PAPER WORK ON ELECTRONIC MOSQUITO REPELLENT
PREPARED BYYASH SONI
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Abstract Control of mosquitoes is something of utmost importance in the present day with rising number of mosquito borne illness. Specially products like mosquito repellant used to combat mosquitos are required. This project proposal presents the design and testing of an electronic mosquito repellant. The project is aimed at developing a device that is capable of emitting ultrasonic energy is varied frequencies. These frequencies do affect the auditory senses of pests such as mosquitoes, mosquitoes, rodents, avian and nocturnal insects by making them uncomfortable in their abode. However, these frequencies do not affect the hearing ability of humans. The mosquito repellant circuit generates an ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency that allows spreading mosquitoes within a wide radius. The circuit is quite simple and require few external components. The oscillation frequency is given by the value of the resistors and capacitor components. The actual oscillation frequency of this electronic mosquito repellent is above 20 KHz so what is needed is a good high frequency speaker, example being a piezo speaker. The electronic mosquito repellent circuit can be supplied from a 1.5 V DC power supply.
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1.0 CHAPTER ONE 1.1.1 BACKGROUND Malaria affects more than 250 million people and causes more than a million deaths each year (WHO 2005). One important control strategy against this and other mosquito-borne diseases is mosquito control, which aims to reduce human mosquito contact. Different control measures are used routinely against mosquitoes and their larvae, including chemical (e.g. insecticide), biological (e.g. larviovus fish or pathogenic fungi), environmental (e.g. land filling or drainage), and personal protection (e.g. mosquito repellents formulated as pills, coils, ointments, lotions, sprays; and insecticide-treated or untreated bed ne ts). Electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs) are marketed in response to a huge demand from the public for convenient, safe, and effective anti-mosquito products. Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria by sucking blood from humans, and these small hand held, battery-powered EMRs are intended to repel them by emitting a high frequency buzz almost inaudible to the human ear. They can be used both indoors and outdoors, and are claimed to repel mosquitoes within a range of up to 2.5 meters. Some of EMRs seem to be based on known aspects of mosquito behavior, while others have no scientific data to substantiate their claims. Manufacturers have put forward at least two reasons to explain the alleged repellent action of sound soun d against mosquitos. One reason is that the flight sound of males repels females once they have been inseminated hence, whatever mimics the male’s flight sound may repel females. However, research has shown that male mosquitoes are actually the ones attracted by the female flight sound and females normally have a very weak sensitivity for sound compared with the males.
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1.1.2 INTRODUCTION
An electronic insect repellent is a safer alternative compared to toxic insect repellent. These are electronic devices that have either electromagnetic or ultra sound waves to repel insects like mosquitoes and roaches. The effectiveness of these devices has not been clearly established but the numerous studies for experiments have shown that these electrical devices are indeed effective in repelling or eliminating pests. Some examples of electronic insects repellents are plug in electronic repellents, ultrasonic transmitters and the electromagnetic lamps. These electronic pest control devices are very affordable. And despite the fact that they have been around for more than two decades, they have just recently been acknowledged worldwide because of their environmentally friendly claims. Apart from this, they have also been proven to be less noticeable and cumbersome. The absence of stinking spray repellants is truly a blessing by itself.
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1.1.3 Statement of the Problem
Mosquitoes, in addition to already annoyed, also carriers of pathogens that cause harm to
human beings. Which normally we get rid of mosquitoes with chemicals. It has worked great, but if you use it regularly, regu larly, it affects our body naturally.
Due to frequent use of chemicals in the institution to repel mosquitoes, I decided to come up with this kind of project to avoid pollution of the environment which may result to respiratory diseases.
The project is designed and created in which the mosquito repellent circuit generates an ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency that allows spreading mosquitoes within a wide radius. The circuit is quite simple and require few external components. The oscillation frequency is given by the value of components or replacing the fixed resistor. The actual oscillation frequency of this electronic mosquito repellent is above 20KHz, so what is needed is to use a good high frequency speaker, you can use a piezo speaker.
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1.2 OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Specific Objectives To develop an electronic device for mosquito control that generates multiple frequencies of oscillation.
1.2.2 General Objectives To assess whether Electronic Mosquito Repellents (EMRs) prevents mosquito bites. To assess evidence of impact on malaria infection. To prevent allergic reactions from mosquito bites.
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1.3 Scope The general description of the project is to develop a circuit that produces a tone above the human audible range and this is supposed to keep the mosquitoes away The mosquito repellent circuit generates an ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency that allows spreading mosquitoes within a wide radius. The circuits is quite simple and require few components.
1.4 Justification From the problem definition, the electronic mosquito repellent (EMRs) will be better in that: 1. It is not audible from humans so no interference. 2. No heart diseases occur compared to liquid Mosquito Repellents. 3. No need to Plug-in to switch board. 4. No environmental pollution 5. Reduction in malaria infections. 6. Reduction in allergic reactions from mosquito bites
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2.0 CHAPTER TWO 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs) are marketed in response to a huge demand from the public for convenient, safe, and effective antimosquito products. p roducts. Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria by sucking blood from humans, and these small handheld,battery-powered EMRs are intended to repel them by emitting a high frequency buzz almost inaudible to the human ear. They can be used both indoors and outdoors, and are claimed to repel mosquitoes within a range of up to 2.5 metres (Kutz 1974;Helson 1977). No adverse effects have been reported in the literature.Mobile phone companies also market a ring tone that is claimed to repel mosquitoes within a one-metre radius (BBC 2003).Some of the EMRs seem to be based on known aspects of mosquito behaviour, while others have no scientific data to substantiate their claims. Manufacturers have put forward at least two reasons to explain the alleged repellent action of sound against mosquitoes.One reason is that the flight sound of males repels females once they have been inseminated (Foster 1985); hence,whatever mimics the males’ males’ flight flight sound may repel females. However, research has shown that male mosquitoes are actually the ones attracted by the female flight sound and females normally have a very weak sensitivity for sound compared with the males (Wigglesworth 1965; Chapman 19 82; McIver 1985; Michelsen 1985). Another reason is that mosquitoes avoid the ultrasonic cries of bats (Foster 1985). Although both explanations may be conceivable, there is no published scientific information to support either idea.Different brands of EMRs have been examined for their efficacy under laboratory conditions, none of which showed an y effects for the devices tested (Singleton 1977; Curtis 1982; Iglisch 1983;Foster 1985; Jensen 2000; Andrade 2001; Cabrini 2006). There are review articles concluding that the EMRs are ineffective in repelling mosquitoes(Coro 1998; Coro 2000). Scientific skepticism over the last 30 years and a successful prosecution of EMR sellers under the UK Trade Description Act in 1980s (Curtis 1994; BBC 2005) seems to have done little to deter manufacturers marketing EMRs and the people who buy them. This is a concern because it is likely to lead to consumers not using other protective methods that are proven to work. This could result in an increased risk of infection with mosquito-borne diseases, especially malaria (Jensen 2000).Despite the scientific view and research findings, EMRs are still widely promoted 8|Page
and used by the public.The project therefore tries tries to review all reliable research about the effects of high pitched sounds in preventing mosquito bites and, hence, to assess whether there is any evidence that EMRs have any potential in preventing malaria in the field setting.
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3.0 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 METHODOLOGY 3.1.1 Circuit Design The aim of this project is to design and test an Electronic Mosquito Repellent. The approach is that mosquito repellent circuit will generate an ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency that allows spreading mosquitoes within a wide radius .The circuit is quite simple and require few external components. The oscillation frequency is given by the value of the resistors and a capacitor values. The actual oscillation frequency of the electronic mosquito repellent is around (20-65 KHz) so there should be a good high frequency speaker.
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3.2 CHOICE OF DESIGN
When compared, the general insect repellents that is sold in the market, the type of insect spray pesticides works only on mosquitoes and cockroaches, while the electricity is able to get rid of mosquitoes and flies and sometimes even ants. For all the use is not fully effective repel pests from interfering with users.The function of the electronic mosquito repellent is the most effective way to address this problem. This system is a type of insect repellents for the needs of each user who have problems during sleep or in any situation.
In general, animal and other living creatures have a limited hearing range, which in other words, words, frequency that they can be heard is limited. Similar to human, we cannot hear low frequency sound below 64 Hz and also annoyed with high frequency sound which above 23 kHz. Based on the theory, animal like mosquitoes and cockroaches will be annoyed with some high frequency sound that is different compared to human.The table below shows various species hearing range:
Species
Approximate Range (Hz)
Human
64-23,000
Dog
67-45,000
Cat
45-64,000
Cow
23-35,000
Rat
200-76,000
Mouse
1,000-91,000
Bat
2,000-110,000
Owl
200-12,000
Chicken
125-2,000
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3.3 THE PROCESS FLOWCHART The following flowchart is the process of production of Electronic Mosquito Repellent project from the beginning until the final production.
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Design Electronic Mosquito Repellent schematic circuit.
Determine the component used based on the terminal voltage and the frequency need to be generated.
Run the simulation using a software to check whether the circuit can function as expected.
Connect the circuit on the breadboard to test run the hardware manually.
Modifying the prototype hardware many times to function as in the simulation.
Connect prototype hardware in the circuit board and solder the components on the board.
Test running and modifying the hardware until it functions well.
Final product has been achieved.
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4.0 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 DESIGN
4.1.1 THE HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS
The design of the essential components of the project are treated here. There function and mode of operation, which are not treated in chapter ch apter 3, will be presented here. Basically the circuit employs a 1.5 V DC power supply that powers the components. 4.1.2 BUDGET ESTIMATE
ITEM
AMOUNT(Rs.)
General Purpose board
30
100K resistor (2)
5
1.5K resistor (2)
5
560pF Capacitor (2)
10
0.002uF Capacitor (2)
10
2SC9013 Transistor (2)
20
On-Off Switch (1)
20
Piezo Speaker (1)
20
1.5V AA battery
25
TOTAL
145
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5.0 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SYSTEM TESTING TEST ING,, IMPLEM I MPLEMENT ENTA ATION AND EVALU EVALUA ATION
5.1.1 SYSTEM TESTING
Testing is a vital process in the development and realization of any design, be it hardware based, software based or both. The various components and their circuitry has to be tested to ensure that all the components on board are certified okay and in good working condition. The components that does not give the required output specification are isolated and troubleshooted to determine the nature and cause of the component failure through careful analysis, that is examination of the working principles of the component(s)
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6.0 CHAPTER SIX 6.1 CONCLUSION 6.1.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED In the course of the design and test t est of this project, some problems were encountered. The y are
•
Getting some of the components proved had in the market, for instance instance a Piezo diaphragm that will respond to 15 KHz was ver y difficult to find.
•
Component Failures.
•
Short Circuitry.
•
Oscilloscope failure to run in the simulation, it had some setbacks.
The mentioned problems were later taken care of during the design processes and testing of this project.
6.1.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT
However, the project is still not reach full complete functions as it can be improved. There are many ways to improve the circuit of which includes: To put sensor and led lights in the circuit to detect mosquitoes so that we will be able to know when there are mosquitoes all around us. It is also able to prove that this circuit works well because if the led light does not work that means the area is safe from the mosquitoes. In addition, we can use direct current and the battery charger circuit. Thus, this circuit can operate during blacks out because usually mosquitoes are attracted to dark places. places. Next, we can improve by enlarging the field to repel mosquitoes so we can use a circuit covering a large area. In addition, this circuit could apply to another system and it is not limited to mosquitoes only if the frequency is modified. Modifying Modifying the frequency will produce a sound that can 17 | P a g e
easier detect any other animal not only mosquitoes such as produce the siren or yap dog sound. Using microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors to transmit the sound in a special band of frequency
6.1.3 CONCLUSION Preliminary results obtained from the preliminary performance evaluation revealed that the device has the potential to eliminate mosquitoes.
This circuit or project can be helpful in domestic area by keeping the mosquitoes away using a high frequency sound produced by the circuit.
For the success of this project, proper method to design and construct the circuit has been taken into consideration. Proteus 8 Professional software simulation tool is used to simulate the circuit inside a computer. After that, the circuit is connected to a breadboard to test run the project before transferring the the circuit to a circuit board.
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REFERENCES 1.Electronic pests control, retrieved November 24, 2012 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_pest_control
2.Strauss WG, Maibach HI and Khan AA. Drugs D rugs and disease as mosquito repellents in man. man.
Am. J Trop Med Hyg. 1968;17(3):461 – 464. 464.
3.Enayati AA, Hemingway J and Garner P. Electronic mosquito repellents for preventing
mosquito bites and malaria infection,Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;18: 34 -42.
4.A. P. Meehan, 1976. Attempts to influence the feeding behavior of brown rats using
ultrasonic noise generators. International Pest Control. July/August.
5.G. Elert 1998-2012, the nature of sound (the physics hypertextbook) Retrieved October 12,
2012 f rom rom www.hypertbook/physics.info/sound
6.Suman Gupta and A. K. Dikshit, Biopesticides: An eco-friendly approach for pest control,
Journal of Biopesticides 3(1 Special Issue) Issue) 186 - 188 (2010) 186
7.Simple Electronic. (2011) “Electronic Mosquito Repellent Circuit Using 555” 555”. [Online].
Available:http://www.simple-electronics.com/2011/09/electronic-mosquito-repellentAvailable:http://www.simple-electronics.com/2011/09/electronic-mosquito-repellentcircuit.html
8.Just Technika. (2011) “Electronic Mosquito Repellent [Circuit Diagram]” Diagram]”. [Online].
Available : http://justtechnika.com/arti http://justtechnika.com/articles/eltronic-mosquitocles/eltronic-mosquito-repellent-circuit-diagr repellent-circuit-diagram/ am/
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