UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL
MONOGRAFÍA
CORROSIÓN EN ESTRUCTURAS DE CONCRETO ARMADO ELABORADO POR: HUAMAN BEJAR, Kevin José UICHKA VILCHE!, R"#$ F%"n&o RI'CO DE LA CRU!, L(is Li)" * Pe%# +-.
CORROSIÓN EN ESTRUCTURAS DE CONCRETO ARMADO ARMADO Características del acero de refuero E$ "&e%o &o)o )"/e%i"$ in0is1ens"2$e 0e %e3(e%4o en $"s &ons/%(&&iones, es (n" "$e"&i5n 0e 6ie%%o 7 &"%2ono, en 1%o1o%&iones v"%i"2$es, &on e$ 3in 0e )e8o%"% "$9(n"s 0e s(s 1%o1ie0"0es, 1(e0e &on/ene% /")2ién o/%os e$e)en/os Un" 0e s(s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s es "0)i/i% e$ /e)1$e, &on $o <(e "()en/" s( 0(%e4" 7 s( 3$e=i2i$i0"0 An/es 0e$ /%"/")ien/o /é%)i&o, $" )"7o%;" 0e $os "&e%os son (n" )e4&$" 0e /%es s(s/"n&i"s, 3e%%i/", 1e%$i/", &e)en/i/" L" 3e%%i/", 2$"n0" 7 0#&/i$, es 6ie%%o &on 1e<(e>"s &"n/i0"0es 0e &"%2ono 7 o/%os e$e)en/os en 0iso$(&i5n L" &e)en/i/" es (n &o)1(es/o 0e 6ie%%o &on e$ ?@ 0e &"%2ono "1%o=i)"0")en/e, es 0e 9%"n 0(%e4" 7 )(7 <(e2%"0i4" L" 1e%$i/" es (n" )e4&$" 0e 3e%%i/" 3e%%i/" 7 &e)en/i/", &on (n" &o)1osi&i5n es1e&;3i&" es1e&;3i&" 7 (n" es/%(&/(%" &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s, s(s 1%o1ie0"0es 3;si&"s son in/e%)e0i"s en/%e $"s 0e s(s 0os &o)1onen/ &o)1onen/es es L" %esis/en %esis/en&i" &i" 7 0(%e4" 0e (n "&e%o <(e no 6" si0o si0o /%"/"0o /é%)i&")en/e 0e1en0e 0e $"s 1%o1o%&iones 0e es/os /%es in9%e0ien/es C("n/o )"7o% es e$ &on/eni0o en &"%2ono 0e (n "&e%o, )eno% es $" &"n/i0"0 0e 3e%%i/" 7 )"7o% $" 0e 1e%$i/": &("n0o e$ "&e%o /iene (n ,@ 0e &"%2ono, es/ 1o% &o)1(es/o 0e 1e%$i/" E$ "&e%o &on &"n/i0"0es 0e &"%2ono "#n )"7o%es es (n" )e4&$" 0e 1e%$i/" 7 &e)en/i/" L"s 1%o1ie0"0es 1%in&i1"$es <(e (n )e/"$ 0e2e &()1$i% 1"%" se% (/i$i4"0o en (n" &ons/%(&&i5n son $"s si9(ien/es: •
•
•
F(si2i$i0"0: Es $" 3"&i$i0"0 0e 1o0e% 0"% 3o%)" " $os )e/"$es, 3(n0ién0o$os 7 &o$o&n0o$os en )o$0es Fo%8"2i$i0"0: Es $" &"1"&i0"0 1"%" 1o0e% so1o%/"% $"s v"%i"&iones 0e 3o%)"s, en es/"0o s5$i0o o &"$ien/e, 1o% $" "&&i5n 0e )"%/i$$os, $")in"0o%es o 1%ens"s M"$e"2i$i0"0: P%o1ie0"0 1"%" 1e%)i/i% )o0i3i&"% s( 3o%)" " /e)1e%"/(%" ")2ien/e en $)in"s, )e0i"n/e $" "&&i5n 0e )"%/i$$"0o 7 es/i%"0o
•
D(&/i$i0"0: Es $" &"1"&i0"0 0e 1o0e%se "$"%9"% $on9i/(0in"$)en/e
•
Ten"&i0"0: Resis/en&i" " $" %(1/(%" "$ es/"% so)e/i0o " /ensi5n
•
F"&i$i0"0 0e &o%/e: C"1"&i0"0 0e 1o0e% se1"%"%se en /%o4os %e9($"%es &on 6e%%")ien/"s &o%/"n/es
CORROSIÓN EN ESTRUCTURAS DE CONCRETO ARMADO ARMADO Características del acero de refuero E$ "&e%o &o)o )"/e%i"$ in0is1ens"2$e 0e %e3(e%4o en $"s &ons/%(&&iones, es (n" "$e"&i5n 0e 6ie%%o 7 &"%2ono, en 1%o1o%&iones v"%i"2$es, &on e$ 3in 0e )e8o%"% "$9(n"s 0e s(s 1%o1ie0"0es, 1(e0e &on/ene% /")2ién o/%os e$e)en/os Un" 0e s(s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s es "0)i/i% e$ /e)1$e, &on $o <(e "()en/" s( 0(%e4" 7 s( 3$e=i2i$i0"0 An/es 0e$ /%"/")ien/o /é%)i&o, $" )"7o%;" 0e $os "&e%os son (n" )e4&$" 0e /%es s(s/"n&i"s, 3e%%i/", 1e%$i/", &e)en/i/" L" 3e%%i/", 2$"n0" 7 0#&/i$, es 6ie%%o &on 1e<(e>"s &"n/i0"0es 0e &"%2ono 7 o/%os e$e)en/os en 0iso$(&i5n L" &e)en/i/" es (n &o)1(es/o 0e 6ie%%o &on e$ ?@ 0e &"%2ono "1%o=i)"0")en/e, es 0e 9%"n 0(%e4" 7 )(7 <(e2%"0i4" L" 1e%$i/" es (n" )e4&$" 0e 3e%%i/" 3e%%i/" 7 &e)en/i/", &on (n" &o)1osi&i5n es1e&;3i&" es1e&;3i&" 7 (n" es/%(&/(%" &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s, s(s 1%o1ie0"0es 3;si&"s son in/e%)e0i"s en/%e $"s 0e s(s 0os &o)1onen/ &o)1onen/es es L" %esis/en %esis/en&i" &i" 7 0(%e4" 0e (n "&e%o <(e no 6" si0o si0o /%"/"0o /é%)i&")en/e 0e1en0e 0e $"s 1%o1o%&iones 0e es/os /%es in9%e0ien/es C("n/o )"7o% es e$ &on/eni0o en &"%2ono 0e (n "&e%o, )eno% es $" &"n/i0"0 0e 3e%%i/" 7 )"7o% $" 0e 1e%$i/": &("n0o e$ "&e%o /iene (n ,@ 0e &"%2ono, es/ 1o% &o)1(es/o 0e 1e%$i/" E$ "&e%o &on &"n/i0"0es 0e &"%2ono "#n )"7o%es es (n" )e4&$" 0e 1e%$i/" 7 &e)en/i/" L"s 1%o1ie0"0es 1%in&i1"$es <(e (n )e/"$ 0e2e &()1$i% 1"%" se% (/i$i4"0o en (n" &ons/%(&&i5n son $"s si9(ien/es: •
•
•
F(si2i$i0"0: Es $" 3"&i$i0"0 0e 1o0e% 0"% 3o%)" " $os )e/"$es, 3(n0ién0o$os 7 &o$o&n0o$os en )o$0es Fo%8"2i$i0"0: Es $" &"1"&i0"0 1"%" 1o0e% so1o%/"% $"s v"%i"&iones 0e 3o%)"s, en es/"0o s5$i0o o &"$ien/e, 1o% $" "&&i5n 0e )"%/i$$os, $")in"0o%es o 1%ens"s M"$e"2i$i0"0: P%o1ie0"0 1"%" 1e%)i/i% )o0i3i&"% s( 3o%)" " /e)1e%"/(%" ")2ien/e en $)in"s, )e0i"n/e $" "&&i5n 0e )"%/i$$"0o 7 es/i%"0o
•
D(&/i$i0"0: Es $" &"1"&i0"0 0e 1o0e%se "$"%9"% $on9i/(0in"$)en/e
•
Ten"&i0"0: Resis/en&i" " $" %(1/(%" "$ es/"% so)e/i0o " /ensi5n
•
F"&i$i0"0 0e &o%/e: C"1"&i0"0 0e 1o0e% se1"%"%se en /%o4os %e9($"%es &on 6e%%")ien/"s &o%/"n/es
•
'o$0"2i$i0"0: P%o1ie0"0 0e 1o0e% (ni%se 6"s/" 3o%)"% (n &(e%1o #ni&o
E$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o se 0e3ine &o)o (n e$e)en/o $iso o &o%%(9"0o 3"2%i&"0o es1e es1e&i &i"$ "$)e )en/ n/e e 1"%" "%" (s"% (s"%se se &o)o &o)o %e3( %e3(e% e%4o 4o 0e$ 0e$ &on& &on&%e %e/o /o 1"%" "%" "2so "2so%2 %2e% e% 1%in&i 1%in&i1"$ 1"$)en )en/e /e $os es3(e%4os es3(e%4os " /ensi5 /ensi5n n Un" ve4 /%"/"0 /%"/"0o o e$ "&e%o "&e%o se 1(e0en 1(e0en e$"2o%"% /")2ién "$")2%es 0e "&e%o es/i%"0o en 3%io, <(e es (n e$e)en/o 0e "&e%o <(e se o2/iene 0e$ es/i%"0o en 3%io 0e 2"%%"s 0e 1"$"n<(i$$" <(e 6"7"n si0o $")in"0"s en &"$ien/e, e$ &("$ 1(e0e se% e)1$e"0o &o)o /"$ o en 3o%)" 0e )"$$" 1"%" %e3(e%4o 0e$ &on&%e/o En/%e "$9(nos e$e)en/os 0e "&e%o e=/%"s <(e se 1(e0en (/i$i4"% &on e$ &on&%e/o 1"%" )e8o%"% s(s 1%o1ie0"0es 1%o1ie0"0es es/n e$ "$")2%e "$")2%e 1"%" 1%ees3(e%4o 1%ees3(e%4o <(e &onsis/e en (n e$e)en/o %e0on0o 0e "&e%o 0e "$/o &"%2ono es/i%"0o en 3%io 6"s/" o2/ene% e$ 0i)e/%o 0i)e/%o %e<(e%i0o, e$ &("$ es %e$ev"0o %e$ev"0o 0e es3(e%4os es3(e%4os 1o% )e0io 0e (n /%"/")ien/o /%"/")ien/o &on/in(o Es i)1o%/"n/e 6"&e% )en&i5n 0e "$9(nos &on&e1/os 2si&os 1"%" (n &o%%e&/o en/e en/en0 n0i) i)ie ien/ n/o o 0e $o &on& &on&e% e%ni nien en/e /e "$ "&e% "&e%o o 0e %e3( %e3(e% e%4o 4o,, en/% en/%e e $os $os <(e <(e se en&(en/%"n, $"s &o$()n"s, $os es/%i2os, $" $on9i/(0 0e 0es"%%o$$o, en/%e o/%os •
•
•
•
•
•
Co$()n": e$e)en/o <(e /iene (n" "$/(%" 0e 1o% $o )enos /%es ve&es s( );ni)" );ni)" 0i)ens 0i)ensi5n i5n $"/e%"$ $"/e%"$,, (s"0o (s"0o 1"%" 1"%" %esis/ %esis/i% i% 1%in&i 1%in&i1"$ 1"$)en )en/e /e &"%9"s &"%9"s 0e &o)1%esi5n Es/%i2o: "ni$$o 0e "&e%o (s"0o 1"%" &on3in"% e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o $on9i/(0in"$ "s; &o)o 1"%" /o)"% es3(e%4os 0e &o%/"n/e o /o%si5n en (n e$e)en/o es/%(&/(%"$ es/e /é%)ino se "1$i&" (s("$)en/e "$ %e3(e%4o /%"nsve%s"$ 0e vi9"s o /%"2es Lon9i/(0 0e 0es"%%o$$o: Lon9i/(0 0e$ %e3(e%4o e)1o/%"0o ne&es"%i" 1"%" <(e és/e 0es"%%o$$e s( %esis/en&i" 0e 0ise>o en $" se&&i5n &%;/i&" M"$$" so$0"0" 0e "$")2%e 0e "&e%o: E$e)en/o 1"%" %e3(e%4o 0e$ &on&%e/o 3o%)"0o 1o% "$")2%es 0e "&e%o es/i%"0os en 3%;o, 9"$v"ni4"0os o no, (ni0os en 3o%)" 0e )"$$" )e0i"n/e so$0"0(%" e$é&/%i&" To%5n 0e 1%ees3(e%4o: C"2$e 0e "&e%o &o)1(es/o 0e "$")2%es &o$o&"0os en 3o%)" 6e$i&oi0"$ so2%e (n "$")2%e &en/%"$, &on (n 1"so (ni3o%)e no )eno% 0e -+ ve&es ni )"7o% 0e - ve&es e$ 0i)e/%o no)in"$ 0e$ /o%5n, e$ &("$ es %e$ev"0o 0e es3(e%4os 1o% )e0io 0e (n /%"/")ien/o /é%)i&o &on/in(o 0es1(és 0e$ /o%&i0o, 1"%" se% (s"0o en $" &ons/%(&&i5n 0e e$e)en/os 0e &on&%e/o 1%es3o%4"0o V"%i$$ "%i$$" " &o%%(9" &o%%(9"0": 0": B"%%" B"%%" 0e "&e%o "&e%o es1e&i" es1e&i"$)e $)en/e n/e 3"2%i&" 3"2%i&"0" 0" 1"%" 1"%" (s"%se (s"%se &o)o %e3(e%4o 0e$ &on&%e/o 7 &(7" s(1e%3i&ie es/ 1%ovis/" 0e s"$ien/es
$$")"0"s &o%%(9"&iones, $"s &("$es si%ven 1"%" in6i2i% e$ )ovi)ien/o $on9i/(0in"$ %e$"/ivo en/%e $" v"%i$$" 7 e$ &on&%e/o <(e $" %o0e" •
•
V"%i$$"s /o%&i0"s en 3%;o: 'on "<(e$$"s v"%i$$"s es1e&i"$)en/e 3"2%i&"0"s <(e 1%ovienen 0e $" $")in"&i5n en &"$ien/e 0e $in9o/es o 1"$"n<(i$$"s 0e &o$"0"s &on/%o$"0"s, $"s &("$es, 1o% s( &o)1osi&i5n <(;)i&" 7 (n 1os/e%io% /o%&i0o en 3%;o, "0<(ie%en e$ $;)i/e 0e 3$(en&i" );ni)o <(e se es1e&i3i&" 1"%" &"0" 9%"0o !(n&6o: Ani$$o &e%%"0o " "ni$$o en es1i%"$ &on/in#" e$ "ni$$o &e%%"0o 1(e0e es/"% &ons/i/(i0o 1o% v"%ios e$e)en/os 0e %e3(e%4o &on 9"n&6os
Es!ecificacio"es co#u"es !ara el uso del acero de refuero E$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o 1"%" es/%(&/(%"s 0e &on&%e/o 0e2e se% &o%%(9"0o e=&e1/o 1"%" es1i%"$es 7 )"$$" so$0"0"s e$ &("$ 1(e0e se% $iso L"s v"%i$$"s 0e %e3(e%4o <(e v"7"n " so$0"%se 0e2en &()1$i% &on $o in0i&"0o en e$ '/%(&/(%"$ e$0in9 Co0e * Rein3o%&in9 '/ee$ C50i9o 0e 'o$0"0(%" Es/%(&/(%"$ * A&e%o 0e Re3(e%4o AN'IA' D-, 0e $" A)e%i&"n e$0in9 'o&ie/7 E$ /i1o 7 (2i&"&i5n 0e $os /%"s$"1es so$0"0os 7 o/%"s so$0"0(%"s 0e v"%i$$"s 0e %e3(e%4o 0e2en in0i&"%se en $os 1$"nos 7 es1e&i3i&"&iones 0e$ 1%o7e&/o E$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o 0e2e &onsis/i% 0e v"%i$$"s &o%%(9"0"s &on %esis/en&i" " $" 3$(en&i" F ‟7 no )eno% 0e + 9&) 0e "&(e%0o &on $" no%)"s NMB+ - 7 NMC?ONNCCE+- L" )"$$" e$e&/%oso$0"0" 3"2%i&"0" &on v"%i$$"s 0e "&e%o %e0on0o $iso 0e2e /ene% (n" %esis/en&i" " $" 3$(en&i" F ‟7 no )eno% 0e . 9&), 0e "&(e%0o " $o in0i&"0o en $"s no%)"s NMB+.- 7 NMB+- E$ "$")2%e $iso 1"%" %e3(e%4o en es1i%"$ 0e2e &()1$i% &on $o in0i&"0o en $" no%)" NMB+.-, &on e=&e1&i5n 0e$ "$")2%e &on (n" %esis/en&i" " $" 3$(en&i" es1e&i3i&"0" en e$ 0ise>o F‟7 )"7o% 0e + 9&)+, 1"%" e$ &("$ e$ F ‟7 0e2e se% e$ <(e &o%%es1on0" " (n" 0e3o%)"&i5n 0e$ . @ Los /o%ones 7 e$ "$")2%e 1"%" %e3(e%4o 0e e$e)en/os 0e &on&%e/o 1%es3o%4"0o, 0e2en &()1$i% &on $os %e<(e%i)ien/os in0i&"0os en $"s no%)"s NMB++- 7 NMB+- %es1e&/iv")en/e Co)o se es/"2$e&i5 "n/es e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o 1"%" es/%(&/(%"s 0e &on&%e/o 0e2e se% &o%%(9"0o 7 &()1$i% &on $os %e<(isi/os )e&ni&os in0i&"0os en $"s no%)"s NMC?ONNCCE+-, NMB+-, 7 NMB+-, <(e /%"/"n $o &on&e%nien/e " $os %e<(isi/os 0e /ensi5n 1"%" v"%i$$"s &o%%(9"0"s 1%ovenien/es 0e $in9o/e o 1"$"n<(i$$", %e<(isi/os 0e /ensi5n 1"%" v"%i$$"s &o%%(9"0"s /o%&i0"s en 3%io,
%e<(isi/os 0e 0o2$"0o 1"%" v"%i$$"s &o%%(9"0"s 0e "&e%o 1%ovenien/es 0e $in9o/e o 1"$"n<(i$$", 7 $os %e<(isi/os 0e 0o2$"0o 1"%" v"%i$$"s &o%%(9"0"s /o%&i0"s en 3%io %es1e&/iv")en/e 7 <(e se in&$(7en en $os "ne=os A0e)s 0e <(e se 0e2e &()1$i% &on $os %e<(isi/os 0i)ension"$es: )"s", 0i)e/%o, %e" 0e $" se&&i5n /%"nsve%s"$ 7 1e%;)e/%o in0i&"0os /")2ién en $"s no%)"s NMC?ONNCCE+- 7 NMB +- L"s &o%%(9"&iones 0e2e%n 0e es/"% es1"&i"0"s (ni3o%)e)en/e " $o $"%9o 0e $" v"%i$$"
RECU$RIMIENTO DE CONCRETO %ARA EL ACERO DE RE&UER'O( E$ %e&(2%i)ien/o 0e2e se% )e0i0o 0es0e e$ 1">o e=/e%io% 0e$ &on&%e/o 6"s/" e$ 1">o 0e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o )s 1%5=i)o E$ ACI A)e%i&"n Con&%e/e Ins/i/(/e Ins/i/(/o A)e%i&"no 0e$ Con&%e/o %e&o)ien0" $os %e&(2%i)ien/os );ni)os 1"%" e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o ACI -+., in0i&"0os en $" T"2$" --
Ta)la *+ *, ACI -**+*+ Recu)ri#ie"tos #í"i#os !ara el acero de refuero+
En &"so 0e <(e e$ &on&%e/o <(e0e e=1(es/o " "$9#n ")2ien/e &o%%osivo, o <(e ne&esi/e 1%o/e&&i5n &on/%" e$ 3(e9o se %e<(e%i%n v"$o%es )"7o%es 0e %e&(2%i)ien/o en $"s es/%(&/(%"s P"%" &on&%e/os e=1(es/os " &ie%/os "9en/es "9%esivos &ie%/"s s(2s/"n&i"s o v"1o%es in0(s/%i"$es, /e%%enos 1"%/i&($"%)en/e &o%%osivos e=1(es/os "$ )"%, e/& se 0e2e% /o)"% en &(en/" $" 0(%"2i$i0"0 0e$ &on&%e/o 0e "&(e%0o &on $" no%)" NMCONNCCE-
DETERMINACIÓN DE DA.OS EN ESTRUCTURAS DE CONCRETO
P"%" 9"%"n/i4"% $" se9(%i0"0 0(%"n/e e$ (so, %e)o0e$"&i5n, )"n/eni)ien/o 7 %e1"%"&i5n 0e $"s es/%(&/(%"s 0e &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o es ne&es"%io ev"$("% &o%%e&/")en/e $os 0">os <(e es/"s 1%esen/"n, "n/es 0e <(e 1(e0" 1%esen/"%se e$ %ies9o 0e &o$"1so 0e $" es/%(&/(%" Co)o 7" se )en&ion5 "n/es $"s &onse&(en&i"s 0e $" &o%%osi5n 0e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o en (n" es/%(&/(%" son $" 1e%0i0" 0e 0(&/i$i0"0 7 $" 0is)in(&i5n 0e $" se&&i5n 0e "&e%o, $" 1é%0i0" 0e "06e%en&i" "&e%o&on&%e/o 7 $" 3is(%"&i5n 0e$ &on&%e/o En &("n/o " $" "1"%i&i5n 0e 3is(%"s se 1(e0e /o)"% &o)o "0)isi2$e (n nive$ 0e 3is(%"&i5n )eno% " $os )), 7 %es1e&/o " $" 1é%0i0" 0e se&&i5n 0e "&e%o es/" 0e2e% se% )eno% 0e$ .@ 0e $" se&&i5n 0e $" "%)"0(%" C("n0o se 2(s&" 0e/e%)in"% $os 0">os 1%esen/es en (n" es/%(&/(%" 0e &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o, es/" "&&i5n se 1(e0e %e"$i4"% en 0os e/"1"s $" 0e 0e/e%)in"&i5n 1%e$i)in"% 0e 0">os 7 $" 0e/e%)in"&i5n 0e/"$$"0" L" ins1e&&i5n en o2%" %e&o)en0"0" es/ &on3o%)"0" 1o% $os si9(ien/es 1"sos: •
E$"2o%"&i5n 0e (n" 3i&6" 0e "n/e&e0en/es 0e $" es/%(&/(%" 7 0e$ )e0io &on 2"se en in3o%)"&i5n 0o&()en/"$ 7o visi/" 1%evi"
•
E=")en vis("$ 9ene%"$ 0e $" es/%(&/(%"
•
Lev"n/")ien/o 0e 0">os
•
•
•
•
•
'e$e&&i5n 0e $"s 4on"s 1"%" e=")en 0e/"$$"0o 0e $" es/%(&/(%" e$"2o%"&i5n 0e$ 1$"n 0e )(es/%eo De/e%)in"&i5n 0e $"s /é&ni&"s 0e ens"7o, )e0i&i5n 7 "n$isis )s "1%o1i"0"s 'e$e&&i5n 0e 4on"s 1"%" $" %e"$i4"&i5n 0e ens"7os, )e0i&iones 7 "n$isis 3;si&o<(;)i&os en e$ &on&%e/o 7 en e$ %e3(e%4o E=")en vis("$ 0e/"$$"0o en 4on"s se$e&&ion"0"s Re"$i4"% $"s )e0i&iones, ens"7os 7 "n$isis 3;si&o<(;)i&os en e$ &on&%e/o 7o en e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o
L" ins1e&&i5n 1%e$i)in"% es 2si&")en/e vis("$ 7 &on e$$" se 2(s&" 0es&(2%i% $os s;n/o)"s <(e se 1(e0"n 1%esen/"% en $" es/%(&/(%", "s; &o)o $" %e"$i4"&i5n 0e ens"7os <(e 1e%)i/"n &ono&e% &($ es e$ 1%o2$e)" En 2"se " $" 9%"ve0"0 0e$ 1%o2$e)" en $" es/%(&/(%" 7 0e "&(e%0o " $" e=1e%ien&i" 0e$ ev"$("0o% se 1%e1"%"n 0e se% ne&es"%io (n" se%ie 0e "&/ivi0"0es 1"%" $" ins1e&&i5n 0e/"$$"0" $" &("$ /iene &o)o o28e/ivo &("n/i3i&"% $" e=/ensi5n 0e$
0e/e%io%o )e0i"n/e ens"7os 7 )e0i&iones, e in&$(so 0e se% 1osi2$e 0"% (n 1%on5s/i&o 0e vi0" %esi0("$, /i1o 0e %e1"%"&i5n, %e6"2i$i/"&i5n, e/& Co)o se )en&ion" en e$ in&iso "n/es 0e &o)en4"% &on $" ins1e&&i5n 0e $" es/%(&/(%" se 0e2en %e(ni% $os 0"/os 0e es/" en (n" 3i&6" 0e "n/e&e0en/es 0e $" es/%(&/(%" 7 0e$ )e0io, $" &("$ 0e2e &on/ene% $os 0"/os 9ene%"$es 0e $" es/%(&/(%", &o)o 1o% e8e)1$o, $o&"$i4"&i5n 7 (2i&"&i5n 0e $" es/%(&/(%", /i1o 0e es/%(&/(%" si es 0e &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o, 1%es3o%4"0o, e/&, e$ /i1o 0e o2%" si es (n e0i3i&io 1#2$i&o, 0e "1"%/")en/os, 1(en/es, e/&, "s; &o)o $os 1$"nos 7 /o0" $" 0o&()en/"&i5n 1"%" s( 1os/e%io% "n$isis En &("n/o " $os 0"/os es1e&;3i&os 0e $" es/%(&/(%", se 0e2en in&$(i% $os 0e/"$$es &ons/%(&/ivos /i1o 0e &i)en/"&i5n 7 %e3(e%4o, 8(n/"s, e/&, $"s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s 0e$ &on&%e/o n"/(%"$e4" 7 1%o&e0en&i" 0e $os )"/e%i"$es &ons/i/(7en/es 0e $" )e4&$" 0e &on&%e/o, 0osi3i&"&i5n, %esis/en&i", $"s es1e&i3i&"&iones 7 /e&no$o9;" (s"0"s 1"%" s( 3"2%i&"&i5n, e/&, "s; &o)o $os 1$"nos, &%o<(is 7 0e/"$$es es/%(&/(%"$es E$ 6is/o%i"$ 0e vi0" en se%vi&io 0e $" es/%(&/(%" &o)1$e)en/", $os "n/e&e0en/es 0e $" es/%(&/(%" 7 e$ )e0io ne&es"%io 1"%" $" ins1e&&i5n 7 &o%%es1on0e " $os 0"/os 9ene%"0os 0es0e s( 3e&6" 0e &ons/%(&&i5n 6"s/" $os 1%i)e%os s;n/o)"s 0e 0e/e%io%o, "s; &o)o $os 9ene%"0os 1o% %e1"%"&iones 1%evi"s P"%" (n 2(en 6is/o%i"$ se 0e2en &onsi0e%"% $" e0"0 0e $" es/%(&/(%" 7 $" 0e$ ini&io 0e$ o $os 1%o2$e)"s, $os nive$es 0e /ensi5n " $os <(e es/én s(8e/os e$e)en/os es/%(&/(%"$es, "0e)s 0e$ )"n/eni)ien/o E$ )e0io ")2ien/e <(e %o0e" " $" es/%(&/(%" es 0e 9%"n i)1o%/"n&i" "$ $$ev"% " &"2o (n" ins1e&&i5n 1%e$i)in"%, 7" <(e 0e "&(e%0o " s( nive$ 0e "9%esivi0"0 1o0e)os /o)"% $"s 1%e&"(&iones "0e&("0"s 1"%" $$ev"% " &"2o (n" &o%%e&/" ins1e&&i5n 7 0e se% ne&es"%io es/"2$e&e% $os )e&"nis)os )s &onvenien/es 0e %e1"%"&i5n 7 )"n/eni)ien/o 0e $" es/%(&/(%" A$ "n"$i4"% e$ )e0io ")2ien/e se /iene <(e 2(s&"% es/"2$e&e% e$ /i1o 0e "/)os3e%" 1%esen/e, e$ &("$ 1(e0e &$"si3i&"%se en (%2"n", %(%"$, )"%in", in0(s/%i"$ o (n" &o)2in"&i5n en/%e e$$os, /")2ién 0e2e se>"$"% e$ nive$ 0e &on/")in"&i5n 7 s(s &on0i&iones 0e 6()e0"0 %e$"/iv", /e)1e%"/(%" 7 vien/o A0e)s 0e es/"2$e&e% e$ /i1o 0e "/)os3e%" se 0e2e &ono&e% e$ /i1o 0e "9(", en &(7" &$"si3i&"&i5n se en&(en/%"n $"s "9("s n"/(%"$es s"$o2%es, 0($&es, s(2/e%%ne"s, 1o/"2$e, 0e 0ese&6o (so 0o)és/i&o e in0(s/%i"$, en es/e 9%(1o /")2ién se 0e2e &onsi0e%"% e$ 9%"0o 0e &on/")in"&i5n <(e se /en9" En &("n/o "$ /e%%eno, se 0e2e se>"$"% si es n"/(%"$ o 1%o0(&/o 0e$ %e$$eno, si s( &o)1osi&i5n es "$&"$in" o "&i0", in&$(i% "0e)s (n" 0es&%i1&i5n 0e s(s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s es1e&i"$es 7 $" ev"$("&i5n 0e s( %esis/ivi0"0 e$é&/%i&" 7 s( 1osi2$e &on/")in"&i5n A0e)s 0e es/os 3"&/o%es se 0e2en &onsi0e%"% $os "9en/es <(;)i&os
Den/%o 0e $" ins1e&&i5n 1%e$i)in"% se en&(en/%" e$ e=")en vis("$ 9ene%"$ 0e $" es/%(&/(%", <(e es e$ 1%&/i&")en/e e$ 1%in&i1io 2si&o 7 nos 0e2e 0e 1e%)i/i% s"2e% si e$ 1%o2$e)" se 1%esen/" 0e )"ne%" si)i$"% o i9("$ en /o0os $os e$e)en/os 0e $"s )is)"s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s P"%" e$ 0es"%%o$$o 0e es/" e/"1" 0e2e "n"$i4"%se &"0" e$e)en/o es/%(&/(%"$, i0en/i3i&"n0o $"s evi0en&i"s 0e$ 0es"%%o$$o 0e $" &o%%osi5n, &o)o 1o% e8e)1$o )"n&6"s 0e 5=i0o, 3is(%"s, $" 0e9%"0"&i5n 0e$ &on&%e/o o %e9iones en <(e se 6"7" 0es1%en0i0o e$ %e&(2%i)ien/o, e/&, 1"%" &"0" se>"$ 0e &o%%osi5n se 0e2e /o)"% en &(en/" s(s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s 1%in&i1"$es &o)o son $" (2i&"&i5n, 0i)ensiones, 0i%e&&i5n 7 &(%so, $" /"2$" -- 1(e0e se% (/i$i4"0" &o)o e8e)1$o en e$ &"so 0e <(e%e% &$"si3i&"% $os 0">os en (n" es/%(&/(%" Con e$ 3in 0e &o)1$e/"% e$ es/(0io vis("$ se 0e2e /ene% (n %e9is/%o 3o/o9%3i&o 0e $" ins1e&&i5n
En "$9(n"s o&"siones se %e<(ie%e )"7o% in3o%)"&i5n " $" o2/eni0" 0e 3o%)" vis("$ 1"%" es/"2$e&e% (n 0i"9n5s/i&o, 0i&6" in3o%)"&i5n 1(e0e o2/ene%se )e0i"n/e "$9(nos ens"7os o )e0i&iones, en/%e $os <(e se en&(en/%"n:
•
•
De/e%)in"&i5n 0e $" even/("$ 0is)in(&i5n 0e$ 0i)e/%o 0e $" "%)"0(%" Lo&"$i4"&i5n 0e "%)"0(%"s 7 )e0i&i5n 0e$ es1eso% 0e %e&(2%i)ien/o 0e &on&%e/o
•
De/e%)in"&i5n 0e $" %esis/ivi0"0 e$é&/%i&" 0e$ &on&%e/o
•
Me0i&i5n 0e 1o/en&i"$es e$e&/%o<(;)i&os
•
De/e%)in"&i5n 0e $" 1%o3(n0i0"0 0e &"%2on"/"&i5n 7 $" 1%esen&i" 0e iones &$o%(%o en e$ &on&%e/o
P"%" $" %e"$i4"&i5n 0e es/e /i1o 0e ens"7os es ne&es"%io e$ (so 0e e<(i1o, 6e%%")ien/", )"/e%i"$ 7 %e"&/ivos, 1o% $o <(e se 0e2e es/"% 1%e1"%"0o En &"so 0e <(e 0es1(és 0e %e"$i4"% $" ins1e&&i5n 1%e$i)in"%, e$ o $os ev"$("0o%es 0e&i0"n <(e es ne&es"%i" (n" ins1e&&i5n 0e/"$$"0", $" e8e&(&i5n 0e (n P$"n 0e /%"2"8o &ons/i/(7e (n" e/"1" in/e%)e0i" L" e$"2o%"&i5n 0e (n 1$"n 0e /%"2"8o %e<(ie%e 0e$ "n$isis 7 ev"$("&i5n 0e $os 0"/os o2/eni0os )e0i"n/e $" ins1e&&i5n 1%e$i)in"% e in&$(7e $"s si9(ien/es "&/ivi0"0es: " E$"2o%"&i5n 0e: •
Fi&6"s, &%o<(is 7o 1$"nos 1"%" e$ $ev"n/")ien/o 0e 0">os
•
P$"n 0e )(es/%eo
•
T"2$" 0e /i1i3i&"&i5n 0e 0">os
2 'e$e&&i5n 0e: •
L"s /é&ni&"s 0e ens"7o, )e0i&i5n 7 "n$isis "1%o1i"0"s
•
L"s 4on"s 7 e$ n#)e%o en <(e se%n e3e&/("0os $os ens"7os 7 )e0i&iones
& P$"ni3i&"&i5n 0e: •
M"/e%i"$es
•
E<(i1")ien/oQ
P"%" $" e$"2o%"&i5n 0e (n 1$"n 0e )(es/%eo se 0e2e &o)en4"% &on %e"$i4"% (n" 0ivisi5n en 4on"s 0e $" es/%(&/(%" es/(0i"0" )e0i"n/e $" ins1e&&i5n 1%e$i)in"%, 0i&6"s 4on"s 0e2en se% (2i&"0"s 0e "&(e%0o " $os si9(ien/es &%i/e%ios
•
•
I0en/i3i&"% $"s e=i9en&i"s )e&ni&"s 7 es/%(&/(%"$es 7 0i3e%en&i"% $"s 4on"s 0e v"%i"&i5n De/e%)in"% $"s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s o%i9in"$es 0e$ &on&%e/o "$ se% 1(es/o en o2%"
•
Di3e%en&i"% $"s 4on"s e=1(es/"s " 0is/in/os )e0ios
•
Es/"2$e&e% nive$es 0e 0e/e%io%o 0e$ &on&%e/o 7 0e$ "&e%o
Es/o 1"%" 3"&i$i/"% $" 0e/e%)in"&i5n 0e &"(s"s <(e 6"n o%i9in"0o $os 0">os en $" es/%(&/(%" 7 &on e$ 3in 0e &()1$i% &on $os o28e/ivos 0e $" ins1e&&i5n En 2"se " es/os &%i/e%ios, %es($/" )(7 #/i$ %e"$i4"% (n" 0ivisi5n )s es1e&;3i&" 0e es/"s 4on"s, 1"%" $o &("$ 0e2e 0is/in9(i%se $"s s(20ivisiones 1o% )e0io 0e $os /é%)inos "1%o1i"0os L" /e%)ino$o9;" " e)1$e"% no es/ (nive%s"$)en/e 0e3ini0" sin e)2"%9o, es )(7 3%e&(en/e "1$i&"% $" si9(ien/e &$"si3i&"&i5n:
Ele#e"to o co#!o"e"te: P"%/e 0e $" es/%(&/(%" so)e/i0" " (n" e=i9en&i" es/%(&/(%"$)e&ni&" es1e&;3i&", &o)o 1o% e8e)1$o, vi9"s, $"s"s, 1i$"%es, 1"%e0es, &i)en/"&iones Lote: Con8(n/o 0e e$e)en/os o &o)1onen/es 3"2%i&"0os &on $"s )is)"s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s 7 en $"s )is)"s &on0i&iones &racci/"( '(2&on8(n/o 0e e$e)en/os o &o)1onen/es 0e (n $o/e so)e/i0os " (n )is)o )e0io Muestra: Con8(n/o 0e 1%o2e/"s e=/%";0"s 0e o 0e )e0i&iones e3e&/("0"s en $os &o)1onen/es o e$e)en/os se$e&&ion"0os &o)o %e1%esen/"/ivos 0e (n $o/e Ma"te"i#ie"to 0 t1c"icas de re!araci/" de estructuras de co"creto En $" "&/("$i0"0 $os e$ev"0os &os/os 9ene%"0os 1o% $" )"n/en&i5n 7 %e1"%"&i5n 0e $"s es/%(&/(%"s 0e &on&%e/o 6" 0"0o &o)o %es($/"0o $" &%e"&i5n 0e es1e&i"$is/"s en 0is/in/"s %e"s 0e $" in9enie%;" &ivi$ 7 0e n(ev"s 0is&i1$in"s en3o&"0"s "$ &on/%o$ 0e &"$i0"0, &(i0"0o "$ )e0io ")2ien/e, $ine")ien/os 1"%" $" &o%%e&/" e$"2o%"&i5n 0e 1%o7e&/os 7 o2%"s, 1"/o$o9;"s, e/&é/e%" L"s &("$es son 0e3ini0"s 2%eve)en/e " &on/in("&i5n: No%)"$i4"&i5n: Movi)ien/o in/e%n"&ion"$ &on e$ 3in 0e 0"% (ni3o%)i0"0 " $os &%i/e%ios 2si&os 0e 1%o7e&/os 7 o2%"s &ivi$es, en/%e "$9(nos 0e $os o%9"nis)os )s no/o%ios es/n CEBFIB Mo0e$ Co0e , CIB , I'O, CENENV +, MERCO'URCLAE' NAFTAACI -, e/&é/e%"
Ase9(%")ien/o 0e &"$i0"0 o &"$i0"0 ")2ien/"$: 'on $os 1%o&e0i)ien/os 0is1oni2$es 7 %e&o)en0"0os 1o% $"s no%)"s 0e $" se%ie I'O 7 0e $" se%ie I'O - P"/o$o9;": 'e 1(e0e 0e3ini% &o)o (n" %")" 0e $" in9enie%;" <(e es/(0i" $os s;n/o)"s, )e&"nis)os, &"(s"s 7 o%;9enes 0e $os 0e3e&/os en $"s &ons/%(&&iones &ivi$es P%o3i$"=i": Me0i0"s 1%even/iv"s <(e se 0e2en /o)"% en &(en/" "$ ini&i"% (n" &ons/%(&&i5n n(ev", 0e "&(e%0o " (n &o%%e&/o 0i"9n5s/i&o 0e $os 1%o2$e)"s, &on e$ 3in 0e evi/"% (n 0e/e%io%o 1%e)"/(%o Te%"1i": 'e en&"%9" 0e 2(s&"% so$(&i5n 7 &o%%e9i% $os 1%o2$e)"s &"(s"0os 1o% $"s 0i3e%en/es 1"/o$o9;"s, es 0e&i%, &o%%e9i% $" 1e%0i0" 1%e&o4 7 no 1%evis/" 0e $" vi0" #/i$ ini&i"$)en/e es1e%"0" 7 0ese"0" 1"%" $" es/%(&/(%" 0e &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o L" /e%"1i" 0e $"s &ons/%(&&iones es )(7 1o&o &ono&i0", " 1es"% 0e s( 9%"n 1o/en&i"$ 'in e)2"%9o "&/("$)en/e se es/n 0es"%%o$$"n0o n(ev"s "$/e%n"/iv"s 0e )"/e%i"$es, sis/e)"s 7 /é&ni&"s 0e %e1"%"&i5n Los in9enie%os invo$(&%"0os en (n 1%o7e&/o 0e )"n/eni)ien/o, %e1"%"&i5n 7 %e6"2i$i/"&i5n ne&esi/"n (n" &ons/"n/e %enov"&i5n 0e s(s &ono&i)ien/os 1"%" 1o0e% 0"% (n &o%%e&/o se9(i)ien/o " $os 1%o2$e)"s en $" es/%(&/(%" 7 (n" so$(&i5n &on3i"2$e 7 0e &"$i0"0, 7" <(e 0e2i0o " <(e $" %e1"%"&i5n 0e (n" es/%(&/(%" es (n" o1e%"&i5n &"%" 7 <(e 0e)"n0" &ie%/os &ono&i)ien/os es/" se 0e2e $$ev"% " &"2o /o)"n0o en &(en/" /o0os $os 0e/"$$es 1osi2$es, es1e&i3i&"n0o /é&ni&")en/e $os )"/e%i"$es, 1%e1"%"n0o 7 $i)1i"n0o &o%%e&/")en/e $os s(s/%"/os, 7 &(i0"n0o <(e se e8e&(/en 0e 3o%)" "0e&("0" /"n/o $" "1$i&"&i5n 0e $os )"/e%i"$es &o)o e$ 0es"%%o$$o 0e $" %e1"%"&i5n
A$ %e"$i4"% (n" %e1"%"&i5n se 0e2en &onsi0e%"% /%es "s1e&/os 2si&os: Dese)1e>o 0e$ )"/e%i"$ o sis/e)" 0e %e1"%"&i5n •
•
•
Tensiones en $" in/e%3"&e en/%e $" %e1"%"&i5n n(ev" 7 $" es/%(&/(%" "n/i9(" E$ e3e&/o 0e$ e<(i$i2%io 3;si&o<(;)i&o 0e $" es/%(&/(%" e=is/en/e, es1e&i"$)en/e en $"s 1%o=i)i0"0es 0e $" %e9i5n %e1"%"0"
E$ 1%o&eso 9ene%"$ 1"%" 0"% so$(&i5n " $os 1%o2$e)"s 1"/o$59i&os en $"s es/%(&/(%"s 0e &on&%e/o 0">"0"s 1o% &o%%osi5n 0e $"s "%)"0(%"s se 1%esen/" en $"
CORROSIÓN( a2 Descri!ci/" 3e"eral del !roceso corrosi4o Los )e/"$es, &o)o e$ 6ie%%o, se en&(en/%"n en $" n"/(%"$e4" $i9"0os "$ o=;9eno, es 0e&i%, o=i0"0os Es $" in0(s/%i" si0e%#%9i&" $" <(e $os se1"%" 1"%" &onve%/i%$os en )"/e%i"$es #/i$es 1"%" $" 3"2%i&"&i5n 0e o28e/os, $" Fi9(%" - )(es/%" e$ 1%o&eso 0e 1%o0(&&i5n 0e$ "&e%o Pe%o &("n0o en/%"n en &on/"&/o 0e n(evo &on e$ "i%e 7 e$ "9(", v(e$ven " o=i0"%se P"%" se1"%"% " $os )e/"$es 0e $os 0e)s e$e)en/os " $os <(e es/n $i9"0os se %e<(ie%e (n" 9%"n &"n/i0"0 0e ene%9;", $" &("$ v"%;" 0e1en0ien0o 0e$ e$e)en/o " e=/%"e% 7, )ien/%"s )s ene%9;" se ne&esi/e 1"%" o2/ene% (n )e/"$, )"7o% se% s(
/en0en&i" " %e9%es"% " s( es/"0o o%i9in"$ <(e es )s es/"2$e 7 e$ 1%o&eso 0e &o%%osi5n se% )s %1i0o Co)o se 6" es/"0o )"ne8"n0o en e$ 1%esen/e /e=/o, $" &o%%osi5n 1(e0e 0e3ini%se &o)o $" 0es/%(&&i5n o e$ 0e/e%io%o 0e (n )"/e%i"$ " &onse&(en&i" 0e s( %e"&&i5n &on e$ ")2ien/e o &on &("$<(ie% o/%o )e0io <(e $o o%i9ine En e$ &"so 0e $os )e/"$es $" &o%%osi5n se 0e3ine e$é&/%i&")en/e &o)o $" 1é%0i0" 0e e$e&/%ones 0e s( #$/i)" &"1", es/o &on e$ 3in 0e 0"% 1"so "$ o%i9en 0e &o)1(es/os )s es/"2$es 7 0e )eno% ene%9;"
)2 Ti!os de corrosi/" Los 1%o&esos 0e$ 3en5)eno 0e &o%%osi5n 1(e0en se% &$"si3i&"0os se9#n e$ )e0io en e$ <(e se 0es"%%o$$"n o 0e "&(e%0o " s( )o%3o$o9;" - C"$&i3i&"&i5n se9#n e$ )e0io: Co%%osi5n <(;)i&" in&$(7e /o0os $os &"sos en <(e e$ )e/"$ %e"&&ion" &on (n )e0io no i5ni&o 1o% e8e)1$o: o=i0"&i5n en "i%e " "$/" /e)1e%"/(%", %e"&&i5n &on (n" so$(&i5n, e/&é/e%" Co%%osi5n e$e&/%o<(;)i&" 0es0e e$ 1(n/o 0e vis/" 0e $" 1"%/i&i1"&i5n 0e $os iones )e/$i&os, /o0os $os 1%o&esos 0e &o%%osi5n son e$e&/%o<(;)i&os 'in e)2"%9o es (s("$ 0esi9n"% &o)o &o%%osi5n e$e&/%o<(;)i&" " $" "1$i&"&i5n 0e (n /%"ns1o%/e si)($/"neo 0e e$e&/%i&i0"0 " /%"vés 0e (n e$e&/%o$i/o D(%"n/e e$ 1%o&eso "0e)s 0e $" /%"s3e%en&i" 0e )"s", &"%"&/e%;s/i&" 0e (n" %e"&&i5n <(;)i&", o&(%%e /%"ns3e%en&i" 0e &"%9" iones 7o e$e&/%ones Es/e /i1o 0e &o%%osi5n se 0" 1%in&i1"$)en/e en &on0i&iones "/)os3é%i&"s, en "9(" 0($&e o 0e )"%, s(e$os, so$(&iones "&(os"s 0e s"$es, &i0os o 2"ses, s"$es o )e/"$es 3(n0i0os, e/&é/e%" O&(1" e$ @ 0e $os &"sos 0e &o%%osi5n P"%" <(e 1(e0" o&(%%i% $" &o%%osi5n e$e&/%o<(;)i&" se ne&esi/" 0e &("/%o e$e)en/os 1"%" 3o%)"% $" $$")"0" 1i$" 0e &o%%osi5n o 1i$" 9"$vni&": e$ no0o, 0on0e o&(%%e $" %e"&&i5n 0e o=i0"&i5n, e$ &/o0o, 0on0e o&(%%e $" %e0(&&i5n, e$ )e0io &on0(&/o% <(e $os 1on9" &on/"&/o e$é&/%i&o, $$")"0o e$e&/%o$i/o 7 1"%" &e%%"% e$ &i%&(i/o, (n &on0(&/o% e$é&/%i&o <(e (n" "$ &/o0o 7 "$ no0o P"%" en/en0e% )e8o% $" &o%%osi5n e$e&/%o<(;)i&" se )(es/%" $" Fi9(%" -? 7 $" in/e%1%e/"&i5n 0e$ 1%o&eso 1o% )e0io 0e 0os 1$"&"s 0e )e/"$es 0i3e%en/es
'e &o$o&"n 0os )e/"$es 0i3e%en/es, 3ie%%o Fe 7 &o2%e C(, (ni0os 1o% (n "$")2%e 0e &o2%e 7 s()e%9i0os en (n %e&i1ien/e &on (n e$e&/%o$i/o, 1o% e8e)1$o (n" so$(&i5n 0e &$o%(%o 0e so0io N"C$ L" %e"&&i5n 1%esen/"0" en $" 1$"&" 0e 3ie%%o es 0e o=i0"&i5n 7 se no/" e$ "()en/o 0e s( v"$en&i" 0e Fe " Fe+, es/o "$ $i2e%"%se $os e$e&/%ones 0e$ Fe L" 1"%/e 0e $" 1$"&" 0on0e o&(%%e es/" %e"&&i5n se $$")" no0o 3i9(%" - Los iones Fe+ se 1(e0en &o)2in"% &on iones &"%9"0os ne9"/iv")en/e, OH <(e se en&(en/%"n en $"s in)e0i"&iones 0e$ no0o, 1(0ién0ose 3o%)"% en o&"siones 6i0%5=i0o 3e%%oso, Fe OH+:
E$ &("$ 1(e0e %e"&&ion"% 1os/e%io%)en/e &on "9(" 7 o=;9eno 1"%" 3o%)"% e$ 6i0%5=i0o 3é%%i&o, Fe OH, 0e &o$o% %o8i4o <(e se &ono&e &o)o 6e%%()2%e: +Fe OH+ H+O S O+ ⟶ +Fe OH Los e$e&/%ones $i2e%"0os 1o% e$ Fe no0o vi"8"n " /%"vés 0e$ &on0(&/o% )e/$i&o " $" 1$"&" 0e C( En e$ C( $$e9"n 6"s/" $" in/e%3"&e )e/"$ so$(&i5n 0on0e se &o)2in"n &on $os iones 0e 6i0%o9eno 1%o/ones 3o%)"n0o 0e es/" )"ne%" e$ 9"s 6i0%o9eno, H+ Fi9(%" -: +H +e ⟶ H+
Es/" %e"&&i5n en $" &("$ e$ ion 6i0%o9eno "&e1/" $os e$e&/%ones es (n" %e0(&&i5n 7" <(e 0is)in(7e s( v"$en&i" L" 4on" 0on0e "&(%%e es/" %e0(&&i5n se 0eno)in" &/o0o E$ 6i0%o9eno 9"seoso se 1(e0e &o)2in"% &on e$ o=;9eno 0is(e$/o en $" so$(&i5n 1"%" 3o%)"% "9(" H+O H+ S O+ ⟶ H+O No%)"$)en/e $" %e"&&i5n &"/50i&" en $os )e/"$es n"/(%"$es 1H ne(/%o es $" %e0(&&i5n 0e$ O+ 0is(e$/o A$ &o)2in"%se e$ o=;9eno 7 e$ "9(" "&e1/"n0o )s e$e&/%ones 1%ovenien/es 0e$ &/o0o, se &%e" (n e=&eso 0e iones OH: H+ +H+O e ⟶ OH De2i0o " es/e e=&eso 0e iones 6i0%5=i0o "()en/" $" "$&"$ini0"0 "07"&en/e "$ &/o0o
H+ +H+O e ⟶ OH De2i0o " es/e e=&eso 0e iones 6i0%5=i0o "()en/" $" "$&"$ini0"0 "07"&en/e "$ &/o0o
c2 Se35" su for#a( Co%%osi5n 9ene%"$: L" &o%%osi5n se 1%esen/" so2%e /o0" $" s(1e%3i&ie )e/$i&" e=1(es/" " (n ")2ien/e &o%%osivo Es/" es $" &o%%osi5n 0e "&e%os "$ &"%25n, "&e%os 1"/in"2$es, en/%e o/%os 'e 1(e0e 1%esen/"% en 0os 3o%)"s: - U"ifor#e( Es $" 3o%)" )enos 0">in" 0e $" &o%%osi5n 7 se %e3ie%e "$ "/"<(e <(e se e=/ien0e 0e )"ne%" 6o)o9éne" so2%e /o0" $" s(1e%3i&ie )e/$i&" 7 s( 1ene/%"&i5n es i9("$ en /o0os $os 1(n/os Es/o 0e2i0o " <(e $" &o%%osi5n 9ene%"$ 1%o9%es" &on (n" ve$o&i0"0 "1%o=i)"0")en/e i9("$ en &"0" 1(n/o 0e $" s(1e%3i&ie 0e$ )e/"$ Es %es($/"0o 0e (n" 1é%0i0" 9ene%"$i4"0" 0e $" 1e$;&($" 1"siv", %es($/"n/e 0e $" &"%2on"/"&i5n 0e$ &on&%e/o 7o $" 1%esen&i" 0e (n" e=&esiv" &"n/i0"0 0e iones &$o%(%o Fi9(%"--
-2 Corrosi/" "o u"ifor#e : 'e 1%esen/" &("n0o $" ve$o&i0"0 0e &o%%osi5n es 0is/in/" en $"s 0i3e%en/es %e"s 0e $" s(1e%3i&ie )e/$i&" Co)o 1o% e8e)1$o, $" &o%%osi5n 0e "&e%os "$ &"%2ono en "9(" 0e )"% ,2 Corrosi/" localiada( Es/e /i1o 0e &o%%osi5n se 0es"%%o$$" en si/ios 0is&%e/os, se es/"2$e&e en $(9"%es 0e/e%)in"0os 0e $" s(1e%3i&ie 0e$ )e/"$, "$ se% e=1(es/" en (n ")2ien/e &o%%osivo se )"ni3ies/" 0e 0i3e%en/es 3o%)"s: - M"&6"s: $" &o%%osi5n se e=/ien0e en %e"s %e$"/iv")en/e 9%"n0es, 1e%o no se 0es"%%o$$" )(&6o en $" 1%o3(n0i0"0 + U$&e%"s: $" &o%%osi5n o&(1" %e"s 1e<(e>"s, 0es"%%o$$n0ose " 1%o3(n0i0"0 P(n/os: se 1%esen/" en 3o%)" 0e 1(n/os, &on (n 0i)e/%o 0e - " +))
P$"&"s "2"%&" $os &"sos in/e%)e0ios en/%e &o%%osi5n (ni3o%)e 7 &o%%osi5n $o&"$i4"0" En es/e &"so e$ "/"<(e se e=/ien0e )s en "$9(n"s 4on"s, 1e%o se 1%esen/" en 3o%)" 9ene%"$i4"0" Fi9(%" ---
In/e%9%"n($"% &o%%osi5n $o&"$i4"0" <(e se 0es"%%o$$" en $os 2o%0es 0e $os 9%"nos 0e (n )e/"$ o en (no &e%&"no 'e 1%esen/" &o)o (n" 3%"n8" es/%e&6" 0e "/"<(e <(e se 1%o1"9" " $o $"%9o 0e $os $;)i/es 0e$ 9%"no 0e$ )e/"$ Fi9(%" -+ Es/e "/"<(e se e=/ien0e 6"s/" in(/i$i4"% e$ )"/e%i"$ "3e&/"0o
Fis(%"n/e &ono&i0" /")2ién &o)o &o%%osi5n 2"8o /ensi5n, 1(e0e 1%esen/"%se &("n0o (n )e/"$ es/ e=1(es/o /"n/o "$ )e0io ")2ien/e &o%%osivo, &o)o " /ensiones )e&ni&"s 0e /%"&&i5n, se 3o%)"n 3is(%"s <(e 1(e0en se% /%"ns9%"n($"%es o in/e%9%"n($"%es <(e se 1%o1"9"n "$ in/e%io% 0e$ )e/"$ 6"s/" <(e $"s /ensiones se %e$"8"n o e$ )e/"$ se 3%"&/(%" 3i9(%" -- L" ve$o&i0"0 0e 1%o1"9"&i5n 1(e0e $$e9"% " se% en/%e - )) o - ))6%s
Es/e /i1o 0e 0es/%(&&i5n 1(0e se%: In/e%&%is/"$in": &("n0o $" 9%ie/" 3o%)"0" se e=/ien0e 1o% $o $"%9o 0e $"s 3%on/e%"s en/%e $os 9%"nos 1o% e8e)1$o, $" &o%%osi5n &on 9%ie/"s <(e o&(%%e en $os "&e%os "$ &"%2ono en so$(&iones "$&"$in"s &"$ien/e T%"ns&%is/"$in": &("n0o $" 9%ie/" es e=/ien0e " /%"vés 0e $os 9%"nos Po% e8e)1$o, &o%%osi5n &on "9%ie/")ien/o <(e s(3%en "&e%os &on &on/eni0o 0e &%o)o 7 n;<(e$ en "9("s, <(e &on/ienen iones 0e &$o%(%o Pi&"0o "$ i9("$ <(e e$ in/e%9%"n($"% 7 e$ 3is(%"n/e, son $"s 3o%)"s )s 1e$i9%os"s en <(e 1(e0e 1%esen/"%se $" &o%%osi5n, 1(es $" &"n/i0"0 0e$ )"/e%i"$ "3e&/"0o no 9("%0" %e$"&i5n &on $" )"9ni/(0 0e $os in&onvenien/es <(e 1(e0e &"(s"% D(%"n/e e$ 1i&"0o, e$ "/"<(e se $o&"$i4" en 1(n/os "is$"0os 0e s(1e%3i&ies )e/$i&"s 1"siv"s, 7 se 1%o1"9" "$ in/e%io% 0e$ )e/"$, en o&"siones 3o%)"n0o /#ne$es )i&%os&51i&os 3i9(%" --
P"%" 1%eveni% <(e es/e /i1o 0e &o%%osi5n se 1%esen/e se 0e2e evi/"% e$ (so 0e )"/e%i"$es 1%o1ensos " e$$", /"$es &o)o $os )e/"$es 1"sivos, &o)o $os "&e%os ino=i0"2$es o e$ "$()inio en ")2ien/es )(7 es1e&;3i&os /"$es &o)o so$(&iones <(e &on/en9"n iones 0e &$o%o L" &o%%osi5n 1o% 1i&"0(%"s es $" <(e 9ene%"$)en/e se 1%esen/" en e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o 0e 1(en/es, )(e$$es 7 o/%"s es/%(&/(%"s <(e es/én 1%o1ens"s "$ "/"<(e 0e $os &$o%(%os
Co%%osi5n se$e&/iv": Co%%osi5n 0e "$e"&iones, &(7os 0i3e%en/es )e/"$es &ons/i/(7en/es %e"&&ion"n en 1%o1o%&iones 0is/in/"s <(e s(s 1%o1o%&iones en e$ )e/"$ L" 1o0e)os 0ivi0i% en &o%%osi5n se$e&/iv" es/%(&/(%"$ en $" &("$ se &o%%oe 1%e3e%en&i"$)en/e (n" 3"se 0e (n" "$e"&i5n 6e/e%o9éne", 7 &o%%osi5n se$e&/iv" 0e &o)1onen/e en $" <(e $" es/%(&/(%" s(3%e "/"<(e 0e )o0o 1%e3e%en&i"$ en (no 0e $os &o)1onen/es 0e $" "$e"&i5n
&ENÓMENO DE LA CORROSIÓN EN ESTRUCTURAS DE CONCRETO RE&OR'ADO En &on0i&iones no%)"$es e$ &on&%e/o 1%o1o%&ion" " $os )"/e%i"$es )e/$i&os e)2e2i0os en é$ (n" 1%o/e&&i5n "0e&("0" &on/%" $" &o%%osi5n, 7" <(e e$ o=;9eno 1%esen/e en e$ &on&%e/o %e"&&ion" &on e$ "&e%o 3o%)"n0o (n" 3in" &"1" 0e 5=i0o so2%e $" "%)"0(%" 1"siv"&i5n <(e $" 1%o/e9e 0e &("$<(ie% &o%%osi5n 1os/e%io% A0e)s si $" &"$i0"0, es1eso% 7 0ensi0"0 0e$ %e&(2%i)ien/o son "1%o1i"0os, se )"n/en0% e$ &"%&/e% 2si&o 0e$ &on&%e/o 7 no 6"2% &"%2on"/"&i5n o 1ene/%"&i5n 0e "9en/es "9%esivos, 1e%o si 1o% "$9(n" %"45n se %e0(&e $" "$&"$ini0"0 0e$ &on&%e/o " "1%o=i)"0")en/e (n 1H 0e -, es 1%o2"2$e <(e se 1%esen/e &o%%osi5n en e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o En $"s es/%(&/(%"s 0e &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o se 1(e0en 1%esen/"% 0is/in/os /i1os 0e &o%%osi5n, 0e1en0ien0o 0e $"s &on0i&iones en $"s <(e se en&(en/%e e$ &on&%e/o 7 0e $" &"$i0"0 0e $os )"/e%i"$es, /"n/o "&e%o &o)o &on&%e/o, $" Fi9(%" - nos 1%o1o%&ion" (n" )e8o% i0e" 0e $os /i1os 0e &o%%osi5n <(e 1(e0en es/"% 1%esen/es en (n" es/%(&/(%" 0e &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o
Fi9(%" -: Ti1os )s &o)(nes 0e &o%%osi5n en es/%(&/(%"s 0e &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o
Co)o 7" se )en&ion5 "n/es $"s %e"&&iones 0e &o%%osi5n 1%o0(&en &o)o %es($/"0o &ie%/os 5=i0os o 6i0%5=i0os, $os &("$es 1(e0en se% 0e 0os /i1os so$(2$es e inso$(2$es Los 1%o0(&/os inso$(2$es 9ene%"$)en/e son 1e$;&($"s )(7 0e$9"0"s 0e 5=i0o, invisi2$es "$ o8o, &o)o es e$ &"so 0e$ 5=i0o 0e &%o)o, C%+O, <(e se 3o%)" en $os "&e%os ino=i0"2$es o 0e$ "$()inio, e$ &("$ e=1(es/o "$ "i%e 3o%)" (n" &"1" 0e 5=i0o invisi2$e $" &("$ 1%o/e9e " es/e &on/%" $" &o%%osi5n "/)os3é%i&" Es/e 3en5)eno 0e 1%o/e&&i5n es $o <(e se &ono&e &o)o 1"siv"&i5n L" 1"siv"&i5n 0e (n )e/"$ se 1(e0e 0e3ini% &o)o $" 1e%0i0" 0e %e"&/ivi0"0 <(;)i&" 2"8o &ie%/"s &on0i&iones ")2ien/"$esQ E$ 3en5)eno 0e 1"siv"&i5n se 0e2e " $" 3o%)"&i5n 0e (n" &"1" s(1e%3i&i"$ )(7 0e$9"0" 0e "1%o=i)"0")en/e - - &en/;)e/%os o )enos, <(e "&/#" &o)o (n" 2"%%e%" 1"%" $" &o%%osi5n A#n e=is/en 0is&%e1"n&i"s "&e%&" 0e $"s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s 0e 0i&6" &"1" 1%o/e&/o%", "$9(nos inves/i9"0o%es 0i&en <(e es (n" &"1" )(7 0e$9"0" 0e 5=i0o <(e 1%o1o%&ion" (n 2$in0"8e "$ )e/"$ 0e$ e$e&/%o$i/o, )ien/%"s <(e o/%os &%een <(e es (n" &"1" )ono)o$e&($"% 0e (n" s(2s/"n&i" /"$ &o)o e$ o=;9eno o &ie%/"s es1e&ies i5ni&"s &on/eni0"s en $" so$(&i5n L" &"(s" 1%in&i1"$ 0e es/" &on3(si5n es $o 0e$9"0o 7 3%9i$ 0e 0i&6" &"1", $o &("$ i)1i0e s( es/(0io 0e/"$$"0o E$ 1%o&eso &o%%osivo ini&i" en $" "%)"0(%" 0e "&e%o "$ 3o%)"%se (n" &e$0" e$e&/%o<(;)i&", <(e &o)o 7" se )en&ion5 &ons/" 0e e$e)en/os e$ no0o en e$ <(e o&(%%e $" o=i0"&i5n, e$ &/o0o en e$ <(e o&(%%e $" %e0(&&i5n, (n &on0(&/o% )e/$i&o 7 (n e$e&/%o$i/o Fi9(%" +
Fi9(%" +: E$e)en/os <(e &ons/i/(7en $" &e$0" 0e &o%%osi5n E$ "&e%o se &o%%oe 0e2i0o " $" %e"&&i5n "n50i&" <(e 1e%)i/e <(e es/e se 0is(e$v" &o)o ion 3e%%oso, 1"%" $o &("$ /")2ién se 9ene%" (n" %e0(&&i5n 0e$ o=i9eno %e"&&i5n &"/50i&", /o0o es/o en 1%esen&i" 0e$ "9(" +Fe ⟶ +Fe+ e
%e"&&i5n "n50i&"
O+ +H+O e ⟶ OH %e"&&i5n &"/50i&" A$ 1%o0(&i%se $" o=i0"&i5n e$e&/%o<(;)i&" se 3o%)" 5=i0o 0e 6ie%%o, e$ &("$ se e=1"n0e 7 1(e0e o&(1"% 0e 0os " sie/e ve&es e$ vo$()en 0e$ "&e%o o%i9in"$ Los e3e&/os 0e $" &o%%osi5n se )"ni3ies/"n 0e /%es 0i3e%en/es 3o%)"s <(e 1(e0en o no se% si)($/ne"s • • •
Fis(%"&i5n in/e%n" 0e$ &on&%e/o Dis)in(&i5n 0e $" &"1"&i0"0 )e&ni&" 0e$ &on&%e/o B"8" "06e%en&i" en/%e e$ &on&%e/o 7 e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o
•
L" n"/(%"$e4" e=1"nsiv" 0e $os 1%o0(&/os 0e%iv"0os 0e $" &o%%osi5n 0e $"s "%)"0(%"s in0(&en es3(e%4os %"0i"$es in/e%nos 0e /ensi5n <(e 0e3o%)"n e$ &on&%e/o &i%&(n0"n/e &"(s"n0o 3is(%"s A0e)s en e$ "&e%o se 1%esen/" (n" %e0(&&i5n 0e s( se&&i5n, $$e9"n0o in&$(sive " &onve%/i%se &o)1$e/")en/e en o=i0o E$ 3en5)eno 0e &o%%osi5n en $" 1%&/i&" s5$o se 1%o0(&e en e$ %"n9o 0e 6()e0"0es %e$"/iv"s en/%e e$ . @ 7 v"$o%es 1%5=i)os " $" s"/(%"&i5n, &on0i&i5n e=/%e)" en <(e no se 1%o0(&e &o%%osi5n Es i)1o%/"n/e se>"$"% <(e sin $" 1%esen&i" 0e$ o=;9eno 7 $" 6()e0"0 no es /e%)o0in)i&")en/e 1osi2$e e$ 1%o&eso 0e &o%%osi5n, <(e se ini&i" 7 )"n/iene 9ene%"$)en/e &("n0o se %e0(&e $" "$&"$ini0"0 7 1o% $" "&&i5n e$e&/%o<(;)i&" T"n/o $" 6()e0"0 &o)o $" &"n/i0"0 0e o=i9eno son 0e/e%)in"n/es %es1e&/o " $" ve$o&i0"0 0e$ 1%o&eso &o%%osivo En e$ si9(ien/e 0i"9%")" se )(es/%"n "$9(n"s 0e $"s &on0i&iones 1"%" <(e se 1%esen/e o no $" &o%%osi5n 0e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o en e$ &on&%e/o P"%" <(e e=is/" &o%%osi5n: ⤥
⤥
PH O=i9eno A9(" C$o%(%os
PH O=i9eno A9("
P"%" <(e no 6"7" &o%%osi5n ⤥
⤥
M"n/ene% 3(e%" 0e$ &on&%e/o "$9(nos 0e $os si9(ien/es 3"&/o%es: O=i9eno A9(" C$o%(%os In6i2i0o%
A1$i&"% "$ &on&%e/o "$9(n"s 0e $"s si9(ien/es o1&iones: Iones Hi0%o=i$os Po/en&i"$ ne9"/ivo so2%e e$ "&e%o Iones 3e%%osos
'e%n 3"&/o%es <(e "3e&/"n o 0esen&"0en"n $" &o%%osi5n /o0os "<(e$$os <(e 0en $(9"% " (n" ne(/%"$i4"&i5n 0e$ )e0io "$&"$ino 0e$ &on&%e/o o $os <(e e=1on9"n "$ "&e%o " $" "9%esi5n 0i%e&/" 0e$ )e0io ")2ien/e, &o)o 1o% e8e)1$o, 3is(%"s o 9%ie/"s P"%" evi/"% e$ 3en5)eno 0e $" &o%%osi5n $o )s %e&o)en0"2$e es: (/i$i4"% 2"8"s %e$"&iones "9("&e)en/o, &o)1"&/"% e3i&ien/e)en/e e$ &on&%e/o en $" o2%",
"1$i&"% (n &(%"0o s(3i&ien/e, 9"%"n/i4"% %e&(2%i)ien/os "0e&("0os " $"s "%)"0(%"s, &on/"% &on (n &on&%e/o 6o)o9éneo 7 (n" 2(en" 0osi3i&"&i5n Tenien0o en &(en/" <(e e$ &on&%e/o, &o)o 7" se 0i8o "n/es "&/#" &o)o (n" 2"%%e%" 3;si&" <(e se o1one " $" 1ene/%"&i5n 0e "9en/es "9%esivos e=/e%nos 7 "0e)s &%e" (n" &"1" 1"siv"n/e so2%e e$ "&e%o, %es($/" )(7 i)1o%/"n/e 0osi3i&"%$o "0e&("0")en/e 1"%" <(e /en9" (n" 2(en" &o)1"&i0"0 7 &on e$$o %e0(4&" "$ )=i)o s( 1o%osi0"0 A$9(nos 3"&/o%es i)1o%/"n/es %e$"&ion"0os &on $" &"n/i0"0 7 /i1os 0e 1o%os &on&%e/o son $" %e$"&i5n "9("&e)en/o, e$ 9%"0o 0e 6i0%"/"&i5n 7 $" &"n/i0"0 0e )"/e%i"$ &e)en/"n/e En e$ 0ise>o 0e $" )e4&$" 0e &on&%e/o se 0e2e 9"%"n/i4"% s( )=i)" &o)1"&i0"0 7 0(%"2i$i0"0, 1"%" $o &("$ se 0e2e &onsi0e%"% $o si9(ien/e: •
•
•
•
•
L" 3o%)" 0e 1%o1o%&ion"% $os %i0os 0e $" )e4&$" 0e2e 9"%"n/i4"% e$ )eno% vo$()en 0e v"&;o <(e se% o&(1"0o 1o% $" 1"s/" 0e &e)en/o en0(%e&i0" L" in3$(en&i" <(e e8e%&e $" &"n/i0"0 0e "9(" 0e $" )e4&$" en $" &onsis/en&i" 0e$ &on&%e/o en es/"0o 3%es&o L" in3$(en&i" 0e $" %e$"&i5n "9(" &e)en/o, <(e 1(e0e se% )e8o%"0" &on e$ (so 0e "0i/ivos <(;)i&os E$ 9%"0o 0e 6i0%"/"&i5n 0e$ &e)en/o en $" &"n/i0"0 0e 1o%os 0e$ &on&%e/o en0(%e&i0o L" in3$(en&i" 0e $" &"%"&/e%i4"&i5n 0e $os "9%e9"0os ine%/es <(e se e)1$een en $" &"$i0"0 3in"$ 0e$ &on&%e/o
L" &o)1"&i0"0 0e$ &on&%e/o es $" 1%o1ie0"0 )s i)1o%/"n/e 0e$ )is)o &on %es1e&/o " s( %esis/en&i" " $" 1ene/%"&i5n 0e $os "9en/es &o%%osivos, es inve%s")en/e 1%o1o%&ion"$ " $" 1o%osi0"0 7 )ien/%"s )s "$/" se" e$ "&e%o es/"% )e8o% 1%o/e9i0o &on/%" $" &o%%osi5n L" &o)1"&i0"0 0e$ &on&%e/o se e=1%es" en &"n/i0"0 0e )"/e%i" so$i0"(ni0"0 &(2i&", o &o)o $" %e$"&i5n en/%e e$ vo$()en s5$i0o 7 e$ vo$()en "1"%en/e /o/"$ $" &("$ se )i0e &o)o $" %e$"&i5n en/%e $" s()" 0e $os vo$#)enes "2so$(/os 0e )"/e%i"s so$i0"s 9%"v", "%en" 7 1"s/" 0e &e)en/o en0(%e&i0" &on/eni0" en (n )e/%o &(2i&o 0e &on&%e/o, %e3e%i0o "$ vo$()en "1"%en/e 0e$ )is)o L" &o)1"&i0"0 1(e0e ve%se "3e&/"0" 1o% (n )"$ )e4&$"0o o /%"ns1o%/e, 1o% $" 1%esen&i" 0e$ se9%e9"0o &o)o 1%o0(&/o 0e (n" &o$o&"&i5n o &o)1"&/"&i5n in"0e&("0"s En &("n/o "$ es1eso% 0e$ %e&(2%i)ien/o e=is/en no%)"s in/e%n"&ion"$es <(e es1e&i3i&"n $os es1eso%es "0e&("0os 0e "&(e%0o " $" "9%esivi0"0 0e$ )e0io ")2ien/e, sin e)2"%9o, es/%(&/(%"$)en/e es %e&o)en0"2$e <(e es/e es1eso% se" e$ );ni)o in0is1ens"2$e 7 1o% e$$o $"s no%)"s %e&o)ien0"n <(e en ")2ien/es "9%esivos se (/i$i&e (n" )e4&$" &on (n" 2"8" %e$"&i5n "9("&e)en/o 7 (n" 9%"n &"n/i0"0 0e &e)en/o E$ "9(" es ne&es"%i" 1"%" $" )ovi$i0"0 0e $os iones " /%"vés 0e$ e$e&/%o$i/o 7 $" e=is/en&i" 0e $" );ni)" &"n/i0"0 0e 6()e0"0 en $os 1o%os 0e$ &on&%e/o 1e%)i/i% e$ 0es"%%o$$o 0e $" &o%%osi5n 7 &("n/o )"7o% se" e$ &on/eni0o 0e 6()e0"0 )eno%
se% e$ v"$o% 0e $" %esis/ivi0"0 e$é&/%i&" 7 $" ve$o&i0"0 0e$ 1%o&eso &o%%osivo se in&%e)en/"%" En e$ &on&%e/o se&o $" %esis/ivi0"0 e$é&/%i&" es /"n e$ev"0" <(e i)1i0e <(e $" &o%%osi5n se 1%o0(4&" "(n sin $" &"1" 1"siv"n/e en e$ "&e%o L" 6()e0"0 <(e %e"$)en/e es/ en $os 1o%os 0e$ &on&%e/o es $" <(e se &ono&e &o)o 6()e0"0 %e$"/iv", en si/("&iones 0e no in)e%si5n o s"/(%"&i5n A(n<(e e$ ")2ien/e e=/e%io% 0e$ &on&%e/o es/e se&o e$ in/e%io% no $o es/"%, " )enos <(e e$ ")2ien/e $o es/é 0(%"n/e )(&6o /ie)1o En $" )"7o%;" 0e &on&%e/os, " 1"%/i% 0e &) 0e$ )e0io e=/e%io%, $os 1o%os sie)1%e es/n s"/(%"0os o &"si s"/(%"0os 0e 6()e0"0, en &on&%e/os )s 0ensos $" s"/(%"&i5n &o)ien4" en $os -+ &) )s e=/e%nos Co)o se 6" es/"0o vien0o e$ &on&%e/o "0e)s 0e 1%o1o%&ion"% "$ "&e%o (n" 1%o/e&&i5n 1o% in"&/ivi0"0 <(;)i&" /")2ién $o 1%o/e9e 3;si&")en/e &on/%" $os "9en/es e=/e%nos &"(s"n/es 0e $" &o%%osi5n $i)i/"n0o e$ "&&eso 0e$ "9(", e$ o=;9eno, &$o%(%os 7 o/%"s s(2s/"n&i"s "9%esiv"s <(e 1(e0en /o)"% 1"%/e en e$ 1%o&eso 0e &o%%osi5n 'in e)2"%9o 0e2i0o " s( %e0 0e 1o%os 7 3&i$ /en0en&i" " $" 3o%)"&i5n 0e 9%ie/"s, e$ &on&%e/o no &ons/i/(7e (n" 2"%%e%" 1e%3e&/" E$ &on&%e/o es (n )"/e%i"$ 1o%oso, 1o% $o <(e se 1(e0e 6"2$"% 0e $" e=is/en&i" 0e 0os 3"ses: (n" 3"se so$i0" 0e )ine%"$es 6i0%"/"0os 7 (n" 3"se $i<(i0" &on/eni0" en e$ in/e%io% 0e $os 1o%os so$(&i5n 0e 1o%o L" e=is/en&i" 0e no0os 7 &/o0os en e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o es/ 9"%"n/i4"0" en e$ sis/e)" "&e%o&on&%e/o 0e2i0o " $"s 6e/e%o9enei0"0es 0e$ sis/e)": En $" es&"$" )"&%os&51i&", <(e %es($/" 0e $" es/%(&/(%" 1o%os" 0e$ &on&%e/o 7 e$ e)1$eo 0e "9%e9"0os, "s; &o)o e$ 1%o&eso 0e 3"2%i&"&i5n 7 $"s &on0i&iones 0e &(%"0o, <(e 0"n o%i9en " %e9iones &on 0i3e%en/es &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s /"n/o 3;si&"s &o)o <(;)i&"s, 7 en $" es&"$" )i&%os&51i&", $"s 6e/e%o9enei0"0es 1(e0en es/"% 0"0"s 1o% 9%"0ien/es 0e /e)1e%"/(%", "&&eso no (ni3o%)e 0e "9(" 7 s"$es, 7 " 0e3e&/os 0(%"n/e $" 1(es/" en o2%" 0e$ &on&%e/o Po% $o <(e %es1e&/" " $"s &"%"&/e%;s/i&"s 0e $" so$(&i5n 0e 1o%o <(e &on/%o$"n $" &o%%osi5n 0e$ %e3(e%4o se /iene: Composición y cantidad de la solución contenida en los poros del concreto
L" &o)1osi&i5n 0e $" so$(&i5n 0e 1o%o es (n 3"&/o% 0e&isivo 1"%" 0e/e%)in"% si $" 2"%%" es/" &o%%o;0" o no V"%i"s inves/i9"&iones 6"n 0e)os/%"0o <(e &("n0o $" so$(&i5n 0e$ 1o%o &on/iene &"n/i0"0es e$ev"0"s 0e $&"$is, &o)o $"s s"$es 0e so0io 7 1o/"sio, e$ 1H 0e es/"s se )"n/iene e$ev"0o, /enien0o 0e es/" )"ne%" (n ")2ien/e )(7 "$&"$ino "$%e0e0o% 0e$ %e3(e%4o, <(e &on/%"%%es/" $" "&&i5n 0e $os &$o%(%os De "&(e%0o &on $" &"n/i0"0 0e so$(&i5n <(e &on/en9"n $os 1o%os en e$ &on&%e/o, se 1(e0e 0e/e%)in"% e$ 9%"0o 0e s"/(%"&i5n, e$ &("$ in&i0e 3(e%/e)en/e en $"
&iné/i&" 0e $" &o%%osi5n 7 0e/e%)in" e$ es/"0o 0e &o%%osi5n en $" in/e%3"&e "&e%o&on&%e/o Estructura y distribución de la red de poros de concreto:
E$ /")">o, $" 0is/%i2(&i5n 7 $" in/e%&one=i5n 0e $os 1o%os, 0e/e%)in" $" 0is1oni2i$i0"0 0e o=;9eno 7 6()e0"0 ne&es"%ios 1"%" $" 1e%)"nen&i" 0e $" &"1" 1"siv"n/e, "s; &o)o $" /"s" 0e in9%eso 0e iones "9%esivos 7 o/%os "9en/es ini&i"0o%es 0e $" &o%%osi5n Presencia de hidróxido de calcio [Ca (OH)2] precipitado:
Es/e &o)1(es/o /iene (n" so$(2i$i0"0 $i)i/"0" en so$(&iones "&(os"s 7 e$ vo$()en 0e$ 1%o0(&/o 0e $" %e"&&i5n 0e 6i0%"/"&i5n 1e%)"ne&e &o)o (n" s(2s/"n&i" so$i0" e)2e2i0" en $" 1"s/" 0e &e)en/o Con/%i2(7e )(7 1o&o " $" %esis/en&i" )e&ni&" 0e$ &on&%e/o, sin e)2"%9o, )"n/iene $" so$(&i5n 0e 1o%o " (n v"$o% "$/o 0e 1H D(%"n/e e$ 0es"%%o$$o 0e$ 1%o&eso 0e &o%%osi5n 0e$ "&e%o e)2e2i0o en &on&%e/o, o&(%%en $"s si9(ien/es %e"&&iones e$e&/%o<(;)i&"s 1"%&i"$es: En $"s 4on"s "n50i&"s 3o%)"0"s en $" s(1e%3i&ie 0e$ %e3(e%4o 0e "&e%o o&(%%e $" si9(ien/e %e"&&i5n 0e o=i0"&i5n Fe ⟶ Fe+ +e Di&6" %e"&&i5n $i2e%" e$e&/%ones <(e 3$(7en " /%"vés 0e $" )is)" 2"%%" )e/$i&" 6"&i" $"s 4on"s &"/50i&"s, 0on0e se &ons()e en (n" %e"&&i5n 0e %e0(&&i5n, $" &("$ 0e1en0ien0o 0e $" 0is1oni2i$i0"0 0e o=;9eno 7 0e$ 1H 0e $" so$(&i5n "&(os" 0e $os 1o%os 1(e0e se%: +H+O O+ e ⟶ OH 5 +H +e ⟶ H+ E$ &i%&(i/o e$e&/%o<(;)i&o se &ie%%" " /%"vés 0e$ /%"ns1o%/e 0e es1e&ies &"%9"0"s iones 6i0%o=i$o 7 3e%%osos 1%esen/es en $" so$(&i5n "&(os" 0e $os 1o%os 0e$ &on&%e/o En $" Fi9(%" se )(es/%" e$ es<(e)" 0e$ 1%o&eso 0e &o%%osi5n en e$ &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o en "(sen&i" 0e &$o%(%os
Fi9(%" : Fo%)"&i5n 0e 1i$" 0e &o%%osi5n en e$ &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o En e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o e)2e2i0o en &on&%e/o se 1(e0en 0is/in9(i% $" 3o%)"&i5n 0e 0os /i1os 0e 1i$"s 0e &o%%osi5n: $"s )i&%o&e$0"s 3i9(%" , en 0on0e $os si/ios 0e "&/ivi0"0 "n50i&" 7 &"/50i&" es/n (ni3o%)e)en/e 0is/%i2(i0os so2%e e$ )e/"$, 7 $"s )"&%o&e$0"s 3i9(%" , en 0on0e $os si/ios 0e "&/ivi0"0 "n50i&" 7 &"/50i&" es/n $o&"$i4"0os 7 se1"%"0os en/%e s;
Fi9(%" : Mi&%o&e$0" 0e &o%%osi5n D(%"n/e $" &o%%osi5n $" %"1i0e4 0e $" /%"ns3e%en&i" 0e iones 0e1en0e% 0e $" /e)1e%"/(%", e$ &on/eni0o 0e 6()e0"0 0e $os 1o%os, $" &on&en/%"&i5n 0e iones en $" so$(&i5n 7 0e $" 1e%)e"2i$i0"0 0e$ &on&%e/o P"%" <(e se 0é e$ 1%o&eso 0e &o%%osi5n es ne&es"%i" $" 1%esen&i" 0e$ o=;9eno en &on/"&/o &on $" "%)"0(%", en &(7o &"so /")2ién es )(7 i)1o%/"n/e e$ %e&(2%i)ien/o 7 $" %e0 0e 1o%os 3o%)"0", 6o7 en 0;" se (/i$i4"n )e0i&iones 0e 1o%osi0"0 o ;n0i&e 0e 6(e&os "&&esi2$es 1"%" in/en/"% 0e/e%)in"% $" &"$i0"0 0e$ &on&%e/o en 2"se " s( 1e%)e"2i$i0"0 Po% $o <(e %es1e&/" " $" /e)1e%"/(%", "0e)s 0e s( in3$(en&i" en $" %"1i0e4 0e /%"ns3e%en&i" 0e iones es i)1o%/"n/e )en&ion"% s( %e$"&i5n &on $" &on0ens"&i5n en $" es/%(&/(%" 0e &on&%e/o 0e2i0" " $" 0is)in(&i5n 0e $" /e)1e%"/(%" $o &("$ 1(0e 0"% 1"so " in&%e)en/os $o&"$es i)1o%/"n/es 0e$ &on/eni0o 0e 6()e0"0 0e$ )"/e%i"$ L" &o%%osi5n en e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o 1(e0e 0e2e%se &o)o 7" se vio "n/es " $" 1%esen&i" 0e s($3(%os, s($3"/os 7 &$o%(%os, 0e $os &("$es son $os &$o%(%os $os )s &o)(nes 7 "9%esivos, es/os 1(e0en 0esen&"0en"% $" &o%%osi5n $o&"$i4"0" en e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o 0e$ &on&%e/o
Fi9(%" : M"&%o&e$0"s 0e &o%%osi5n E$ in9%eso 0e $os &$o%(%os 1(e0e 0e2e%se " s( 1"so " /%"vés 0e $os 1o%os 0e$ &on&%e/o, " e$ (so 0e "0i/ivos 0(%"n/e $" 3"2%i&"&i5n 0e$ &on&%e/o o 1o% e$ (so 0e )"/e%i"$es &on/")in"0os A$9(nos "0i/ivos <(e 1(e0en &on/ene% &$o%(%os son $os "&e$e%"n/es 0e 3%"9("0o 7 $os %e0(&/o%es 0e "9(" En "$9(nos 1";ses 0e &$i)" 3%io e$ (so 0e s"$es N"C$ &o)o "n/i&on9e$"n/e en 1(en/es 7 &"%%e/e%"s o&"sion" (n 9%"n 0es9"s/e 1o% $" &o%%osi5n 0e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o Co)o 7" se )en&ion5 $os &$o%(%os 1(e0en in9%es"% " /%"vés 0e $" %e0 0e 1o%os 0e$ &on&%e/o, $o &("$ 1(e0e 0e2e%se "$ 3en5)eno 0e s(&&i5n &"1i$"% 0e$ "9(" s"$"0" en e$ &on&%e/o )s o )enos se&o 'in e)2"%9o en es/%(&/(%"s s()e%9i0"s, $os &$o%(%os 1(e0en 1ene/%"% 1%in&i1"$)en/e 1o% 0i3(si5n, 0e2i0" "$ 9%"0ien/e 0e &on&en/%"&iones 0e $" so$(&i5n 0e 1o%o Un" ve4 <(e $os &$o%(%os 6"n $$e9"0o " $" 2"%%" 0e %e3(e%4o en &"n/i0"0es s(3i&ien/es, 1(e0en 0es/%(i% $" 1"sivi0"0 n"/(%"$ 0e$ "&e%o o&"sion"n0o s( &o%%osi5n E=is/en v"%i"s /eo%;"s "(n en es/(0io "&e%&" 0e$ )e&"nis)o 1o% e$ <(e es/os iones 0es/%(7en $" &"1" 1"siv", (n" 0e e$$"s es $" 0e 3o%)"&i5n 0e$ &o)1(es/o en $" <(e $os &$o%(%os $i2%es 3o%)"n (n &o)1(es/o so$(2$e &on $os iones 0e 3ie%%o +Fe C$ ⟶ +FeC$ e Es/os se 0i3(n0en 6"&i" o/%" 4on" "$e8"0" 0e$ no0o, 0on0e e$ 1H 7 $" &on&en/%"&i5n 0e o=;9eno 0is(e$/o son "$/os En &onse&(en&i", e$ &o)1(es/o se 0iso&i" 1%e&i1i/"n0o e$ 6i0%5=i0o 0e 3ie%%o $i2e%"n0o $os iones 0e &$o%o: FeC$ +OH ⟶ Fe OH+ C$ E$ 1%o&eso &on/in#" 1o% s; )is)o e)i9%"n0o $os iones 0e 3ie%%o 0es0e e$ "&e%o 7 %e"&&ion"n0o &on e$ o=;9eno 1"%" 3o%)"% 5=i0os o 6i0%5=i0os, es/o 0e2i0o " <(e $os &$o%(%os no se "9o/"n 7 $" &on&en/%"&i5n 0e 3ie%%o en e$ "&e%o es "$/" Es "
&"(s" 0e es/e 1"/%5n <(e en ve4 0e <(e $" &o%%osi5n se 1%o1"9(e " $o $"%9o 0e$ "&e%o 0e %e3(e%4o, &on/in(" en $"s 4on"s "n50i&"s, 0es"%%o$$n0ose 1i&"0(%"s )(7 1%o3(n0"s en e$ "&e%o En $" Fi9(%" ., se )(es/%" (n es<(e)" 0e &5)o se %o)1e $" &"1" 1"siv"n/e 0e$ "&e%o 0e2i0o "$ "/"<(e 0e $os iones &$o%(%o 7 0e &5)o se &o)ien4" " &o%%oe%
Fi9(%" .: Me&"nis)o 0e &o%%osi5n 1o% 1i&"0(%"s P"%" <(e $os &$o%(%os %o)1"n $" &"1" 1"siv"n/e 0e$ "&e%o 7 &o)ien&e e$ 1%o&eso 0e &o%%osi5n es ne&es"%io <(e se en&(en/%en en (n" &on&en/%"&i5n $$")"0" nive$ in0i&"0o% 0e $" &o%%osi5n Es/e v"$o% 0e1en0e 0e v"%ios 3"&/o%es en/%e $os <(e se en&(en/%"n: • •
• • • •
E$ 1%o1o%&ion")ien/o 0e$ &on&%e/o E$ /i1o 0e &e)en/o 3in(%", &on/eni0o 0e 7eso, &on/eni0o 0e "$()in"/o /%i&"$&i&o, e/& L" %e$"&i5n "9("&e)en/o "& E$ &on/eni0o 0e s($3"/os L"s &on0i&iones 0e &(%"0o, e0"0, e 6is/o%i" ")2ien/"$ 0e$ &on&%e/o R(9osi0"0 7 $i)1ie4" 0e $" 2"%%" 0e "&e%o, e/&
De2i0o "$ n#)e%o 0e v"%i"n/es no es 1osi2$e es/"2$e&e% (n v"$o% 3i8o 9ene%"$ 1"%" /o0os $os /i1os 0e &on&%e/o A(n "s; se 6"n 0es"%%o$$"0o v"%i"s inves/i9"&iones 1"%" &ono&e% e$ nive$ 0e &$o%(%os in0i&"0o%es 0e $" &o%%osi5n, en $" si9(ien/e /"2$" - se )(es/%"n $os %es($/"0os 0e "$9(nos inves/i9"0o%es 7 $os nive$es $;)i/e, es/"2$e&i0os 1o% "$9(nos %e9$")en/os T"2$" -: Nive$ 0e &$o%(%os in0i&"0o%es 0e $" &o%%osi5n en e$ &on&%e/o %e3o%4"0o
V"%ios inves/i9"0o%es o1in"n <(e e$ nive$ $;)i/e 0e &$o%(%os /")2ién es/ en 3(n&i5n 0e $" &"n/i0"0 0e 6i0%o=i$os <(e se en&(en/%"n en $" so$(&i5n 0e 1o%o 7 <(e e$ &o&ien/e C$OH es e$ 3"&/o% )s i)1o%/"n/e 1"%" 0e/e%)in"% si $" 2"%%" es/ "#n 1"siv"0" En &("n/o "$ ion s($3"/o, es/e se 1(e0e en&on/%"% en "9("s %esi0("$es in0(s/%i"$es en 3o%)" 0e 0iso$(&i5n 0e &i0o s($3#%i&o E$ &on/eni0o 0e s($3"/o es e=1%es"0o en )9L 0e $" &on&en/%"&i5n 0e "ni5n 'O+ Los s($3"/os 1e%8(0i&i"$es 1"%" e$ &on&%e/o se en&(en/%"n 1o% $o 9ene%"$ en s(e$os "%&i$$osos o en s(s &"1"s 3%e/i&"s 1o% $o %e9($"% en 3o%)" 0e s"$es Los s($3"/os )s 1e$i9%osos 1"%" e$ &e)en/o 1o%/$"n0 son $os ")5ni&os, &$&i&o, )"9nési&os 7 s50i&os $os s($3"/os 1o/si&o, %i&o 7 "$();ni&o &ons/i/(7en (n %ies9o )eno%, 7 $os s($3"/os 2%i&os 7 e$ 0e 1$o)o son inso$(2$es, 1o% $o <(e son ino3ensivos 1"%" e$ &on&%e/o Uno 0e $os 1%o2$e)"s &"(s"0os 1o% $os s($3"/os es $" 3o%)"&i5n 0e 7eso 0e2i0" " $" %e"&&i5n en/%e e$ C" OH+ $i2e%"0o 1o% e$ &e)en/o 7 e$ "9(", e$ 1%o0(&/o 0e $" %e"&&i5n se 0e1osi/" en $os 1o%os 0e$ &on&%e/o en 0on0e se &%is/"$i4" &on "2so%&i5n 0e 0os )o$é&($"s 0e "9(" E$ 1%o&eso 0e %e"&&i5n 7 &%is/"$i4"&i5n es/