DPWH Road Works Safety Manual

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS

Road Works Safety Manual

_____________________________________

Temporary Signing and Traffic Management for Maintenance and Construction Works on Roads and Bridges

January 2004


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Foreword This Road Works Safety Manual is issued by the Department of Public Works and Highways to establish and maintain a standardized system of signs and traffic management for maintenance and construction works on roads within the Philippines. The manual is to be used as the primary reference for defining the road signs and traffic devices to be used on the road network, as well as the circumstances under which these devices should be arranged to provide appropriate warning and guidance for various types of works and in various road environments. The safe and effective control of road users through or around a roadwork site is an essential component of road construction works, road maintenance activities or works relating to utilities within the road right of way. It is also essential to provide for the safety of workers at a roadworks site. To maximize safety and provide appropriate and necessary advice to drivers encountering unexpected works on the road network, it is important to maintain a consistent standard for signs and traffic control devices. In the interests of uniformity, Local Government, City traffic authorities and Utility providers are requested to apply the requirements of this manual to roadworks under their control. The Manual supersedes information relating to roadworks signs and devices included in the 1982 Philippine Road Signs Manual previously issued and revised by the DPWH. The standards in this Manual are based on the previous Manual with consideration of best international practice and traffic management principles applicable to the Philippines. The manual is to be used by all roadworks managers and supervisors in the planning or undertaking of works and be the source of reference during works, whether these are by contract or direct management. The principles contained in this manual should also be used in the training of workers involved with roadworks so they become familiar with the requirements and so they are aware of the dangers and the need for safety when working near traffic. The use of this manual will contribute to maximizing road safety on the road network in the Philippines.

January 2004

Department of Public Works and Highways

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Contents 1.

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

2.

PRINCIPLES OF WORKSITE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ................................... 6 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

3.

GENERAL ................................................................................................................... 1 STRUCTURE OF THE MANUAL .................................................................................... 1 OBJECTIVES OF WORKSITE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ................................................ 3 RESPONSIBILITIES ...................................................................................................... 3 DRIVER AND VEHICLE CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................. 4

GENERAL ................................................................................................................... 6 PLANNING .................................................................................................................. 6 DESIGN OF THE SIGNAGE AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SCHEME ............................. 7 INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................... 8 OPERATION ................................................................................................................ 8 REMOVAL .................................................................................................................. 9 DOCUMENTATION ...................................................................................................... 9

WORKSITE LAYOUT OF SIGNAGES AND DEVICES ........................................ 10 3.1 COMPONENT AREAS OF A ROADWORK SITE ........................................................... 10 Definition of Terms.......................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 Advance Warning Area.................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 Transition Area................................................................................................ 11 3.1.3 Approach Clearance Area for Workers........................................................... 12 3.1.4 3.1.5 Adjacent Clearance Area for Workers ............................................................ 12 Work Area........................................................................................................ 13 3.1.6 3.1.7 Termination Area............................................................................................. 13 3.2 LAYOUT OF SIGNS AND TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ............................................. 13 Roadwork Traffic Management Guides........................................................... 13 3.2.1 Sign Storage, Maintenance and Availability ................................................... 13 3.2.2

4.

SIGNS FOR WORKSITES .......................................................................................... 14 4.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 14 4.2 SIGN CLASSIFICATION AND NUMBERING ................................................................ 14 4.3 SIGNS DIMENSIONS AND LAYOUT SPECIFICATIONS ................................................ 14 4.4 SIGNS FOR ADVANCE WARNING ............................................................................. 15 ROADWORK AHEAD (T1-1, T1-31) .............................................................. 15 4.4.1 BRIDGEWORK AHEAD (T1-2) ...................................................................... 15 4.4.2 ROAD MACHINERY AHEAD (T1-3).............................................................. 15 4.4.3 GRADER AHEAD (T1-4) ................................................................................ 15 4.4.4 WORKMEN AHEAD (Symbolic) (T1-5).......................................................... 16 4.4.5 ROADWORK NEXT … km (T1-24) ................................................................. 16 4.4.6 ROADWORK ON SIDE ROAD (T1-25) .......................................................... 16 4.4.7 NEXT 2 km (T1-28) ......................................................................................... 17 4.4.8 END ROADWORK (T2-16, T2-17) ................................................................. 17 4.4.9

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___________________________________________________________________ SIGNS FOR REGULATORY CONTROL OF TRAFFIC .................................................... 18 4.5 4.5.1 General ............................................................................................................ 18 STOP / SLOW Hand Held Signs (R6-8, T7-1)................................................. 18 4.5.2 4.5.3 STOP / GO Flags............................................................................................. 18 PREPARE TO STOP (T1-18) .......................................................................... 19 4.5.4 4.5.5 SPEED RESTRICTION (R4-1)........................................................................ 19 ROAD WORK (R4-3)....................................................................................... 19 4.5.6 END SPEED RESTRICTION (R4-12, R4-2) ................................................... 20 4.5.7 4.6 SIGNS FOR DETOURS ................................................................................................ 21 4.6.1 DETOUR AHEAD (T1-6) ................................................................................ 21 4.6.2 DETOUR (Left or Right) (T5-1) ...................................................................... 21 4.6.3 Detour Marker (T5-6)...................................................................................... 21 4.6.4 LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY (G9-40-2)................................................................ 22 4.6.5 END DETOUR (T2-23) ................................................................................... 22 4.7 SIGNS FOR ROAD CONDITIONS AND HAZARDS ........................................................ 23 Wet Tar (T3-1)................................................................................................. 23 4.7.1 4.7.2 Slippery (T3-3)................................................................................................. 23 Soft Edges (T3-6)............................................................................................. 23 4.7.3 4.7.4 Rough Surface (T3-7) ...................................................................................... 24 Loose Stones (T3-9) ......................................................................................... 24 4.7.5 4.7.6 Gravel Road (T3-13) ....................................................................................... 24 Loose Surface (T3-14) ..................................................................................... 24 4.7.7 4.7.8 No Lines Do Not Overtake Unless Safe (T3-12).............................................. 24 4.7.9 Traffic Hazard Ahead (T1-10)......................................................................... 24 4.7.10 Trucks Entering (T2-25) .................................................................................. 25 4.7.11 Power Line Works In Progress (T4-5) ............................................................ 25 4.8 SIGNS FOR LANE AND ROAD CLOSURES .................................................................. 26 ROAD CLOSED (T2-4) ................................................................................... 26 4.8.1 LANE STATUS (T2-6-1 and T2-6-2) ............................................................... 26 4.8.2 4.9 SIGNS FOR BLASTING............................................................................................... 27 Blasting Area Switch Off Radio Transmitters (T4-2) ...................................... 27 4.9.1 End Blasting Area (T4-3) ................................................................................ 27 4.9.2 4.10 SIGNS FOR PEDESTRIAN CONTROL .......................................................................... 28 4.10.1 Pedestrians Watch Your Step (T8-1) ............................................................... 28 4.10.2 Pedestrians (T8-2 L or R)................................................................................ 28 4.10.3 Use Other Footpath (T8-3).............................................................................. 28 5.

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ............................................................................... 29 5.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 29 5.2 TRAFFIC CONES ....................................................................................................... 29 5.3 TEMPORARY BOLLARDS .......................................................................................... 29 5.4 TEMPORARY HAZARD MARKERS (T5-4 AND T5-5) ................................................ 30 5.5 BARRIER BOARDS .................................................................................................... 31 5.6 SAFETY BARRIERS ................................................................................................... 31 5.7 TEMPORARY CRASH CUSHION ................................................................................ 32 5.8 CONTAINMENT FENCES ........................................................................................... 32 Lightweight Plastic Units ................................................................................ 32 5.8.1 Tapes................................................................................................................ 33 5.8.2 Mesh Fencing .................................................................................................. 33 5.8.3 5.9 ANTIGLARE SCREEN ................................................................................................ 33 5.10 FLASHING LAMPS .................................................................................................... 33 5.11 TEMPORARY PAVEMENT MARKINGS ....................................................................... 34 5.12 TEMPORARY CURB .................................................................................................. 34

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___________________________________________________________________ 5.13 VEHICLE MOUNTED EQUIPMENT ............................................................................. 34 5.13.1 WORKERS sign ............................................................................................... 34 5.13.2 Rotating Lights ................................................................................................ 34 5.13.3 Flashing Arrow Board..................................................................................... 35 5.14 VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNS (VMS)......................................................................... 35 5.15 PORTABLE TRAFFIC SIGNALS .................................................................................. 36 6.

HIGH VISIBILITY CLOTHING ................................................................................ 37 6.1

7.

TRAFFIC SAFETY VEST ............................................................................................ 37

TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (FLAGMEN)................................................................ 38 7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 38 7.2 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 38 7.3 USE OF TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS .............................................................................. 38 7.4 CORRECT CLOTHING................................................................................................ 39 7.5 STOP / SLOW SIGN ................................................................................................ 39 7.6 OTHER WORKSITE SIGNS ......................................................................................... 39 7.7 LOCATION OF THE TRAFFIC CONTROLLER .............................................................. 40 7.8 CONTROLLING TRAFFIC - TO STOP AND RELEASE THE TRAFFIC ............................ 40 7.9 CONTROLLING TRAFFIC - TO SLOW THE TRAFFIC .................................................. 41 7.10 ATTITUDE ................................................................................................................ 41 7.11 SAFETY .................................................................................................................... 41 7.12 TWO-WAY RADIOS................................................................................................... 41 7.13 SUPERVISOR’S RESPONSIBILITY .............................................................................. 42 7.14 REDUCED VISIBILITY ............................................................................................... 42 7.15 CONTROLLING TRAFFIC AT NIGHT .......................................................................... 42 7.16 CONTROLLING TRAFFIC IF AN ACCIDENT OCCURS AT THE WORKSITE................... 42 7.17 SUMMARY OF TRAFFIC CONTROLLER INSTRUCTIONS ............................................. 43 7.18 USING STOP/GO FLAGS TO CONTROL TRAFFIC ....................................................... 45 7.18.1 General ............................................................................................................ 45 7.18.2 Controlling Traffic........................................................................................... 45

APPENDIX 1 -

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GUIDES FOR ROADWORKS AND BRIDGEWORKS

APPENDIX 2 -

TYPICAL INVENTORY OF SIGNS AND DEVICES MAINTENANCE OR EMERGENCY RESPONSE

APPENDIX 3 -

TRAFFIC SAFETY VEST SPECIFICATION

APPENDIX 4 -

SIGN DIMENSIONS AND LAYOUT SPECIFICATIONS

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Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1

General

The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) provides this Road Works Safety Manual for use throughout the Philippines. It shall be used at roadwork and bridgework sites when providing signage and traffic management to warn, guide and control traffic. The principles in the manual aim to maximize the safety of workers and the public. The Manual establishes the principles, rules and practices involved in signing roadworks and bridgeworks. Use of the Manual will provide a uniform approach to worksite traffic management through the use of standard signs and layouts that can be applied to most roadwork situations. Where specific site requirements require modification to the signing arrangements provided or provision of special signs, these traffic arrangements should consider the principles outlined in the Manual. In the interests of consistency of signing on the road network, standard arrangements should be adopted where possible, with variations being kept to a minimum.

1.2

Structure of the Manual

The Road Works Safety Manual provides detailed guidance relating to planning and operation of worksite traffic management, signages and traffic control. The Manual is structured as follows: Section 1 – Introduction Section 2 – Principles of worksite traffic management Section 3 – Worksite layout of signages and devices Section 4 – Signs for worksites Section 5 – Traffic control devices Section 6 – High visibility clothing Section 7 – Traffic Controllers (Flagmen) Appendices provide easy reference traffic management and signage guides for various worksite situations, as well as more detailed information as follows:

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Introduction

Appendix 1 – Traffic Management Guides for Roadworks and Bridgeworks. These guides demonstrate the following typical layouts of signs and other traffic control devices for various roadwork and bridgework situations: Short Term Works Layout 1 – Closure of Sidewalk – 2 Lane 2 Way Road, Low Speed, Short Term Layout 2 – Road Condition Signing - Low Speed, Short Term Layout 3 - Part Lane Closure - 2 Lane 2 Way Road, Low Speed, Low Volume, Short Term Layout 4 - Part Lane Closure – 2 Lane, 2 Way Road, High Speed, Short Term Layout 5 - Closure of Outer Lane – Multilane Road, Low Speed, Short Term Layout 6 - Closure of Center Lane – Multilane Road, Low Speed, Short Term Long Term Works Layout 7 - Part Lane Closure – 2 Lane, 2 Way Road, High Speed, Long Term Layout 8 - Road Condition Signing, High Speed, Long Term Layout 9 - Closure of Inner Lane – Multilane Road, High Speed, Long Term Detours and Side Tracks Layout 10 - Detour via the Existing Road Network – Low or High Speed, Short or Long Term Layout 11 – Detour via a Side Track – Low Speed, Long Term Layout 12 – Detour via Side Track - High Speed, Long Term Intersection Works Layout 13 - Works at an Intersection - Low Speed, Short or Long Term Layout 14 - Works at an Intersection - High Speed, Short or Long Term Pavement Marking Works Layout 15 – Lane Marking of Centerline – 2 Lane, 2 Way Road Layout 16 – Lane Marking of Centerline – Multilane Road Layout 17 – Lane Marking of Edgeline Works on Gravel Roads Layout 18 – Gravel Road – Works Adjacent to the Road Layout 19 – Gravel Road – Maintenance Grading Layout 20 – Gravel Road – Overnight Obstruction not affecting Traffic Path

Appendix 2 – Typical inventory of signs and devices for maintenance or emergency response Appendix 3 – Traffic Safety Vest Specification Appendix 4 – Sign Dimensions and Layout Specifications

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1.3

Introduction

Objectives of Worksite Traffic Management

The objectives of safe and effective worksite signing and traffic management are to: • • • • •

1.4

Warn approaching road users and pedestrians of unexpected roadworks Guide road users through or around the worksite safely Provide a safe working environment for workers on the site Provide minimum inconvenience for the public Provide minimum inconvenience for the efficiency of the worksite

Responsibilities

There is a responsibility for employers to create a safe working environment for their employees. Employers also have a responsibility for the safety of any other person moving through or around work areas under their control. This highlights the need for proper training of supervisors and workers and the provision of equipment, protective clothing and adequate resources for the performance of their work in a manner that is safe and that minimizes risks. Employers and workers also have responsibilities towards the public and to avoid damage to private property. In summary, supervisors and workers have the following responsibilities: Supervisors shall: •

Be aware of their own responsibility to provide, as much as possible, safe and convenient travelling conditions for the public, safe working conditions for personnel and machinery under their control and to avoid damage to private property.

•

Remember that they and their road workers should always be courteous to the public, and not be provoked.

•

Ensure that personnel involved in signing and traffic control, are aware of what is needed and of their responsibilities.

•

Be familiar with the provisions of this Manual and act accordingly.

Workers shall: •

Take care of their own safety by looking out for danger and being observant, as well as the safety of other personnel and visitors to the worksite.

•

Wear protective clothing provided for their own safety

•

Only engage in work practices that do not put themselves or any other person in danger or at risk.

•

Follow the lawful instructions of the employer in carrying out the requirements of this Manual.

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1.5

Introduction

Driver and Vehicle Considerations

a) Vehicle Speeds Despite the speed limits that may apply, many drivers travel much faster than they should or that circumstances permit. At 100 kph a vehicle travels at approximately 28 meters each second, and can take over 200 meters to stop. Therefore advance warning signs must be positioned at appropriate distances in advance of the work area. b) Driver Reaction Drivers take time to react once they notice something in their path, this time can vary from 1 to 3 seconds, during which time the vehicle may have travelled up to 80 meters. Therefore the lengths of advanced warning that are required allow for reaction time as well as stopping distance. Drivers have many other things to concentrate on, both inside and outside of the vehicle. Signs must be positioned so that they are visible and conspicuous. Consideration should be given to signs not being obscured by vegetation or other objects and being visible against the background. c) Drivers Eyesight The driver of a vehicle needs to be able to read a sign while driving, therefore signs must be designed to be legible from a distance, with minimum letter height of 150mm. Symbol type signs have a much higher recognition rate than word type signs and should be used whenever possible. Signs should be mounted so they are at or about the driver’s eye height of approximately 1 meter, with a minimum mounting height of 200 mm from the ground. d) Vehicle Dynamics Even at relatively low speeds vehicles can have difficulty turning or maneuvering sharply. Therefore allow adequate space for maneuvering and check the layout by physically driving through it at the proposed speed. e) Driver Expectation Drivers do not always expect the presence of roadworks. This lack of expectancy when drivers are making other decisions in the normal course of driving means an accident may occur if the driver is faced with a sudden situation without warning. Advance warning of roadworks creates an expectancy of changed traffic arrangements so that drivers can modify their driving and look for appropriate guidance. The advance signs should be obvious and the layout of the worksite management scheme should be clear and unambiguous, allowing only one course of action from the driver.

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f)

Introduction

Credibility of Signs People are more likely to take notice of signs if they continue to see them used correctly. For example, if there were only roadworks on the road shoulder, ‘Road Closed’ signs would be inappropriate. Similarly, if the ‘Workmen Ahead’ sign is left out after work hours when no workmen are present on the site, this creates a lack of credibility. Therefore signs must be used appropriately and consistently so that they mean what they say.

g) Worker Visibility Although drivers would generally be watching for obstacles or pedestrians on the roadway, the alert driver may be more likely to avoid an inattentive or careless worker who is visible. However, we cannot rely on the vigilance of drivers to protect road workers. Road workers have a responsibility to look out for moving traffic although the dangers of working near traffic can be forgotten. Road workers should wear high visibility traffic safety vests and adopt work methods and traffic management to increase worksite safety and road worker visibility. h) Night Conditions The above factors are more critical during darkness when the wider environment cannot be seen and visibility is limited to areas illuminated by the vehicle’s headlights. The worksite layout may need special consideration with attention to clear reflectorized delineation of traffic paths. i)

Provision for Pedestrians and Bicycles Where pedestrians, including people with disabilities, have to move through or around a work site, they shall be provided with suitably constructed temporary footpaths and crossing points. Temporary constructed paths shall have an alignment and surface condition suitable for pedestrians (including wheelchairs) and/or bicycles. If clearance of 1.2 meters between the traffic and pedestrians cannot be achieved and the approach speed of vehicles is above 60kph, a safety barrier should be considered to provide appropriate protection.

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Principles of Worksite Traffic Management

2. PRINCIPLES OF WORKSITE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

2.1

General

The principles of signing a worksite relate to good communication between the road worker and the road user. Provision of good communication requires that: • • •

Signs are erected before work starts; Signs are regularly checked for effectiveness e.g. maintained in position and kept clean so they remain readable; Signs are removed when no longer required or when the work is finished.

Effective and efficient traffic management of a worksite includes the following stages: • • • • •

2.2

Planning Design Installation Operation Removal

Planning This is one of the most critical elements of good worksite traffic management. When proper thought is put into the layout and planning of any worksite the potential for an accident decreases. This is achieved because correct equipment, personnel and associated safety issues are taken into account prior to the work commencing. This leads to greater productivity and greater safety, as action on site is planned and issues have already been resolved. There is also increased awareness because works personnel are actively thinking about the worksite and methods to improve existing layouts. When planning roadworks consideration has to be given to the management of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. This planning needs to consider the volumes as well as the speed of vehicles. Subject to the nature of works being undertaken, traffic can generally be managed in one of the following ways: • • •

Through the work site Adjacent to the work site Via a detour or sidetrack (temporary road) around the work site.

The main aim in planning is to minimize disruption to traffic as well as to the progress of the roadworks, while providing a safe environment for both. The safest approach may be to move traffic around the worksite via a sidetrack (temporary road) or detour. This method may also be the most expensive but would generally be considered on large projects.

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If the work is short term, then generally the traffic will be managed adjacent to or through the worksite. Taking traffic through the worksite is usually the most hazardous. If traffic will be travelling through the worksite, care must be taken by all works personnel to ensure the safety of people entering, leaving or in the worksite.

2.3

Design of the Signage and Traffic Management Scheme Detailed design of the layout, including the choice of signs to be used, is required to provide clear communication with road users. Five communication principles for good signage and markings are: •

CONSPICUOUS – the sign has to be seen. (e.g. placing a sign behind a tree or bridge pier is not acceptable).

•

CLEAR – the size and color of the letters and symbols, need to be legible and of sufficient size that can be easily read at an appropriate distance.

•

COMPREHENSIBLE – the sign needs to be understood (e.g. too many words on the sign may prevent the whole message being read by an approaching motorist).

•

CREDIBLE – the message conveyed by the sign has to be believable to drivers, otherwise they will tend to ignore it (e.g. a Carabao warning sign in a highly urbanized area would probably be ignored).

•

CONSISTENT – similar traffic situations should use standard signs that are consistent with the Manual. If signs have consistent colour, shape symbols and words, this will reduce driver reaction times, improve driver understanding and increase the level of safety.

The signs need to convey the appropriate message and be placed to provide sufficient advanced warning to give drivers adequate time to read the signs and react. The following sequence is required: • • • •

Provide advanced warning e.g. “Roadwork Ahead” Provide information e.g. “Lane Closed” Give instructions on action required e.g. “Keep Left” Guide drivers where to go e.g. “Traffic cones”

Confusion can occur by using excessive signs so this needs to be avoided. Use only the number of signs necessary. The signage layout and traffic management needs to ensure that there is no doubt in the drivers mind regarding the information given and the actions required.

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2.4


Installation Signs should be placed where drivers can see them and where they will not be obstructed from view by vegetation or parked cars. They should also: • • • • •

Not cause a hazard to traffic Not adversely affect pedestrian traffic Not obscure a driver’s vision Not adversely affect adjacent properties or businesses Not cause confusion or interfere with any other permanent signing – in some situations permanent signs may need to be temporarily removed or covered They should also be erected at appropriate locations and longitudinal spacing within and approaching the worksite so they are meaningful and where drivers can relate the signs to the work (refer to Section 3). Signs that are erected on posts shall generally be at the following heights (measured from the underside of the sign): • •

Rural 1.5 meters above the level of the roadway Urban 2.2 meters above the level of curb or footpath

Where signs are erected on portable supports or stands, the mounting height of the lower edge of the sign should be a minimum of 200mm. Signs shall be installed approximately 1.0 meter offset from the edge of the road or from the remaining width of roadway used by traffic. Signs shall be installed before work starts and in the following sequence: 1. Advance warning signs 2. Other warning signs 3. Driver instruction signs After signs are erected the supervisor, or another qualified person not associated with designing or installing the sign layout, should drive-through the site at normal traffic speed to inspect the signage scheme to ensure adequacy of the scheme and to identify adjustments, if necessary. Where the signage is used at night an inspection should be done after dark with dipped headlights.

2.5

Operation Regular inspection, cleaning and replacing of damaged signs, as appropriate, must be carried out to ensure continued effectiveness.

With changing circumstances on the worksite, there may also be a need for modifying and removing of a sign or a series of signs. This may be either temporary or permanent removal or covering of the signs involved. For example the “Workmen” sign at the end of the day should be removed or covered, and then displayed again when work recommences.

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The road surface on which traffic is travelling through or around the worksite also needs inspection and possible maintenance to ensure it is kept in a satisfactory operational condition. The layout should be driven through again periodically to check that signs are still in place and still appropriate.

2.6

Removal Upon completion of works, signs shall be removed from the worksite and approaches to the site. To maintain adequate protection for workers signs are removed by starting from the worksite then moving out to the advance warning signs in the following sequence: 1. Driving instruction signs 2. Other warning signs 3. Advanced warning signs

2.7

Documentation Supervisors shall document roadwork signs and other devices used and their positions at the worksite for future reference. In the case of traffic accidents, legal requests for such information may arise well after a job is finished. This documentation, including times of inspections or changes to worksite arrangements, should be updated regularly. A photographic record of the layout of signages and traffic control devices can be valuable additional information in the documentation.

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Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices

3. WORKSITE LAYOUT OF SIGNAGES AND DEVICES 3.1

Component Areas of a Roadwork Site

The component areas of a worksite traffic management area are shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Components of a Typical Roadwork Site Adjacent Clearance Area for Workers

Direction of Travel

Advance Warning Area

Transition Area

Work Area

Termination Area

Approach Clearance Area for Workers

3.1.1

Definition of Terms

The following definitions are used throughout this Manual: •

Dimension ‘D’ - The dimension ‘D’ relates to distances for signage locations and taper lengths for different vehicle approach speeds. D is a distance expressed in meters equal to the approach speed of traffic in kilometers per hour. For example, if the approach speed of traffic is 60 kph then the dimension D is 60 meters.

• •

Short Term Works – Works completed within a day and not needing to be signed overnight Long Term Works - Works taking longer than a day and needing to be signed overnight

• • •

Low Speed Road – Traffic approach speed is less than 60 kph High Speed Road – Traffic approach speed is between 60 kph and 80 kph Very High Speed Road - Traffic approach speed is greater than 80 kph

• •

Low Volume Road – Less than 1,500 vehicles per day High Volume Road – 1,500 or more vehicles per day

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3.1.2


Advance Warning Area

The advance warning area is the section of roadway where drivers are informed about the approaching work area and what to expect ahead. Signs to provide advanced warning, guidance or instruction are provided in this area. These signs are described in Section 4. The type and spacing of signs to be used in this area depend on the nature of the works and the speed of approaching traffic. The first advanced warning sign seen by drivers is generally ‘ROADWORS AHEAD’. This sign should be located a minimum distance of 2D meters before the start of the works, or if there is a transition area, the start of the taper. For example, if the approach speed of traffic is 60 kph then the ‘ROADWORKS AHEAD’ sign should be a minimum of 120 meters before the taper or works area. Other signs in the advance warning area provide additional warning for road users or inform drivers of specific action that may be required ahead. In these situations the sign closest to the work should be at a distance of 2D with other signs generally spaced D meters apart. Therefore, if two or more signs are provided in the advance warning area, the ‘ROADWORKS AHEAD’ sign may need to be a distance of 3D or more prior to the works. However, where visibility is good and there are more than two advanced signs, the spacing of signs may be reduced to a minimum of 0.5D. For short term partial road closures in low speed, low traffic volume roads, or where there is room for two-way traffic adjacent to the work area, advance signs may be positioned closer to the work area if no Traffic Controller is required (D meters would generally be satisfactory). Signs may be omitted in these situations if a vehicle mounted warning device can be seen by approaching drivers for a distance of 2D meters. 3.1.3

Transition Area

The transition area is the area where drivers are redirected out of their normal path of travel. If a roadway needs to be partially closed the taper that guides drivers to the new travel path clear of the worksite is provided within the transition area. Desirably the full length of the taper should be visible to the approaching motorists. Taper layouts are shown in Figure 3.2. A Lateral Shift Taper shifts a line of traffic sideways when it does not need to merge with another line of traffic traveling in the same direction. This type of taper is sometimes referred to as a diverge taper. Lateral shift tapers should be at least D meters long. For example if the approach speed of traffic is 50 kph the lateral shift taper should be 50 meters. However, when a Traffic Controller is being used a 30 meter taper is adopted as the traffic would be approaching the taper at a slower speed. This taper length also enables the Traffic Controller to stand at the start of the taper 30 meters in advance of the work area. A Merge Taper shifts a line of traffic sideways where the traffic must join with another line of traffic traveling in the same direction. Merge tapers should be at least 2D meters long. For example, if traffic is traveling at a speed of 70 kph the merge taper should be 140 meters. A merge taper requires a longer distance because drivers are required to merge into common road space.

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Devices used for forming tapers may be temporary hazard markers, Traffic Cones or Temporary Bollards. These devices are described in Section 5.

Figure 3.2 Tapers Lateral Shift with Traffic Controller

Lateral Shift

D

3.1.4

Merge

30

2D

Approach Clearance Area for Workers

The Approach Clearance Area is a longitudinal safety buffer immediately in advance of the work area that increases protection and safety for workers. This clearance area would generally be 20 to 30 meters long but can be extended if the work area is hidden from approaching road users e.g. by a curve or crest. The clearance area should be kept clear of workers, vehicles, machinery or other activity. 3.1.5

Adjacent Clearance Area for Workers

The Adjacent Clearance Area is a lateral safety buffer beside the work area that increases protection and safety for workers. The adjacent clearance area in low speed areas would generally be a minimum of 1.2 meters. In high speed areas a larger adjacent clearance area is desirable or consideration given to providing a roadworks speed limit. In high volume and very high speed locations such as expressways, a safety barrier adjacent to the work area should be considered to provide protection and safety for workers.

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3.1.6


Work Area

The Work Area is the area where works are physically being carried out and is set aside for workers, machinery, equipment and storage of materials. 3.1.7

Termination Area

The Termination Area is the area where traffic resumes normal operations after passing the worksite. The signs that would be located in this area may include END ROADWORK, END DETOUR, or end speed limit as applicable.

3.2

Layout of Signs and Traffic Control Devices

3.2.1

Roadwork Traffic Management Guides

The Roadwork Traffic Management Guides in Appendix 1 demonstrate typical layouts of signs and other traffic control devices for various roadwork situations. The layouts may need to be modified in some situations to suit particular worksites or conditions. However, the underlying principles of worksite traffic management in this Manual should still be applied with consideration also given to the following: • • •

Sign locations and spacing may need adjustment to suit road alignment, visibility, traffic speeds etc. Lane tapers using cones, bollards or temporary hazard markers should be gradual and reinforced with appropriate signs All layouts should be driven at the expected traffic speed and adjustments made if necessary.

3.2.2

Sign Storage, Maintenance and Availability

To maintain signs in an effective working condition attention should be given to: • • • •

Correct storage – under cover, preferably standing upright in catalogued racks Careful transport – the reflective facing is easily damaged in the back of a truck Good installation – ensure that sign supports allow for stability and visibility and do not damage the face of sign Regular maintenance – cleaning of signs and repairing bent or damaged signs

Maintenance or emergency response work groups should have ready access to commonly used signs to deal with emergency situations such as flooding, landslides or major accidents. A typical list of signs and devices is in Appendix 2. Additional signs and devices may be required to cater for other local or specific situations.

January 2004


Page 13


Signs for Worksites

4. SIGNS FOR WORKSITES 4.1

General

Worksite traffic management uses temporary signage that provides warning, guidance, instructions and information to road users. The standard signs in this Manual cater for most roadwork situations and shall be used for consistency in signing all worksites on the road network. Other specially designed signs should only be considered in a situation where the use of a standard sign is not applicable.

4.2

Sign Classification and Numbering

Signs used in this Manual have been classified and numbered to be consistent with similar international standards, if appropriate. Where signs that are proposed for temporary use are also used for permanent signing situations on the road network, the numbering of those signs is consistent with the Philippines Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual. The signs in the Manual are numbered according to the following categories: • • • • •

Temporary signs (Type T) Regulatory signs (Type R) Guide signs (Type G) Signs for special purposes (Type S) Warning signs (Type W)

Where the size of a sign described in this manual is indicated as a specific size (e.g. size B), this refers to the size grouping as specified in the Philippines Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual. Roadwork signs shall be fluorescent or reflectorized as specified, to be effective during the day and night as appropriate.

4.3

Signs Dimensions and Layout Specifications

The size of signs, letter sizes and colours are summarized in this part of the Manual. Further details are provided in Appendix 4 - Signs Dimensions and Layout Specifications.

January 2004


Page 14


4.4

4.4.1

Signs for Worksites

Signs for Advance Warning

ROADWORK AHEAD (T1-1, T1-31)

The ROADWORK AHEAD sign is used to give advance warning of any roadwork that creates a temporary hazard where works are left overnight. The sign is generally not necessary at short term works, but may be desirable for short term works in high speed roads or where additional advance warning is considered necessary. Sign No. T1-1

4.4.2

Size (mm) 1800 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 200 DM Line 2- Black 160 DM

Background Yellow Reflectorized

BRIDGEWORK AHEAD (T1-2)

The BRIDGEWORK AHEAD sign shall be used to give advance warning of any bridge construction or repair that creates a temporary hazard where works are left overnight. This is used instead of sign T1-1 if working on a bridge. Sign No. T1-2

4.4.3

Size (mm) 1800 x 600


T1-2


ROAD MACHINERY AHEAD (T1-3)

The ROAD MACHINERY AHEAD sign shall be used where machinery working on or adjacent to the roadway, may create a hazard. Sign No. T1-3

4.4.4

T1-1

Size (mm) 1200 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 100 EM Line 2- Black 120 DM Line 3- Black 100 EM


ROA D

MA C H IN E R Y A HEA D

T1-3

GRADER AHEAD (T1-4)

Where a grader alone is engaged in shoulder or roadside maintenance, the alternative sign GRADER AHEAD may be used. Sign No. T1-4

January 2004

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Letters Black 140 DN



T1-4

Page 15


4.4.5

Signs for Worksites

WORKMEN AHEAD (Symbolic) (T1-5)

The WORKMEN AHEAD (Symbolic) sign shall be used to give advance warning for the protection of workers on or adjacent to the path of traffic. On low speed gravel roads the signs may not be required if vehicle mounted rotating lamps on the works vehicle can be seen for at least a distance of 2D, or if the works area is well clear of the roadway.

T1-5

The sign shall always be used when a Traffic Controller is controlling traffic. Note: This symbolic sign replaces an older style sign that used words. Sign No. T1-5

4.4.6

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Symbol Black

Background Red / Orange - Fluorescent for day use - Reflectorized for night use

ROADWORK NEXT … km (T1-24)

The sign ROADWORKS NEXT... km shall be used to give advance warning of any general roadworks that extend over a number of kilometres in more than one work area. T1-24 The signs ROADWORKS AHEAD (T1-1) or BRIDGEWORK AHEAD (T1-2), as appropriate, together with other appropriate advance signs, shall be erected at the first and any successive separate section of the road on which works are in progress. Sign No. T1-24

4.4.7

Size (mm) 1800 x 600



ROADWORK ON SIDE ROAD (T1-25)

The ROADWORK ON SIDE ROAD sign is used in advance of an intersection to warn of roadwork activities on the side road. Sign No. T1-25

January 2004

Size (mm) 1800 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 160 EN Line 2- Black 160 DN



T1-25

Page 16


4.4.8

Signs for Worksites

NEXT 2 km (T1-28)

The NEXT 2km sign shall be used in conjunction with either the WORKMEN AHEAD (T1-5) sign, the ROAD MACHINERY AHEAD (T1-3) or the GRADER AHEAD (T14) signs where they are used to warn of a frequently changing work area. T1-28 Sign No. T1-28

4.4.9

Size (mm) 600 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 150 DM Line 2- Black 150 DN & 100 LC


END ROADWORK (T2-16, T2-17)

The END ROADWORK (T2-16) sign is used at the departure end of a work area. The sign is not necessary on short term works, mobile works or where an END DETOUR (T2-23) sign is used. Sign No. T2-16

January 2004

Size (mm) 1800 x 600


T2-16



Page 17


4.5 4.5.1

Signs for Worksites

Signs for Regulatory Control of Traffic General

The signs in this section are used for regulatory control of traffic at worksites. Other regulatory signs, as defined in the Philippines Road Signs Manual, may also be used, as appropriate, for particular site and traffic control situations. 4.5.2

STOP / SLOW Hand Held Signs (R6-8, T7-1)

The STOP / SLOW signs should be used by a roadwork Traffic Controller to provide temporary traffic control. This may include situations where there is a temporary obstruction, where traffic needs to be stopped for machinery to cross or enter a road, where one lane of a two-way road or bridge is closed, or where traffic needs to be stopped temporarily for blasting. Sign No. R6-8

Size (mm) 450 Dia.

T7-1

450 Dia.

4.5.3

Letters White 140 CN Reflectorized (including border) Black 135 CN (including border)

R6-8

Background Red Reflectorized Yellow Reflectorized

T7-1

STOP / GO Flags

Red and green flags are used by a roadwork Traffic Controller to provide temporary traffic control. They may be suitable in low traffic volume situations, generally in rural areas, in situations where there is a temporary obstruction, where traffic needs to be stopped for machinery to cross or enter a road, where one lane of a two-way road or bridge is closed, or where traffic needs to be stopped temporarily for blasting. The red flag is used to stop traffic and the green flag to allow traffic to proceed. Flags shall be a minimum of 600mm square and made of material securely fastened to a handle approximately 900mm long. Flags shall be retroreflective when used at night. The free edge of the flag may need to be weighted so the flag will hang vertically, even in strong wind.

January 2004


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4.5.4

Signs for Worksites

PREPARE TO STOP (T1-18)

The PREPARE TO STOP sign should be used to give advance warning where traffic may need to comply with the directions of a roadwork Traffic Controller or where portable temporary traffic signals are being used at a worksite. Sign No. T1-18

4.5.5

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Letters Line 1- White 120 DM Line 2- White 120 DM Line 3- White 120 EM Reflectorized

Background Red Reflectorized

T1-18

SPEED RESTRICTION (R4-1)

The SPEED RESTRICTION (R4-1) sign may be used to create a temporary roadworks speed limit where this is warranted by traffic and site conditions. Sign No. R4-1

Size (mm) 600 x 800 (size B)

Letters Black 240 DN Circle – 600 dia. Red

Background White Reflectorized Red circle Reflectorized

If a speed restriction sign is installed for roadworks it shall be either: • Accompanied by a supplementary ROAD WORK (R413) sign, or • Be installed at the advance warning ROADWORK AHEAD (T1-1) sign.

4.5.6

R4-1

ROAD WORK (R4-3)

The supplementary ROAD WORK (R4-3) sign is used with a SPEED RESTRICTION (R4-1) sign. Sign No. R4-3

January 2004


Letters Line 1- Black 100 EM Line 2- Black 100 EM

Background White Reflectorized


R4-3

Page 19


4.5.7

Signs for Worksites

END SPEED RESTRICTION (R4-12, R4-2)

The end of a temporary speed limit shall be indicated by either: • a Speed Restriction (R4-1) sign applicable to the continuing road beyond the works, or • an End Speed Restriction (R4-12) sign, or • a De-restriction sign (R4-2). A Speed Restriction (R4-1) sign would be used if the road currently has a signed speed limit e.g. an expressway.

R4-12

The End Speed Restriction (R4-12) sign would be used if the road does not have a speed limit signed and it may be unsafe to travel at a high speed e.g. a gravel road. The De-restriction (R4-2) sign would be used if the road did not have a speed limit signed and it is reasonably safe to travel at a higher speed e.g. a high standard rural road. Sign No. R4-12


Letters Line 1 - Black 160 EM Line 2 - Black 240 DN Circle – 600 dia. Red

R4-2

600 x 800 (size B)

Symbol – 600 dia. Black

January 2004

Background White Reflectorized Red circle Reflectorized White Reflectorized


R4-2

Page 20


4.6

4.6.1

Signs for Worksites

Signs for Detours

DETOUR AHEAD (T1-6)

The DETOUR AHEAD sign shall be used to give advance warning of a detour from the normal alignment for a section of the road where works are being carried out. The detour may use other roads or a side track especially constructed for the purpose. Sign No. T1-6

4.6.2

Size (mm) 1200 X 600

Letters Line 1- Black 160 EN Line 2- Black 160 EN


DETOUR (Left or Right) (T5-1)

The DETOUR sign T5-1(R) or T5-1(L) shall be used to indicate the direction and point at which traffic should leave the through route to detour via existing roads or a side track which by-pass the worksite or an obstruction in the main route. On roads carrying fast or heavy traffic, or where sight distance is limited, it will usually be necessary to use the advance sign, DETOUR AHEAD (T1-6) in conjunction with this sign. Sign No. T5-1

4.6.3

T1-6

Size (mm) 1200 X 300

Letters Black 120 EN

T5-1(R)

T5-1(L)


Detour Marker (T5-6)

The Detour Marker should be used to guide and reassure detoured drivers travelling on a detour route. Sign No. T5-6A

Size (mm) 450 X 450

Arrow Black 300 High


T5-6

The DETOUR signs T5-1(R) or T5-1(L) can also be used for this purpose but can cause confusion for drivers not following the detour route.

January 2004


Page 21


4.6.4

Signs for Worksites

LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY (G9-40-2)

The LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY sign may be used at detours where local traffic is permitted to enter the work area. Sign No. G9-40-2

4.6.5

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 100 EN Line 1- Black 100 EN Line 2- Black 100 EN


G9-40-2

END DETOUR (T2-23)

The END DETOUR sign shall be used to indicate that a detour has ended. Sign No. T2-23

January 2004

Size (mm) 1200 X 600




T2-23

Page 22


4.7

Signs for Worksites

Signs for Road Conditions and Hazards

Road condition signs are used to warn drivers of the condition of the road or edges, and to inform them of the nature of the temporary hazard. The signs should not be used where drivers need to be warned about a permanent hazard. In this situation the appropriate permanent warning sign should be used – refer to the Philippines Road Signs Manual The road condition signs may be used as part of an overall signing scheme at an active worksite. They may also be used at an isolated location to warn drivers of a temporary hazard. When used to warn drivers of an isolated hazard, separate advance warning signs are generally not required. However, the signs shall be erected at least 30m before the beginning of the hazard, or at a greater distance if required. The signs shall be repeated at regular intervals if the hazardous conditions extend over a considerable distance. On low speed gravel roads the signs may not be required if works do not affect the traffic path and the works can be seen for at least a distance of 2D. 4.7.1

Wet Tar (T3-1)

Sign No. T3-1

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 160 FM Line 2- Black 160 FM


T3-1 4.7.2

Slippery (T3-3)

Sign No. T3-3

Background Yellow Reflectorized Note: This symbolic sign replaces an older style sign that used words.

4.7.3

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Symbol Black

T3-3

Soft Edges (T3-6)

Sign No. T3-6

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 160 DN Line 2- Black 160 DN


T3-6

January 2004


Page 23


4.7.4

Signs for Worksites

Rough Surface (T3-7)

Sign No. T3-7

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 120 EN Line 2- Black 120 DN


T3-7 4.7.5

Loose Stones (T3-9)

Sign No. T3-9

Background Yellow Reflectorized Note: This symbolic sign replaces an older style sign that used words.

4.7.6

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Symbol Black

T3-9

Gravel Road (T3-13)

Sign No. T3-13

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 140 DN Line 2- Black 140 DN


T3-13 4.7.7

Loose Surface (T3-14)

Sign No. T3-14

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Letters Line 1- Black 140 DM Line 2- Black 140 CM


T3-14 4.7.8

No Lines Do Not Overtake Unless Safe (T3-12)

The No Lines Do Not Overtake Unless Safe (T3-12) signs should be used at locations on two way roads where barrier lines would normally be installed or where it may be hazardous to overtake due to limited visibility. Sign No. T3-12

4.7.9

Size (mm) 1500 x 900

Letters Line 1- Black 140 EM Line 2- Black 140 EM Line 3- Black 140 EM Line 4- Black 120 DM


T3-12

Traffic Hazard Ahead (T1-10)

The Traffic Hazard Ahead sign is a non-specific warning sign to be used in an emergency such as an accident ahead or a hazard on the roadway. It would usually be the first sign used when a hazard is first detected if a specific sign was not available.

January 2004


T1-10

Page 24


Signs for Worksites

Should the hazard remain, this sign should be replaced with signs appropriate to the situation giving more specific advice about the nature of the hazard if such signs were available e.g. Rough Surface. Sign No. T1-10

Size (mm) 1200 x 900

Letters Line 1- Black 160 DM Line 2- Black 160 DM Line 3- Black 160 DM


4.7.10 Trucks Entering (T2-25) The Trucks Entering sign is used to warn of trucks entering or crossing at a frequency that could cause a hazard. Sign No. T2-25

Size (mm) 900 x 600

Symbol Black


T2-25

4.7.11 Power Line Works In Progress (T4-5) This sign is an example of signs that may be used to describe specialized works carried out by utility companies working on or adjacent to the roadway. Sign No. T4-5

January 2004

Size (mm) 1800 x 900

Letters Line 1- Black 140 EM Line 2- Black 140 EM Line 3- Black 140 EM



T4-5

Page 25


4.8

4.8.1

Signs for Worksites

Signs for Lane and Road Closures

ROAD CLOSED (T2-4)

The ROAD CLOSED sign is used to completely close a road to traffic. Barrier boards would generally be used with the sign to stop access. T2-4 Sign No. T2-4

Size (mm) 1800 X 300

Letters Black 140 EN


DETOUR signs may also need to be used in association with this sign to indicate the alternative route for traffic.

4.8.2

LANE STATUS (T2-6-1 and T2-6-2)

The lane status signs are used to give advance warning of where a lane or lanes are closed on a multilane roadway.

T2-6-1(L)

The arrowheads indicate the lanes open to traffic and the ‘bars’ indicate the lane or lanes that are closed to traffic. The signs can be manufactured with removable or reversible symbols so that the sign can be varied to suit a range of different lane closure or lane arrangement situations. Sign No. T2-6-1 T2-6-2

Size (mm) 1200 X 900 1800 X 900

Arrow Black 600 High Black 600 High


Lane closures which require complex driving maneuvers may require special signs incorporating curved arrows.

T2-6-1(R)

T2-6-2(L1)

T2-6-2(L2)

T2-6-2(R1)

T2-6-2(R2)

January 2004


Page 26


4.9

Signs for Worksites

Signs for Blasting

Blasting at a roadworks requires specific signs to supplement other signs approaching and leaving a worksite. Traffic at these sites would be stopped using Traffic Controllers and STOP signs.

4.9.1

Blasting Area Switch Off Radio Transmitters (T4-2)

The Blasting Area Switch Off Radio Transmitters (T4-2) sign shall be used when electronic detonators are to be handled or used within 100m of a road. It shall be displayed at the edge of the roadway on all road approaches at a distance of not less than 200m from the handling or blasting site. Sign No. T4-2

4.9.2

Size (mm) 1200 X 600

Letters Line 1 - White 120 CM Line 2 - White 100 CM Line 3 - White 100 CM Reflectorized

T4-2


End Blasting Area (T4-3)

The End Blasting Area (T4-3) sign shall be used a minimum of 200m beyond the blasting or handling area to indicate where transmitters can again be used. Sign No. T4-3

January 2004

Size (mm) 1200 X 450

Letters Line 1 - White 120 DM Line 2 - White 120 CM Reflectorized



T4-3

Page 27


Signs for Worksites

4.10 Signs for Pedestrian Control

4.10.1 Pedestrians Watch Your Step (T8-1) The Pedestrians Watch your Step sign is used where works could be hazardous for pedestrians because of roughness, level difference, or loose or other surface material. Sign No. T8-1

Size (mm) 900 X 600

Letters Line 1 - Black 100 CN Line 2 - Black 100 CN Line 3 - Black 100 CN


T8-1

4.10.2 Pedestrians (T8-2 L or R) The Pedestrians sign is used to direct pedestrians around the worksite or via a particular path. Sign No. T8-2 L or R

Size (mm) 1200 X 300

Letters Black 100 CM Arrow 140

T8-2L


T8-2R 4.10.3 Use Other Footpath (T8-3) The Use Other Footpath sign is used where works make it necessary to deny use of the footpath on one side of the road. The Pedestrians (T8-2 L or R) sign shall be used as necessary in conjunction with this sign. Sign No. T8-3

January 2004

Size (mm) 900 X 600

Letters Line 1 - Black 100 DN Line 2 - Black 100 DN



T8-3

Page 28


5.

Traffic Control Devices

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

5.1

General

Traffic control devices are used in conjunction with worksite signs to define the traffic path, to inhibit access into the work area or to act as a barrier to protect workers.

5.2

Traffic Cones

Traffic cones are used to indicate the path that traffic should follow around the worksite. They are useful for delineation of tapers, merges, lane separation, or similar temporary measures. Traffic cones shall be fluorescent red or orange plastic that is resilient to impact and will not damage vehicles when hit at low speed. The height of traffic cones varies from 450mm up to 750 mm for use on expressways or in very high speed situations. They shall be designed to be stable in wind and the air turbulence from passing traffic. For night time operation the cones must be fitted with reflective tape with a minimum bandwidth of 150mm. Traffic cones are generally spaced as follows: • • •

•

5 to 10 meters apart on tapers. 10 to 20 meters apart to provide longitudinal separation between opposing traffic flows 10 to 20 meters apart to provide longitudinal separation of traffic from the worksite or a closed lane. This spacing may be increased to 50 meters where the length of cones exceeds 1 km. 5 to 10 meters apart around small work sites. This may need to be reduced to 3 meters to guide pedestrians or to prevent traffic taking a wrong turn through a gap in the line of cones.

Traffic cones must be checked on a regular basis as they can be easily knocked out of position by passing vehicles.

5.3

Temporary Bollards

Temporary traffic bollards are used to define the path that traffic should follow or around the worksite. They are useful in place of traffic cones if greater stability is required when delineating tapers, merges, lane separation, or longitudinal separation and delineation between traffic and the outer edge of a widening excavation or worksite. January 2004


Page 29



Temporary bollards shall be fluorescent red or orange plastic that is resilient to impact and will not damage vehicles when hit at low speed. The height of bollards is up to 1 meter. For night time operation the bollards must be fitted with reflective tape with a minimum bandwidth of 250mm. Temporary bollards are generally spaced as follows: • • •

•

5 to 10 meters apart on tapers. 10 to 20 meters apart to provide longitudinal separation between opposing traffic flows 10 to 20 meters apart to provide longitudinal separation of traffic from the worksite or a closed lane. This spacing may be increased to 50 meters where the length of bollards exceeds 1 km. 5 to 10 meters apart around small work sites. This may need to be reduced to 3 meters to guide pedestrians or to prevent traffic taking a wrong turn through a gap in the line of bollards.

Bollards must be checked on a regular basis as they can be easily knocked out of position by passing vehicles. Bollards may be fixed to the roadway to keep them in position. Alternatively they may be stabilized with a bag of sand or gravel on the base.

5.4

Temporary Hazard Markers (T5-4 and T5-5)

Temporary hazard markers shall be used to indicate a lateral change in direction of the travelled path through the worksite. Temporary hazard markers shall also be used to warn road users of an adjacent hazard or closed area or length of road or shoulder along which it is hazardous for vehicles to travel.

T5-4

The signs shall be installed approximately 1.0 meter clear of the edge of the remaining width of road used by traffic. The chevrons should point to the side to which traffic must pass. A single temporary hazard markers may be used at the start of a taper marked with traffic cones. Alternatively they may be spaced along the taper in conjunction with the traffic cones or temporary bollards. Subject to the length of the taper, up to 3 or 4 markers would be evenly spaced along the taper. Temporary hazard markers may also be used instead of traffic cones or temporary bollards to indicate a taper. January 2004


T5-5

Page 30



Temporary hazard markers should not be used on both sides of a taper or travelled path as two lines of markers facing opposite directions may cause confusion. In this situation hazard markers would be used on the side to direct traffic laterally and cones or bollards would be used on the other side. When used to provide longitudinal delineation of the outer edge of a closed shoulder or widening excavation they shall be repeated at 50 to 100 m intervals. Sign No. T5-4 T5-5

5.5

Size (mm) 1500 X 450 600 X 600

Chevrons Black 177 wide at 45o Black 194 wide at 45o


Barrier Boards

A barrier board mounted on a trestle is a useful device for inhibiting access to a worksite.

The boards may be up to 4 meters long and 150mm to 200mm wide with diagonal black and reflective yellow stripes, preferably terminating in yellow at each end. Barrier boards are mounted at a height of approximately 1 meter using trestles. Barrier boards should be erected perpendicular to the direction of traffic flow. Barrier boards can be a spearing hazard if the end is struck by an errant vehicle, so they shall not be used for delineation purposes or installed parallel to vehicular traffic unless there is an offset of at least 4 meters from the travelled path.

5.6

Safety Barriers

Safety barriers may be used for the separation of traffic and the protection of workers in high speed areas or in vulnerable situations where lateral clearance between workers and moving traffic would be insufficient for adequate safety. Safety barriers may also be used for protection at a severe hazard such as a deep excavation or bridge pier. Safety barriers physically separating traffic from the work area shall be designed to restrict penetration by an out of control vehicle, and as far as practicable, to redirect errant vehicles away from the works area and back onto the traffic path.

January 2004


Page 31



Concrete barriers need to be continuous or secured together (generally using steel pins and eyelets) with a maximum 100mm gap to ensure they perform satisfactorily. If hit by a vehicle, unconnected units are not able to restrict penetration and can also be hazardous as an unprotected roadside object. Lightweight plastic units that may or may not be filled with water generally do not meet AASHTO safety barrier performance criteria. However, some plastic units that are reinforced and secured together with cabling may be suitable as a safety barrier. The end of a safety barrier shall be tapered away to provide an offset from approaching traffic. Where an approach taper cannot be provided, a temporary crash cushion should be considered as an energy absorbing device to reduce the severity of a collision by an out of control vehicle. Steel guardrail may also be used as a safety barrier in long term worksite situations.

5.7

Temporary Crash Cushion

A temporary crash cushion should be provided at hazardous fixed objects such as the end of a safety barrier or an unprotected bridge pier. The crash cushion acts as an energy absorbing device to reduce the severity of a collision by an out of control vehicle.

5.8

Containment Fences

Containment fences may be used to provide separation between traffic and workers in situations where physical protection using a safety barrier is not warranted. Containment fences may also be used to separate pedestrians from the work area.

5.8.1

Lightweight Plastic Units

Lightweight plastic units, that may or may not be filled with water, may be used to provide delineation or a physical separation adjacent to the work area. These units should be connected together to provide a continuous barrier and to avoid the possibility of units being knocked out of position. January 2004


Page 32



Generally, lightweight plastic units are not suitable as a safety barrier for high speed areas or in vulnerable situations as they do not meet safety barrier performance criteria. Therefore, they should not be used for the purpose of protecting workers where traffic speed is likely to exceed 20kph. However, plastic units that are reinforced and secured together with cabling may be suitable as a safety barrier. 5.8.2

Tapes

Containment tapes may be used to contain workers within the work area. The tape shall be tied or supported approximately 1 meter high. The tape shall be 100 mm wide with alternating black and yellow stripes. 5.8.3

Mesh Fencing

Mesh fencing may be used adjacent to the works area to contain workers within the work area or to separate passing pedestrians from the work area. Mesh fencing is not suitable for control of vehicles or protection of workers from vehicles. Mesh fencing would generally be red or orange plastic mesh approximately 1 meter high. It shall be securely tied or supported in place.

5.9

Antiglare Screen

An antiglare screen reduces excessive headlight glare to an acceptable level. These should be considered where a temporary diversion results in directly opposing traffic. Screens should be provided where oncoming headlights could mislead or dazzle drivers regarding their correct travel path.

5.10 Flashing Lamps Battery operated flashing yellow lamps may be used at long term worksites to draw attention to advance signs such as the ROADWORK AHEAD or BRIDGEWORK AHEAD signs. Their use would usually be confined to situations where the effectiveness of standard reflectorized signs is a concern and it is considered that further measures may be required to make the signs more conspicuous. Flashing lamps should not be used for delineation purposes. January 2004


Page 33



5.11 Temporary Pavement Markings In some situations temporary pavement markings may need to be used to guide road users through or a worksite. Modified lane markings may be necessary where existing pavement marking is not appropriate or is misleading. In this situation the previous markings should be removed to avoid confusion. Reflective Pavement Studs may also be used at long term worksites in conjunction with changed pavement markings to provide improved guidance at night.

5.12 Temporary Curb Temporary curb consisting of precast curb units or interlocking blocks are used to form temporary medians, traffic islands or pavement edges during long term works.

5.13 Vehicle Mounted Equipment

5.13.1 WORKERS sign This double-sided folding warning device is mounted on the top of a works vehicle. It would be folded into the upright position and made visible to motorists when moving slowly or when stopped to carry out works. This device would be suitable for use on low volume roads.

T1-5

5.13.2 Rotating Lights Yellow rotating lights are generally mounted on the top of the works or inspection vehicle and activated when moving slowly or when stopped to carry out works. A single portable rotating light may be used for emergency or mobile inspections on a vehicle not usually used for roadwork purposes. Two flashing lamps mounted on either side on the top of a mobile maintenance vehicle would generally be a suitable warning device for use on low speed roads.

January 2004


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5.13.3 Flashing Arrow Board Flashing arrow board signs are generally mounted on the top of the works vehicle and activated when moving slowly or when stopped to carry out works. The board comprises a set of lamps to form an arrow to direct approaching traffic. It can also be used as a warning device by flashing the bar only. Alternatively the four corner lights at the extremities of the barbs may be flashed as diagonal pairs. The flashing arrow board is the preferred warning device for works on high speed roads.

5.14 Variable Message Signs (VMS) Portable electronic Variable Message Signs (VMS) may be used to provide long range warning to road users of roadworks, road conditions or traffic hazards on the road ahead. Normal use would be on high speed or high volume roads where conventional signage may be ineffective, or in an emergency where normal signs cannot be arranged. Portable VMS signs should be installed in a location clearly visible to motorists and according to the signing layout principles in Section 3. In addition, portable VMS should be located as follows: •

In urban areas – behind the curb if visible to oncoming traffic. Otherwise on the roadway as near as practicable to the curb with appropriate taper and signs to guide motorists past the sign.

•

On expressways – beyond the shoulder if possible, otherwise on the shoulder.

Portable VMS shall be aimed at a 90° angle to the line of sight at the following aiming distance. Speed (kph) 40 60 80 100

Desirable Aiming Distance (m) 50 70 100 150

Visibility of a VMS can be affected by shade, direction of the sun, background conditions (including lighting) or oncoming headlights. These factors should be considered when positioning the signs.

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Messages should be kept to a maximum of three lines per frame and the message text centred. Messages shall be concise and unambiguous for driver comprehension. Messages should comprise a maximum of two frames. The number of frames used for the VMS message affects the motorist’s ability to read and understand the entire message. It can also create a hazard as a motorist’s attention may become focused on reading the message and not on the road ahead. The message update shall be scrolled. ‘Flashing’ or ‘blinking’ of messages is undesirable. Message update rates should be set as follows: • •

Message frames: Pause between frames:

1.2 - 2 sec 0.5 - 1 sec

5.15 Portable Traffic Signals Portable traffic signals may be used instead of Traffic Controllers to control traffic at a worksite. The red, yellow and green traffic lights provide regulatory control of traffic in a similar manner as permanent traffic signal installations. The signals would be connected and operated by cable or by radio. Traffic signals would generally be considered for use at sites with high traffic volumes or where reliable continuous traffic control may be needed over an extended period. A battery or generator would usually power portable traffic signals. They would generally be used at worksites where the width of a bridge or roadway available to traffic has been narrowed to a single lane that must be used alternately by traffic from opposite directions. Portable signals may also be used where construction traffic or machinery crosses a roadway between different sections of a worksite.

STOP HERE 3 2

ON RED

The STOP HERE ON RED SIGNAL (R6-6) sign shall be used in association with portable signals to indicate where traffic must stop. This sign detail is included in the Philippines Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual.

S IG N A L

S2-2

If the roadway is paved a stop line shall also be provided. The Signals Ahead (W3-3) sign shall also be used to give advance warning of the traffic signals. This sign detail is included in the Philippines Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual.

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6. 6.1

High Visibility Clothing

HIGH VISIBILITY CLOTHING Traffic Safety Vest

All personnel working on or adjacent to a roadwork site shall wear appropriate high visibility clothing. The traffic safety vest is designed to make workers more conspicuous and to warn road users of their presence. The vest shall be worn over normal clothing and properly fastened so that the entire available area of high visibility material can be seen in any direction. To maximize effectiveness the vest should be kept clean and in good condition.

Front View

The traffic safety vest shall be made from fluorescent red/orange material. The vest shall also have at least two strips of yellow retroreflective material front and back. This safety vest maximizes flexibility in use and visibility for works during day and night. The safety vest should have a secure fastening, preferably a zip. The jacket may be worn over wet weather clothing. Alternatively, wet weather high visibility clothing shall be made from water proof material matching those properties indicated above for colour and retroreflectivity.

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Rear View

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Traffic Controllers (Flagmen)

7. TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (FLAGMEN) 7.1

Introduction

A Traffic Controller (Flagman) is a person whose duty is to control traffic at a roadworks site. The Traffic Controller uses a portable STOP / SLOW hand held sign or red and green Stop / Go flags to control the traffic. These instructions detail the procedures to be followed and the equipment required by Traffic Controllers to control the flow of traffic.

7.2

General

The objectives of traffic control are: • • • • •

7.3

To ensure the safety of road workers To ensure the roadworks machinery has a clear path To ensure the safety for the road user To ensure good public relations To ensure the safety of the Traffic Controller

Use of Traffic Controllers

Traffic Controllers would need to control the movement of traffic at a worksite in the following situations: • • • •

Where one lane of a two-lane way road or bridge is closed, Where there is a need to slow the traffic down to an acceptable speed, Where construction machinery regularly crosses or enters a road, Where sight distance to the work site is limited.

At sites with high traffic volumes, the following factors must be considered: • • • • •

Safety of the workers at the site, Safety of the public at the site, The duration of the work, Site conditions and layout, Personnel available.

If there is the need to work on a section of road with high traffic volumes, then a review should be undertaken to consider likely delays and congestion and decide if this work could be completed at a different time when traffic volumes are lower. A Traffic Controller is not a Policeman and should not demand a motorists name and address if instructions have not been obeyed. A Traffic Controller should not direct traffic through red traffic signals. If works at a site requires that traffic is directed through red signals an authorized person should be engaged to control the traffic.

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7.4


Correct Clothing

The basic clothing item for day use is a fluorescent red/orange vest that is worn over normal clothing. The vest should be fastened at the front to make the wearer conspicuous. It should be clean and in good condition, not faded and display the organization identification. A fluorescent red/orange cap or hat may also be worn. To maximize safety, it is essential that the Traffic Controller wear the fluorescent red/orange vest at all times while on Traffic Controller duty. The clothing is designed to make personnel more conspicuous and to warn road users of their presence. Fluorescent material does not give adequate conspicuity at night. The basic dress item for night use should include retroreflective material, capable of reflecting in wet or dry conditions. In wet conditions, conspicuous wet weather clothing should be worn.

7.5

STOP / SLOW Sign

The STOP / SLOW sign is a double-sided hand held sign 450mm in diameter with a STOP sign on one side and a SLOW sign on the other. The STOP sign (R6-8) comprises a white reflectorized legend and border with a red reflectorized background. The SLOW sign (T7-1) has a black legend and border with a yellow reflectorized background. Traffic control signs shall be clean and in good condition. Damaged or defaced signs shall be repaired or replaced.

7.6

Other Worksite Signs

When controlling traffic a Traffic Controller should ensure that a symbolic WORKMAN sign and a PREPARE TO STOP sign are in place to provide advance warning and information to road users. Additional signs and devices are also required for the overall worksite traffic management scheme. The PREPARE TO STOP sign should be placed a distance of approximately D meters from the Traffic Controller. The WORKMAN (symbolic) sign should then be placed a further “D” meters from the PREPARE TO STOP sign. Dimension “D” is a distance expressed in meters equal to the approach speed of traffic in kilometers per hour. For example, if the approach speed of traffic is 60 kph the PREPARE TO STOP sign should be 60 meters in advance of the Traffic Controller. When using a Traffic Controller in a very high speed area (where speed may be 80 to 100 kph), worksite traffic management may require slowing the approaching traffic down to 60 kph by the use of regulatory speed restriction signs. End speed restriction signs would then be erected in the termination area to allow traffic to return back to normal driving conditions. The minimum length of the 80 kph speed restriction should be 2D meters.

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7.7


Location of the Traffic Controller

The Traffic Controller should stand approximately 30 meters in advance of the work area. This distance allows the Traffic Controller to be close to the worksite to monitor the situation. This clearance distance also allows for a vehicle that may not stop in time room to stop before it enters the work area. The Traffic Controller should be visible to the approaching road user and stand on the curb side or shoulder clear of the travelled path to view both the worksite and oncoming traffic. The Traffic Controller should remain standing while carrying out their duties to ensure mobility in the event of an errant vehicle. Traffic Controllers should not control traffic while seated. The Traffic Controller should stand where the approaching traffic can be seen for a distance of at least “1.5D” (where “D” is a distance expressed in meters equal to the approach speed of traffic in kilometers per hour). Where sight distance is limited it may be necessary to use an extra Traffic Controller in advance of the traffic control position to slow down or stop traffic approaching the end of the queue. The Traffic Controller should always stand where a clear escape path is available. Once traffic has stopped, the Traffic Controller may change position to be more visible to other approaching traffic. The Traffic Controller should then stay at the head of the traffic queue and not permit vehicles proceed until required. The driver’s visibility of a Traffic Controller can be affected by the direction of the sunlight, the background conditions (including lighting), the location of the controller in shade and oncoming headlights. These factors should be considered when positioning to control the traffic. The Traffic Controller should also stand where the other Traffic Controller is visible. Alternatively, the use of two-way radios should be considered for communication. For a lane closure the normal length for a diverge taper is “D”. However, when a Traffic Controller is being used a 30 meter taper is adopted as the traffic would be approaching the taper at a slower speed. This enables the Traffic Controller to stand at the start of the taper 30 meters in advance of the work area.

7.8

Controlling Traffic - To Stop and Release the Traffic

To stop traffic, the Traffic Controller should watch for a suitable gap in the traffic. The STOP sign should then be extended high over the roadway at an angle of about 45° so that STOP is facing the approaching motorists. When the first vehicle has stopped, and with the STOP sign still extended and visible to approaching drivers, the Traffic Controller may step onto the roadway and walk to a position in front of the first vehicle with the palm of the free hand indicating a ‘stop’ signal. To allow traffic to proceed, the Traffic Controller should check that all traffic has passed from the other end of the work, move to the side of the road then turn the sign to SLOW. The Traffic controller should then turn side on to the traffic and with the free hand extended horizontally, motion with a deliberate motion across the body for the traffic to proceed. January 2004


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7.9


Controlling Traffic - To Slow the Traffic

To alert or slow traffic the Traffic Controller must stay at the curb or shoulder of the road and have the SLOW sign facing the oncoming traffic. While facing the traffic, the Traffic Controller then extends the free hand below shoulder level and motions up and down slowly, with the palm down The sign should be held away from the body so that the SLOW sign is clearly visible to approaching traffic.

7.10 Attitude Only personnel who can reasonably deal with the traveling public should be selected as Traffic Controllers. They should have a sound temperament and not allow themselves to be provoked by members of the public. Correct appearance is essential so that motorists will recognize them as a form of authority and will react accordingly.

7.11 Safety Hazards confronting the Traffic Controller include vehicles that fail to stop or fail to slow down. Traffic Controllers should not assume that motorists will reduce their speed to a speed consistent with the safety desired at the work site and should always stand where a clear escape path is available. Traffic Controllers should ensure that the signing on the approach to the worksite gives an accurate warning of the situation facing the motorists. If this is not the case, the motorist may not slow down, be alert to the presence of a Traffic Controller or be ready to stop. The Traffic Controller needs to stay alert during the time they act in that position. In addition to looking after their own safety and the road workers in a hazardous environment, they also have the responsibility of ensuring the safety of motorists through or around the work area. Therefore, only competent persons should be appointed as Traffic Controllers. It is essential that they be given instruction and shown how to control traffic properly. Caution should also be exercised when standing close to the path traveled by vehicles, as protruding loads can present a hazard.

7.12 Two-way Radios Situations will arise at work sites where Traffic Controllers will need to use two-way radios to ensure adequate communication over long distances or where there is limited visibility. The use of hand-held radios can affect the Traffic Controllers ability to give the appropriate hand signals. Therefore, it will be necessary to carry the radio by a neck or shoulder strap to keep the signalling hand free.

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When using two-way radios ensure the radio frequency does not cause interruptions or interference caused by other operators using a similar frequency. If the work is over a lengthy period of time the capacity of the radio battery needs to be monitored, with regular recharging or replacement of batteries.

7.13 Supervisor’s Responsibility Supervisory personnel should ensure that all signs and devices at the worksite have been erected to ensure safe operation for the road worker and the road user. Supervisors should ensure that the personnel assigned to place, maintain and remove signs and devices are aware of their responsibilities. Supervisors should ensure that Traffic Controllers are properly trained and informed of their specific duties for controlling traffic at that site. Supervisors should ensure that employees are courteous to the travelling public. When lengthy delays may be caused by roadworks, the supervisor should inform the Traffic Controller of the estimated time delay so this information can be relayed to the waiting motorists.

7.14 Reduced Visibility Reduced visibility on roads can be caused by dust, heavy rain, fog or smoke. Traffic Controllers and supervisors should be aware of the additional danger facing road workers from such hazards. At 60 kph the stopping distance for a vehicle is up to 100 meters and at 100 kph the distance increases up to 220 meters on good flat roads. Therefore, when hazards affecting visibility are experienced, the supervisor should consider if work should be stopped until conditions have improved.

7.15 Controlling Traffic at Night When controlling traffic at night Traffic Controllers should wear a day/night traffic jacket fitted with retroreflective bands. Where additional conspicuity is required under night conditions white clothing fitted with retroreflective bands could be worn. All worksite signs and devices should be retroreflective for night time works. In wet conditions wet weather red/orange clothing fitted with retroreflective bands should be worn.

7.16 Controlling Traffic if an Accident Occurs at the Worksite In the event of a traffic accident occurring at the worksite, the Traffic Controller’s primary responsibility is to maintain control of the traffic for the protection of the workers and the public. While steps are taken to notify appropriate emergency authorities such as police, ambulance or fire brigade, others should then provide assistance to those involved.

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7.17 Summary of Traffic Controller Instructions

Controlling Traffic: o

Stand on the curb side or shoulder to view both the worksite and the oncoming vehicles.

o

When about to stop the traffic wait for a suitable break in the traffic.

o

When a suitable break is found extend the STOP sign across the carriageway at an angle of 45 degrees with the STOP facing the oncoming traffic.

o

When approaching traffic has stopped, you may move from the curb or shoulder to the centre of the carriageway with the STOP still facing the traffic and the sign extended at 45 degrees.

o

When it is clear to move the traffic on, walk off the carriageway the same way as you walked on, still with the sign on STOP facing the traffic.

o

When the Traffic Controller is back at the curb or shoulder, turn the sign to SLOW and indicate to the first driver to proceed using the proceed motion hand signal.

Using Two Traffic Controllers:

The controller displaying SLOW has control of the site

Work Area

Make sure the other bat has STOP facing the oncoming traffic. Ensure the travel path is clear before allowing traffic to proceed.

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Using One Traffic Controller: Use only on lightly trafficked low speed roads, with good visibility in both directions.

Work Area

STOP traffic in obstructed lane.

Traffic approaching has right of way at all times.

Work Area

Allow traffic in the obstructed lane to proceed after checking the other travel path is clear.

No Approaching Traffic

Key Points: o o o o o o

Be visible to the road user. Do not stand on the carriageway until approaching traffic has stopped. Do not turn your back to traffic. Give clear instructions to road users. Always be ready for the unexpected. Always have a clear escape path.

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7.18 Using Stop/Go Flags to Control Traffic

7.18.1 General The use of red and green flags to control traffic may be suitable in low traffic volume situations, generally in rural areas. Flags shall be a minimum of 600mm square and made of material securely fastened to a handle approximately 900mm long. The flag to stop traffic shall be red and the flag to allow traffic to proceed shall be green. When used at night time, flags shall be retroreflective. The free edge of the flag may need to be weighted so the flag will hang vertically, even in strong wind. The earlier requirements in Section 6 above relating to the location of the Traffic Controller, other worksite signs, attitude, safety etc. shall also apply to controlling traffic with the use of flags. 7.18.2 Controlling Traffic To stop vehicles the Traffic Controller (Flagman) shall face the traffic and extend the flag horizontally across the road in a stationary position so that the full area of the red flag is visibly hanging down facing the approaching driver. The free arm shall be held with the palm of the hand above the shoulder level making a ‘stop’ signal toward approaching traffic. To allow stopped road users to proceed, the Traffic Controller (Flagman) shall drop the red flag from the road user’s view and then raise the green flag so that the full area of the green flag is visibly hanging down facing the approaching driver. The Traffic Controller shall motion with the free hand extended horizontally across the body for road users to proceed.

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DPWH Road Works Safety Manual

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