Engg Geology Lab Manual

MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION’S JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AURANGABAD. (M.S.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LAB MANUAL

Prepared By Prof. U. G. Jadhav Lab In-charge

JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Approved By Dr. S. B. Shinde H.O.D. Civil

Page 1

Vision of Civil Department

The department of Civil Engineering strives to produce qualified engineers, researchers and professionals to serve the society with sustainable s ustainable development. Mission of Civil Department 



To provide quality education and prepare competitive graduates for successful career in Civil Engineering. To develop research opportunities opportunities that creates competent professionals competent professionals who are trained in the design and development of environment friendly Civil Engineering Engineering system. Program Educational Objectives

I. II. III. IV. V.

Graduates of Civil Engineering Program will be prepared to take the challenges in the field of Civil Engineering. To provide Graduates with a sound s ound Knowledge in mathematical, scientific and Civil Engineering fundamentals required to solve engineering problems and also to pursue higher studies. To train students with good scientific Construction industry & many field of Civil Engineering.

and

engineering

breadth

in

To build the confidence of students leading to professional and ethical integrity, effective communication skill, leadership, so that they can apply engineering knowledge for betterment of society. To provide a good competitive learning environment so that graduates of Civil Engineering will be ready to meet the needs of Indian and multinational construction construction industries.

Program specific outcomes

The students are able to demonstrate: 1. The knowledge of planning and designing of the system system components components for building building planning, transportation, water resources, estimating, costing and scheduling the construction processes. 2. The fundamental fundamental knowledge of analysis and design of various structures with an understanding of associated safety, quality and economy. 3. The knowledge knowledge of field data collection and material characterization characterization to provide constructive and creative engineering solutions that reflect social and environmental sensitivities. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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‘ENGINEERING GEOLOGY’ EXPERIMENTS CLASS: CLASS: - Third Year Year Civil Civil Engineering Engineering

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Sr. No.

Name of Experiment

Page No. From

To

01

Mineralogy.

03

18

02

Igneous Prtrology.

19

25

03

Sedimentary Petrology.

26

29

04

Metamorphic Petrology.

30

34

05

Structural Geology.

35

38

06

Mapp ing

39

41

07

Map No. 1

42

44

08

Map No. 2

45

47

09

Map No. 3

48

51

10

Map No. 4

52

54

11

Map No. 5

55

57

12

Map No. 6

58

61

13

Map No. 7

62

65

14

Map No. 8

66

68

Time Allotted for each Practical Session = 02 Hrs.


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MINEROLOGY AIM --TO STUDY THE DIFERENT TYPE OF MINERAL THEIR PROPERTY DESCRIPTION-

Minera Minerall – a minera minerall is a natura naturally lly occurr occurring ing inor inorgan ganic ic homo homogen genous ous substance which has more or less definite chemical composition & definite automatic structure. The mineral are the broadly devided in two groups groups 1) Rock formin forming g mineral mineral : these are found found in the rock rock of earth earth crust 2) Ore forming mineral : these are the economical economical mineral & not abundance found found in rock: Mineral group : No.

Mineral group

example

1 2 3 4 5 6

Oxides Silicate Carbonates Sulfides Sulphates Chlorites

Quartz, magnetite, hematite, limonite Feldspar, mica, hornblende, augite Calcite, dolomite, siderite Pyrites, galena Gypsum Rock salt

Physical properties of minerals :The physical property of mineral are determined in hand specimen. They are important in identification of the mineral in the identification of mineral in the field, color streak luster, hardness, habit, fracture cleavage odor, feel tenacity, specific gravity etc. 1) Color Color :-

it is is not not much much import important ant proper property ty for identi identific ficat ation ion of the mineral ineral

because many of are colorless & shade of colored mineral may varied with composition but certain mineral have got the characteristic Color & only in case is helpful. Sr.N Sr.No. o. Name Name of mine minera rall

Colo Colour ur

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Colorless White Black Pink Gray

Quartz Calcite Tourmaline Orthoclase Graphite


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2)

STREAK:-

The colour of mineral powder is called as streak the streak is obtain rubbing a mineral against an unglazed porcelain plate called streak plate the study of streak is most useful in case of the color mineral obtain often gives much lighter streak than their body colour streak is useful for the identification of silicates, carbonates & transparent mineral because they give white streak. 3) LUSTER :Luster is defined as “the general appearance of a mineral surface in reflected reflected lights”. The The various type of luster are as follow. follow. 1) Meta Metall llic ic lus luste ter: r:-- Mine Minera rall shin shines es lik likee a meta metall eg:eg:- pyri pyrite tess & gale galena na 2) Sub Sub met metal alli licc lust luster er::- shin shinin ing g of of min miner eral al is like like met metal al but some some less less eg:eg:hemalite 3) Vitr Vitreo eous us lus luste ter: r:-- shin shinin ing g like like a broke broken n glas glasss eg: eg:-q -qua uart rtzz 4) Pear Pearly ly lust luster er::- it is a lus luste terr exhi exhibi bite ted d by by the the pear pearll eg:eg:- talc talc.. Etc Etc 5) Silk Silky y lust luster er::- it is shin shinee lik likee silk silk fibe fiberr eg:eg:- asbe asbest stos os.. 6) Dull Dull or eart earthy hy luste luster: r:-- miner mineral al show showss no no lust luster er are are ear earth thy y lus luste terr eg: eg:-- kaol kaolin in.. 4) HARDNESS:The resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching is called as hardness of that mineral. Hardness is determined by rubbing a mineral of unknown hardness against of known hardness the numerical value of hardness is determined by using MOHS SCALE of hardness. Sr. No. Hardness Abrasion 1 Upto 2.5 Fingernail 2 Between 3 to 4 Copper coin 3 Between 4 to 5 Sr. No. Hardness Minerals 1 1 Talc 2 2 Gypsum 3 3 Calcite 4 4 Fluorsp ar 5 5 Appetite 6 6 Orthoclase 7 7 Quartz 8 8 Topaz 9 9 Corundum 10 10 Diamond


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Cleavage Cleavage :- A tendency tendency of mineral to to break more easily easily along along planes of weak weak bond called Cleavage is the property related to the atomic arrangement Within the minerals.

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4

Mineral

Cleavage 3 sets 2 sets 1 Set Absent

Calcite Orthoclase Mica Quartz

Specimen No. :104 Chemical Composition :

SiO2

Colour

:

White

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium

Hardness

:

7

Name

:

Milky Quartz. [2.65]


SiO2

Colour

:

Pink

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent


Page 6

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.65]

Hardness

:

7

Name

:

Rosy Quartz.


SiO2

Colour

:

White

Lustre

:

Sub-Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.65]

Hardness

:

7

Name

:

Banded Agate.


SiO2

Colour

:

Transparent

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystallized

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.65]


Page 7

Hardness

:

7

Name

:

Quartz Crystal


SiO2

Colour

:

Greyish

Lustre

:

Sub-Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.65]

Hardness

:

7

Name

:

Smokey Quartz.


SiO2

Colour

:

Purple

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.65]

Hardness

:

8

Name

:

Amethyst


Page 8


NaAlSi3O8

Colour

:

Greyish White

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Present

Streak

:

white

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.55]

Hardness

:

6

Name

:

Plagioclase.


K(Mg,Fe)3 (AlSi3O10)(OH)2

Colour

:

Black

Lustre

:

Pearly

Fracture

:

Even

Form

:

Platy

Cleavage

:

Present(one set)

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.76]

Hardness

:

2

Name

:

Mica Biotite

Specimen No. :116,115 JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Page 9

Chemical Composition :

CaCO3

Colour

:

White

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Even

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Present(Three set)

Streak

:

white

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.71]

Hardness

:

3

Name

:

Calcite White

Specimen No. :109 Chemical Composition : SiO2 Colour

:

Black

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.65]

Hardness

:

7

Name

:

Flint Black


SiO2 .nH2O

Colour

Snow White

Specimen No. :110


:

Page 10

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Poor

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Low

Hardness

:

5

Name

:

Opal.


KAlSi3O8

Colour

:

Pitch Colour

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Even

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Present(one set)

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.55]

Hardness

:

6

Name

:

Orthoclase Felspar

Specimen No. :120 Chemical Composition:

Be3Al2Si6O18

Colour

:

Pale Green

Lustre

:

Sub-Vitreous

Fracture

:

conchoidal


Page 11

Form

:

Hexagonal

Cleavage

:

Poor

Streak

:

white

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.6]

Hardness

:

8

Name

:

Beryl.


Mg3Si2O5(OH)2

Colour

:

Cream

Lustre

:

Dull

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Perfect basal

Streak

:

White

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.71]

Hardness

:

1

Name

:

Talc Cream


C

Colour

:

Greyish Black

Lustre

:

Metallic

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Earthy

Cleavage

:

Absent


Page 12

Streak

:

Black

Specific Gravity

:

Medium

Hardness

:

1

Name

:

Graphite.


Ca CO3

Colour

:

Black

Lustre

:

Sub-Vitreous

Fracture

:

Even

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Present(Three set)

Streak

:

White

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.71]

Hardness

:

3

Name

:

Calcite Black.


CaSO4

Colour

:

White

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Ev Even

Form

:

Platy

Cleavage

:

Perfect

Streak

:

white

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.32]


Page 13

Hardness

:

2

Name

:

Gypsum.


BaSO4

Colour

:

White with Blue tinch

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Even

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Present(Three set)

Streak

:

White

Specific Gravity

:

High [4.5]

Hardness

:

3

Name

:

Baryte Snow White


Silicates of Mg, Na, Ca, Al, Fe.

Colour

:

Dark Green

Lustre

:

Sub-Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Present [Prismatic]

Streak

:

Greenish white

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [3.4]

Hardness

:

6

Name

:

Hornblende.


Page 14


Silicates of K, Al [OH]

Colour

:

Colorless

Lustre

:

Pearly

Fracture

:

Even

Form

:

Platy

Cleavage

:

Present(one set)

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.78]

Hardness

:

2

Name

:

Mica Muscovite


Silicates of Mg.

Color

:

Grayish Green

Lustre

:

Silky

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Fibrous

Cleavage

:

Perfect

Streak

:

white

Specific Gravity

:

Medium

Hardness

:

3

Name

:

Asbestos.

Specimen No. :120 JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Page 15


Boro-silicates of Al with Na,Fe, Mg, Ca.

Colour

:

Dark Green

Lustre

:

Sub-Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Triangular

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

Medium

Hardness

:

7

Name

:

Tourmaline

Specimen No. : Chemical Composition :

Al2O3

Color

:

Brown

Lustre

:

Sub-Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Rounded

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

---

Specific Gravity

:

High [4]

Hardness

:

9

Name

:

Corundum.

Specimen No. : Chemical Composition :

CuS

Colour

Golden Yellow


:

Page 16

Lustre

:

Metallic

Fracture

:

Conchoidal

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Present

Streak

:

Dark Green

Specific Gravity

:

High [5.2]

Hardness

:

6

Name

:

Chalcopyrite

Specimen No. : Chemical Composition : Color

:

White

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Acicular

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

white

Specific Gravity

:

Medium

Hardness

:

6

Name

:

Natrolite.


Hydro-Silicates of Mg.

Color

:

Greenish White

Lustre

:

Pearly

Fracture

:

Uneven


Page 17

Form

:

Earthy

Cleavage

:

Perfect Basal

Streak

:

White

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.8]

Hardness

:

1

Name

:

Talc Greenish Flakes


(Mg,Fe)2 SiO4

Color

:

Green

Lustre

:

Vitreous

Fracture

:

Conchoidal

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

white

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [3.27]

Hardness

:

6

Name

:

Olivine.


SiO2

Colour

:

Grayish Black

Lustre

:

Waxy

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent


Page 18

Streak

:

-- -

Specific Gravity

:

Medium [2.65]

Hardness

:

7

Name

:

Chalcedony.

Specimen No. : Chemical Co Composition :

SiO2

Color

:

Brown

Lustre

:

Sub-Vitreous

Fracture

:

Uneven

Form

:

Crystalline

Cleavage

:

Absent

Streak

:

----

Specific Gravity

:

Medium

Hardness

:

8

Name

:

Jasper Banded.


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STUDY OF IGNEOUS ROCK’S The cooling and consolidation of magma form igneous rocks. Magma it comes from great depth below the earth surface when magma comes out from upon earth surface. It is called as lava. When lava and magma in the earth crust to form Igneous rock. CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS HETCH SCHEME OF CLAASSIFICATION Silica percentage & colour Index Acidic a)Sio2.>66% Leucocratic Intermediate Sio2 52-66% Mesocreatic Basic Sio2<52% Melanocreatic

Mode of Predominant alkali /orthoclase / Occurrence plagioclase Plutonic Granite Rh Rhyolite Granodiorite Volcanic Plutonic

Syen Syenit ite, e, Tr Trachy achyte te

Dior Diorit itee Ande Andesi site te

Plutonic

Alkali Gabbro

Gabbro Basalt

Volcanic

Alkali Basalt

Volcanic

AIM: Identification of properties in hand specimen of igneous rock. roc k. Specimen No. 201.

It is a Igneous rock. It is leucocratic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar and accessory minerals may be hornblende. Quartz is colorless oily appearance; feldspar is pink in color showing cleavage.

Black color

hornblende hornblende may be present. This rock shows granitic granitic texture. texture. It is classified classified as igneous plutonic acidic alkali rock. NAME : PINK GRANITE Specimen No. 205.

It is a Igneous rock. it is leaucoreatic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar and accessory minerals may be hornblende. Quartz is colorless JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Page 20

oily appearance; feldspar is pink in color showing cleavage.

Black color

hornblende may be present. This rock shows porphyritic texture. It is classified as igneous plutonic acidic alkali rock. NAME : GRANITE PORPHERY Specimen No. 222.

It is a Igneous rock. it is Melanocreatic in nature the essential minerals are Mafic in nature. As rock shows aphenatic texture th minerals are fined grained that are not identified in hand specimen

olivine ,quartz, feldspar plagioclase

may be present this rock is classified as igneous volcanic basic rock. NAME : COMPACT BASALT Specimen No. 208.

It is a Igneous rock. it is leaucoreatic in nature the essential minerals are Kfeldspar and oligoclase and accessory minerals may be hornblende, pyroxene and Biotite may be present felspar is white in color . Hornblende and Biotite black in color. This rock shows porphyritic texture. It is classified as igneous plutonic intermediate between acidic and basic rock. NAME : SYENITE PORPHERY Specimen No. 209.

It is a Igneous rock. it is Melanocreatic in nature the essential minerals are Mafic in nature. Hornblende is the chief dark mineral. Biotite is also present pyroxenes are rare. All minerals are mafic .As rock shows equigranular texture. Diorite occurs as marginal facies of granite, also occurs as stocks and bosses . this rock is classified as igneous plutonic intermediate between acidic and basic rock. NAME : Diorite JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Page 21

Specimen No. 214.

It is a Igneous rock. It is leucocratic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar . Quartz is colorless oily appearance; feldspar is white in color showing cleavage in pencil forms . This rock shows irregular intergrowth texture. They may be found as veins and dykes. It is classified as igneous plutonic acidic alkali rock. NAME : PEGMATITE PENCIL Specimen No. 215.

It is a Igneous rock. It is leucocratic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar . Quartz is colorless oily appearance along with feldspar which is pink in color may be orthoclase showing cleavage. This rock shows graphic texture. It is classified as igneous intermediate acidic alkali rock. NAME : GRAPHIC GRAPHIC GRANITE GRANITE

Specimen No. 218.

It is a Igneous rock. It is leucocratic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar . Quartz is colorless oily appearance along with feldspar which is pink in in color may be

orthoclase showing cleavage. The The black color

hornblende and Biotite may be present. This rock shows granitic texture. It is classified as igneous igneous Plutonic acidic alkali rock. NAME : GRANITE Specimen No. 212.

It is a Igneous rock. It is Melanocreatic in nature the essential minerals are are plagioclase, cal-sic plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine green in color may be present. Accessory minerals Biotite and hornblende may be present. Gabbro JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Page 22

occurs in the form of intrusive igneous bodies. This rock shows granitic texture. texture. It is classified as igneous plutonic basic rock. NAME : GABBRO GREENISH. Specimen No. 213.

It is a Igneous rock. It is leucocratic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar . Quartz is colorless oily appearance; feldspar is pink in color showing cleavage. This rock shows irregular intergrowth texture. They may be found as veins and dykes. It is classified as igneous plutonic acidic alkali rock. NAME : PEGMATITE PINK.

Specimen No. 207.

It is a Igneous rock. it is leaucoreatic in nature the essential minerals are Kfeldspar and oligoclase and accessory minerals may be hornblende, pyroxene and Biotite may be present feldspar is pink in color, nepheline is present more than 5% . Hornblende and Biotite black in color. This rock shows porphyritic texture. It is classified as igneous plutonic intermediate between acidic and basic rock. NAME : NEPHELINE NEPHELINE SYENITE. SYENITE. Specimen No. 203.

It is a Igneous rock. It is mesocratic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar . Quartz is colorless oily appearance along with feldspar which is pink in in color may be


hornblende and Biotite may be present. This rock shows porphyritic texture. It is classified as igneous igneous Plutonic acidic alkali rock. NAME :

GRANITE GRANITE PORPHYRY PORPHYRY WITH PHENOCRYST PHENOCRYST OF LIGHT LIGHT

PINK FELSPAR JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Page 23

Specimen No. 221.

It is a Igneous rock. It is mesocratic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar . Quartz is colorless oily appearance along with feldspar which is pink in in color may be


hornblende and Biotite may be present. This rock shows porphyritic texture. It is classified as igneous igneous Plutonic acidic alkali rock. NAME : GRANITE GRANITE PORPHYRIT PORPHYRITIC IC PINK.

Specimen No. 204.



hornblende and Biotite and mica may be present. This rock shows porphyritic texture. It is classified as igneous Plutonic acidic alkali rock. NAME : GRANITE PORPHERY PORPHERY PINK. PINK. Specimen No. 219.



hornblende and Biotite may be present. This rock shows graphic granitic texture. It is classified as igneous Plutonic Plutonic acidic rock. NAME : GRAPHIC GRANITE PINK. PINK. Specimen No. 209.

It is a Igneous rock. It is mesocratic in nature the essential minerals are quartz, feldspar and plagioclase . Quartz is colorless oily appearance along with feldspar which is pink in in color may be orthoclase showing cleavage. The black JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Page 24

color hornblende and Biotite is present in more quantity and pyroxenes are rare. This rock shows granitic texture. It It is is classified as igneous Plutonic basic rock. NAME : GRANO DIORITE.

Specimen No. 216.

It is igneous rock which is melanocratic in nature. Dolerite is mainly composed of calcic-plagioclase and augite. Augite forms mainly 50% of the rock. Hornblende and Biotite are present, pyroxenes are rare. As mafic minerals are more in quantity the rock appears as dark in color. Medium fine grained porphyritic texture is shown. Dolerites occur as dykes and sills. It is classified as igneous volcanic basic rock. NAME : DOLERITE. Specimen No. 217.

It is igneous rock which is melanocratic in nature. Dolerite is mainly composed of calcic-plagioclase and augite. Augite forms mainly 50% of the rock. Hornblende and Biotite are present, pyroxenes are rare. As mafic minerals are more in quantity the rock appears as dark in color. Medium fine grained porphyritic texture is shown. Dolerites occur as dykes and sills. It is classified as igneous volcanic basic rock. NAME : DOLERITE PORPHERY. Specimen No. 223.

It is igneous rock which is melanocratic in nature. This rock shows porphyritic texture texture where the plagioclase plagioclase occurs as a phenocryst surrounded surrounded by ground mass as the minerals are fine grained we cannot identify them in hand specimen, but mafic minerals may be present. It is classified as volcanic basic calc-alkali series rock. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Page 25

NAME : PORPHYRITIC BASALT.

Specim Spe cimen en No. 225. 225.

It is igneous rock which is melanocratic in nature. This rock shows aphenatic texture. As the minerals are fine grained we cannot identify them, but these may be mafic minerals. These are found in one on e to three meter thick flows in between two basaltic flows. When it is in the subsurface it is hard, compact and impermeable, impervious rock. If it is exposed to the atmosphere it becomes brittle and loses its strength. It is classified as volcanic basic alkali series rock. NAME : RED TACHYLITIC BASALT.


Page 26

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Aim : To study the different types of Sedimentary Rocks. Specimen No. 314.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. This sample shows current bedding structure. It is classified as sedimentary transported arenaceous deposit. NAME : SANDSTONE WITH CURRENT BEDDING. Specimen No. 320.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. It is classified as sedimentary transported argillaceous deposit. NAME : SHALE BROWN.

Specimen No. 317.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is calcareous. It is classified as sedimentary transported arenaceous deposit. NAME : ARKOSE. Specimen No. 321.

It is sedimentary sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic clasitic the cementing cementing material is carbonaceous. It is classified as sedimentary transported argillaceous argillaceous deposit. NAME : CARBONACEOUS SHALE.

Specimen No. 307.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. It is classified as sedimentary transported in solution chemical deposit. NAME : SHELLY LIMESTONE. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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Specimen No. 309.

It is sedimentary rock. It is result of organic deposit, it is formed by calcium carbonate deposit. These are formed by shallow marine locomotive action of marine animals. This sample shows red color. It is classified as sedimentary transported in solution chemical deposit. NAME : CORAL RED.

Specimen No. 305.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is calcareous. This sample shows kankary calcium carbonate. It is classified as sedimentary transported in solution chemical deposit. NAME : LIMESTONE KAKKARY. Specimen No. 303.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material calcareous. It is classified as sedimentary transported in solution chemical deposit. NAME : LIMESTONE.

Specimen No. 311.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is calcareous. It is classified as sedimentary transported arenaceous deposit. NAME : SANDSTONE WHITE. Specimen No. 308.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. This sample contains fossils of shells it indicates that it is of JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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marine origin.It is classified as sedimentary transported in solution chemical deposit. NAME : SHELLY LIMESTONE.

Specimen No. 306.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is calcareous. It is classified as sedimentary transported arenaceous deposit. NAME : GRIT. Specimen No. 313.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. This sample shows white spots. It is classified as sedimentary transported arenaceous deposit. NAME : MOTALED SANDSTONE.

Specimen No. 318.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is calcareous. It is classified as sedimentary transported argillaceous deposit. NAME : SHALE WHITE. Specimen No. 322.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. It is classified as sedimentary transported rudaceous deposit. NAME : CONGLOMERATE. Specimen No. 302.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is peasolatic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. It is classified as sedimentary non-transported residual deposit. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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NAME : BAUXITE PEASOLATIC. Specimen No. 310.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. This sample shows lamination structure and also containing leaf fossil, which indicates fresh water deposit. It is classified as sedimentary transported argillaceous deposit. NAME : LAMINATED SHALE. Specimen No. 301.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is oolitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. It is classified as sedimentary non-transported residual deposit. NAME : LATERITE. Specimen No. 312.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is ferrogeneous. It is classified as sedimentary transported arenaceous deposit. NAME : SANDSTONE RED VINDHYAN. Specimen No. 319.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing material is calcareous. It is classified as sedimentary transported argillaceous deposit. NAME : SHALE YELLOW. Specimen No. 304.

It is sedimentary rock. Its texture is clasitic the cementing is calcareous. It is classified as sedimentary transported in solution chemical deposit. NAME : LIMESTONE PORBANDAR.


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METAMORPHIC ROCKS Aim : To study the different types of metamorphic rocks. Specimen No. 413.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows slaty slaty structure. structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. NAME : SLATE. Specimen No. 406.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows gneissose structure. It may be formed due to plutonic metamorphism. NAME : BANDED GNEISS PINKISH. Specimen No. 419.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows schistose structure. It may be formed due to dynamo thermal metamorphism. NAME : MUSCOVITE SCHIST WITH GARNET. Specimen No. 423.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. NAME : MARBLE WHITE. Specimen No. 418.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows schistose structure. It may be formed due to cataclastic metamorphism. NAME : BIOTITE SCHIST WITH GARNET.

Specimen No. 416.


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It is a metamorphic rock. It shows schistose structure. It may be formed due to dynamo thermal metamorphism. NAME : BIOTITE MUSCOVITE SCHIST. Specimen No. 127.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows schistose structure. It may be formed due to dynamo thermal metamorphism. NAME : HORNBLENDE SCHIST GREENISH. Specimen No. 412.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. NAME : HEMATITE QUARTZITE. Specimen No. 415.

It is a metamorphic rock. rock. It shows slaty structure. structure. It may be formed due to contact thermal metamorphism. NAME : PHYLLITE WITH CHLORITE. Specimen No. 405.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. NAME : MARBLE BLACK STRIPPED.

Specimen No. 403.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. This sample contains a vein of pegmatite. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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NAME : MARBLE WITH PEGMATITE VEIN. Specimen No. 402.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. The pink color is due to impurities present in the rock. NAME : MARBLE PINK. Specimen No. 407.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows gneissose structure. It may be formed due to plutonic metamorphism. metamorphism. This This sample shows intrusion of pegmatite pegmatite vein. NAME : GNEISS WITH PIGMATITE VEIN. Specimen No. 404.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. It shows green color because of olivine. NAME : MARBLE GREENISH. Specimen No. 410.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows gneissose structure. It may be formed due to plutonic metamorphism. NAME : HORNBLENDE GNEISS. Specimen No. 417.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows schistose structure. It may be formed due to dynamo thermal metamorphism. NAME : BIOTITE SCHIST. Specimen No. 415.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. NAME : QUARTZITE. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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Specimen No. 425.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. NAME : QUARTZITE. Specimen No. 401.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows granulose structure. It may be formed due to thermal metamorphism. NAME : MARBLE WHITE. Specimen No. 411.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows gneissose structure. It may be formed due to plutonic metamorphism. NAME : BANDED BIOTITE GNEISS. Specimen No. 422.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows schistose structure. It may be formed due to dynamo thermal metamorphism. NAME : TALC SCHIST. Specimen No. 414.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows schistose structure. It may be formed due to dynamo thermal metamorphism. NAME : PHYLLITE. Specimen No. 420.

It is a metamorphic rock. It shows schistose structure. It may be formed due to dynamo thermal metamorphism. NAME : QUARTZ SERICITE SCHIST. Specimen No. 409.


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It is a metamorphic rock. It shows augen gneissose structure. It may be formed due to plutonic metamorphism. NAME : AUGEN GNEISS PINKISH. Specimen No. 408.

It is a metamorphic rock. rock. It shows augen structure. structure. It may be formed due to plutonic metamorphism. NAME : AUGEN GNEISS.


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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

It is the study of large scale features of rocks and structures shown by the rocks of Igneous and Sedimentary rocks. Structure Structure of bed bed rock : The sedimentary rocks are deposited in the form of

horizontal layers, one individual layer is known as bed which can be distinguished from each other because of difference of physical properties of their own. Bedding Plane : The two successive beds are separated from each other by a

plane is called bedding plane. Dip : When beds are inclined it makes an angle with horizontal is known as Dip

of bed. True Dip : When the dip is measured exactly perpendicular to the strike of bed it

is known as True Dip. Apparent Dip : The Dip which is measured other than true dip on the dip slope

of a bed is known as Apparent dip. Dip Direction : The direction in which beds are dipping is called dip direction. Strike : It is a line drawn on inclined bedding plane, which makes an right angle

with the dip direction. Confirmable Series : When the deposition of rock takes place on uniformly and

thus beds will be formed laying one over the other is called a confirmable series. Vertical thickness : The vertical thickness is the distance between top and

bottom of a bed, means upper bedding plane and lower be dding plane of a bed. Overlap : The plane of unconformity is nothing but plane of contact of older

beds of a younger beds and the number numb er of beds of older series. It is not a plane surface due to its erosion takes place due to formation of younger series having


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oldest beds and came in contact with the older series. Unconformity of this type is known as overlap. True Thickness : The perpendicular distance between the two bedding planes is

called as true thickness. Unconformity : It is the part which separates two series. It is indicating the time

gap of deposition between two series of beds. Fault : A fault is defined as a fracture along which relative displacement has

taken place. Faults results from tensional as well as compressional forces. Fault Plane : It is a plane along which relative movement has taken place is

called fault plane. The plane may be either inclined or vertical. Vertical Fault : When the fault plane effect is vertical then the fault is termed as

a vertical fault. Inclined Fault : When the fault plane makes a angle with the horizontal then it is

recognized as inclined fault. Down throw side : The side on which beds have slipped down is called as down

throw side. Up-Throw Side : The side which is opposite to the down throw side is called

Up-Throw side. Amount of Down throw : The vertical distance through which the beds have

slipped is called as amount of down throw. Dip Fault : A fault running in the dip direction is called as dip fault. Strike Fault : A fault running in strike direction is called as strike fault. Normal Fault : A normal fault is one in which the hanging wall appears to have

moved downwards relative to the foot wall. Reverse Fault : A reverse fault is one in which the hanging wall appears to have

moved upward relative to the foot wall. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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Fold : A Fold may be defined as a wavy or Zig-Zag undulations shown by the

beds because of compressional forces. Anticline : When the beds are upfolded into an arch such a structure is called as

anticline. Syncline : When the beds are down folded such a structure is called as syncline. Axis of Fold : The line on which folded bedding plane along which the direction

of beam changes is called axis of fold. Axial Plane : The plane containing Axis of all the bedding planes is called as a

Axial plane. Symmetrical Fold : It is the true dip when the same dip symmetrically dipping

on the two sides of the axis of the fold is called as symmetrical fold. Asymmetrical Fold : If one the limb is steeper then, asymmetrical folds are

formed. Recumbent Fold : In this type of fold the axial planes are horizontal, both the

axial planes are parallel to each other is called as recumbent fold. Over turned fold : It is an asymmetrical fold whose one limb is turned past the

vertical in this case axial plane is inclined and both the limbs dip in the same direction. In the overturned fold the lower limb is turned upside down. Isoclinal Fold : The folds that have parallel limbs are called as isoclinal folds. Sills : Sills are the concordant intrusions. It never cuts the bedding plane and also

follows the bedding plane limitations, the sills may be horizontal or Vertical. Field characteristics of Sills : Sills are highly jointed structures, it develops

columnar joints, individual columns may be either pentagonal or hexagonal is variable generally these columns are again broken by horizontal joints. If such sill is exposed in the reservoir then Problem of leakage may occur, even for the foundation of such huge structures, like bridges, skyscrapers etc. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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Dyke : It is a discordant intrusion which cuts the bedding planes. Batholiths : Batholiths are the igneous structures which is discordant intrusion

where we didn’t find feeder it is a very large deposition. Laccoliths : The laccoliths occurs due to the magma intrusions. The beds are

getting lifted up by forming an arch or a dome shaped roof roof and having a flat bottom the cavity formed is filled up by viscous material. Phaccoliths : Phaccoliths are crescent shaped bodies of igneous rocks, they

occupy crests and troughs of folded strata. Phaccoliths are formed where igneous material invades the folded region. The igneous material accumulates at the crest and trough of the folds because they are the zones of minimum stress. Outlier : It is an outcrop of beds formed by younger beds when gets surrounded

by older beds on all the sides thus there will be formation of outlier. Inliers : It is formed when the older bed getting surrounded by younger beds on

all sides given for formation of depressed or trough nature is called as inliers. Monoclines : Monocline is a form in which there is subsidence without fault.

Also it can be described partial faulting without fault plane as also partial folding. Block faulting : When two faults more or less parallel to each other the middle

part retains the original position and the either sides of the middle part are sink ed vertically downward in which down throw direction either sides of the both the faults are opposite in direction.


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MAPPING Rules for for mapping mapping :- The rocks rocks are imple implemented mented for drawing drawing maps and and enclosed enclosed series and in one of enclosed bed and bending plane cutting with contour line there is increase in horizontal series of vertical thickness of bed cannot be determine directly. Rules Regarding Drawing strikes line : Consider one junction at one contour

line cutting at two points of same bedding plane join these two points of intersection we get a straight line called as strikes line these line are parallel and equidistant to one series. Rules Rules for for dip direct direction ion : Consider one junction of two consecutive strike line,

dip direction direction will be from from higher level to lower lower level and it’s perpendicul perpendicular ar to strike line. Rules for amount of dip : Measure the perpendicular distance between two

strike lines. This distance is for 30 meter interval. It is converted to Scale of map & written in form of ratio. Distance between Two Strike lines multiplied by scale of map divided by contour interval. Rules for thickness of bed : Take any strike line which cuts top & bottom of

one bed measure the contour difference. Significance of geological maps : The The Geol Geologi ogical cal maps maps are are of of uniq unique ue

importance importance to study the topographical topographical features features of the earth, earth, the distribution distribution of rocks in general, structural behavior of mineral deposits, the relationship of the rocks their order of superposition, age and their mode of formation. They also portray the extent and characters of the strata. The succession and structural peculiarities often help to locate the concealed deposit of economic value. The study of such maps also provides clues to possible sites for Tunnels, Dams and other costly Engineering projects. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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Strike line: If the line is on horizontal plane on one inclined bedding plane to

draw strike line join the straight point at which same contour and same junction line out each other this the strike line on that junction plane elevation is represented by contour. As soon as the strike line is drawn write immediately the junction at which also drawn at 30m interval on bedding plane with constant dip direction strike lines drawn at regular interval will be set of equivalent parallel line the distance between them depends upon level position. po sition. Dip : Dip of the bending plane is the angle that it make with the horizontal and

for expressing it both the amount and direction must be stated the dip direction is also called true dip and it’s ler to strike line. Dyke : It is Discordant intrusion which cuts bedding planes. Sills : Sills are concordant intrusion it never cut the bedding plane and also

follow the bedding plane limitation the sills may be horizontal or vertical. Fields characteristic of sills : Sills highly highly jointly jointly it develop columnar columnar joints joints individual individual

column may be either pentagonal or hexagonal column is variable generally these column are again broken by horizontal joints. In such sill is exposed in the reservoirs there is a problem of leakage even for the foundation of structure huge building bridge. Amount dip : Draw two line at 30m interval on the same strike plane the

direction of dip will be at right angle to strike direction. It strike is E-W dips is either south or north the distance on which the strike line are on same bedding plane fall in level in dip direction to find out the amount of dp measure the 1er distance between two strike line drawn on some bedding plane fall in level in dip direction direction and at same level distance distance is 30m. If the distance distance is 30m then the dip is O while finding out the distance amount of dip only. JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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Conformable series : Two or more beds deposited in an intercept sequence form

a conformable services have the same strike direction and some dip direction and amount of dip each bed of conformable series except oldest and youngest occurs in contact with only beds on each side the older bed is below and younger bed is above each bed of confirmable series except oldest and youngest in bounded by tow bending plane. The bottom bottom below is representi representing ng joint joint from the the older bed and and the top separating above from younger bed. The vertical thick of a bed is the vertical distance from top to bottom the case of constant geological map the vertical thickness is always considered the thick of oldest and youngest bed of conformable series cont be found. Order of super position : Except when dip and slope are in same direction when

the dip is less than the slope we always come across younger bed in dip direction. To find the thicknes thicknesss of bed draw a strike strike line common at top top and bottom bottom of the bed whose thick is required the dip in level at which this line is drawn strike line on the top and bottom and level at which in between the strike line on the bottom it’s the thickness of bed. Top X = 60m When the strike strike line is is not available common common to both top and bottom of the same bed. Making use of the fact strike line equivalent to the lines. Extra plated strike lines consider with the strike line on the outer function plane thus giving strikes strikes line to common common to both the junction. junction.


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Map no. 1 Geology Geology of area :– There are two two high grounds (G1 & G2) two Valleys(v1 & v2). High Ground (G1) (G1) :- It is near the the center of map having having elevation elevation of 410m. High ground ground (G2):- It present eastern eastern side of map having elevation elevation of 350m. Valley Valley (v1) :- It is running towards towards northern direction. direction. Valley Valley (v2) :- It is running towards towards southern direction. direction. Geology Geology of area – there are conformable conformable series series of Inclined beds. B,L,P,Y,T,D. Strike Di Direction ::-

North-south

Dip Direction:-

Towards East

Amount of Dip:-

1.5

Order of super position & thickness of beds:B L P Y T D


Youngest 60m 30m 60m 120m Oldest

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Map no 2 Geography Geography of area :- there are two two part part of hills are exposed exposed in the map. High ground ( H1) : It is exposed north –west –west of the the map with with an elevation elevation of 440m High ground ( H2) : It is exposed south –east of the map with an elevation of 440m Valley : Only one valley is running towards south-west. Geology Geology of area :-there :-there are two conformable conformable series series of beds, which which is Separated by an Unconformity. T,A,P,L is younger series series of horizontal bed & G,O,N,Y is older series. Geology Geology of younger series :- It is a series of horizontal horizontal beds. Order of super position & thickness of beds :T A P L

Youngest 30m 45m Older

Geology Geology of Older series:series:- It is a series series of Inclined beds Strike Strike Direc Directio tion n :- South South East East – northw northwest est Dip Direct Direction ion::-

Toward Towardss south-ea south-east st

Amount of Dip:- 1:5 Order of super position & thickness of beds

G O N JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

Youngest 60m 30m Page 47

Y


Older

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Map no 3 JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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Geography Geography of area :- there is an Isolated Isolated hill present present at center of the map. Geology of area :-there are two conformable series of Inclined beds. These series of beds Separated by an Unconformity. P,D,C,L,V Is older series & K,M,B is Younger series. Geology Geology of younger series :- K,M,B are are Inclined beds. Strike Strike Direct Direction ion ::- East East – West. West. Dip Direct Direction ion :-

Toward Towardss north

Amount of Dip:- 1:5 Order of super position & thickness of beds :B M K

Youngest 3 0m Older

Geology Geology of Older series:- P,D,C,L,V P,D,C,L,V are Inclined Inclined beds Strike Strike Direc Directio tion n :- South South East East – northw northwest est Dip Dip Dire Direct ctio ion: n:--

Towa Toward rdss East East

Amount of Dip:- 1:5 Order of super position & thickness of beds V L C D P

Younger 6 0m 6 0m 6 0m Older

Igneous Intrusion :Dole Doleri rite te Dyke Dyke :-

It is vert vertic ical al dyke dyke havi having ng thick hickne ness ss of 40 mete meter r Dyke exposed in older series.


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Aplite Dy Dyke:-

It is is ve vertical dyke ha having th thickness ess of 30 me meter. Which is erupted in both series.

Pegmatite Dyke:-

It is inclined dyke.

Geology of Dyke:Strike Direction :-

South west – Northea heast

Dip Direction :-

Towards southeast

Amount of Dip:-

1:2

History of the area:1)

Older Series

2)

Dolerite Dyke

4)

Aplite Dyke

5)

Pegmatite Dyke


3)

Younger Series

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Map no. 4 Geol Geolog ogy y of of area area :–

Isol Isolat ated ed hill hill is pre prese sent nt at the the cen cente terr of of map. map.

Geol Geolog ogy y of of are area: a:– –

Only Only one one ser serie iess of of inc incli line ned d bed bedss P,M P,M,T ,TB, B,L. L.

Strike Direction:– n:–

East-West

Dip Direction:–

Towards south

Amount of Dip:–

1:30

Order of super position & thickness of beds :P M T B L

Younger 2 0m 2 0m 2 0m Older

Structural Structural feature:feature:- The area has been affected affected by two vertical dip fault F1 & F2 Amount of Down throw is 10 m. Proposa Proposall No.1) No.1) A road road has to to be taken taken along along 65 m on on norther northern n slope slope This proposal is suggested because the dip direction & the slope are opposite hence the sliding of the rocks will be Avoided. Proposal Proposal No.2) No.2) This proposal proposal is rejected because there is parallel parallel series series of Faults. Due to this faults heavy over breakage of rock takes Place. & there may be heavy percolation of water takes place.


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Map no. 5 Geol Geolog ogy y of of area area :–

Ther Theree is is onl only y one one valle valley y run runni ning ng tow towar ards ds east east..

Geol Geolog ogy y of of are area: a:– –

Ther Theree is is con confor forma mabl blee ser serie iess of of inc incli line ned d bed beds. s. Y,O,L,D.

Strike Direction:– n:–

North-South

Dip Direction:–

Towards east

Amount of Dip:–

1:10

Order of super position & thickness of beds :Y O L D

Younger 6 0m 3 0m Older

Special Features:The area has been affected by strike fault. A)

Amount down throw – 150 m

B)

Down own throw Block – East astern bl block

C)

Effe Effect ct of Fault Fault – As the the are areaa has has been been affe affect cted ed by stri strike ke fault fault At the down throw side is against dip resulting Separation of beds on down throw throw side.

D)

Inlier Inlier – An Inlier Inlier has been been formed formed as the older older bed is surround surrounded ed by younger beds.


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Map No. 6 Geography of the Area: High Ground: There are high grounds exposed towards north and south. Valley: V1 is running towards East. Valley V2 &V3: They are running towards South. Valley V4 & V5: They are running towards North. Geology of Area: There is only one series of inclined beds T,M,P,L,S. Strike Strike direction: direction: East East – West. Dip direction: Towards South. Amount of Dip: 1:3 Order of Superposition & their thickness: T

Younger

M

1 0m

P

1 0m

L

1 0m

S

Oldest.

Problem No. 1(i): Road along 85m contour from A to C and bridge C-D should be rejected, because the dip direction of beds and slope of h ill is in same direction direction i.e. i.e. towards south. As As the dip and slope is in in same direction there may be possibilities of landslide along the road. Hence it may be catastrophic. (ii): Bridge Bridge A – B and road along 85m contour contour from B-D is is suggested, because at 85m contour the dip of the strata and slope are oppo site to each other, hence there are no chances of sliding of beds. Problem No. 2: From the section C-D it is proved that the oldest bed i.e. S is Limestone exposed at the alignment and in the reservoir which is JNEC CIVIL/EG/UGJ/Jun 2016

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containing joints this rock is made of calcium carbonate when it is in contact with water is dissolves and produces grooves along the joints and hence there will be heavy leakage and instability of alignment. L is the thin jointed quartzite with shale intercalation. When we refer the section along C-D there may be a percolation of water from the reservoir to the side valley where the beds are dipping hence the site is rejected for the dam construction.


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Map No. 7 Geography of the Area: There are three high grounds exposed in the area High ground No.1: The part of hill exposed north-west corner with the elevation 190m (H1) High ground No.2: The part of hill exposed north-east corner with the elevation 180m (H2) High ground No.3: Isolated hill exposed south with the elevation 190m (H 3) High ground No.4: The part of hill exposed south -east corner with the elevation 200m (H4) Valley: Valley: It is a Crescent shaped valley valley originating originating from south - east corner corner running towards towards north and reaching south- west corner corner covering maximum maximum area of the map. Geology of the Area: There is only one series of inclined beds D, N, K, C, B, G, V, L. L. Strike direction: East

West

Dip direction: Towards North Amount of dip: 30 : 1 Order of Superposition & their thickness: D

Younger

N

10m

K

2 0m

C

1 0m

B

2 0m

G

30m

V

20m

L

oldest


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The site OP : It is the suitable site for the construction of dam, because the beds are upstream dipping this is the ideal condition to reduce the uplift pressure on the dam alignment, as the beds are dipping upstream there are no chances of leakage of water, and it is ideal condition for the reservoir. The site QR : This site is rejected because the beds are dipping down stream at dam alignment hence there will be heavy leakage in the downstream and there are chances of developing uplift pressure on the dam wall so there are chances of sliding of dam. The site ST : The site is rejected because the strike of the strata is perpendicular to the dam alignment so the bedding planes continued from upstream to downstream so there is heavy leakage in the dam. The section shows there is heavy leakage in the side valley or sliding of beds may take place in the reservoir.


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Map No.8 Geography of the Area: High Ground: There are two high grounds exposed in the given map. High Ground No. H1: Part of hill exposed north-east corner with elevation 290m High Ground No. H2: Part of hill exposed south-east corner with elevation 290m Valley: V1 is running towards west. Geology of Area: There is only one series of inclined beds S, D, O, J ,C. Strike direction: North

South

Dip direction: Towards East & West [because the area is folded]. Amount of Dip: 3 : 1 Order of Superposition & their thickness:

S

Younger

D

6 0m

O

3 0m

J

6 0m

C

Oldest.

Special Features : The area is affected by folds, forming outliers and inliers. Inlier : The older bed is surrounded by younger beds in the eastern part of map forming a diamond shape which is showing Anitcline. Outlier : The younger beds are surrounded by older beds, in the western part of map as both the dip direction are towards each other the area is forming Syncline.


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Engg Geology Lab Manual

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