06&/ #n #6

%3és /# unos %u?os G#g#M66# #n 6

6?o%oo &on #6 #-u0o /#&u/o. S s#

su0#&# /#6 #-u0o. Los >os #]#9/os 06& #n #6 &"0o un ">o #n#g5 /# &o"0&%&!n, s# 0u#/# 6og un s# &u#n%n &/ "nu%o > s# 6##n /#&%"#n%# #n #6 #-u0o > s# #6&onn /#ns// ">o 6 (==_ /#6 36o o?%#n/o #n #6 6?o%oo. C/ "%#6 %#n# un &on &u3s &6?/s /# 'u"#// > /#ns//.

&u3 /# &o"0&%&!n > %"?én 36o#s

1<.1.0 E5"a2! Ge!Ga%+e

"@"os /s%n%os 0 un "s" #n#g5 06&/. Po #9#"06o, #6 "%#6 "/o

E6 G#oGug# #s un ns%u"#n%o 0o%%6 "#$&6 /# &66, #n > g3 -u# 0o0o&on un "#&ns"o s"06#, &onso6//o n%u6"#n%# %#n# un 0/o > 0#&so /# "#/&!n /#&% /# 6 /#ns// s#& #n%# *.* g&"2 > *.+ su3// /# 6s &0s > #6 "!/u6o /#6 g&"2 &on 'u"#//#s !0%"s #n%# +_ > su#6o, -u# / /%os so?# 6 /#ns// /#6 :_ &un/o #s /# ?u#n &6//, "#n%s su#6o. E6 ns%u"#n%o 06& -u# #6 "s"o "%#6 /# "6 &6// /#s06$"#n%os "u> 0#-u#os /#6 su#6o 6&n$ /#ns//#s "#no#s  *.* g&"2. "#no#s  (.*1@(=+ ". ! =.====7\ #n Ls #ns 6"oss 0o #9#"06o %#n#n *7 ;#&u#n&s #s%?6#&/s #n%# (== > /#ns//#s "@"s #n%# (.1 g&"2 > (.7 (<+ )$. S# /#%#"n 6 su3// 0 g&"2 &on 'u"#//#s !0%"s #n%# (=_ &/ ;#&u#n& > s# "u#s% #6 0o"#/o. > (*_. Ls #ns ?#n g/u/s %#n#n E6 0o&#so &o"06#%o %o" 6#/#/o /# ( un /#ns// s#& ">o -u# 6os su#6os "nu%o. S s# su"# un M!/u6o /# Posson un;o"#s. Cun/o 6 06s%&// s# > s# &ono&#n 6s /"#nson#s ;5s&s /#6 n&#"#n%, 6 /#ns// s#& /# 6os su#6os "o%o, s# 0u#/#n /#3 #6 "!/u6o /# &66osos /s"nu>#. &o%# > #6 "!/u6o /# Young. E6 "o%o 0#s 6#/#/o /# (= g, %#n# *: &" /#

1<.1.8 Ca5*ia e a+%a re6%eria

&ons%u&%3os, 6s #s0#&&&on#s 0u#/#n Es #s#n&6 /#%#"n 6 &n%// /# #-u# #@%# o / gu  6 "s /# gu #-u#/ 0 6og #6 &on%#n/o /# su#6o. Po #9#"06o, s un "%#6 /# 'u"#// /#n%o /#6 ngo �%?6# 0 0és%"o %?9/o #n &n%# %#n# un 6 &o"0&%&!n. En 6os 0o&#sos Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. '%


'u"#// /# (7.7_ > 6 'u"#// !0%" -u# n/&n 6s #s0#&&&on#s %é&n&s /#6 0o>#&%o #s /# (:.2_, #6 &on%%s% #-u# / gu 0 #6#3 #6 &on%#n/o /# 'u"#// /# (7.7_  (:.2_.

1<.( O#era)i!5e" C o " 0  & %   R # " o &  ! n

FIGURA 1<1: Par*e" C!m#a)*a! ra

10.4

A#li)a)i!5e"

Co"0&%&!n /#6 %#06#n /# 6 ?s# > su? ?s# #n &#%#s Co"0&%&!n /# &?/o, s"u6&!n /# %&o #n 6 &0#% s;6%&. 1<.0.1 Ele))i&5 e ma6%i5aria #ara la )!m#a)*a)i&5

L #6#&&!n /#6 #-u0o /# &o"0&%&!n /#0#n/# /#6 %0o /# su#6o R!ill!" li"!": s# u%6$n #n g3s > #ns "#&n&"#n%# #s%?6#s. R!ill!" 5e%m*i)!": s# us #n #ns un;o"#s > su#6os &o'#s3os, 'u"#// &#&n  6"%# 06s%&o.  R!ill!" #a*a e )a4rasu#6os nos, 'u"#// #n%# 1  *= _ 0o /#?9o /#6 6"%# 06s%&o

1<. E"6%ema

R!ill! vi4ra*!ri!: s# u%6$ #s0#&6"#n%# #n su#6os gnu6#s


!"#. '4


+e5eral e C!m#a)*a!re"

1<.3 Ti#!"

1<.3.1 R!ill! li"!

Los o/66os 6sos 0o3#n#n /#6 /s#o ogn6 o"no -u# &onss%5 #n un &6n/o /# 0#/ '6/o 0o %&&!n n"6. E6 o/66o 6so &onss%# #n un &6n/o /# &#o &on un /#%#"n/o 0#so -u# &o"0&% #6 "%#6 0o 0#s!n V# Fgu *.+. In&6"#n%#, #6 &6n/o # 66#3/o 0o un %&%o 8 o%o #-u0o u%o"o%$, 's% -u# s# /s#! #6 &%u6 "o/#6o u%o0o0u6s/o.

FIGURA 1<-: R!ill! li"! e %5 "!l! e;e.

FIGURA 1<-(: Cla"i@)a)i!5 Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. '&


1<.3.( R!ill!" e"#e)iale" )!5 "alie5*e"

Los o/66os #s0#&6#s &on s6#n%#s son &o"0&%/o#s -u# &onss%#n #n un gn %"?o /# &#o, 0o3s%os /# s6#n%#s FIGURA 1<-0:R!ill! #a*a e )a4ra FIGURA 1<-3:C!m#a)*a!r e #i"!5e"

-u# 9us%"#n%# 6# /n su no"?#. L /"#ns!n /# 6s s6#n%#s 35 s#g8n #6 ;?&n%# s5 &o"o su ;o". E6 %"?o 0u#/# s# 'u#&o > s# 0u#/# u"#n% /#

0#so g#gn/o un 6s%# &on #6 0o0!s%o 1<.3. R!ill! li"! vi4ra*!ri! /# 0o/u& un 0#s!n /# &on%&%o

E6 o/66o 6so 3?%oo #s un o/66o 6so ">o. Los o/66os 0u#/#n s# un//#s 0o3s%o /# un "o3"#n%o #@&én%&o #n #6 n/#0#n/#n%#s "0u6s/s &on un %&%o n%#o /#6 &6n/o -u# 6# 0o0o&on un /# ougs o u%o0o0u6s/os.

"o3"#n%o 3?%oo. Pu#/#n uss# 0

Ogn6"#n%#, 6os 0"#os o/66os %#n5n 6 &o"0&%&!n /# su#6os gnu6#s &on %"os /# 0%5&u6s -u# 3n /#s/# s6#n%#s &on ;o" /# 0% /# &? s'##0;oo% o66# > /# 665 n&! #6 no"?# gn/#s ;&&on#s o&oss 's% #n /# o/66o 0% /# &?, -u# #s #6 no"?# n. Pu#/#n uss# #n su#6os &o"o s# 6#s 66" g#n#6"#n%# > s5 nos s#"&o'#s3os, s#"0# > &un/o "s /#6 (=_ /#6 "%#6 %#ng un IP /# 7. Los #;##"os  6o 6go /#6 %#@%o. Pos%#o"#n%# s# /#so66on s6#n%#s o/66os "s gn/#s 0u#/#n s# "u> &on o%s ;o"s &!n&s o /# %on&o /# #&#n%#s #n &0s /# o& /# 's% <= &". T"?én s# usn 0 6s o0#&on#s /# &o"0&%/o#s /# 0son#s %"0ng ;oo% &?/o o s#66/o /# &0s, 0#o &on 6 #n 6 6%#%u ng6#s, -u# sn #"?go 3?&!n /#s&on#&%/. En 6gunos &sos &ono -u# /#on og#n  6os

#n L%no"é& s# 'n 66"/o usn/o s# 0u#/# n&6uso '&# 3? uno /# 6os #6 "s"o %é"no ogn6 [0% /# &?\, o/66os /#9n/o #6 o%o #s%%&o 0 s#66 0#o -u# no #s 6 "s /#&u/ V# Fgu . L ">o /;##n& #n%# "?os "o/#6os /& #n 6 ;o" /# 6s s6#n%#s, 6 3#6o&// -u# 0u#/#n 66#g  /#so66 > su &0&// /# s# u%o0o0u6s/os o 96/os 0o un %&%o.

6 &0.


!"#. ''


FIGURA 1<-9: C!m#a)*a!r 5e%m*i)! e !" e;e"

1<.3.3 C!m#a)*a!re" e im#a)*! FIGURA 1<-8: R!ill! li"! vi4ra*!ri! e5 *a5em ! e !" e;e".

1<.3.0 R!ill! 5e%m*i)!

Es%os o/66os son su0#&6#s -u# 06&n #6 0n&0o /# "s/o 6 #;#&%o /# 6 &o"0&%&!n /#?9o /# 6 su0#&#. Pu#/#n s# u%o0o0u6s/os o "on%/os


FIGURA 1<-B: C!m#a)*a!r e im#a)*! e *re" la!" !"#. '7


u%o0o0u6s/s,

%n%o

&on

/#s#6

o

gso6n. Es%s un//#s son &6s&/s

1<.3.8 Di")!" )!m#a)*a!re"

0o 6 ;u#$ &#n%5;ug, 6s #3o6u&on#s P #3% 6os &&/#n%#s /# %#n# un 0o "nu%os, 6 0o;un/// /# 0#n#%&!n 'o"?# %?9n/o #n $n9s, s# &o6o& /# 6 3?&!n o #s0#so /# &0, 3n&# 6guns 3#&#s un /s&o /# &o"0&%&!n #n "s > &o?#%u /# # 0o 'o. s"6  un &6n/o /# 0son#s, 6 ?$o /# un #@&3/o 0 6og &o"0&%&!n /#6 #66#no #n $n9s.

6

FIGURA 1<=:C!m#a)*a!re" e #i"!5e" ma5%al a )!5*r!l rem!*!.

FIGURA 1<1<:Pla5)7a )!m#a)*a!r vi4ra*!ria

1<.3.B Mar*ill!" )!m#a)*a!re" Es%os "%66os s# usn 0 &o"0&%

su#6os &o'#s3os o "#$&6s /# su#6os #n 1<.3.9 Pla5)7a )!m#a)*a!ra #s &onn/s. Es%s un//#s %#n#n un S# usn 0 &o"0&% su#6os > &on&#%o ngo /# "0&%o #n%# 4=  (*== "`g 0o s;6%&o #n u?&&on#s /on/# no 0u#/#ns#gun/o, &on "0&%os /# 's% :7 go60#s 66#g 6s un//#s gn/#s. Pu#/#n s# 0o "nu%o, /#0#n/#n/o /#6 "o/#6o #s0#&&/o. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. '(


 # n % o

FIGURA 1<11:Mar*ill! )!m#a)*a!r ma5%al.

1<.8 Tra5"#!r*e L Co"0&%/o s# %ns0o% 0o "#/o /#6 LoH Bo> #n &so /# no 0o/# %ns0o%s# so6, s #s% so?# u#/s > 6 o? s# #n&u#n% &#& 0u#/# %ns0o%s# so6. 10.7

Ma5*e5imie5*! P 6  n / # "  n % # n  "

0  # 3 # n %  3 o R u %  n  s / # o 0 #   &  ! n / # 6



E@"n 6 0o%#&&!n /# 6s "ngu#s, %ns"s!n, sus0#ns!n, %u?os /# #s&0# > s6#n&/o#s, ?%#5s, 66n%s, ss%#" /# ;#n/o, 0&"#n%o > #"#g#n&, /#&&!n, 6 s#6$&!n &8s%& > 3su6.

&  9  !

En 0os% s# /#?# %#n# un "nu6 /# 0%#s #0u#s%os.

% o 6 3 

10.8

Se+%ria I5%"*rial Nun& s# /#?# s6% /# 6 "-un. U%6$ 6os "#/os ns%6/os 0 ?9 > #"06# "?s "nos 0 su9#%s#.

D#%#"n 6os 0un%os /# #ngs# o &on#@!n > #6 %0o /# 6u?&n%#  u%6$. R#3s 6os n3#6#s /# &#%#, #;g#n%#, #%&.

Mn%#ng su "-un 6"0 /# gs > &#%# > #n #s0#&6 6os &&#sos  6 "s". A98s%#s# #6 &n%u!n /# s#gu// > #6 s#n%o.

O?s#3 #6 #s%/o /# 6 &?n #n &un%o  6"0#$, /s0os%3os /# s#gu//. Univ. Richard Mamani .

En 6os %?9os /# "n%#n"#n%o > #0&!n 0& 6 "-un #n su#6o "#, &o6o& %o/s 6 06n&s #n 0os&!n n#u%6 > 0 #6 "o%o -u%n/o 6 663# /# &on%&%o. !"#. ')


cuando sea superior a (* d ser" o,+i#atorio e+ uso de auricu+ares o tapones.

E3%# s#"0# -u# s# 0os?6# "n0u6 &on #6 "o%o &6#n%# &un/o 6&n$ su %#"0#%u, &u6-u# &on%&%o 0u#/# o&son -u#"/us g3#s.

E"s!n /# gs#s CO*, NO* Cun/o #@s% gn #"s!n /# gs#s -u# ;#&%#n #6 ss%#" #s0%oo s# /#?#n us ??9os ! "s&66s. E6 o/66o /#?# #s% #-u0/o /# un s#n%o #n 0#;#&%s &on/&on#s, "o%gun/o 6 3?&!n 0o/u&/ /un%# 6 &o"0&%&!n.

M &on%nu"#n%# #n 6 /#&&!n /# 6 "&' 0 #3% %o0#66os /un%# 6 "&' %s. No %%# /# #6$ 9us%#s s s# 0u#/# #3%, &on #6 "o%o /# 6 "-un #n "&'.

F#&u#n& "u> ?9 ()$ 0o/u&# %s%onos #n #6 ss%#" n#3oso &#n%6 > 0u#/# 0o/u& "#os > 3!"%os. F#&u#n& ?9  (*= )$ 0o3o&n 6u"?6gs, '#ns, 0un$"#n%os, /&u6%/ /# #-u6?o, %s%onos /# 3s!n, #%&. F#&u#n& 6% *=(=== )$ 0o3o&n %oss /# &o/o, 6#son#s /# "u#&, #%&.

An%#s /# &/ n%#3#n&!n #n #6 &&u%o '/u6&o '> -u# &&on %o/os 6os "n/os u@6#s #n "?s /#&&on#s &on 6 663# #n 0os&!n /# &on%&%o 0 #6"n 0#son#s /n"&s. E6 ss%#" /# #n;"#n%o &on%#n# 6&6, #3%# su &on%&%o &on 6 0#6 > 6os o9os. U%6$ gun%#s > g;s /# s#gu// 0 #;#&%u %?9os #n 6 ?%#5. No su#6/# o &o%# &on so06#%#, %u?#5s -u# &on%#ngn 65-u/os n]"?6#s. No n%#n%# su? o ?9 /# 6 "-un s 3 &g/o &on su"ns%os o '#"#n%s. 10.9

Mei! Am4ie5*e

Ru/o /#n%o > ;u# Cuando e+ nive+ de ruido so,repase e+ mar#en de se#uridad esta,+ecido y en todo caso

Cn%u!n ?/o"n6 n%3?%oo Con o,/eto de quedar prote#ido de +os e3ectos de

+as

vi,raciones

so,re

+as

v0sceras

a,domina+es. Este cinturón puede cump+ir +a do,+e misión de evitar e+ +anamiento de+ conductor 3uera de+ tractor. 10.10

Pr!vee!re" 2 Mar)a" C  % #  0  6 6 



u

 o "  % s

P o "  & Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 7*


11.

M!*!5ivela!ra"

11.1 De@5i)i!5 M-un "u> 3#s%6 us/ 0 "o3# %# u o%o "%#6 su#6%o. Su ;un&!n 0n&06 #s n3#6, "o/#6 o / 6 0#n/#n%# n#&#s 6 "%#6 #n -u# %?9. S# &ons/# &o"o un "-un /# %#"n&!n su0#&6. Su 3#s%6// #s% // 0o 6os /;##n%#s "o3"#n%os /# 6 'o9, &o"o 0o 6 s## /# &&#soos -u# 0u#/# %#n#. Pu#/# "% %o/o 6os %0os /# %&%o#s, 0#o su /;##n& /& #n -u# 6 "o%on3#6/o #s "s ;g6, > -u# no #s &0$ /# 06& 6 0o%#n& /# "o3"#n%o n 6 /# &o%# /#6 %&%o. D#?/o  #s%o #s "s u%6$/ #n %#s /# &?/o o %?9os /# 0#&s!n. Ls "o%on3#6/os 0u#/#n s# s%/s o u%o"o%&#s, s#n/o #s% 86%" 6 "s u%6$/ > s# /#no"n "o%on3#6/o "o%og/#.

11.( O#era)i!5e" E @ &  3   o C o 

% # C   g   A&#o D # s &   g  o E @ % # n /  / o R # % o  n o N

 3 # 6  &  ! n > E @ &  3  &  ! n P # u #   . P #  n  / o / #

T  6 u / # s . C o n s %  u & &  ! n / # C u n # %  s . E @ % # n /  / o

I n s  % u

/ # 6 M  % #    6 . M # $ & 6  / o / # 6 M  % #    6


!"#. 7$

E s &    /  &  / o

11. E"6%ema Son #-u0os &on;o"/os 0o un &?n, un ss%#" /# %s6&!n 0o n#u"%&os, un 'o9 /# #"0u9# /# 3/ 0os&!n s#g8n #6 "o/#6o, %o0# #n &so #"0u9#. Es un #-u0o -u# 0#s#n% 6s sgu#n%#s &&%#5s%&s 06&/ #n #@&3&on#s n &o%# #n %##nos ?6n/os > s#"/uos, su &0&// #s% // 0o 6 &0&// /# &o%# > s%#, 6o "#9o #s #6$ 6 o0#&!n /# &o%# /# ? '& ?9o.


FIGURA 11-1: Par*e" M!*!5ivela!ra

11.4

A#li)a)i!5e"

N3#6 Es0& #6 "%#6 /#s&g/o 0o 6os &"on#s > 0os%#o n3#6&!n Con;o" R#no /# #@06n/s M#$&6 "%#6. E@&3&!n, #0#6/o > &ons#3&!n /# 6s &un#%s #n 6 %# P#6/o %6u/#s Mn%#n# 35s /# %# ! g3

CIV-247


!"#. 72


11.3 Ti#!" Ls Mo%on3#6/os s# &6s&n /# 6 sgu#n%# "n# - Se+5 "% #e"! 2 #!*e5)ia

L 0o%#n& 0u#/# 3 /# 6os ((7  6os **7 )P, &on 3#6o&// /# 's% 47 `"'. Ls "o%on3#6/os 3n #-u0/s &on 's% : 3#6o&//#s '& /#6n%# > + /#%s, &on #6 n /# -u# s# #6 "-uns% #6 -u# 0 &/ %?9o #69 6 "s /!n#. Consgu#n unos 4= `"' > unos *7 `"' %s. Se+%i5 el 5%mer! e r%ea"

1-

D# s#s u#/s ! %#s #9#s D# &u%o u#/s ! /os #9#s #n "o/#6os 0#-u#os. A&%u6"#n%#

#@s%#n "o/#6os "s

gn/#s /# &u%o #9#s.

FIGURA 11(:M!*!5ivela!ra e !" r%ea"

11.8 Tra5"#!r*e

s #-u 0o s  Ru# /s /#? #n 66#3  )o o" #% o > O/ o" #% o. N#& #s% 

" n%# n" #n% o 0# 3#n %3o FIGURA 11-:M!*!5ivela!ra e , 0:M!*!5ivela!ra e 0# /&% 3o >

L Mo%on3#6/o s# %ns0o% 0o "#/o /#6 LoH Bo> #n &so /# no 0o/# %ns0o%s# so6, s 6 o? s#

&o #&% 3o.

#n&u#n% &#& 0u#/# %ns0o%s# so6.

S# /#?# #-u# 6s% /# 0o3##/o#s /#n%o /# 6 &u//, D#0%o, 0s > 0s#s 3#&nos > #n u6%"o &so Euo0#os, As%&os, A"#&nos.

11.7

Ma5*e5imie5*! Lo

Lo s #u 0o s  R u# / s /# ?# n 66# 3  ) o o " #% o > O /o

"#% o. N#& #s%  " n%# n" #n% o 0# 3#n %3o , 0# /&% 3o > &o #&% 3o. S# /#?# #-u# 6s% /# 0o3##/o#s /#n%o /# 6 &u//, D#0%o, 0s > 0s#s 3#&nos > #n u6%"o &so Euo0#os, As%&os, A"#&nos. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 7%


11.B Se+%ria I5%"*rial P #6$ #6 "n%#n"#n%o #6 "o%o /#?# #s% 0/o. Ins0#&&!n 3su6 R  6 # n % >  C  6 # n %  "  # n % o / # 6 " o % o  0  o

g  # s  3  " # n % #  E n g   s   0  # $  s  # u #   /  s C"?o /# &o"?us%?6#

11.9

Mei! Am4ie5*e C

 ! n

o n

/

s

#

u

6

" o

 

/



#

# .

C o

S

"

#

?

g

u

u

s



% 

 /

?



6

/

#  >

n /

&

u

o

s

n

%

%







"





6

n 

#

&

n

o 6 

/ #

o 0

C

#

o

 

" ?

&

u



s

!

%

n

 ?

>

6 #

" 

>

n % #

& o

n

n



%

"





"

#



n

n

%



o

&

.

 !

C

n

o n

/

s

#

u

6

"







&





#

!

.

n

S

>

# g

"

u





n



%

/

#



n

/

 "





n

#

/

n

u s

% o

%

.

 

D





6

 o

#

s

n  6 

T #

o



0

&

#

#





o V o 6 3 o

s . Dos  T#&#os. 11.10


En Bo63 C  % #  0  6 6  

1(. O*r!" E6%i#!" 1(.1 Fre"a!ra La f r esado r a

pe r mi t e

l a

r emoc i ón de

pa vi ment os de hor mi gón o

as f al t o

y

ev en t ual men t e elcepi l l ad o de am bos, por ol qu e seg ún elt i po de r t ab aj o a r ea l i zareb d er á escoger se al r f esad ora ecu ad ad a.

 o "  % s u Univ. Richard Mamani .

FIGUR A 1(1: Fre"a !ra !"#. 74


1(.( T%5ela!ra En 6 &ons%u&&!n /# 6os %8n#6#s /# 6s nu#3s 65n#s /#6 M#%o /# M// s# FIGURA 1(-(: T%5ela !ra

#s%n #"06#n/o "o/#ns %un#6/os. Es%s "-uns no so6o 0#;on #6 %##no

0 '&# #6 %8n#6, sno -u# /#"s En 6os sgu#n%#s #n6&#s, 0#%#n#&#n%#s  &o6o&n 6s /o3#6s #3#s%"#n%o /# 6 H#? /#6 Go?#no R#gon6 /# 6 'o"g!n /#9n/o %o%6"#n%# %#"n/o Co"un// /# M//, Es0, s# #@06&n #6 %8n#6. L %un#6/o #s un "-un /# &on /#%66# 6s &&%#s%&s %é&n&s /# 86%" g#n#&!n g&s  6 &u6 #s #s%# %0o /# "-uns > #6 0o&#so 0os?6# 6 &ons%u&&!n /# %8n#6#s &on un &ons%u&%3o /# 6os %8n#6#s /#6 M#%o /# gn s#gu//. Es un "-un M// #"06#n/o /&' %é&n&. %#&no6!g&"#n%# "u> &o"06#%, g&s 1- ESQUEMA Y DI$UOS E/PLICATIOS  6 &u6 #s 0os?6# un 3n&# #6"#n%# DE LA TUNELADORA: so0#n/#n%#.

'%%0HHH."//.og"#%o%un#6/o%un A 6 3#$ -u# 3 #@&3n/o, 3 #n&o;n/o #6/o.'%"6 > 'o"gonn/o #6 nu#3o %8n#6 /# ;o" (- GALERIA DE IMAGENES DETALLADAS LAS O$RAS Y CARACTERISTICAS "#&n&, 0o 6o -u# #6 &?/o #s &s DE TECNICAS DE LAS DIERSAS &o"06#%o s#gun 6 "-un 3 3n$n/o. TUNELADORAS EN FUNCIONAMIENTO: S#g8n 6 "-un 3 #@&3n/o, uns '%%0HHH."//.og"#%o%un#6/on/ &n%s %ns0o%/os s# #n&gn /# &#%un#6/os.'%" 66#3 #6 "%#6 #@%5/o  6 0%# 1(. A"?al*a!ra ! E*e5e!ra e 0os%#o, /on/# s# &g #n 3gon#%s, A+l!mera! 6s &u6#s %/s 0o 6o&o"o%os Es un "-un /o%/ &on un gn #s0#&6#s 3n s&n/o #6 "%#6  6 &0&// /# 0#&s!n. T#n# un #@&%%u/ su0#&#  %3és /#6 nu#3o %8n#6 > "6"é%& s#n/o &0$ /# #6$ #6$/o.

0#6%#s > / 6 n&6n&!n  6s 0#n/#n%#s &on un #@&%%u/ "6"é%&. D# su 0#;#&% u%6$&!n /#0#n/# #6 ?u#n #s%/o # n&6n&!n /#6 03"#n%o #n &u3s, #%&. En 6 "g#n 6 0o/#"os 3# %?9n/o. Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 7&


FIGURA 1(-: A"?al*a!ra

En #6 #@%#"o /#6n%#o /##&' 0u#/# 3#s#

#6

/#0!s%o

6"&#n"#n%o

/#6

o

%o63

/#

g6o"#/o.

Los

1(.0 Pavime5*a!ra

&"on#s 3n 3&n/o su &g #n #s% M-un /#/&/  03"#n%/os %o63 &on;o"# 6 "-un 3n$ #s0#&6#s /# su#6o&#"#n%o, #"06#/os #n 0s%s #o0o%us > o%os 6ug#s /on/# 6#n%"#n%# #n #s%# s#n%/o. Po su s# '&# n#&#s un gn 0#;#&&!n /#6 #@%#"o 0os%#o 3 #@%#n/#n/o #6 g6o"#/o /# ;o" un;o"#, "#. T"?én #n &#%#s > u%o0s%s  s3én/os# /# uns gus o &o/on#s su 0so 0o 0u#%os /# "on% > $ons 6%#6#s -u# 0#3"#n%# s# 'n /o &on ?un/n& /# '#6o > o%os ;&%o#s ns%6n/o #n %o/o #6 #@%#"o 6%#6 /# 6 /3#sos, #n /on/# #s &ons#9?6# #"06# $on  s;6% &on #6 n /# -u# #6 s#nso un %0o /# 03"#n%o n%/#s6$n%# #n /#

6

"-un

so?#s6#

'&

366 6

6%#6

&un#%

-u# %6#s &&uns%n&s 0u#/

n%#0#% #6 gu#so /# 6 &0 s;6%& #n &/ #@%#"o > #n &/ 6ug &on&#%o.

FIGURA 1(0:Pavime5*a !ra Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 7'


C"!n #"06#/o 0 6 #6#3&!n /#6

1(.3 Ma6%i5a" #ara Tra4a;!" e5 R!)a

'o"g!n /#s/# 6 06n% /# &66#  &o% f =.== 's% 6%us "u> #6#3/s su0#o#s

En #s%s "g#n#s 0u#/#n 3#s# /os  f2=.== "%s "#/n%# un ?$o #6#3/o o "o/#6os /# "-uns #"06#/s gu -u# su?# #6 'o"g!n "#/n%# un &o"un"#n%# #n %?9os /# 0#;o&!n gu0o /# ?o"?#o 's% 6 6%u /#s#/. #n 6 o& "#/n%# #6 0o&#so /# %6/o. E6 &"!n ?o"?on 'o"gon# 3 Su #"06#o #s "0#s&n/?6# 0 6 3#%#n/o #6 'o"g!n #n 6 %o63 0os%#o ns%6&!n /# ?#nos /# /n"% #n 6 /#6 &"!n u%o?o"? > #s%#  su 3#$ 6o #@06o%&!n /# &n%#s > /un%# 6 #6#3 0o un &on/u&&!n %u3o /# go" &ons%u&&!n /# &#%#s, 6n#s ;é#s, 's% #6 6ug /on/# #s 0#&so su #%&.., s5 &o"o #n g6#s su?%#n#s #@%#n//o. Es%# %0o /# &"!n u%o ?o"? /un%# 6 &ons%u&&!n /# %8n#6#s o #s 6 so6u&!n "s 0/ > #&$ 0 #6 'o"gon/o /# ;o9/os /# #/&os o

%?9os /# "n#5.

s"6#s s# &u6 s# su 6%u, 0u#s #6 ?$o g8 0u#/# #6#3s#  "s /# 2= "#%os 6&n$n/o &o%s so0#n/#n%#s.

FIGURA 1(3:Ma6%i5a" #ara Tra4a;!" e5 R!)a

FIGURA 1(-8: Cami!5 A%*! 4!m4a #ara

1(.8 Cami!5 a%*! 4!m4a #ara el 7!rmi+!5a! e e"*r%)*%ra" a )%al6%ier al*%ra Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 77

H!rmi+!5


&0&#s /# /##s06$ 6 &g. Es%# %0o

1(.9 Pla5*a e ela4!ra)i&5 e ri!"

/# %ns0o%# s# #6$ &on su"o &u//o //o #6 gn 0#so > 3o68"#n /# 6 &g,

#-u#n/o g!n/o6s /# gn #ss%#n& > S#6#&&on/os #"06#/os #n 6 &on ;#&u#n& /s#/s  "#//. Ls &ons%u&&!n 0 6 #6$&!n /# g!n/o6s  3#&#s 0os##n un #-u0o 0o0o &#"#n%os > 'o"gon#s, s5 &o"o /# ;#n/o n/#0#n/#n%# /# 6s &?#$s "%#6#s u%6$/os #n #6 &o"0&%/o, %&%os > 6 3#6o&// "#/ /# #@06n&!n, #6$&!n /# %6u/#s,  0#ns su#6# su0# 6os *= ?6s%o 0 #6 "on%9# /# 3s /# #-u#n/o /#"s #s%ng ;#o&6. &o% #6 %&o o//o /# 6

%ns0o%# `"'o, # n&6uso $on 0o

/on/# s# /#s06$n. A 3#&#s s# 'n //o &sos /# -u# #6 0#so /#6 #-u0o %ns0o%/o #@&#/# 6 &0&// /# &g /# "u&'os "o/#nos 0u#n%#s /o%/os /# gn/#s 6u&#s #n%# 06#s &o"o 6os #@s%#n%#s #n 6s "o/#ns u%o0s%s > u%o3s, no s#n/o 0os?6# #6 0so /#6 &on3o> 0o 6os "s"os. P so63#n% #6 0o?6#" #6 &on3o> ' /#?/o /# u%6$ o%os 0u#n%#s /# &ons%u&&!n n%#o -u# 0o su /s#o 6u&#s "#no#s > &os #n%# &o6u"ns s so0o%n #s%# %0o /# so?#&gs, #-u#n/o #6$ gn/#s o/#os, FIGURA 1(-9: %ns% 0o &#%#s &on &u3s, Pla5*a e ela4!ra)i!5 e #@&#s3s 0#n/#n%#s, #%&... To/o #66o Ari!" &on3#%#  #s%# %0o /# /#06$"#n%os #n 1(.B Tra5"#!r*e" e"#e)iale" #!r un 3#//# 3#n%u 0o0 /# gn/#s )arre*era e +ra5e" e6%i#!" 2 0o;#son6#s /#6 %ns0o%# > 6 ng#n#. ma6%i5a" En #s% H#? &o#s0on/#n%#  un S# %% /# &on3o>s #s0#&6#s /# gn #"0#s /# %ns0o%#s #s0#&6#s 0u#/#n &0&// /o%/os /# gn/#s g!n/o6s > 3#s# 3os %0os /# &on3o> 0o%#n%#s &?#$s %&%os > /# #"0u9# Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 7(


#n ;un&!n /# 6s /"#nson#s > &&%#5s%&s /# 6 &g. HHH.%ns"o/6.#s FIGURA 1(-=: L! 4!2

1(.1< a5;a!ra" Los /s%n%os ;?&n%#s /# $n9/os &o"?nn /s#o > %#&no6og5 nno3/o, FIGURA s# &u6 s# 6 n#&#s// /# $n9/o, #@s%# 1(B:Tra5"#! un "06 g" /# /s#os /s0u#s%os #n r*e e"#e)ial #6 "#&/o 0 s%s;&# /3#ss

n#&#s//#s, #s%s s# &6s&n #n %#s gn/#s gu0os s#g8n 6 0o;un/// > Son gn/#s #-u0os -u# %#n#n 6 ;un&!n n&'o /# #@&3&!n, /# &u#/o  6o /# %ns0o% gn/#s /s%n&s  6s n%#o s# %#n#n $n9/os gn/#s,

1(.= Tra)*! )ami!5 l! 4!2J

"-uns -u# 0o sus &&%#5s%&s no "#/ns > &o"0&%s. 0u#/#n '&#6o.

FIGURA 1(-1<:a5;a!ra Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. 7)


1(.11 Carr! mae"*ra5'a ! e 7erramie5*a" A0o% &o"o 0o>o 6og5s%&o /# 6 "-un > #6 #-u0o -u# #-u## #0&!n.

#-u## un >u/ #n 6%u. Es un #-u0o -u# 0#s#n% 6s sgu#n%#s &&%#5s%&s

S# 6o %s6/ #n ;o" 0o0 A 0 6  &  / 

FIGURA 1(11:Carr! e 7erramie5* a"

1(.1( Cami&5 e )!m4%"*i4le A0o>o 6og5s%&o 0 #6 ?s%#&"#n%o /# &o"?us%?6# 0 6 "-un -u# s# #n&u#n% #n o0#&!n #n /s%n%os ;#n%#s /# %?9o.

FIGURA 1(1(: Cami!5 C!m4%"*i4l e

1(.1 Cami!5e" )a5a"*a Son #-u0os 63nos &u> n6// #s 6 #6$ ns%6&on#s /# &?6#s, 0n%/os , 6"0#$ , %o/o 6o -u#

# n o ?   s u #  # u  #  # n  6 % u

  P u # / # n s # 

o % # 6 # s & ! 0  & o s

# 6 # 3  ? 6 #

FIGUR A 1(1:Ca mi!5 Ca5a" *a

s Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. (*


'%%0HHH.C%#066 .&o")s%o /# C%#066.'%"

1(.10 Cami&5 me')la!r mier

'%%0HHH. OMATSU Cosnss%# #n un &"!n #-u0/o &on un .&o"OMATSU 'o"gon#.D#?/o  #s% /s0os&!n 6# Euo0#  )s%o #s 0os?6# %ns0o% 'o"g!n 6 "s"o (<(1  *==(.'%" %#"0o -u# 0o&#/#  su "#$&6/o. '%%0HHH.Cs#.& o" CASE Euo0  Es0o6 A&#& D# Cs# )s%o.'%" '%%0HHH.A3n&# %#&no6og& Euo0  Vo63o Cons%u&%on E-u0"#n% E(:=B  ;&6// /# &on%o6.'%" '%%0HHH.0#s%ons#3&#s.&o.u`%&%on.' %" PRIMERAS COMPACTADORAS Y FIGURA 1(-10: TRACTORES REMOLCADORES DE VAPOR. Cami&5 '%%0HHH.HH"".ogs%o#s%o.s0 Mier

1.

$i4li!+ra?,a

HISTORIA 2 EOLUCION DE LA MAQUINARIA

HHH.u6o/s.og"#&&ons%.'%"6

/s%oW*41X0gnW(EKCAVADORA DE VAPOR BUCYRUS.  E

/ HHH.&&.u&3.&6o?s36#s%#"o"-un C s.'%" A R#3s% M-un > E-u0o /# Cons%u&&!n [CATERPILLAR\ E/.*==( 

'%%0HHH. M-un&ons%u&&!n.&o

A

" )s%o /# 6 "-un '#"#n% .'%"

O

'%%0HHH. E3o6u&on M-un.&o")s%o

A

%#&no6!g& /# 6 "-un #s0o6.'%" '%%0HHH. Ag0# .&o"R#3o6u&on In/us%6"-uns.'%"



D R S

H H

H

0

.



&



0





"





"

&

0





g

.

&

&

.

o

u

"

n 

H



H

n

H

/

.

#

'

s

" &

. #



/

'

u

s

.



&

.

o

& o

H

"

H H

H

.

H



H

u

.



'



%

6

%



o

&



&

/

o

s

n

.

s

o

%



.

g

'



%

"

"

#

6 Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. ($


CIV-247

HHH.&&.u&3.&6o?s36#s%#"o"-uns.'%" RETROE/CAADORAS

HHH.sg/o%#`.&6 HHH.&s#.&o" .Vo63o.&o" .C%.&o" HHH.'%%0"&g&.unn/#s.#/u.&o Dra+a" 2 ra+ali5a"

'%%0HHH."%&.go?.0#0o%6%ns0o%#s&"nos;#o"nu6EG*===n/#@.'%" '%%0HHH.-'>s.&o"&ons%u&&on/gss%#.'%"6 ?u#n 0gn '%%0HHH./#/g#?o`#s.&o"In/#@s0.'%"6 '%%0HHH.Dg/o  `0#/, 6 #n&&6o0#/ 6?#."' HHH.&o&".&o"./o HHH."n#.&o"."@ HHH."&'n#&#n%#.&o" *ra)*!r )!5 7!;a e em#%;e

HHH.&s#&#.&o" HHH.3o63o.&o" HHH.&%.&o" HHH.ò"%su.&o" HHH.9o'n'###.&o" '%%0HHH.&%#066.&o" '%%0HHH.n"0>#.#s '%%0HHH.Sngu.&o" '%%0HHH.G00o.&o" '%%0HHH.V66gu s.&o" %66s > "o%o%66s HHH.&s#&#.&o" HHH.3o63o.&o" HHH.&%.&o" HHH.ò"%su.&o" HHH.9o'n'###.&o " HHH."&'n#&#n%#

.&o" Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. (2


'%%0HHH.">"."-uns.&o""0.'%" )ar+a!ra ?r!5*al

.Vo63o.&o" .C%.&o" .Cs#.&o" U55iae" e a)arre!

HHH.&s#&#.&o" HHH.3o63o.&o" HHH.&%.&o" HHH.ò"%su.&o" HHH.9o'n'###.&o" '%%0"&g&.unn/#s.#/u.&o HHH.&0"0.&o" HHH.'"&'s.&o" E6%i#!" e )!m#a)*a)i!5

'%%0HHH.g#o&s&#%#s.&o"/o&s&o" 0&%&on./o& HHH.&0"0.&o" HHH.'"&'s.&o" M!*!5ivela!ra

'%%0HHH.u%0.#/u.&o0u?6o(1&#o6C.' %" '%%0+4.*22.(+1.(=4s#&' -W&&'#JgKs=u)-(*AJn;o"#s&ons%u*.7 ggs.&o"In;o"#_*7*=Es0&"# n%o_*7*=G+./o&fs#3o%ns"s _C2_B2nh/#n&onX'6W#sX6W6ng#s '%%0&&.u&3.&6o?s36#s0gn"o%on3 #6/o(.'%" '%%0HHH.&o/#6&o#/u&.&6%#&n&o0o;#so n6#@06o%&on"n#"o/u6os&guo#u0osu@6#s.

'%%0HHH.;.#s#n&&6o0#/&o"o06#s&'%%0HHH./#&%n/us%>.&o"."@ o"0&%.'%" '%%0"&g&.unn/#s.#/u.&o '%%0HHH.6-u"//.&o"&o"0&%&on.Vo63o.&o" .'%" .C%.&o" '%%0HHH.o%'o6n.&o".n0`&o"0&%.' .Cs#.&o" %" Univ. Richard Mamani .

!"#. (%


CIV-247

!*r!" e6%i#!"

HHH.u6o/s.og"#&&ons%.'%"6 HHH.&&.u&3.&6o?s36#s%#"o"-uns.'%" '%%0HHH."%&.go?.0#0o%6%ns0o%#s&"nos;#o"nu6EG *===n/#@.'%" '%%0HHH."%&.go?.0#0o%6%ns0o%#s&"nos;#o"nu6EG *===n/#@.'%" '%%0HHH.-'>s.&o"&ons%u&&on/gs s%#.'%"6 ?u#n 0gn '%%0HHH."us#ogo0>",&o" "u> n%##sn%#


!"#. (4

fichas-maquinarias

Recommend Documents