Engineering Geology Lab Manual

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ENGINEERING ENGINEERIN G GEOLOGY LAB

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LABORATORY

Name

: …………………………………………………………

Regd. No

: ………………………………………………………….

Year & Semester : ……………………………………………………….. Academic Year : ……………………………………………………….

GUDLAVALLERU GUDLAVALLE RU ENGINEERING EN GINEERING COLLEGE

SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE: GUDLAVALLERU

Department of Civil Engineering Engineering


ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LAB

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE::GUDLAVALLERU

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Engineering Geology - Lab Manual

Department of Civil Engineering



GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE :: GUDLAVALLERU DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDEX

S.no

Date

Name of the Experiment

Signature of the faculty

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12




MINERALS QUARTZ (Sio2)

Habit and crystal system

:

Crystaline and hexagonal system

Colour and huster

:

Variety colourless, transparent, snow white, viterous, transchent

Scratch ability and hardness :

Cannot be scratched by knife, H=2.5 to 2.7

Streak

:

White

Cleavage

:

Nil

Fracture

:

Un even at place conchoidel

:

Crystalline, habit, horizontal, faces, piezo electric, absence of

Specific gravity

cleavage through crystalline breaks with sharp cutting edges, conchoidal faces. Uses / Importants

:

Important rare forming mineral 7th standard mineral in Mohr’s scale,

glass making electronic lenses, wireless apparates,

radar watches and clocks, industrial and agro granures and powder glass cutting.

OPAL (Sio2.H2O) Habit and crystal system

:

Massive

Colour and huster

:

Milk white, dirty white resinous

Scratch ability and hardness

:

Cannot be scratched by knife, H=4.5 to 5.5

Streak

:

White

Cleavage

:

Nil

Fracture

:

Uneven at Many places, conchoidal

Specific gravity

:

Low 1.9 to 2.3

Special properties

:

Resembles Magnetic, alkali gravity, some varities

Uses / Importants

:

Filler, translucent, variety cats eye, used in jewellary.




MAGNETITE (Fe304) Habit and crystal system

:

Crystalline,

isometric

system,

octahedron

and

also

massive Colour and huster

:

Iron, Block, Metallic


:

It cannot be scratched by knife hardness H=5.5

Streak

:

Block

Cleavage

:

Four sets of oblique cleavage, massive

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

High 5.5

Special properties

:

Strongly Magnetic

Uses / Importants

:

Ore of Iron, Ferrite rod, radio Antina

HEMATITE (Fe203) Habit and crystal system

:

Crystalline, hexagonal, massive

Colour and huster

:

When fresh bright steel gray when altered reddish brown, metallic


:

It cannot be scratched and hardness H = 5.5

Streak

:

Reddish brown, cherry brown

Cleavage

:

Oblique cleavage

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

High 5.5

Special properties

:

Heavy, cherry red colour, some varities are magnetic due to branches of magnetic

Uses / Importants

:

Ore of Iron, dyes.

BAUXITE (Al203.2H20) Habit and crystal system

:

Massive commonly pisolitic

Colour and huster

:

Dry white, stained, reddish brown, yellowish by wides, dull sometimes resinous


:

Can be scratch easily by knife

Streak

:

White

Cleavage

:

Nil

Fracture

:

Uneven earthy

Specific gravity

:

Low 2.3 to 2.5




Special properties

:

Pisolitic habit, some varities, low specific gravity

Uses / Importants

:

Chief ore of alumina, oil refining, bauxite cement, refractory

bricks,

water

purification,

paper

making,

ceramics, chemicals, mineral salts.

MUSCOVITE MICA [H2KAL3 (sio4)3] Habit and crystal system Colour and huster

:

Flaky, monoclinic system, pseudo hexagonal

:

Colourless, transparent, silver white, in bulk with dark brown pearly


:

Scratched by fingernail and hardness H = 2 – 2.5

Streak

:

White shining

Cleavage

:

One set of perfect basal cleavage

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.7 to 3

Special properties

:

Extremely thin, elastic, transparent.

Colourness flakes,

bad conductor of elasticity Uses / Importants

:

Electric and electrical issulator, gas light. Chimes, spinker, fancy points, ornements.

BLOTITE MICA [H3K (mgfe3)AL(sio4)3] Habit and crystal system

:

Flaky, Monoclinic system, pseudo hexagonal

Colour and huster

:

Brownish block, transparent, peerly


:

Scratched by nail and hardness H = 2 to 2.5

Streak

:

Pale yellow

Cleavage

:

One set of perfect basal cleavage along with thin flaker separate of easily

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.9 to 3.1

Special properties

:

Brownish block to black colour

Uses / Importants

:

Important rock forming, minerals boiler funnanas window screed




ORTHOCLASE [FELDSPAR [KAL.(Si308)] Habit and crystal system

:

Massive, commonly monoclinic system

Colour and huster

:

White, Pinc, Viterous


:

Cannot be scratched by knife and hardness [H = 6]

Streak

:

White

Cleavage

:

Two sets perpendicular

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6

Special properties

:

Alkaline 2 sets perpendicular

Uses / Importants

:

6 standard mineral in Mohr’s scale, glass making, glazing agent, electric issulation, ceramics etc.

AUGITE [ Complex silicate of Ca, Al, Mg, F3] Habit and crystal system

:

Crystalline, monoclinic system, crystal are short and shout eight sided cubical cleavage fracture

Colour and huster

:

Dark gray, grayish block, block, viterous


:

Can be scratched by knife and harness H = 5.5

Streak

:

greenish white

Cleavage

:

2 sets almost perpendicular

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 3.2 to 3.5

Special properties

:

Nearly perpendicular cleavage

Uses / Importants

:

Important rock forming mineral

CHLORITE (Hydrous maAl silicate) Habit and crystal system

:

Foliated

Colour and huster

:

Greenish white to greenish block resinous


:

Can be scratched with difficulty by finger nail. Easily by knife and hardness H = 2.0 – 2.5

Streak

:

Plane greenish white

Cleavage

:

Nil (Non – crystalline)

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6 to 2.9




Special properties

:

Soft can be cut, curved

Uses / Importants

:

Earning CALCITE (CaC03)

Habit and crystal system

:

Crystalline, hexagonal system

Colour and huster

:

White, grey, pink, transulent, colourless transparent


:

Scratched easily by knife and hardness H = 3

Streak

:

White

Cleavage

:

3 sets of oblique perfect Rhombo hedral

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.7

Special properties

:

Perfect Rhombo hedral cleavags, reacts readily with dilute - HCL

Uses / Importants

:

Third standard mineral on Mohr’s scale of hardness nicol prism is Range findeis, polarizing mica microscopes Co2, calcium carbide, nitro line cost lime nitrogen (Cacol) bleaching powder, soil tooth paste, glass, scap, paper printess, flux in smelting

GARNET (Complex silicate of Ca mg & fe) Habit and crystal system

: Crystalline, Isometric system, Decahydral system

(12

Rhombic facis) Colour and huster

: Brownish block, Reddish brown, honey brown, when fresh viterous to metallic.


: Can’t be scratched by knife and hardness H = 6.5 to 7.5

Streak

: Reddish brown when altered

Cleavage

: Inter obtained, very distinct, parallel to deca hydral faces

Fracture

: Uneven

Specific gravity

: Medium to high 3.2 to 4.5

Special properties

: Crystal frequently distributed

Uses / Importants

: Seramic stones

TALC Habit and crystal system

: Massive, Foliated

Colour and huster

: Pale green, Apple green, pearly


: It can be scratched by knife and hardness H = 1 – 1.5

Streak

: Pale white




Cleavage

: Nil

Fracture

: Uneven

Specific gravity

: Medium 2.7 to 2.8

Special properties

: Very soft and smooth

Uses / Importants

: 1st standard mineral in Mohr’s scale of hardness, filer material in paper

DOLOMITE ( Camg (C03)2) Habit and crystal system

: Crystalline, hexagonal system

Colour and huster

: White, grey pink, colourless, transparent, pearly


: Can be scratched by knife and hardness H = 3

Streak

: White

Cleavage

: 3 sets of oblique perfect Rhombo - hydral

Fracture

: Uneven

Specific gravity

: Medium 2.7

Special properties

: Rhombo hydral cleavage, colourless varieties

Uses / Importants

: 3rd standard mineral in Mohr’s scale of hardness, Nicol prism in Range findess.

MAGNESITE (MgCo3) Habit and crystal system

:

Crystalline, besagoral

Colour and huster

:

White, grey, pink and pearly


:

Scratched with knife and hardness H = 3.5 to 4

Streak

:

White

Cleavage

:

3 sets of oblique cleavage, Rhombo hedron

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 1.7 to 1.8

Special properties

:

Pearly Luster, Reacts with concentrated - HCL

Uses / Importants

:

Refractory at 17000c, special cements, fertilizers

GALENA (pbs) Habit and crystal system

:

Crystalline, Isometric system, cubes, cleavage

fragmentsColour and huster

:

Lead grey, silver grey, bright and metallic


:

Can be scratched easily by knife and hardness H = 2 to 2.5

Streak Department of Civil Engineering

:

Lead grey



Cleavage

:

3 sets of mutually perpendicular cubic cleavage

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.8

Special properties

:

Soft heavy and diamagnetic

Uses / Importants

:

Ore of heal Alloys, crystals used in Radio sets, heavy aggregate concrete for protective walls in atomic and Nuclear Reactors.

JASPER Habit & Coastal system

:

Massive

Colour & Iustude

:

Red colour

Scratchability & Hardness

:

Nearly 7 cannot be scotched by knife

Streak

:

Light pink

Cleavage

:

Absent

Fracture

:

Cancodial

Specific gravity

:

Medium (2.57 – 2.67)

Special properties

:

---

Uses (or) Importance

:

---

OLIVINE Habit & Coastal system

:

Massive

Colour & Iustude

:

Olive green, Lusture (dull)


:

Hardness (6-7) cannot be scratched y knife

Streak

:

Light green, pale colour

Cleavage

:

Absent

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium (3.2 – 3.5)

Special properties

:

Commonly unsaturated mineral


:

---

HORNBLENDE Habit & Coastal system

:

Granular form (or) Prismatic aggregate

Colour & Iustude

:

Dark greenish black, Vitreacy to sub vitreours, nearly opaque


:

Scratchble by knife, Hardness (5-6)

Streak

:

Light green (or) pale green (or) white




Cleavage

:

2 sets, prismatic

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium (3 – 3.5)

Special properties

:

Most common type of amphibde


:

---

BIOTITE Habit & Coastal system

:

Flask, lamellor, Monoclinc system, psevdo

Colour & Iustude

:

Brownish block, Transperent, Pearly, dark greenish block (or) block


:

Scratched by nail & hardness (2 -2.5)

Streak

:

Pale yellow, white colour

Cleavage

:

one set of perfect basal cleavage along with thing flakar

Fracture

:

Uneven, Still havag

Specific gravity

:

(2.9 – 3.1)

Special properties

:

Brownish block, Block colour, common rock forming mica


:

Important rock forming minerals, boiler furnaces, windows serect

ASBESTOS Habit & Coastal system

:

Fibrous

Colour & Iustude

:

Pale, green, silky


:

Can be scratched by knife & hardness (2-2.5)

Streak

:

Nil

Cleavage

:

Nil

Fracture

:

Nil

Specific gravity

:

2.2 low 2

Special properties

:

Fiber, Fine, Strong, Easily separated, Fire proof, Heat proof


:

Asbestos break & clutch, theatures, curtens, bamb proof structures, paper, air & as it fiteration

KYANITE Habit & Coastal system

:

Bladed, Radiating fibrus

Colour & Iustude

:

Blue with dart patches vitrious to sub-vitrious





:

Can not be scratched by knife along length H=4-5 (5.56.5) is along width.

Streak

:

White

Cleavage

:

Present 2 sets

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

Medium 3.6

Special properties

:

Bladed form a common refraction mineral


:

---

PYRITE Habit & Coastal system

:

Crystaline, Iso metric system cubes, pentogaral, deca hydral also grounlar, massive

Colour & Iustude

:

Light golden yellow, bright metalic


:

It can not be scratched by knife & harness H: (6-6.5)

Streak

:

Greenish block

Cleavage

:

Cubic indistinct

Fracture

:

Uneven

Specific gravity

:

High 5

Special properties

:

Mutually year in adjacent sides resembles, gold, soluble in HNO3.


:

Eretracting sulphar, preparation of sio2, H2So4, peotilizers, dyes, wooden preservative.

PYROLUSITE Habit & Coastal system

:

Massive, Spangy, apaque

Colour & Iustude

:

Dart brownish balck, dull


:

Variable

Streak

:

Light (or) Pale colour

Cleavage

:

Indistinct

Fracture

:

Un even

Specific gravity

:

High 4.5 - 5

Special properties

:

Soils the fingeres, important magneas ore mineral


:

Nil

GRAPHITE Habit & Coastal system Department of Civil Engineering

:

Massive, granular, apaque



Colour & Iustude

:

Black, Shining greasy


:

Can be scratched by finger nail H = 1 to 2

Streak

:

Dull

Cleavage

:

Present, not distint

Fracture

:

Un even

Specific gravity

:

Low ( 2 to 2.3)

Special properties

:

Macs paper


:

Used in pencils

CHROMITE Habit & Coastal system

:

Crystalline, Isometeric, Commonly occurred granulars

Colour & Iustude

:

Dark grey, Metallic


:

Can’t be scratched H = 4.5

Streak

:

Brownish, Black

Cleavage

:

Nil

Fracture

:

Un even

Specific gravity

:

High ( 3.7 to 4.7)

Special properties

:

Slightly magnetic due to iron content


:

Cheap ore of chromium refractions

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE Seshadri Rao Knowledge Village :: Gudlavalleru

Department of Civil Engineering Geology Lab GREU GRANITE (Flutonic and igneous rocks) Colour

:

Grey, grewish white, pink, some varieties multicolored

Structure and grain size

:

Equigranular, Medium grained

Mineral Composition

:

Accessional minerals 1.Quartz 2.Orthoclase 3. Plagioclase 4. Biotite mica

Accessory mineral

:

Magnetite

Cementing material

:

Nil

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6

Special properties

:

Presence of abundant quartz it can be cut and curved, it gives excellent polish like merror surface



Uses / Importants

:


Building ornamental stones, moments, railway ballast, road metal, roller concrete, slabs, door steps, pillars.

PINK GRANITE (FLUTONIC IGNEOUS ROCK) Colour

:

Pink, Reddish brown, blush red


:

equi-granula, medium grained

Mineral Composition

:

Accessional minerals 1.Quartz 2. Orthoclase 3. Plagio clase 4. Horn blende.

Accessory mineral

:

Magnetite

Cementing material

:

Nil

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6

Special properties

:

Pink, Red colour abundant Quartz, it can be cut curved, excellent Quartz giving mirror surface

Uses / Importants

:

Ornamental stones, monuments stones

GABBRO (PUTONIC BASIC IGNEOUS ROCKS)

Colour

:

Dark grey to block


:

Equigranular, coarse graned

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Plagio clase (Twineed plate)

(2) Accessory minerals

(3) Iron Pyrites bright golden grains (4) Magnatite Cementing material

:

-

Specific gravity

:

2.8 to 2.9

Special properties

:

Dark grey colour, Coarse grained plagioclase, can be cut, curved, polished, ferro magnetic

Uses / Importants

:

Ornamental, Rood metal, Concrete aggregate, railway road.

PEGMATITE (HYPER BASSAL ACID AND IGNEOUS ROCKS) Colour

:

White at places pink, multi coloured

Texture and grain size

:

Pagmatatie or graphic coarse, very coarse grained

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Quartz

(2) Orthoclase white or pink

(3) + Biotite mica atered to chlorite Accessory minerals (a) Manetite

(b) Iron pyrites

Cementing material

:

-

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6

Special properties

:

Graphic or pegmatic, inter growth between Quartz and orthoclase



Uses / Importants

:


Worked (or) valuable minerals like Quartz, orthoclase.

DOLERITE (DIABASE, HYPER BASALT BASIC IGNEOUS)

Colour

:

Dark grey to block


:

Optic texture, fine to medium grained

Mineral Composition

:

Assential minerals (i) plagio clas (2) Pigate

Accessory mineral

:

Iron pyrates

Cementing material

:

Nil

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.9

Special properties

:

Heavy takes excellent, polish queering mirror surface it can be cut curved.

Uses / Importants

:

ornamental, memorial, concrete agragate, Door steps, Road metal etc

COMPACT BASALT (VOLCANIC AND IGNEOUS ROCKS) Colour

:

Dark Gray


:

Compact, fine grain

Mineral Composition

:

Assential mineral (1) Plagio clase (2) Augite

Accessory mineral

:

Magnetite

Cementing material

:

Nil

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.9 to 3.1

Special properties

:

Dark gray, fine grained ferro magnetic

Uses / Importants

:

Road metal, Concrete aggregate, Building stones, Railway stations.

CONGLO METERE (MECHANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY) Colour

:

Reddish brown, chocolate brown


:

Redisheous texture, coarse grain

Mineral Composition

:

Assestial mineral

Accessory mineral

:

Nil

Cementing material

:

203

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.7 to 2.8

Special properties

:

Smooth rounded pebbles of minerals and Rocky, cemented by Fe205

Uses / Importants

:

Worked for tasper, (1) Ornamental purpose.


(1) Smooth rounded pebbles



RED SAND STONE (MECHNICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS) Colour

:

Reddish brown, brick, red, pink


:

Arnaceous, medium grained

Mineral Composition

:

Essential mineral (1) Sand particles (2) Orthoclase (3) Muscovites

Accessory mineral

:

Nil

Cementing material

:

Nil

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6 to 3.0

Special properties

:

Armaceous, Sand particles

Uses / Importants

:

Building, ornamental structural, road ballast stones

SHALE (MECHANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTRY ROCKS) Colour

:

Reddish brown, Brick red


:

Argillaceous

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Clay (2) Fine grained sediments

Accessory mineral

:

-

Cementing material

:

Fe203

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6

Special properties

:

Lamination, Soft Rein points

Uses / Importants

:

Films, cement manufacture, light weight materials

LIME STONE (FORMED FORM SEDIMENTARY ROCK) Colour

:

Reddish brown, Brick red, multi colored


:

Concretionary

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals

Accessory mineral

:

-

Cementing material

:

Loss and self cemented

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6 to 2.8

Special properties

:

Concretionary, coarse, soft it can be cut and curved

Uses / Importants

:

Building stone, Road metal poor grade concrete Iron ore

(1) Clay

(2) Fe203

LATERITE Colour

:

White, Pink, green


:

Granular, Medium grained

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Calcite (2) CaCo 3

Accessory mineral

:

-

Cementing material

:

-

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6 to 2.8




Special properties

:

Reacts really with HCL, soft it can be cut and curved

Uses / Importants

:

Ornamental, decorative gums, panels.

QUARTIZITE Colour

:

Greenish yellow, pale white, Lusterous


:

Chistose

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Talc

Accessory mineral

:

-

Cementing material

:

-

Specific gravity

:

2.7 to 2.8

Special properties

:

Very soft

Uses / Importants

:

Filter, cosmetics grassing

SLATE Colour

:

Grey, dark grey, rarely pink


:

Schistose, granular

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Sencitic mica (2) Quartz (3) Chlorite (4) Felspar (5) Clay minerals

Cementing material

:

-

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.8 to 2.9

Special properties

:

Rock, cleavage, can be split, cut, planned, drilled

Uses / Importants

:

Roofing, granular, school bags, boards, table taps

GNEISS Colour

:

Grey banded, pink, greenis


:

Gneissose fine to medium

Mineral Composition

:

Light coloured band (1) Quartz (2) Orthoclase dark coloured horn blend

Cementing material

:

-

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2 - 7

Special properties

:

Banded, can cut curved

Uses / Importants

:

Building stones (1) ornamental rail roads

CHARCONITE Colour

:

Greywish white, bluish grey


:

Granulose, medium grained

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Quartz (2) Orthoclase (3) Plagio clase (4) Hypostnese




Cementing material

:

-

Specific gravity

:

Medium 2.6 to 2.7

Special properties

:

Bluish grey, Quarts also blue granite

Uses / Importants

:

Building stones, ornamental structural, orna stone

CHARNOLITE Colour

:

White, grey, pink, brick rod


:

Granular, fine, medium to coarse grained

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Quality

Specific gravity

:

2.7

Special properties

:

Brittle, breaks, easily, sharp, edges, vitreous

Uses / Importants

:

Road metal, Rail road, Ballast, Glass cutting

MARBLE (CRYSTALLINE LIME STONE) Colour

:

White, pink, grey, green, multi colored


:

Granulose medium grained

Mineral Composition

:

Essential minerals (1) Calcite CaCo 3

Accessory mineral

:

-

Cementing material

:

-

Specific gravity

:

-

Special properties

:

Reacts readily with HCL. Soft can be cut curved sculptured

Uses / Importants

:

Ornamental, decorative, germs, panels, status, mortars, shape etc.


Engineering Geology Lab Manual

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