CICLO HIDROLÓGICO

UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE BABAHOYO FACULT FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CIE NCIAS AGROPECUARIAS AGROPECUA RIAS ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA AGROPECUARIA

TEMA: MONOGRAFÍA SOBRE EL CICLO HIDROLÓGICO

ESTUDIANTE: EORDY JILMAR BONIFAZ VERA

CATEDRÁTICO: ING. RICARDO MÁRQUEZ

CÁTEDRA: AGROMETEOROLOGÍA

CURSO: 2DO. NIVEL “B”

1

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CONTENIDO Págs. I.

INTRODUCCI INTRODUCCIÓN... ÓN........ ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........ ... ........... 1.1.

OBJETIVOS. OBJETIVOS...... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ................ ............... ..... ...........

1.2.

OBJETIVO OBJETIVO GENERAL.. GENERAL....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... ...........

1..

OBJETIVOS OBJETIVOS ES!ECÍFICOS ES!ECÍFICOS..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ....... ...........

II. MARCO MARCO TEÓRICO. TEÓRICO...... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ ............ ..... ........... 2.1

HIDROLOGÍA HIDROLOGÍA..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........ ... ...........

2.2

AGUA...... AGUA........... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ............. ...........

2.

DISTRIBUCI DISTRIBUCIÓN ÓN DEL AG AGUA... UA........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ................ ...........

T"#$" T"#$" 2.1 D%&'(%#)*%+, -$ "/)" , $ 0$",'"..................................................... 0$",'"............................................................. ........ ........... 2.

ESTAD ESTADOS OS DEL DEL AGU AGUA.... A......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ............ .......... ... ...........

2.

EFECTOS EFECTOS QUÍMICOS QUÍMICOS DEL AGU AGUA.... A......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ................ ...........

2.3

CICLO..... CICLO.......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ...........

2.4

CICLO HIDROLÓGIC HIDROLÓGICO.... O......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... ...........

2.5

ETA! ETA!AS AS DEL CICLO HIDROLÓGIC HIDROLÓGICO..... O......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ............... ...........

2.5.1 !RESI!ITACIÓN... !RESI!ITACIÓN.......................... .............................................. .............................................. ...................................... ............... ........... 2.5.2 EVA EVA!ORACIÓN..................................... !ORACIÓN............................................................ .............................................. ............................ ..... ........... 2.5. CONDENSACIÓN.............................. CONDENSACIÓN..................................................... .............................................. ................................ ......... ........... 2.5. SOLIDIFICACIÓN.................................. SOLIDIFICACIÓN......................................................... .................................................. ........................... ........... 2.5. INFILTRACIÓN............. INFILTRACIÓN.................................... .............................................. .................................................... ............................. ........... 2.5.3 CIRCULACIÓN SUBTERRÁNEA.............................. SUBTERRÁNEA..................................................... ............................. ...... ........... 2.5.4 FUSIÓN....................................... FUSIÓN.............................................................. .............................................. ........................................ ................. ......... 2.6 EL CICLO HIDROLÓGICO RELACIONA LOS CUATRO SUBSISTEMAS DE LA TIERRA............................













. BENEFICIOS DEL CICLO HIDROLOGICO................................................... HIDROLOGICO................................................... ......... .1 EFECTOS DEL CICLO HIDROLOGICO EN EL MEDIO AMBIENTE..... AMBIENTE.................. ......... .2 ALTERACION ALTERACION DEL CICLO HIDROLOGICO............................................... ......... .2.1 DESTRUCCION DE LOS BOSQUES...................................................... BOSQUES...................................................... ......... .2.2 CALENTAMIENT CALENTAMIENTO O GLOBAL.................................... GLOBAL................................................................. ............................. ......... .2. CONTAMINANTES............. CONTAMINANTES.................................... .............................................. .............................................. ....................... ......... . CICLO HIDROLÓGICO Y LA AGRICULTUR AGRICULTURA......................... A............................................... ............................... ......... .1 EL IM!ACTO DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN EL AGUA Y LA AGRICULTUR AGRICULTURA..................... A............................................ ............................................... ........................................................ ................................ ......... .2 SISTEMAS DE RIEGO INTELIGENTES.................................. INTELIGENTES....................................................... .............................. ......... . IM!ORT I M!ORTANCIA ANCIA DEL AGUA !ARA !ARA LA AGRICULTURA.......... AGRICULTURA.................. ................ ........... ............ ......... CONCLUSIONES............................. CONCLUSIONES.................................................... .............................................. .................................................. ........................... ......... B%#$%8/("9:".................................... B%#$%8/("9:"........................................................... .............................................. ...................................................... ............................... .........













RESUMEN C%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8< *8, &' ,87#( & *8,8* "$ '(",&*)(&8 =) *8,'%,>" $ "/)" , $" ,"')("$?". E$ "/)" & ,*),'(" , &)& '(& &'"-8& 8(%/%,"(%8&< $" @"08("*%+, & 0(8-)* "$ *"$,'"(& $ "/)" 0(%,*%0"$7,' - $8& 7"(&  8*",8&< =) & -8,- 7& "/)" $:=)%-" & *8,*,'("< "$ @"08("(& $ "/)" 0"&" ), &'"-8 /"&8&8 98(7,-8& - &' 78-8 $"& ,)#&< *)",-8 $"& ,)#& & ,9(:" & -" $" *8,-,&"*%+, 0(8-)*%,-8& "&: $"& 0(*%0%'"*%8,& =) 0)-, &( - 98(7" - $$)@%" 8 - ,%@ &% $"& '70("')("& &8, #""&< &% *", , 98(7" - ,%@ 8 $ "/)" & *8,/$" &'" 0"&" " &) &'"-8 &8$%-8 A$ $$/"( " $" &)0(9%*% '((&'(& %,9%$'(" , $ '((,8< 0"(' -$ "/)" &( "0(8@*;"-" 08( $8& &(& ;)7",8& "),=) ",'& 8 -&0)& 9$)%( 8 & @"08("(" *878 $ (&'8 - $"& 0(*%0%'"*%8,& *":-"& "&: "'(@& - $8& (:8& $ "/)" & '(",&08('"-" " $8& 7"(&  8*",8&. L"& 0$",'"& (*, ), %708('",' 0"0$ , &' *%*$8 7-%",' $" '(",&0%("*%+,< "$ "#&8(#( $ "/)" 0"(" &) -&"((8$$8 -&*;" $" =) " ,8 ,*&%'", , 98(7" - @"08( - "/)" &)7,-8& &' "$ =) " ;" , $" "'7+&9(".

Pala!as "la#$s A/)"< '(",&*)(&8< ;%-(8$+/%*8< @"08("(&< 0(*%0%'"*%+,< %,9%$'("< '(",&0%("*%+,< '( ",&0%("*%+,< *8,-,&"*%+,< *8,-,&"*%+,< ;)7",8&< 0$",'"&< "'7+&9(".













I. IN INTR TROD ODUC UCCI CI% %N E$ *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8 *870(,- $ (*)(&8 ,"')("$ 7& %708('",' 0"(" $8& &(& @%@8&. E$ "/)" &'"#$* )," *%(*)$"*%+, *8,&'",' ,' $8& 8*",8& "&: =) ,8 0(-)(" %,78@%$%?"-" &8#( $" '%(("< $" 7"8( 0"(' - $"& 7"&"& & ,*),'(" , 98(7" $:=)%-". E$ *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8 & 08-(:" -9%,%( *878 $ 0(8*&8 =) -&*(%# $" )#%*"*%+,  $ 78@%7%,'8 -$ "/)" , ,)&'(8 0$",'". E& ), 0(8*&8 *8,'%,)8 , $ =) )," 0"(':*)$" - "/)" @"08("-" -$ 8*",8 @)$@ "$ 8*",8 -&0)& - 0"&"( 08( $"& "$/),"& - &)& 9"&&.M%$%"(%)7.*8, %,/,%(%" *%@%$  7-%" 7"#%,'< ".9 L" @"08( @"08("*% "*%+,< +,< *8, *8,- -,&" ,&"*%+ *%+,< ,< &8$%-% &8$%-%9%*" 9%*"*%+ *%+,< ,< 0(*%0 0(*%0%'" %'"*%+ *%+,< ,< %,9%$' %,9%$'("* ("*%+, %+,<< &*8(( &*8((,' ,':"< :"< *%(*)$ *%(*)$"* "*%+, %+, &)#' &)#'(( ((," ,"<< 9)&%+, 9)&%+,<< &8, 9"&& 9"&& -$ *%*$8 *%*$8 ;%-(8$ ;%-(8$+/% +/%*8 *8 ,*&"(%8& 0"(" $" 0(7",,*%" - $8& &(& @%@8& , $" '%((". E& "&: =) , $ 0(&,' '("#"8 %,@&'%/"'%@8 & -"(, " *8,8*( *8, 7"8( 0(89),-%-"- '8-8& $8& $7,'8& %,@8$)*("-8& , $ *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8< 0"(" 7"8( *870(&%+,  *8,8*%7%,'8 -$ '7".













1.1.OBJETIVOS 1.2.OBJETIVO GENERAL GENERAL

•

I,@&'%/"( $ *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8 7-%",' $ -&"((8$$8 - )," %,@&'%/"*%+, 0$%*"'%@"< %,*(7,'",-8 *8,8*%7%,'8& 0"(" $" 98(7"*%+, 0(89&%8,"$.

1.3.OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS

• •

D&*(%#%( *"-" ),8 - $8& $7,'8& =) *8,98(7", $ *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8. E0",-%( $8& *8,8*%7%,'8& &8#( $ '7" '("'"-8 *%*$8  *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8.















II. MAR MARCO CO TE%RIC TE%RICO O 2.1

HIDROLOGÍA

D "*)(-8 " $8& $8& &"$"-8 08( G)%$$(78 G)%$$(78 !(?< $" ;%/(8$8/:" “& $ $ &')-%8 -$ 78@%7%,'8< -%&'(%#)*%+,  *"$%-"- -$ "/)" , '8-"& $"& ?8,"& - $" T%(("<  & --%*" '",'8 "$ *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8 *878 " $8& (*)(&8& - "/)"”!(?< 21 .

2.2

AGUA E$ "/)" & ), (*)(&8 ,"')("$ %,-%&0,&"#$ 0"(" $" &)0(@%@,*%" - $8&

&(& @%@8&< @%@8&< , ,)&'(8 ,)&'(8 0$",'" $ $ "/)" & -%&'(%#) &/>, &/>, C"'"$%," L+0? L+0? M"(':,?< V"$,':, G"@%-%" C"'"$,< J)", R)-" S@%$$" , “64.25K 7"(&< 2.1K ;%$8&  /$"*%"(&< .3K $"/8&< (:8&< #%8&9("< "'78&9(".” ' "$.< L+0?< 23< 0/. 2 E& -*%( =) $" 7"8( 0"(' -$ "/)" , ,)&'(" '%((" & ,*),'(" , $8&













7",',( $ ;#%'"' - 0*&  8'(8& (*)(&8& "*)'%*8&  0(&'"( &(@%*%8& " $"& 0=)"& 70(&"& 70(&"& ()("$& - "#"&'*%7%,'8 - "/)".";" "/)".";"<< 21.

2.3

DISTRIBUCI%N DEL AGUA D8,- ;" "/)" ;" @%-"< 08( $8 =) & ,*),'(" "$(--8( -$ 7),-8

*8, &)& -%9(,'& 98(7"&  -%9(,'& '"0"&. S/>,M"(:,< 21. “L" &%/)%,' '"#$" %$)&'(" $8& -%9(,'& '%08& - "/)"  &) -%&'(%#)*%+, , $ 0$",'"”

Tala Ta la &.' D%&'(%#)*%+, -$ "/)" , $ 0$",'" L("al)*a")+, Ma!$s 2 ("3a,(s Cas90$-$s 2 gla")a!$s 1(la!$s Ag0a s0-$!!á,$a sala/a Ag0a s0-$!!á,$a /0l"$ Gla")a!$s "(,-),$,-al$s 2 1$!=a>!(s-? Lag(s /$ ag0a /0l"$ Lag(s /$ ag0a sala/a H0=$/a/ /$l s0$l(

P(!"$,-a$ /$ ag0a -(-al T)1( /$ ag0a 4567 8 Sala/a '6; 8 D0l"$ <64; 8 <65 8 <6<&& 8

Sala/a D0l"$ D0l"$

<6<< 8 <6<<5 8 <6<<' 8

D0l"$ Sala/a D0l"$













& 0(&,'" , ), &'"-8 $:=)%-8< 0(8 ,8 -#78& 8#@%"( &)& 8'(8& -8& &'"-8& *878 $ $:=)%-8  /"&8&8. F"& &+$%-" L"& 0"(':*)$"& , ), &+$%-8 & ,*),'(", 9)('7,' $%/"-"& ,'( $$"&. L8& *)#8& - ;%$8 7",'%,, &) 98(7" %,-0,-%,'7,' -$ (*%0%,' =) $8& *8,',/". F"& $:=)%-" L"& 0"(':*)$"& " ,8 &', 8(-,"-"&. L" $%/"?+, ,'( $"& 78$*)$"& & (870  $ "/)" 0)- "&: '87"( $" 98(7" -$ (*%0%,' =) $" *8,'%,. L"& 0"(':*)$"& &', 7) *(*" ),"& - 8'("&<  "&: $ $:=)%-8 & 0(*'%*"7,' %,*870(&%#$. %,*870(&%#$. F"& /"&8&" L" "/%'"*%+,  $ -&8(-, &8, 7%78&. E$ @"08( - "/)" 8*)0" '8-8 $ &0"*%8 -$ (*%0%,'. L"& -%&'",*%"& ,'( $" 78$*)$"& &8, /("-&  ), /"& & "&: *870(&%#$.-)M-%"< 21.

2.5

EFECTOS QUÍMICOS DEL AGUA

E$ "/)"< "$ (*8((( $ *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8< '(",&08('" &+$%-8&  /"&& , -%&8$)*%+,. E$ *"(#8,8< $ ,%'(+/,8  $ "?)9(< $7,'8& '8-8& $$8& %708('",'&













-$ &)$8 (*8/ -%+%-8 - *"(#8,8 -$ "%(  -$ &)$8  - & 78-8 ")7,'" - "*%-?. E&'" "/)" *%-"< "$ $$/"( , *8,'"*'8 *8, 0"(':*)$"& - &)$8 8 (8*" 7"-(< -%&)$@ "$/),"& &"$& 7%,("$&. S% $ &)$8 '%, ), #), -(,"< $ 9$)8 - &"$%-" -$ "/)" 9('%*" 9%,"$ 0)- *8,',( )," *",'%-"- %708('",' - &+$%-8& -%&)$'8&< =) %(, 9%,"$7,' "$ 7"(."7#%,'$@%"< 7"(."7#%,'$@%"< 21.

2.6

CICLO

@,7-%"< 21 . “L" 0"$"#(" *%*$8 -(%@" -$ $"':, **$)&< $" *)"$ & (9%( " ), 0(%8-8 - '%708 '%708<< =) *)",-8 9%,"$%?" & %,%*%" ,)@"7,'< & )," &(% - '"0"& =) @", , &*),*%". C8,*8(-",-8 *8, $8 &'"#$*%-8 08( @,7-%"$ *%*$8 & )," '"0" '708("$ - @,'8& =) )," @? 9%,"$%?"-8 &) *87%,?8  -&"((8$$8< @)$@ " &) &'"-8 %,%*%"$ '(",&*)((%-8 *%('8 '%708.

2.7

CICLO HIDROLÓGICO













E%&'& )," /(", %,'("**%+, ,'( $8& -%9(,'& $7,'8& =) 98(7", $ *%*$8 ;%-(8$+/%*8.J%7,&< ;%-(8$+/%*8.J%7,&< 166. 2.8

ETAPAS DEL CICLO HIDROLÓGICO

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&.@.' PRESIPITACI%N

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[email protected].' FASES SUBTERRÁNEA [email protected].'.' INFILTRACION “S -,87%," %,9%$'("*%+, " $" "**%+, - 0"&"( $ "/)" ) 8'(" &)&'",*%" $:=)%-" "













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3.2ALTERACION DEL CICLO HIDROLOGICO

.&.' DESTRUCCION DE LOS BOSUES













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