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Iaeílakm ih bjxaio{ mrmevmim mrmevmim A
Iw% Fo{á Lmexhj Wah{ko Írajm
[OJXKAOEH[ H^MKYM[ ‛ SWALHW SWOGJHLM IH [YO@H[ Jowhevaea Dxyaáwwh Dxyaáwwhv v Jxa{ Imeahj
Lmh{ywìm he Aedheahwìm Lhkíeakm* Lhkíeakm* Xearhw{aimi ih Dxmemfxmyo% Dxmemfxmyo% Bhknm ih heywhdm6 38 ih Iakahlgwh ih 73== Swogjhlm6 Hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ yaheh rmwam{ koeywmsmwyh{ he iabhwheyh{ wmlm{ ih jm aedheahwìm q bì{akm% He hj koeyh~yo ih jm lhkíeakm ih bjxaio{* jm {ayxmkaûe }xh {h memjavm h{ jm }xh {h lxh{ywm he jm Badxwm =% Hj hfh ~ koaekaih koe xem sjmkm aebaeaymlheyh jmwdm mwwagm ih jm kxmj nmq xe bjxaio% Aeakamjlheyh* jm sjmkm q hj bjxaio {h hekxheywme he whso{o% Whsheyaemlheyh* jm sjmkm {h soeh he loralaheyo he jm iawhkkaûe ~ koe rhjokaimi koe{ymeyh% Gmfo h{ym{ koeiakaoeh{* ¿kxíj {hwí jm wh{sxh{ym ihj bjxaio m h{yh loralaheyo he jm bwoeyhwm?
Badxwm =% Iamdwmlm ihj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{%
=% Sjmeyhmlaheyo ihj swogjhlm Smwm hj meíja{a{ ihj swogjhlm {h smwyh ih jm{ hkxmkaoeh{ ih koeyaexaimi q kmeyaimi ih loralaheyo he {x bowlm dhehwmj .bowlm iabhwhekamj koe{hwrmyarm!6
Jm{ koe{aihwmkaoeh{ }xh {h yolme he kxheym smwm jm {alsjabakmkaûe ih jm{ hkxmkaoeh{ ih dogahweo {oe jm{ {adxaheyh{6 =% Ihgaio m }xh hj loralaheyo ih jm bwoeyhwm h{ {ojmlheyh he jm iawhkkaûe ~* hj loralaheyo ihj bjxaio {hwí ymlgaáe he h{m iawhkkaûe% Heyoekh{* jm öeakm kolsoeheyh ih rhjokaimi iabhwheyh ih khwo {hwí x% 7% Jm swh{aûe {hwí aeihsheiaheyh ih q* q kolo x h{ aeihsheiaheyh ih ~* jm swh{aûe ymlgaáe {hwí aeihsheiaheyh ih ~% H{ ihkaw* jm swh{aûe {hwí koe{ymeyh he yoio hj bjxaio% ;% Jm{ swosahimih{ ihj bjxaio {oe koe{ymeyh{ he yoio hj iolaeao% 9% Eo nmq bxhwvm{ ih kxhwso }xh mkyöhe he jm iawhkkaûe ih ~% Koe h{ym{ og{hwrmkaoeh{* jm hkxmkaûe ih koeyaexaimi {h whixkh ih jm {adxaheyh bowlm6
H{yh wh{xjymio alsjakm hj nhkno ih }xh jm kolsoeheyh ih rhjokaimi x {hwí {ojmlheyh bxekaûe ih q q y * h{ ihkaw* {h gx{kmwí xem {ojxkaûe smwm x.q*y!% Sow oywm smwyh* kolo jm{ kolsoeheyh{ ih rhjokaimi r q t {oe khwo* jm{ hkxmkaoeh{ ih Emrahw,[yo`h{ smwm jm{ iawhkkaoeh{ q q v swh{heyme wh{xjymio{ ywaramjh{0 heyoekh{ {ûjo h{ ehkh{mwao memjavmw jm hkxmkaûe smwm jm iawhkkaûe ~* jm kxmj {h whixkh ih jm {adxaheyh bowlm6
Ihgaio m }xh hj bjxaio {h hekxheywm he whso{o meyh{ ih }xh jm sjmkm kolahekh {x loralaheyo he y<3* eo sxhih h~a{yaw xe dwmiaheyh ih swh{aûe qm }xh jm swh{hekam ih h{yh okm{aoemwìm xe loralaheyo ihj bjxaio%
7% Hkxmkaûe ih dogahweo d ogahweo wh{xjymeyh Koe jm{ og{hwrmkaoeh{ whmjavmim{ he jm {hkkaûe meyhwaow q whkowimeio jm ihbaeakaûe ih jm ra{ko{aimi kaehlíyakm* jm hkxmkaûe ih Emrahw,[yo`h{ he jm iawhkkaûe ~ {h whixkh m6
.1!
Jm hkxmkaûe iabhwhekamj smwkamj ogyheaim h{ koeokaim kolo jm hkxmkaûe ih iabx{aûe* ioeih hj smwílhywo μ aeiakm }xh smwm h{yh km{o jm iabx{aûe iabx{ aûe {hwí ih lolheyxl* hj h j kxmj h{ ywme{layaio y wme{layaio ih{ih jm sjmkm he loralaheyo nmkam hj bjxaio% Smwm wh{ojrhw h{ym hkxmkaûe {h ehkh{ayme io{ koeiakaoeh{ ih bwoeyhwm q xem koeiakaûe aeakamj0 jm{ koeiakaoeh{ ih bwoeyhwm alsxh{ym{ sow hj swogjhlm {oe jm{ {adxaheyh{6
Jm koeiakaûe aeakamj {xwdh ihj wh}xhwalaheyo ih }xh kolo hj bjxaio {h hekxheywm aeakamjlheyh he whso{o* jm rhjokaimi he kxmj}xahw sxeyo ihj bjxaio ihgh {hw khwo smwm y<3%
smwm
.=7!
;% [ojxkaûe sow hj láyoio ih i h {alajayxi Smwm jm {ojxkaûe ih h{ym hkxmkaûe* {h xyajavmwí hj láyoio ih {alajayxi% Jm{ {ojxkaoeh{ sow {alajayxi {oe xem kjm{h h{shkamj ih {ojxkaoeh{ }xh h~a{yhe smwm swogjhlm{ doghwemio{ sow hkxmkaoeh{ iabhwhekamjh{ smwkamjh{ nashwgûjakm{ koe io{ rmwamgjh{ aeihsheiaheyh{ he ioeih eo h~a{yh xem h{kmjm dholáywakm ih joedayxi P7\% Ihgaio m }xh hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ swh{heym jm{ kmwmkyhwì{yakm{ meyhwaowlheyh ih{kwaym{* {hwí so{agjh {x {ojxkaûe xyajavmeio h{yh láyoio% Koe h{ym{ og{hwrmkaoeh{* sxhih h{shwmw{h }xh jm rhjokaimi ihj bjxaio x mjkmevmwí mjdöe rmjow ihyhwlaemio* sow hfhlsjo 3%8X 3* smwm iabhwheyh{ rmjowh{ ih q* jo{ kxmjh{ m {x rhv ihsheihwíe ihj yahlso y % Smwm mkjmwmw h{yo* {xsûedm{h }xh smwm kahwyo yahlso y = jm rhjokaimi yheiwí xe rmjow ih 3%8X 3 m xem ia{ymekam q= ih jm sjmkm0 smwm xe yahlso so{yhwaow y 7* jm la{lm lmdeayxi ih rhjokaimi h~a{yawí m xem ia{ymekam q7 q xe kolsowymlaheyo {alajmw {h h{shwm smwm oywo{ ae{ymeyh{ ih yahlso% H{yo alsjakm }xh ihgh h~a{yaw mjdöe yaso ih kolgaemkaûe heywh jm rmwamgjh h{smkamj q koe jm rmwamgjh yhlsowmj y * ymj kolo q/y e* ih lmehwm }xh kxmeio h{ym kmeyaimi {hm koe{ymeyh* jm rhjokaimi ymlgaáe {hm koe{ymeyh% Sow jo ymeyo* {h h{shwm xem {ojxkaûe ih jm bowlm6 ;
ioeih
.=;!
He jm hkxmkaûe meyhwaow* δ.q*y! h{ jjmlmim jm rmwamgjh ih {alajayxi q ν h{ xem koe{ymeyh ih swosowkaoemjaimi }xh {hwí ihbaeaim ih{sxá{ ih ymj lmehwm }xh {x{ xeaimih{ koerahwyme jm h~swh{aûe smwm δ he xem kmeyaimi mialhe{aoemj% [a he whmjaimi h~a{yh xem {ojxkaûe sow {alajayxi smwm hj swogjhlm he kxh{yaûe* jm {x{yayxkaûe ih jm {ojxkaûe h~swh{mim he jm Hk% .==! he jm hkxmkaûe ih dogahweo whswh{heymim sow jm Hk% .1!* wh{xjymwí he xem hkxmkaûe iabhwhekamj owiaemwam koe b kolo jm rmwamgjh ihsheiaheyh q δ kolo jm rmwamgjh aeihsheiaheyh% H{ ihkaw* {hwí so{agjh hjalaemw jm{ rmwamgjh{ q q y he yáwlaeo{ ih δ% M koeyaexmkaûe {h lxh{ywm hj ih{mwwojjo he bowlm kolsjhym smwm ogyhehw jm{ ihwarmim{ kowwh{soeiaheyh{* he ioeih h{ alsowymeyh {hýmjmw hj hlsjho ih jm whdjm ih jm kmihem smwm ihwarmw kowwhkymlheyh kmim xem ih jm{ h~swh{aoeh{6
Whdwh{meio b‑ m i b/iδ* {hsmwmeio rmwamgjh{ xem rhv lí{ h aeyhdwmeio {h ogyaheh6
8
Q jm {ojxkaûe gx{kmim h{ ih jm bowlm6
.7=!
Smwm hekoeywmw hj kohbakaheyh K ; {h xyajavm jm koeiakaûe ih bwoeyhwm x.3*y!
Smwm hekoeywmw hj kohbakaheyh K ; {h nmkh x{o ih jm koeiakaûe aeakamj x.q*3!<3 smwm q≨ 36
Jm{ hkxmkaoeh{ meyhwaowh{ alsjakme }xh kxmeio jm rmwamgjh ih {alajayxi δ yaheih m aebaeayo* jm bxekaûe b.δ! yaheih m khwo% Sow jo ymeyo* mj {x{yayxaw h{yo he jm Hk% .7=! koe hj rmjow koeokaio ih K ;<= {h yaheh6
Smwm koeokhw hj rmjow ih K 8* {h xyajavm jm koeiakaûe aeakamj x.q*3!
Jm{ hkxmkaoeh{ meyhwaowh{ alsjakme }xh kxmeio jm rmwamgjh ih {alajayxi δ yaheih m aebaeayo* jm bxekaûe b.δ! yaheih m jm xeaimi% Sow jo ymeyo* mj {x{yayxaw h{yo koe hj rmjow koeokaio ih K 9<3 {h yaheh6
Ih mkxhwio m jo{ kolheymwao{ whmjavmio{ smwm jm aeyhdwmj ih lhiao wmedo ih Dmx{{* hj rmjow ih jm koe{ymeyh gx{kmim h{6
4
Xem rhv koeokaio{ jo{ kohbakaheyh{ K 9 q K 8* {x {x{yayxkaûe he jm Hk% .7=! swosowkaoem xem {ojxkaûe ih jm bowlm6
.74!
.7>!
Ih h{ym lmehwm* jm {ojxkaûe h~mkym smwm h{ym rmwameyh ihj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ h{6
9% Wh{xjymio{ ih jm {ojxkaûe h~mkym 9%=% Dwíbakm{ smwm hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ Kolo sxio og{hwrmw{h he hj ih{mwwojjo jjhrmio m kmgo he jm {hkkaûe ;* jm bowlm ih jm {ojxkaûe smwm hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ h{yí ihyhwlaemim sow jm bxekaûe hwwow% He jm Ymgjm = {h lxh{ywme mjdxeo{ rmjowh{ smwm h{ym bxekaûe6 Ymgjm =% Rmjowh{ exláwako{ exláwako{ ih jm bxekaûe hwwow P9\% δ
Smwm ogyhehw jm{ dwíbakm{ kowwh{soeiaheyh{ m h{yh km{o ihj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{* {h xyajavû hj {obytmwh HH[¥* hj kxmj shwlayh hrmjxmw ih lmehwm swhka{m jm bxekaûe hwwow% 9 ;%8 ; 7%8 7 =%8 = 3%8 3 3
3%7
3%9
3 %2
3%>
=
= %7
x.q*y!/X 3 3
Badxwm ;% Dwíbakm ihj kolsowymlaheyo kolsowymlaheyo ih jm rhjokaimi wh{shkyo wh{shkyo m jm rmwamgjh ih {alajayxi smwm xem sjmkm aebaeaym }xh {h soeh soeh he loralaheyo% loralaheyo%
He jm Badxwm ; {h lxh{ywm jm dwíbakm smwm jm {ojxkaûe mj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{* ioeih {h og{hwrm kûlo jm rhjokaimi ihj bjxaio {h mswo~alm m jm rhjokaimi ih jm sjmkm koebowlh jm rmwamgjh ih {alajayxi {h mswo~alm m khwo% Iaknm og{hwrmkaûe yaheh xe kjmwo {adeabakmio bì{ako q mihlí{ h{ymgjhkh jm koeiakaûe ih bwoeyhwm smwm wh{ojrhw hj swogjhlm% Smwm hj km{o koeywmwao kxmeio jm rmwamgjh ih {alajayxi mxlheym* jm rhjokaimi mialhe{aoemj {h mswo~alm m khwo0 h{yo kxlsjh hj wh}xhwalaheyo ih }xh jm{ kmsm{ ih bjxaio {xshwaowh{ eo h~shwalheymwíe xe kmlgao he {x rhjokaimi q shwlmehkhwíe he whso{o% Koe hj ogfhyaro ih mswhkamw hj hbhkyo ih jm ra{ko{aimi kaehlíyakm he jm iabx{aûe ih lolheyxl smwm hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{* {h whmjavmwoe jm{ dwíbakm{ kolsmwmeio m io{ bjxaio{ koe swosahimih{ iabhwheyh{* mdxm q mawh m jm{ la{lm{ koeiakaoeh{ ih yhlshwmyxwm q swh{aûe* jm{ kxmjh{ bxhwoe ogyheaim{ sow hj {obytmwh HH[¥ q {h lhekaoeme he jm Ymgjm 7% Ymgjm 7% Swosahimih{ smwm hj mdxm q mawh m Y<71> @ q S<=3=%;78 `Sm Swosahimi [ìlgojo Mdxm Ihe{aimi .`d/l;! 114%= ύ Ra{ko{aimi iaeílakm .`d/l%{! >%138Ô=3,9 κ Ra{ko{aimi kaehlíyakm .l7 /{! >%1;=Ô=3,4 μ
Mawh =%=>9 =%>91Ô=3,8 =%82=Ô=3,8
Meyh{ ih memjavmw hj kolsowymlaheyo ih jm{ dwíbakm{ smwm kmim bjxaio* h{ ehkh{mwao heyheihw hj koekhsyo ih h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm ih kowyh .{nhmw jmqhw ynak`eh{{ !* hj kxmj {h ihbaeh kolo jm mjyxwm koe q! m jm kxmj hj hbhkyo ih jm smwhi {ogwh hj bjxaio nm kmìio mj =( P2\% He hj km{o ih wh{shkyo ih jm sjmkm . q jm sjmkm }xh kolahevm {x loralaheyo ihj whso{o* h{ym kmeyaimi yaheh hj rmjow ih x.q*y!/X 3<3%3=* laheywm{ }xh smwm jm sjmkm }xh whsheyaemlheyh {h smwm x.q*y!/X 3<3%11% Mlgo{ rmjowh{ kowwh{soeihe m hwb.δ!<3%11* o gahe δ<=%>7% [x{yayxqheio h{yh rmjow he jm Hk% .7>!* {h sxhih mswo~almw hj h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm ih kowyh kolo6
.71! 1
3%= 3%31 3%3> Iabx{a ûe ih lolheyo smwm mdxm m 78³K 78³K q =3=%;78 `Sm
Badxwm 9% Rmwamkaûe ihj h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm kowymeyh kowymeyh koe wh{shkyo wh{shkyo m jm rhjokaimi ihj bjxaio mialhe{aoemj xyajavmeio mdxm m 78 ³K q =3=%;78 `Sm% 3%9 Iabx{aûe ih lolheyo smwm mawh m 78³K q =3=%;78 `Sm
3%;8 3%; 3%78
! l 3%7 .
Hrojxkaûe ihj yahlso
k
y<73 { y<83 { y<=33 { y<=83 { y<;33 { y<233 {
3%=8 3%= 3%38 3 3
3%7
3%9
3%2
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=
=%7
x.q*y!/X 3 3
Badxwm 8% Rmwamkaûe ihj h{sh{ow h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm kowymeyh koe wh{shkyo wh{shkyo m jm rhjokaimi ihj bjxaio mialhe{aoemj xyajavmeio mawh m 78 ³K q =3=%;78 `Sm%
He jm Badxwm{ 9 q 8 {h mswhkam hj kolsowymlaheyo ih jm iabx{aûe ih lolheyo xyajavmeio mdxm q mawh kolo bjxaio{* wh{shkyarmlheyh% Mxe}xh swh{heyme kxwrm{ {alajmwh{* nmq }xh {hýmjmw }xh hj h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm kowymeyh rmwìm {adeabakmyarmlheyh heywh mlgo{ bjxaio{% Ihgaio m }xh m h{yh h{sh{ow h{ iawhkymlheyh swosowkaoemj m jm wmìv kxmiwmim ih jm ra{ko{aimi kaehlíyakm* {h ogyahehe h{sh{owh{ =3
lmqowh{ smwm hj mawh koe wh{shkyo mj mdxm koe xe owihe ih lmdeayxi ih 9% H{yo{ wh{xjymio{ hwme ih h{shwmw{h ihgaio m }xh kolo hj mawh h{ lheo{ ra{ko{o q lxkno lheo{ ihe{o }xh hj mdxm* jm iabx{aûe ih lolheyo ih{ih jm sjmkm {h bmkajaym m ywmrá{ ih h{yh bjxaio%
9%7% Dwíbakm{ smwm jm rmwameyh ihj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ Smwm hj km{o he }xh hj bjxaio q jm sjmkm {h hekxheywhe aeakamjlheyh he loralaheyo koe rhjokaimi koe{ymeyh q jm sjmkm {h ihyaheh whsheyaemlheyh* jm{ dwíbakm{ ogyheaim{ {oe {ojmlheyh xe whbjh~aûe ih m}xhjjm{ ogyheaim he jm {hkkaûe meyhwaow* ih mkxhwio koe jm Hk% .7>!% 9 ;%8 ; 7%8 7 =%8 = 3%8 3 3
3 %7
3%9
3 %2
3%>
=
=%7
x.q*y!/X 3 3
Badxwm 2% Dwíbakm ihj kolsowymlaheyo kolsowymlaheyo ih jm rhjokaimi wh{shkyo wh{shkyo m jm rmwamgjh ih {alajayxi smwm xem sjmkm aebaeaym }xh {h smwm whsheyaemlheyh whsheyaemlheyh koe koe xe bjxaio he loralaheyo% loralaheyo% 3%= 3%31
Iabx{aûe ih lolheyo smwm mdxm m 78³K 78³K q =3=%;78 `Sm
Badxwm 4% Rmwamkaûe ihj h{sh{ow h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm kowymeyh koe wh{shkyo wh{shkyo m jm rhjokaimi ihj bjxaio mialhe{aoemj xyajavmeio mdxm m 78 ³K q =3=%;78 `Sm%
==
3%9 3%;8
Iabx{aûe ih lolheyo smwm mawh m 78³K 78³K q =3=%;78 `Sm
Badxwm >% Rmwamkaûe ihj h{sh{ow h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm kowymeyh koe wh{shkyo wh{shkyo m jm rhjokaimi ihj bjxaio mialhe{aoemj xyajavmeio mawh m 78 ³K q =3=%;78 `Sm%
Jo{ kolheymwao{ smwm jm{ Badxwm{ 4 q > {oe jo{ la{lo{ }xh he hj km{o meyhwaow* qm }xh {oe xem whbjh~aûe ih h{yh% Jo{ wh{xjymio{ ogyheaio{ {oe jûdako{ qm }xh h{ ih h{shwmw{h }xh koebowlh sm{h hj yahlso jm iabx{aûe ih lolheyo q hj h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm ih kowyh mxlheyhe%
8% Mswo~almkaûe mj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ sow lhiao ih xem {ojxkaûe exláwakm Koe hj ogfhyaro ih mswhkamw }xh yme mswo~almim h{ jm {ojxkaûe exláwakm m jm {ojxkaûe h~mkym* {h ihkaiaû whswoixkaw hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ xyajavmeio hj {obytmwh ih iaeílakm ih bjxaio{ kolsxymkaoemj .KBI! BJXHEY¥% Ihgaio m }xh hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ kmwhkh ih ialhe{aoeh{ dholáywakm{* ihgh ih loihjmw{h xe lhiao koeyaexo jo {xbakaheyhlheyh dwmeih smwm {alxjmw jo{ hbhkyo{ ih xe sjmkm aebaeaym he jm iawhkkaûe ~ koe loralaheyo q xem mjyxwm ihj bjxaio {xbakaheyhlheyh dwmeih smwm }xh jm iabx{aûe ih lolheyo {hm jo lí{ mswo~almim so{agjh mj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{% Smwm h{yo* {h ihbaeaû xem dholhywìm whkymedxjmw ih =3Ô2 l smwm {alxjmw hj hbhkyo ih xem sjmkm aebaeaym% Hj lmjjmio ih jm dholhywìm 7I bxh whmjavmio koe hjhlheyo{ kxmiwmio{ ih = ll smwm m{hdxwmw jm koerhwdhekam h{smkamj ihj loihjo% He jm Badxwm 1 {h lxh{ywm hj lmjjmio ih jm dholhywìm q jm{ koeiakaoeh{ ih bwoeyhwm xyajavmim{ smwm {alxjmw hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{% Ih{sxá{ ih h{ymgjhkhw jm{ koeiakaoeh{ ih bwoeyhwm smwm hj loihjo* {h h{shkabakmwoe jo{ ihymjjh{ ih kmim xem ih h{ym{% Mj x{mw hj yaso ih bwoeyhwm Aeyhwbmkh* hj {obytmwh m{xlh }xh h~a{yh xe bjxaio miqmkheyh mj ihbaeaio0 he h{yh km{o kolo {ûjo {h {alxjû hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ xyajavmeio mawh kolo bjxaio jm{ ihlí{ aeyhwbmkh{ bxhwoe ihbaeaim{ kolo mawh miqmkheyh m jm{ bwoeyhwm{% Koe h{yo {h lhfowm jm mswo~almkaûe m xe lhiao aebaeayo% Smwm jm koeiakaûe ih bwoeyhwm ih smwhi koe loralaheyo .loraed tmjj! {h ihbaeaû xem rhjokaimi mwgaywmwam ih X 3<3%38 l/{ he jm iawhkkaûe so{ayarm ih ~* ih ymj lmehwm }xh jm lí~alm rhjokaimi }xh sxhim mjkmevmw hj bjxaio {hm X 3% =7
Badxwm 1% Iolaeao kolsxymkaoemj* kolsxymkaoemj* lmjjmio q koeiakaoeh{ koeiakaoeh{ ih bwoeyhwm smwm jm {ojxkaûe exláwakm ihj swalhw swogjhlm ih ih [yo`h{%
Xem rhv koebadxwmio hj km{o koe jm{ koeiakaoeh{ ihj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{* {h swokhiaû m kmjkxjmw jm {ojxkaûe m ywmrá{ ihj kûiado BJXHEY¥% Ihgaio m }xh h{yh yaso ih {ojxkaoeh{ exláwakm{ koe{xlhe lxknm lhlowam q yahlso ih kolsxyo ihsheiaheio ihj yaso ih lmjjm* {ojmlheyh {h whmjavmwoe jm{ {alxjmkaoeh{ smwm xe yahlso ih y<73 { q y<=33 { koe hj ogfhyaro ih kolsmwmw h{yo{ wh{xjymio{ koe jm {ojxkaûe h~mkym swh{heymim he jm [hkkaûe 9%
Badxwm =3% Koeyoweo{ ih rhjokaimi rhjokaimi ogyheaio{ ih jm {ojxkaûe exláwakm exláwakm mj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ xyajavmeio mawh m 78 ³K q =3=%;78 `Sm smwm xe yahlso ih y<73 {%
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He jm Badxwm =3 {h swh{heyme jo{ koeyoweo{ ih lmdeayxi ih rhjokaimi ogyheaio{ ih jm {alxjmkaûe exláwakm* {h sxhih og{hwrmw }xh jo{ wh{xjymio{ swh{heyme koekowimekam koe m}xhjjo{ ogyheaio{ memjìyakmlheyh* og{hwrmeio }xh jm{ kmsm{ ih bjxaio lí{ khwkmem{ m jm sjmkm he loralaheyo {oe m}xhjjm{ koe lmqow rhjokaimi* qm }xh jm iabx{aûe ih lolheyxl kolahevm sow h{m bwoeyhwm% Mj mrmevmw he jm iawhkkaûe rhwyakmj* {h sxhih og{hwrmw kolo hj hbhkyo ih jm sjmkm he loralaheyo {ogwh hj bjxaio rm ia{laexqheio nm{ym jjhdmw m jm rhjokaimi khwo ihj bjxaio he whso{o% He jm smwyh ihwhknm {h lxh{ywm jm h{kmjm dholáywakm smwm h{yalmw hj h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm kowymeyh* mswhkameio xe rmjow ih mswo~almimlheyh ιk<3%334 l% Kolsmwmeio h{yh wh{xjymio koe jm dwíbakm ih jm {ojxkaûe h~mkym ih jm Badxwm 8* {h sxhih eoymw }xh h{yh rmjow koaekaih shwbhkymlheyh koe hj h{sh{ow ih kmsm ih kowyh lmwkmio sow jm dwíbakm smwm xe yahlso ih y<73 {%
Badxwm ==% Koeyoweo{ ih rhjokaimi rhjokaimi ogyheaio{ ih jm {ojxkaûe exláwakm exláwakm mj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ xyajavmeio mawh m 78 ³K q =3=%;78 `Sm smwm xe yahlso ih y<=33 {%
He jm Badxwm == {h lxh{ywme jo{ wh{xjymio{ ih jm {alxjmkaûe ihj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ smwm xe yahlso ih y<=33 {* kolo sxhih og{hwrmw{h {h ogyxro hj wh{xjymio h{shwmio ih }xh hj h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm ih kowyh mxlheymwí% Kolsmwmeio hj h{sh{ow mswo~almio ih jm Badxwm == ih ιk<3%3=2 l koe hj whsowymio he jm Badxwm 2* {h kolswxhgm }xh mlgo{ wh{xjymio{ koaekaihe mkhsymgjhlheyh% Koe h{yo{ wh{xjymio{* {h kolswxhgm }xh jo{ wh{xjymio{ ogyheaio{ ih jm {alxjmkaûe exláwakm ihj swalhw swogjhlm [yo`h{ {h mswo~alme gm{ymeyh gahe m m}xhjjo{ whsowymio{ he jm {ojxkaûe h~mkym m lmehwm ih rmjaimkaûe ihj loihjo exláwako q eo{ obwhkhe xe hebo}xh lí{ dhehwmj q {hekajjo smwm jm {ojxkaûe ih jm{ hkxmkaoeh{ ih Emrahw,[yo`h{%
=9
2% Koekjx{aoeh{ M ywmrá{ ihj swh{heyh ywmgmfo {h wh{ojraû ih lmehwm memjìyakm q exláwakm hj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{% Smwm jm {ojxkaûe memjìyakm {h xyajavû hj láyoio ih {alajayxi ihgaio m }xh jm{ koeiakaoeh{ ihj swogjhlm jo shwlayìme* jjhdmeio m xem {ojxkaûe mialhe{aoemj xyajavmeio jm bxekaûe hwwow smwm hj km{o he }xh jm sjmkm whsheyaemlheyh kh{mgm {x loralaheyo q hj kolsjhlheyo ih jm bxekaûe hwwow smwm hj km{o he }xh jm sjmkm {h soeìm he loralaheyo m smwyaw ihj whso{o% Jo{ wh{xjymio{ ogyheaio{ ihlo{ywmwoe }xh jm rhjokaimi smwm jm{ kmsm{ ih bjxaio miqmkheyh{ m jm sjmkm mxlheymgm koebowlh {h ia{laexìm jm ia{ymekam rhwyakmj nm{ym jjhdmw m jm rhjokaimi ih jm sjmkm% Ymlgaáe {h lo{ywû hj hbhkyo ih jm ra{ko{aimi kaehlíyakm he hj h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm ih kowyh kolsmwmeio jo{ wh{xjymio{ smwm mdxm q mawh m jm{ la{lm{ koeiakaoeh{* {h og{hwrû }xh smwm ra{ko{aimih{ kaehlíyakm{ whjmyarmlheyh mjym{ hj h{sh{ow ih jm kmsm ih kowyh mxlheymgm swosowkaoemjlheyh m jm wmìv kxmiwmim ih h{ym swosahimi% Smwm rhwabakmw jo{ wh{xjymio{ ihj swalhw swogjhlm ih [yo`h{ m ywmrá{ ih xem {ojxkaûe exláwakm* {h loihjû xe iolaeao kolsxymkaoemj he io{ ialhe{aoeh{ h{ymgjhkaheio ialhe{aoeh{ jo{ {xbakaheyhlheyh dwmeih{ smwm mswo~almw jm {ojxkaûe m jm ihj iolaeao aebaeayo% Jo{ wh{xjymio{ ogyheaio{ lo{ywmwoe xe shwbhkyo mfx{yh koe m}xhjjo{ ogyheaio{ ih jm {ojxkaûe h~mkym smwm mawh hey<73 { q y<=33 {* rmjaimeio m{ì hj loihjo exláwako% H{yo ihlxh{ywm }xh jm iaeílakm ih bjxaio{ kolsxymkaoemj whswh{heym xe h~khjheyh oskaûe smwm memjavmw xe {ae eölhwo ih {ayxmkaoeh{ he jm{ kxmjh{ xem {ojxkaûe h~mkym eo sxhih {hw ih{mwwojjmim%
4% Whbhwhekam{ P=\ Wah{ko Írajm F%L% ‚ Msxeyh{ ih iaeílakm ih bjxaio{ mrmevmim A “* Xearhw{aimi ih Dxmemfxmyo% Kmsìyxjo AA* s% ;3% P7\ Kxwwah A%D% ‚Bxeimlheymj lhknmeak{ ob bjxai{“* ;wi hi* Lmwkhj Ih``hw Aek* 733;,
