1. Pengenalan Tugasan ini adalah bertujuan untuk menguji kefahaman pelajar mengenai kesan pembangunan teknoogi terkini bagi storan awan di dalam kehidupan seharian. Apabila pelajar membuat kajian tentang topik tugasan, tahap pengetahuan pelajar tenang apa itu storan awan secara tidak langsung akan bertambah, dan mungkin akan menggunakan kemudahan ini dalam tugasan harian mereka. Jadi apa itu storan awan? Storan awan adalah sebuah model penyimpanan data. Data yang disimpang adalah dalam bentuk data yang mana disimpan di dalam logical pools. Storan fizikal memperluaskan beberapa server dan juga lokasi. Kebiasaannya, storan fizikal ini dimiliki and diatur oleh sebuah syarikat induk. Syarikat-syarikat yang menyediakan perkhidmatan storan awan bertanggungjawab untuk menjaga data yang tersimpan dan membolehkan data tersebut boleh di akses, dan fizikal storan ini adalah dilindungi dan akan sentiasa berjalan. Pengguna individu dan organisasi selalunya membeli atau menyewa kapasiti storan daripada penyedia untuk menyimpan data pengguna, organisasi, atau aplikasi data. Storan awan boleh di akses melalui komputer yang berhubung dengan komputer servis, sebuah aplikasi servis sesawang atau dikenali sebagai API, atau melalui aplikasi yang membolehkan API berfungsi seperti komputer storan awan or sebuah sistem pengurusan yang berasaskan web. Perkomputeran awan dipercayai telah dicipta oleh Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider pada tahun 1960-an. Ini merupakan hasil kerja beliau di ARPANET untuk membolehkan manusia dan data dari mana sahaja tanpa mengira waktu. Pada tahun 1983, CompuServe menawarkan penggunanya 128 kilobytes sebagai ruang storan yang boleh digunakan untuk menyimpan apa sahaja data yang mereka pilih untuk dimuatnaik. Storan awan biasanya merujuk kepada sebuah servis storan objek. Namun istilah ini telah diluaskan dan telah memasukkan penyimpanan data kini boleh digunakan sebagai sebuah perkhidmatan. Storan awan adalah tercipta daripada pelbagai sumber yang disumbangkan, tetapi masih berfungis sebagai satu unit. Storan awan juga adalah sangat sensitif terhadap kesilapan oleh pengguna dan penyebaran data. Data yang disimpan juga tidak akan lupus walaupun sudah terlalu banyak salinan yang dibuat oleh pengguna.
2. Perbandingan Storan Awan. Terdapat banyak perkhidmatan storan awan yang boleh digunakan pada masa kini. Antaranya ialah OneDrive, Dropbox, GoogleDrive, Box, dan banyak lagi. Yang manakah pekhidmatan storan awan pilihan anda? Menyimpan file di dalam storan awan mempunyai banyak kelebihan. Kita boleh melihat file yang telah kita simpan melalui telefon, tablet atau komputer yang mempunyai hubungan internet. Storan awan menyediakan data atau fail simpanan supaya data-data tidak akan hilang walaupun telefon kita hilang atau komputer kita rosak. Kita tidak perlu pintar untuk menggunakan storan awan, tetapi untuk memlih yang sesuai adalah sangat memeningkan kepala. Saya memlih dua perkhidmatan awan yang akan saya gunakan sebagai perbandingan iaitu DropBox dan Google Drive. Saya memilih kedua-dua perkhidmatan storan awan ini adalah kerana inilah perkhidmatan storan awan yang sering saya lihat dan sering saya dengar. Dari segi jumlah had saiz data, DropBox menetapkan had saiz fail sebanyak 10 gigabytes menerusi laman sesawang dan tidak ada had bagi penggunaan melalui aplikasi telefon pintar. Manakala Google Drive pula menetapkan had saiz fail pada 5 terabytes, 500 kali ganda lebih besar daripada had yang ditetapkan oleh DropBox. Bagi storan secara percuma, DropBox menyediakan storan sebanyak 2 gigabytes, manakala Google Drive menyediakan storan sebanyak 15 gigabytes, 7 kali lebih besar dari storan DropBox. Namun begitu, Dropbox menyediakan perkhidmatan percuma ini tanpa sebarang bayaran berbanding Google Drive. Ini bermakna storan percuma ini hanya boleh didapati secara percuma melalui DropBox. Bagi perkhidmatan berbayar pula, pengguna boleh melanggan perkhidmatan storan awan DropBox pada kadar USD10/bulan dengan jumlah storan sebanyak 1 terabytes. Google Drive pula memberikan dua pilihan kepada pengguna iaitu yang pertama; USD2/bulan dengan jumlah storan sebanyak 100 gigabytes dan USD10/bulan dengan jumlah storan sebanyak 100 gigabytes. Ini bermakna Google Drive memberikan pilihan bayaran perkhidmatan yang lebih rendah. Ini membolehkan pengguna untuk memilih pilihan pertama jika bajet bulanan yang mereka tetapkan adalah rendah. Kedua-dua perkhidmatan storan awan boleh berfungsi di beberapa operating system komputer dan telefon pintar. Bagi storan awan DropBox, ia bole dijalankan menggunakan
hampir semua jenis operating system seperti Windows, Mac, Linux, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Blackberry, dan Kindle Fire. Berbanding dengan DropBox, Google Drive pula hanya boleh dijalankan menggunakan empat operasi sistem sahaja iaitu Windows, Mac, Android, dan iOS.
o o
OneDri ve
Paid plans
OSes support ed
Box
Amazon Cloud Drive
Copy
$2/month 100GB, $10/mont h for 1TB
$10/mont h for 100GB
$12/year for unlimite d photos, $60/year for unlimite d files
$5/mont h for 250GB, $10 for 1TB
Windows, Mac, Android, iOS
Windows, Mac, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerr y
Windows , Mac, Android, iOS, Kindle Fire
Window s, Mac, Linux, Android, iOS
Google Drive
Dropbox
$2/mont h for 50GB**
$10/mont h for 1TB
Windows , Mac, Android, iOS, Windows Phone
Windows, Mac, Linux, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerr y, Kindle Fire
*There is no file size limit with desktop apps.
**In early 2016, Microsoft will change its free storage from 15GB to 5GB and offer a $2 per month for 50GB paid plan instead of its earlier offerings. It will also no longer let you earn free storage. ***Amazon Cloud Drive offers limited free storage with an Amazon Prime subscription.
Before we get started, just a note about Apple's iCloud Drive. I didn't include it here because the service is not available for Android and it's really meant to be used within the Apple ecosystem, meaning if you use Mac computers and iOS devices together. If you do use mostly Apple products, it's a solid choice for cloud storage. For a full run-down of its features, pricing and availability, check out CNET's guide to Apple iCloud Drive. OneDrive's Android app.Screenshot by Sarah Mitroff/CNET
OneDrive First up is OneDrive, Microsoft's storage option. Those who use Windows 8 and 10 have OneDrive built into their operating system, where it shows up in the file explorer next to all of the files on your computer's hard drive. However, anyone can use it on the Web, by downloading a desktop app for Mac and earlier versions of Windows, or the OneDrive Android, iOS, Windows Phone and Xbox apps. You can store any kind of file in the service, including photos, video and documents, and then access them from any of your Windows PCs or mobile devices. The service organizes your files by type for you, so it's easy to find what you need. The Android, iOS and Windows Phone apps all have automatic photo uploads, meaning that when you shoot a photo with your phone, it's automatically saved to your account. OneDrive's biggest strength is that it works closely with Microsoft
Office apps, such as Word or PowerPoint, so when you launch one of those applications you'll see a list of recent documents saved to OneDrive. If you have an Office 365 subscription and open a document saved in OneDrive, you can collaborate on it in real time with other people. You'll even be able to see the changes they make as they make them. Microsoft is hoping that OneDrive will be the place where you store your photos, and the company is working on technology that will eventually sort all of the photos you take based on how important and meaningful they are. For instance, if you take a photo of your kids, a picture of a special meal and a shot of your parking space so you can find your car later, OneDrive would be able to understand the importance of each picture, save the ones it thinks are the most useful, and trash the rest. That's still big-picture stuff for OneDrive, but it gives you an idea of the direction Microsoft is moving in. In late 2015, Microsoft made an announcement that it would no longer offer unlimited cloud storage to Office 365 subscribers. Instead, they are limited to 1TB. Additionally, beginning in early 2016, the 100GB and 200GB paid storage plans will be discontinued, replaced with a 50GB for $1.99 per month plan. You will no longer get extra space if you allow the OneDrive apps to automatically backup photos on your phone. Finally, anyone with a Microsoft account will only get 5GB of free storage, instead of 15GB. We will update this guide in 2016 when those changes are made. Where it excels
Works seamlessly with Windows devices because it's built in to the Windows operating system.
It's easy to open and edit files from OneDrive in Microsoft's other applications, such as Word or Excel.
Signing up for OneDrive gets you a Microsoft account, which gives you access to Outlook, Xbox Live, and other Microsoft services. Where it falls flat
OneDrive's automatic file organization doesn't always put files in the correct folders.
Best for: If you have a Windows PC, tablet and phone, and need to get to your files from any device with little effort.
Dropbox on Windows.Screenshot by Sarah Mitroff/CNET
Dropbox Dropbox is a favorite in the cloud storage world because it's reliable, easy to use, and a breeze to set up. Your files live in the cloud and you can get to them at any time from Dropbox's website, desktop applications for Mac, Windows and Linux (Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora or compile your own), or the iOS, Android, BlackBerry and Kindle Fire mobile apps. You can store any kind of file in Dropbox, by either uploading to the website or adding it with the desktop apps. Those apps live in your file system so that you can easily move files from your computer to the cloud and vice versa by dragging and dropping them into your Dropbox folder. The service automatically and quickly syncs your files across all of your devices, so you can access everything, everywhere. There is no size limit on files you upload to Dropbox with the desktop or mobile apps, but larger files can take several hours to upload, depending on your connection speed. Dropbox gets a lot of praise for its clean design, and rightfully so. Though I am not a fan of Dropbox's website because the design is very basic and it doesn't give you many options to view and organize your files, its mobile apps and desktop apps are beautiful and easy to navigate. Dropbox gives its users plenty of opportunities to get extra storage to beef up the paltry 2GB you get when you sign up. If you participate in the quick Getting Started tutorial, you get 250MB. Turn on the automatic photo upload feature on any of the mobile apps to get 3GB of extra space (you can get only 3GB total, not per device). You can earn 500MB for each friend you refer to Dropbox who actually signs up for the service, up to 16GB total, or 32 referrals.
Where it excels
Dropbox works equally well on PCs and Macs, Android and iOS.
The service is so simple and elegantly designed, that it's easy for anyone to master. Its desktop applications seamlessly blend with your computer's file system. Where it falls flat
Dropbox's website doesn't let you control how your files are displayed.
Best for: Simple sharing when you use tons of different kinds of devices.
Screenshot by Sarah Mitroff/CNET
Google Drive Google combines a complete set of office tools with cloud storage in Drive. You get a little bit of everything with this service, including a word processor, spreadsheet application, and presentation builder, plus 15GB of free storage space. If you already have a Google account, you can already access Google Drive. You just have to head to drive.google.com and enable the service. You get 15GB of storage for anything you upload to Drive, including photos, videos, documents, Photoshop files and more. However, you have to share that 15GB with your Gmail account, photos you upload to Google+, and any documents you create in Google Drive. While you can access any of your files from the Drive Web site, you can also download the Drive desktop app for Mac and PC to manage your files from your computer. You can organize all of your files in the desktop app, and they'll sync with the cloud so you can get to them anywhere. Drive is built into Google's Web-based operating system Chromium, so if you have a Chromebook, Google Drive is your best cloud storage option. Like other
cloud storage services, Drive has apps for iOS and Android for viewing and managing your files from your phone. Google Drive has the benefit of a built-in office suite, where you can edit documents, spreadsheets, and presentations, even if you created the document in another program. The service also a large collection of extras, such as thirdparty apps that can send faxes or sign documents. Google also recently introduced Google Photos, an online photo locker, where you can organize photos into albums. Google Photos is built into Drive in a separate tab, but you're really better off going straight to googlephotos.com to see and organize photos. However, you don't need to download the Google Photos app on your phone or tablet to back pictures you take there. The Google Drive app can take care of that. What I like most about Google Drive is that you can drag and drop files into the Drive Web site and they'll be uploaded automatically. You can also preview attachments from Gmail in Google Drive, and save those files to your cloud. Where it excels
Google Drive requires very little setup if you already have a Google account.
If you use Gmail, it's easy to save attachments from your e-mail directly to Drive with just a few clicks.
The app can automatically back up your photos on its own, without the need for the separate Google Photos app. Where it falls flat
If you use Google Drive's tools to create documents, spreadsheets or presentations, you must export those files to edit them in another program.
You have to share your storage space with Gmail, so if you're inbox is overflowing, you'll get less cloud storage space. Best for: Google diehards, or anyone who wants a few office tools with their cloud storage.
Box on Android.Screenshot by Sarah Mitroff/CNET
Box Anyone can sign up for a free individual account on Box, but the service's endless list of sharing and privacy features were built specifically for business and IT users. Beyond the basic cloud storage setup, where you can store just about any kind of file, Box lets you share files with colleagues, assign tasks, leave comments on someone's work, and get notifications when a file changes. You can preview files from Box's website and even create basic text documents in Box. Like other cloud storage services, you can download a desktop app and sync your files between your hard drive and the cloud. Box also gives you a lot of control over the privacy of your files. For example, you can decide who in your business can view and open specific folders and files, as well as who can edit and upload documents. You can even password-protect individual files and set expiration dates for shared folders. Business users can also connect other apps, such as Salesforce and NetSuite, so that you can easily save documents to Box. There are also plug-ins for Microsoft Office and Adobe Lightroom that let you open and edit files saved to Box from those applications. Where it excels
Box comes with tons of tools for businesses, including collaboration and file privacy control.
Where it falls flat
The service's endless list of sharing and privacy features can be lost on someone who's just using the service for personal storage.
Because of all those features, it can feel overwhelming to navigate the Box website if you're only trying to manage a few files and folders.
Best for: Teams of employees working together on projects, and large companies that need a place to securely share documents with everyone.
Amazon Cloud Drive's website.Screenshot by Sarah Mitroff/CNET
Amazon Cloud Drive Amazon already sells you nearly anything under the sun, and it wants to be the place you store all of your music, photos, videos and other files too. Amazon Cloud Drive has been around for a few years, but the company introduced new storage plans in March 2015; one just for photos and one for all other kinds of files. Neither plan is free, but both have three-month trials. Unlimited Photos is available for free for all Amazon Prime members or anyone with a Fire device. If you don't have a Prime subscription or a Fire phone or tablet, you'll need to pay $12 per month for the storage. True to its name, Unlimited Photos gets you unlimited storage for your photos (GIF, JPEG, BMP, TIFF and so on) and 5GB of free storage for other file types, including videos, PDFs and documents. Unlimited Everything gets you storage for an unlimited number of files of any type, for $60 per year. There is no limit for how many files you can upload, but each file needs to be under 2GB unless you use the Cloud Drive desktop apps. The Cloud Drive desktop apps are available for PC and Mac, and let you upload or download files. However, unlike other cloud storage services, the Amazon Cloud Drive app doesn't let you view your files from a folder on your computer. You can upload individual files and download your entire library, but if you want to view them or make changes, you'll need to go to Amazon's website.
Amazon Cloud Drive has apps for iOS and Android with automatic upload so videos and photos you take with your phone get saved to the cloud right after you shoot them. The service is also baked into Amazon's Fire tablets and phone. Where it excels
If you already have an Amazon account, you don't need to sign up for a new service, you can simply sign into Cloud Drive.
Where it falls flat
The desktop app doesn't work with your file system, you can only use it upload or download files.
You can only view and manage files from the Cloud Drive website, but you cannot upload files larger than 2GB there. Best for: Anyone with an Amazon Fire tablet or Fire phone, because it's part of the operating system. Unlimited Photos is good for Amazon Prime members, because you get it for free as part of that subscription.
Copy's Android app.Screenshot by Sarah Mitroff/CNET
Copy Copy hails from corporate IT company Barracuda Networks, but it's just as great for regular individuals as it is for teams and businesses. You get 15GB of storage for free, which is on par with Google Drive and OneDrive. One of the best features of Copy is how it handles shared folders -- you split the space with the people you share a folder with. For example, if you have a 20GB folder that's shared among four people, that folder only takes up 5GB of space in each person's Copy account. That's different from Dropbox, where the entire size of a shared folder counts against your storage limit.
Like other cloud storage services, Copy has desktop software for Windows andMac (Linux too), plus mobile apps for iOS and Android. You can also use Copy's website to manage your files. If you need more storage space than 15GB, you can pay $10 per month for 250GB. Copy also has business plans that are priced based on the number of users. There's a free plan for up to five users, and the paid plans start at $79 per month, or $890 per year, for 1TB and access for up to 10 users. There's also a referral program where you can earn 5GB of free storage when you get someone else to sign up. Where it excels
Copy is a simple, fast, and solid cloud storage option. You get 15GB for free, and the paid plans are inexpensive. Where it falls flat
There's hardly anything negative I can say about Copy, but I will say that, like Dropbox, Copy's website is its weakest point. It's just not as easy to navigate as the desktop and mobile apps. Best for: Anyone who wants an impressive alternative to the more mainstream cloud storage options.
Extra cloud options Of course, OneDrive, Dropbox, Google Drive and Box aren't your only options for cloud storage. One is SugarSync, a Dropbox-like alternative with apps for every mobile platform. The catch is that after your 90-day free trial, where you can play around with 5GB of storage, you need to pay at $7.50 per month for 60GB to keep using the service (you can upgrade to more storage for extra money).
There's also Space Monkey , which has an entirely different take on cloud storage. For $200, you buy a 2-terabyte (TB) hard drive from the company. You get to use 1TB of the drive's space to store any and all of your files as a local backup. Your files also get encrypted and broken into bits that are sent to other Space Monkey users' hard drives, so that you can access your files from another computer or mobile device. That's where that extra 1TB of space on your drive comes in -- it's used to store bits of other people's files. The service is free for the first year, then costs $49 per year to keep storing your files in the cloud.
OneDrive From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2015)
OneDrive
OneDrive, as it appears in a web browser
Web address
onedrive.com
Type of site
File hosting service
Available in
107 languages[1]
List of languages [show]
Owner
Microsoft
Launched
August 1, 2007; 8 years ago
OneDrive (previously SkyDrive, Windows Live SkyDrive, andWindows Live Folders) is a file hosting service that allows users to sync files and later access them from a web browser or mobile device. Users can share files publicly or with their contacts; publicly shared files do not require a Microsoft account to access them. OneDrive is included in the suite of online services formerly known as Windows Live. The storage limit for OneDrive users is 1 TB for Office 365 paid subscribers or 5 GB of free storage.[2] Contents [hide]
1History
2Storage o
2.1Quota
o
2.2Recycle bin
o
2.3Download as ZIP files
3Editing o
3.1Office Online
o
3.2Formats
o
3.3Plain text editing
4Photos and videos
5Client applications o
5.1Integration with Microsoft Office
6Interoperability
7Privacy concerns
8Similarly named product
9See also
10References
11External links
History[edit]
Windows Live Folders logo
Logo as "SkyDrive"
At its launch the service, known as Windows Live Folders at the time (with a codename of SkyDrive), was provided as a limited beta available to a few testers in the United States. [3] On August 1, 2007, the service was expanded to a wider audience. Shortly thereafter, on August 9, 2007, the service was renamed Windows Live SkyDrive and made available to testers in the United Kingdom and India.[4] As of 22 May 2008 SkyDrive was initially available in 38 countries and regions.,[5] later expanded to 62.[6]On December 2, 2008, the capacity of an individual SkyDrive account was upgraded from 5 GB to 25 GB, and Microsoft added a separate entry point called Windows Live
Photos which allowed users to access their photos and videos stored on SkyDrive. This entry point allowed users to add "People tags" to their photos, download photos into Windows Photo Galleryor as a ZIP file, as well as viewing Exif metadata such as camera information for the photos uploaded. Microsoft also added the ability to have full-screen slide shows for photos using Silverlight. SkyDrive was updated to "Wave 4" release on June 7, 2010, and added the ability to work with Office Web Apps (now known as Office Online), with versioning. In this update, due to the discontinuation of Windows Live Toolbar, the ability to synchronise and share bookmarked web links between users via SkyDrive was also discontinued. However, users were still able to use Windows Live Mesh, which replaced the previous Windows Live Favorites, to synchronize their favorites between computers until its discontinuation in February 2013.[7] In June 2010, users of Office Live Workspace, released in October 2007,[8] were migrated to Windows Live Office. The migration included all existing workspaces, documents, and sharing permissions.[9] The merger of the two services is a result of Microsoft's decision to merge its Office Live team into Windows Live back in January 2009,[10] as well as several deficiencies with Office Live Workspace, which lacked high-fidelity document viewing and did not allow files to be edited from within the web browser.[11] Office Live Workspace also did not offer offline collaboration and coauthoring functionality – instead documents were "checked out" and "checked in", though the service did integrate with SharedViewfor real-time screen sharing. On June 20, 2011, Microsoft overhauled the user interface for SkyDrive, built using HTML5 technologies. The updated version featured caching, hardware acceleration, HTML5 video, quick views, cleaner arrangement of photos and infinite scrolling. Microsoft also doubled the file size limit from 50 MB to 100 MB per file. With this update, Microsoft consolidated the different entry points for SkyDrive, such as Windows Live Photos and Windows Live Office, into one single interface. Files and folders shared with a user, including those in Windows Live Groups, were also accessible in the new interface.[12]On November 29, 2011, Microsoft updated SkyDrive to make sharing and file management easier, as well as HTML5 and other updates. This update also allowed users to see how much storage they had (and how much they had used), a feature that had been removed in the previous update as part of the redesign.[13] On December 3, 2011, Microsoft released SkyDrive apps for iOS and Windows Phone, which are available in the App Store and Windows Phone Store respectively. On April 22, 2012, Microsoft released a SkyDrive desktop app for Windows Vista, 7and 8, as well as OS X, allowing users to synchronize files on SkyDrive, much like Windows Live Mesh, and to "fetch" files on their computer via the web browser. In addition, SkyDrive also provided additional storage available for purchase and reduced the free storage space for new users to 7 GB (from 25 GB). Existing users were offered a free upgrade offer to retain their 25 GB of free storage. The updated SkyDrive also allowed files up to 2 GB in size (uploaded via the SkyDrive desktop app). [14] The update also brought additional features such as Open Document Format (ODF) capability, URL shortening services and direct sharing of files to Twitter. On August 14, 2012, Microsoft announced a new update for SkyDrive which brought changes and improvements to SkyDrive.com, SkyDrive for Windows desktop and OS X, and the SkyDrive API as part of Live Connect. For SkyDrive.com, the updates brought a new "modern" design for the web service consistent with Outlook.com, and along with the UI update the service also received improvements such as instant search, contextual toolbar, multi-select in thumbnail view, drag-anddrop files into folders, and sorting improvements. For the SkyDrive for Windows desktop and OS X applications, the update brought new performance improvements to photo uploads and the sync experience. The update also improved the SkyDrive API with the removal of file type restrictions, ability to upload images in their full resolution, as well as a new SkyDrive file picker for opening and saving files.[15] On August 28, 2012, Microsoft released a SkyDrive app for Android onGoogle Play store.[16] On September 18, 2012, Microsoft also introduced a recycle bin feature on SkyDrive and announced that SkyDrive will allow users to create online surveys via Excel Web App.[17]
Microsoft became involved in a lawsuit with British television broadcaster BSkyB for using the word "Sky", resulting in a High Court ruling in June 2013 that the service's brand breached BSkyB's trademark.[18] On July 31, 2013, in a joint press release between BSkyB and Microsoft, it was announced that a settlement had been reached and as a result the SkyDrive name would be dropped. BSkyB allowed Microsoft to continue using the brand "for a reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand".[19] On January 27, 2014, Microsoft announced that "SkyDrive" would become, respectively, "OneDrive".[20][21] The re-branding took effect across most platforms on February 19, 2014.[22] On June 18, 2015, Microsoft launched an improved design of OneDrive for the web. [23] On November 2, 2015, Microsoft revealed that it will be removing the unlimited storage plan for Office 365 Home, Personal and University packages and that the free Onedrive storage will be reduced from 15 GB to only 5 GB; this change also affects people who have subscribed to 100 GB and 200 GB paid plans as those plans will be replaced by a 50 GB plan which will cost $1.99 per month. These Onedrive changes are scheduled to go live in Early 2016. These changes caused major controversy with the users and have since setup petitions to try and get Microsoft to reverse the plans. For example, as of November 21, 2015, over 70,000 people took to the official OneDrive uservoice to voice their concerns.[24] According to Microsoft these changes were done because people were abusing the service by using OneDrive for PC backups, storing entire movie collections and DVR recordings.[25]
Storage[edit] Quota[edit] The service now offers 5 GB of free storage for new users.[26] Additional storage is available for purchase.[27] Initially, the service provided only 7 GB of storage and, for one year, an additional 3 GB of free storage to students.[28]Users who signed up to OneDrive prior to April 22, 2012 were able to opt-in for a limited time offer of 25 GB of free storage upgrade. The service is built using HTML5 technologies, [12] and files up to 300 MB can be uploaded via drag and drop into the web browser,[29] or up to 10 GB via the OneDrive desktop application for Microsoft Windows and OS X.[30] From September 23, 2013 onwards, in addition to 7 GB of free storage (or 25 GB for users eligible for the free upgrade), power users who required more storage could choose from one of four premium storage plans. [31] Depending on the market, users may need to have a certain credit card or PayPal account to pay. [32] The paid storage plan will be renewed automatically each year unless Microsoft or the user cancels the service. When the user cancels the service before the term ends, the service will remain active until the end of the term.[33] In effect, the user is not canceling the service, but rather the automatic renewal. Upon the re-launch as OneDrive, monthly payment plans were introduced, along with the ability to earn up to 5 GB of free storage for referring new users to OneDrive (500 MB each), and 3 GB if users enable automatic uploads of photos using the OneDrive mobile apps on smartphones. [22] Subscribers to Office 365's home-oriented plans also receive additional storage for use with the service, with 20 GB per user.[34] In June 2014, it was announced that OneDrive's default storage would increase to 15 GB, putting it in line with the amount of storage offered by its competitor Google Drive. However, an additional 15 GB were offered for activating camera roll backup on a mobile device, putting it ahead of Google Drive (until November 2015 when it was announced this bonus was discontinued and eliminated). The amount of additional storage for Office 365 subscribers also increased to 1 TB.[34]Microsoft also lowered the price of OneDrive storage subscriptions at that time.
In October 2014, Microsoft announced that it would offer unlimited OneDrive storage to all Office 365 subscribers.[35]However, on November 3, 2015, the 1 TB cap was reinstated. Microsoft additionally announced the planned replacement of its 100 GB and 200 GB plans with a new 50 GB plan in early 2016, and the reduction of free storage from 15 GB to 5 GB. Any current accounts over this limit will continue to keep the increased storage for at least 12 months. [2][26][36] Following the demand for Microsoft to reverse the reduction decision, Microsoft announced on December 11 of the same year that it will allow existing user to request to have their free storage (up to 30GB) unaffected by the reduction, and promise to provide full refund for customers of Office 365 not satisfied with 1TB cap, among other redress.[37]
Recycle bin[edit] When users delete any files on OneDrive, the service will allow the user to undo the action and restore the deleted file from the recycle bin back to the original folder. Items in the recycle bin do not count against the user's OneDrive storage limit. All items stored in the recycle bin are kept for a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 90 days. If the content in a user's recycle bin exceeds 10% of the user's storage limit (e.g. 0.7 GB for a user with a total of 7 GB OneDrive storage), OneDrive will delete the oldest content from the recycle bin (provided that the files have been in the recycle bin for at least 3 days).[17]
Download as ZIP files[edit] Entire folders can be downloaded as a single ZIP file with OneDrive. For a single download, there is a limit of 4 GB or 65,000 files (whichever comes first).[clarification needed][citation needed]
Editing[edit] Office Online[edit] Microsoft added Office Online (known at the time as Office Web Apps) capability to OneDrive in its "Wave 4" update, allowing users to upload, create, edit and share Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote documents directly within a web browser. In addition, Office Online allows multiple users to simultaneously co-author Excel documents in a web browser, and co-author OneNote documents with another web user or the desktop application. Users can also view the version history of Office documents stored on OneDrive.[38]
Formats[edit] OneDrive allows the viewing of PDF documents,[13] as well as documents in the Open Document Format (ODF), an XML-based file format supported by a number of word processing applications, including Microsoft Office, OpenOffice.org and Corel's WordPerfect.[39] OneDrive's search function does not allow search within PDF documents, however.[citation needed]
Plain text editing[edit] OneDrive includes an online text editor that allows users to view and edit files in plain text format, such as text files andbatch files. Syntax highlighting and code completion is available for a number of programming and markup languages, including C#, Visual Basic, JavaScript, Windows PowerShell, CSS, HTML, XML, PHP and Java. This online editor includes a find-and-replace feature and a way to manage file merging conflicts.[40][41]
Photos and videos[edit] OneDrive can use geo-location data for photos uploaded to the service, and will automatically display a map of the tagged location. OneDrive also allows users to tag people in photos uploaded via the web interface or via Windows Photo Gallery.
Photos uploaded to OneDrive can be played as an automatic slideshow.
Client applications[edit] OneDrive client
OneDrive app running on Windows Phone
Developer(s)
Stable release
Microsoft
Android: 2.6.2 (15 July 2014; 19 months ago) [±][16] BlackBerry 10: 1.0.0.9 (4 March 2014; 23 months ago) [±][42] iOS: 4.1 (19 February 2014; 2 years ago) [±][43] OS X: 17.0.4036 (7 April 2014; 22 months ago) [±][44] Windows (desktop): 17.3.1229.0918 (30 October 2014; 15 months ago Windows (Metro-style):
[45]
6.3.9600.17042 (April 2014; 1 year ago) [±] Windows Phone: 4.1.3 (14 May 2015; 9 months ago)[±][46] Xbox 360: 11 November 2013; 2 years ago[47]) [±]
Type
File manager, file synchronization
Website
onedrive.live.com/about/en-us/download/
Microsoft has released OneDrive client applications for Android,[16] iOS,[48]Windows 8,[14][32] Windows Phone[48] Xbox 360,[49] and Xbox One[22] that allow users to browse, view and organize files stored on their OneDrive cloud storage. In addition, Microsoft also released desktop applications for Microsoft Windows (Vista and later) and OS X (Lion and later)[50] that allow users to synchronize their entire OneDrive storage with their computers for offline access, as well as between multiple computers. [51] The OneDrive desktop client for Windows allows users to "fetch" the contents of their PCs via the web browser, provided the user enabled this option; OS X users can fetch from a PC, but not vice versa. The Android, iOS and Windows Phone 8 versions also allow camera photos to automatically be uploaded to OneDrive.[22] Upon the re-branding as OneDrive, the Xbox One app also added achievements.[52] In addition to the client apps, OneDrive is integrated into Windows 8.1 and later, Microsoft Office 2010 and later, as well as the Office and Photos hub inWindows Phone, enabling users to access documents, photos and videos stored on their OneDrive account. OneDrive in Windows 8.1 can sync user settings and files, through either the included SkyDrive app (whose name was later changed to OneDrive with an update[53]) or File Explorer, deprecating the previous desktop client. Along with the use of reparse points, these changes allow files to be accessed directly from OneDrive as if they are stored locally. The OneDrive app was also updated to include a local file manager. Unlike Windows 8, use of OneDrive on 8.1 requires the user's Windows account be linked to a Microsoft account; the previous OneDrive desktop client (which did not have this requirement) no longer works on 8.1. Additionally, the Fetch feature does not work on Windows 8.1. [22][51][54][55]
Integration with Microsoft Office[edit] Users of recent versions of Microsoft Office (for Microsoft Windows or OS X) can use the desktop applications to simultaneously edit the same section of documents stored on OneDrive. Changes are synchronized when users save the document, and where conflicts occur, the saving user can choose which version to keep.[56] Users can also use several different desktop and web programs to edit the same document. Starting with Office 2016, OneDrive integration can be disabled in the settings of the OneDrive app. Microsoft OneNote users can sync one or more of their notebooks using OneDrive. Once a notebook is selected for sharing, OneDrive copies the notebook from the user's computer to OneDrive, and that online copy then becomes the original for all future changes. The originating copy remains on the user's hard drive but is no longer updated by OneNote. Users can switch back to an offline-only version of the notebook by manually changing its location in OneNote, but unpredictable results may occur, including the OneNote application crashing and loss of notebook data under certain conditions. Under such circumstances, re-sharing the Notebook to OneDrive may result in recovery of the lost data.[citation needed]
Interoperability[edit] OneDrive allows users to embed their Word, Excel and PowerPoint documents into other web pages. These embedded documents allow anyone who visits these web pages to interact with them, such as browsing an embedded PowerPoint slideshow or perform calculations within an embedded Excel spreadsheet. In addition, Microsoft has released a set of APIs for OneDrive via Live Connect to enable developers to develop web services and client apps utilizing OneDrive's cloud storage.[57] This allows users of these web services and client apps to browse, view, upload or edit files stored on OneDrive. A software development kit (SDK) is available for .NET Framework, iOS, Android and Python with a limited set of API forweb apps and Windows.[58] OneDrive is already interoperable with a host of web services, including:
Outlook.com: Allows users to:
Directly upload Office documents and photos within Outlook.com, store them on OneDrive and share them with other users.[59]
Directly save Office documents within Outlook.com to OneDrive, and view or edit these documents directly within the web browser.[60]
Edit Office documents within the web browser using Office Online and reply directly back to the sender with the edits made.[60][61]
Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn: Enables users to quickly share their files with their contacts on these social networks.[62] OneDrive maintains an access control list of all users with permissions to view or edit the files, including those users on social networks. [63]
Bing: Save & Share feature allows users to save search histories into a OneDrive folder.
Windows Live Groups: Before being discontinued, Windows Live Groups provided each group with 1 GB of storage space on OneDrive to be shared between the group members. Group members were allowed to access, create, modify and delete files within the group's OneDrive folders, along with the other functionality that OneDrive provides. However, these features eventually became native to OneDrive.
Privacy concerns[edit] Data stored on OneDrive is subject to monitoring by Microsoft, and any content that is in violation of Microsoft's Code of Conduct is subject to removal and may lead to temporary or permanent shutdown of the account. This has led to privacy concerns in relation to data stored on OneDrive. [64] Microsoft has responded by indicating that "strict internal policies [are] in place to limit access to a user’s data", and that advanced mechanisms, such as Microsoft's automated PhotoDNAscanning tool, are utilized to ensure users abide with the Code of Conduct and that their account does not
contain files in contravention thereof, such as partial human nudity (including art or drawings), or any online surveys.[65][66]
Similarly named product[edit] Microsoft has a similarly named but unrelated software plus service offering called OneDrive for Business (previously SkyDrive Pro[20][21]). While OneDrive is a personal storage service on the web, OneDrive for Business is a managed cloud storage for business users that replaces SharePoint Workspace. The physical medium on which the information is stored can be either hosted onpremises or purchased as service subscription from Microsoft. [67]
See also[edit]
Comparison of file hosting services
Comparison of online backup services
References[edit] 1.
Jump up^ "Change views on the OneDrive website". Microsoft. § Change language. Retrieved 2014-09-25.
2.
^ Jump up to:a b "OneDrive storage plans change in pursuit of productivity and collaboration". The OneDrive Blog. Microsoft. November 2, 2015. Archived from the originalon 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
3.
Jump up^ Thurrott, Paul (June 27, 2007). "Windows Live 2007: A Look at the Next Generation". Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows. Penton Media. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
4.
Jump up^ "Introducing Windows Live Skydrive!". Windows Live SkyDrive team blog. Microsoft. August 9, 2007. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved2010-11-27.
5.
Jump up^ "Welcome to the bigger, better, faster SkyDrive!".Windows Live SkyDrive team blog. Microsoft. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
6.
Jump up^ "Hot new updates to SkyDrive!". Windows Live SkyDrive team blog. Microsoft. May 22, 2008. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
7.
Jump up^ Kornfield, David (December 13, 2012). "Update on Windows Live Mesh". Inside SkyDrive. Microsoft. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved2013-12-31.
8.
Jump up^ Chartier, David (March 4, 2008). "First look: Microsoft Office Live Workspaces goes public". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
9.
Jump up^ Sengupta, Sam (May 13, 2010). "Your Office Live Workspace is soon upgrading to Windows Live SkyDrive".Office Live Workspace Blog. Microsoft. Archived from the original on May 17, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
10. Jump up^ "Looking ahead and bringing you even more". Office Live Workspace Team Blog. Microsoft. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved2009-01-24. 11. Jump up^ Perez, Sarah (March 4, 2008). "Office Live Workspace vs Google Docs: Feature-by-Feature Comparison".ReadWriteWeb. Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-03. 12. ^ Jump up to:a b Shahine, Omar (June 20, 2011). "Introducing SkyDrive for the modern web, built using HTML5". Inside Windows Live. Microsoft. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved 2011-06-20. 13. ^ Jump up to:a b Shahine, Omar (November 29, 2011). "SkyDrive gets simple app-centric sharing for Office, powerful file management, HTML5 upload, other updates". Inside Windows Live. Microsoft. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0725. 14. ^ Jump up to:a b Sinofsky, Steven; Torres, Mike; Shahine, Omar (February 20, 2012). "Connecting your apps, files, PCs and devices to the cloud with SkyDrive and Windows 8".Building Windows 8. Microsoft. Retrieved 2012-02-23. Oh, and we will also have support for uploading large files (up to 2 GB) through Explorer, another big request from SkyDrive.com users over the years. 15. Jump up^ Jones, Chris (August 14, 2012). "A new modern SkyDrive.com, updated apps, and Outlook.com at 10 million users". Inside SkyDrive. Microsoft. Archived from the original on August 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-17. 16. ^ Jump up to:a b c "OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive)". Google Play.Google. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 17. ^ Jump up to:a b Shahine, Omar (September 18, 2012). "New SkyDrive recycle bin available today and Excel surveys coming soon". Inside SkyDrive. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-18. 18. Jump up^ "Microsoft made to rename Skydrive after BskyB victory".BBC News (BBC). August 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-16. 19. Jump up^ Warren, Tom (July 31, 2013). "Microsoft forced to rename SkyDrive following trademark case with broadcaster". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 2013-07-31. 20. ^ Jump up to:a b Gavin, Ryan (January 27, 2014). "OneDrive for Everything in Your Life". The OneDrive Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
21. ^ Jump up to:a b Reisinger, Don (January 27, 2014). "Microsoft ditches SkyDrive for OneDrive after BSkyB dispute". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2014-01-27. 22. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Warren, Tom (February 19, 2014). "Microsoft OneDrive launches with Dropbox-like bonus storage and new Android app". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved2014-02-20. 23. Jump up^ Hernandez, Pedro (June 18, 2015). "Microsoft's OneDrive Cloud Storage Gets Made Over for the Web". eWeek. Retrieved 201506-19. 24. Jump up^ "Give us back our storage". The One Drive Uservoice(Uservoice). 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2015-11-21. 25. Jump up^ "OneDrive storage plans change in pursuit of productivity and collaboration". The One Drive Blog (Microsoft). 2015-11-02. Retrieved 2015-11-12. 26. ^ Jump up to:a b "Microsoft reduces free OneDrive storage and removes unlimited option". The Verge. Retrieved 3 November 2015. 27. Jump up^ "OneDrive grows with you". Microsoft. RetrievedOctober 31, 2014. 28. Jump up^ Joire, Myriam (May 26, 2013). "Microsoft gives students 3GB additional Skydrive storage for one year". Engadget(AOL). Retrieved 2014-10-31. 29. Jump up^ Farrington-Smith, Matt (April 23, 2012). "Microsoft updates SkyDrive to include 300MB web uploads, ODF support & more". MSN Tech & Gadgets UK. Microsoft. Archived fromthe original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-26. 30. Jump up^ Moore, Jason (September 10, 2014). "OneDrive now supports 10 GB files". The OneDrive Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 201409-13. 31. Jump up^ Shahine, Omar (September 23, 2013). "SkyDrive’s new 200 GB plan: Enough storage for a photo every hour from birth to graduation". The OneDrive Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 32. ^ Jump up to:a b Sinofsky, Steven (April 23, 2012). "Making personal cloud storage for Windows available anywhere, with the new SkyDrive". Building Windows 8. Microsoft. Retrieved2012-07-25. 33. Jump up^ "Storage plans: Common subscription and billing questions". Microsoft. Retrieved 2014-10-31. 34. ^ Jump up to:a b Warren, Tom (June 23, 2014). "Microsoft kicks off Google 'productivity war' by doubling free OneDrive storage". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
35. Jump up^ Wilhelm, Alex (October 27, 2014). "Microsoft Adds Unlimited OneDrive Storage To All Office 365 Accounts".TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved 2014-10-31. 36. Jump up^ Bright, Peter (4 November 2015). "Microsoft drops unlimited OneDrive storage after people use it for unlimited storage". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 November 2015. 37. Jump up^ Warren, Tom (December 11, 2015). "Microsoft is letting OneDrive users keep their 15GB of free storage after all".The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved January 27, 2016. 38. Jump up^ Thurrott, Paul (October 6, 2010). "Office 2010 Review, Part 3: Office Web Apps". Paul Thurrott's Supersite for Windows. Penton Media. Retrieved 2012-06-25. 39. Jump up^ Warren, Tom (April 17, 2012). "SkyDrive updated to include 300MB browser uploads, short URLs for Windows Phone images, and ODF support". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 201207-25. 40. Jump up^ Shahine, Omar (July 30, 2013). "Creating the most beautiful and powerful way to view, share, and search your photos with HTML5". Inside SkyDrive. Microsoft. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved2014-02-23. 41. Jump up^ Larsen, Larry (July 30, 2013). "Text Editor from SkyDrive with HTML5". Channel 9. Microsoft. Retrieved 2014-02-24. 42. Jump up^ Richardson, James (4 April 2014). "Microsoft OneDrive comes to BlackBerry 10". CrackBerry Website. CrackBerry. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 43. Jump up^ "OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive)". App Store (iOS). Apple. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014. 44. Jump up^ "OneDrive". Mac App Store. Apple. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 45. Jump up^ Microsoft. "OneDrive Build 17.3.1229.0918 - History". FileHippo.com. Retrieved 2014-10-31. 46. Jump up^ "OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive)". Windows Phone Store.Microsoft. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. 47. Jump up^ Somrack, Dan (11 November 2013). "Xbox: Go to SkyDrive". The OneDrive Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved12 January 2014. 48. ^ Jump up to:a b Torres, Mike (December 13, 2011). "Introducing SkyDrive for iPhone and Windows Phone". Inside Windows Live. Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 4, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-25. 49. Jump up^ Torres, Mike (December 11, 2012). "SkyDrive comes to Xbox 360: Your photos and videos on the TV". Inside SkyDrive.
Microsoft. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-13. 50. Jump up^ "Download OneDrive for Windows". Microsoft. Retrieved2014-10-31. 51. ^ Jump up to:a b Chacos, Brad (October 18, 2013). "Warning: Windows 8.1 kills SkyDrive's remote 'Fetch' feature". PCWorld. IDG. Retrieved 2013-10-22. 52. Jump up^ Sarkar, Samit (February 19, 2014). "SkyDrive relaunched as OneDrive with Achievements on Xbox One". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved 2014-02-20. 53. Jump up^ Thurrott, Paul (February 21, 2014). "OneNote for Windows 8.1 Updated For OneDrive". Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows. Penton Media. Retrieved 2014-02-23. 54. Jump up^ Chacos, Brad (September 11, 2013). "Windows 8.1 review: The great compromise". PCWorld. IDG. Retrieved2013-09-24. 55. Jump up^ Bright, Peter (July 3, 2013). "SkyDrive in Windows 8.1: Cloud storage the way it’s meant to be". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 2013-10-22. 56. Jump up^ "Work together on Office documents in OneDrive".Microsoft Office Support. Microsoft. Retrieved 2014-10-31. 57. Jump up^ Obasanjo, Dare (December 7, 2011). "SkyDrive APIs for Docs and Photos—now ready to cloud enable apps on Windows 8, Windows Phone and more". Inside Windows Live. Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-25. 58. Jump up^ "SDKs for OneDrive integration". OneDrive Dev Center. Microsoft. Retrieved 2015-12-17. 59. Jump up^ "Store your doc, send a link with Office Docs in Hotmail". Office Web Apps Support. Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved2012-08-28. 60. ^ Jump up to:a b "Download a Word, PowerPoint, or Excel attachment in Hotmail". Office Online Support. Microsoft. Retrieved2014-10-31. 61. Jump up^ "Office and SkyDrive". Outlook Preview. Microsoft. Archived from the original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved2012-08-28. 62. Jump up^ Volpe, Joseph (April 18, 2012). "Microsoft updates SkyDrive with support for ODF, Twitter". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 2012-07-25. 63. Jump up^ Shahine, Omar (December 22, 2011). "Designing appcentric sharing for SkyDrive, part 2 of 2: Rebuilding permissions". Inside Windows Live. Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved2012-07-25.
64. Jump up^ "Watch what you store on SkyDrive–you may lose your Microsoft life". WMPoweruser. July 19, 2012. Retrieved2012-07-25. 65. Jump up^ "Code of conduct". Microsoft. April 2009. Retrieved201212-13. 66. Jump up^ Holman, Tyler (July 22, 2012). "Microsoft responds to SkyDrive privacy concerns". Neowin. Retrieved2012-07-25. 67. Jump up^ White, Julia (March 3, 2014). "One place for all your work files — introducing OneDrive for Business". The OneDrive Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
External links[edit]
Official website [show]
v
t
e
Microsoft Office [show]
v
t
e
Windows Live [show]
v
t
e
Microsoft Windows components Categories:
Windows Live
Cloud storage
Data synchronization
Email attachment replacements
File hosting
File sharing services
Online backup services
Web applications
Proprietary cross-platform software
Android (operating system) software
Internet properties established in 2007
IOS software
Windows Phone software
File hosting for OS X
File hosting for Windows
Microsoft Office
Windows components
Navigation menu
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Read Edit View history Go
Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information
Article Talk
Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша മലയയാളള
मरराठठ Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links
This page was last modified on 22 February 2016, at 14:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use andPrivacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
