Chapter 21 Audit of the th e Inventory and Warehousing Cycle
Review Questions
Inventory is often the most difficult and time consuming part of many audit engagements because:
21-1
1. 2. . !. ".
Inve Invent ntor ory y is gen gener eral ally ly a maj major or ite item m on the the bal balan ance ce she sheet et and and ofte often n the largest item making up the accounts included in working capital. The need for organizations to have the inventory in diverse locations locations makes the physical control and counting counting of the inventory difficult. Inve Invent ntory ory takes takes many many dif diffe feren rentt form forms s that that are diff diffic icul ultt for for the the aud audit itor or to fully understand. The The cons consis isttent ent appl applic icat atio ion n of dif differen erentt valu valuat atio ion n met methods hods can can be fairly complicated. The The valu valuat atio ion n of inv invent entory ory is dif difficul icultt due due to such such fac facto tors rs as the the large number of different items involved# the need to allocate the manufacturing costs to inventory# and obsolescence.
The ac$uisition and payment cycle includes the system for purchasing all goods and services# including raw materials and purchased parts for producing fini finish shed ed good goods. s. %urc %urcha hase se re$u re$uis isit itio ions ns are are used used to notif notify y the the purch purchasi asing ng depar departm tment ent to plac place e orde orders rs for for inve invent ntory ory item items. s. &hen &hen inve invent ntory ory reach reaches es a predetermined level or automatic reorder point# re$uisitions may be initiated by stockroom personnel or by computer. In other systems# orders may be placed for the materials re$uired to produce a customer order# or orders may be initiated upon upon peri period odic ic eval evalua uati tion on of the the situ situat atio ion n in light light of the the prio priorr e'per e'perie ienc nce e of inventory activity. (fter receiving the materials ordered# as part of the ac$uisition and payment cycle# the materials are inspected with a copy of the receiving document used to book perpetual inventory. In a standard cost inventory system# the ac$uisition ac$uisition and payment cycle computes computes any inventory purchase variances# which then enter the inventory system. The follow following ing audit audit procedu procedures res in the ac$uisi ac$uisitio tion n and payment payment cycle cycle illustrate the relationship between that cycle and the inventory and warehousing cycle. 21-2
1.
2.
)omp )ompar are e the inv inven enttory ory cost cost ent entered ered int into o the the inven nvento tory ry syst system em to the supporting invoice to determine that it was properly recorded and the purchase variance *standard cost system+# if any# was properly reflected. Test the the pur purch chas ase e cuto cutoff ff at at the the phys physic ical al inv inven ento tory ry dat date e and and year year,, end to determine whether or not the physical inventory and year, end inventory cutoffs are proper from a purchase standpoint.
21,1
)ompanies provide online access to descriptions of inventory products and on,hand $uantity levels to key inventory suppliers because this information helps the suppliers work with management to monitor the flow of inventory items. There are risks associated with providing this information# however. -irst# there is a risk risk that that sens sensit itiv ive e prop propri riet etar ary y info inform rmat atio ion n may may be made made avai availa labl ble e to unauthorized users. The use of the Internet and other e,commerce applications may also lead to financial reporting risks if access to inventory databases and systems is not ade$uately controlled. The risks of providing online access to inventory information can be reduced by the use of security access password restrictions# firewalls# and other IT management controls.
21-3
)ost )ost acco accoun unti ting ng reco record rds s are are thos those e whic which h are are conc concer erne ned d with with the the processing and storage of raw materials# work in process# and finished goods# insofar as these activities constitute internal transfers within the inventory and ware wareho hous usin ing g cycl cycle. e. Thes These e reco record rds s incl includ ude e comp comput uter eriz ized ed file files# s# ledg ledger ers# s# worksheets and reports which accumulate material# labor# and overhead costs by job or process as the costs are incurred. )ost accounting records are important in conducting an audit because they indicate the relative profitability of the various products for management planning and control# and determine the valuation of inventories for financial statement purposes. 21-4
The most important tests of the perpetual records the auditor must make before assessed control risk can be reduced# which may permit a reduction in other audit tests are: 21-
1.
.
Tests sts of the the pur purch chas ases es of of raw raw mate materi rial als s and and pric pricin ing g ther thereo eof. f. 2. Tests of the cost accounting documents and records by verify verifying ing the reduction reduction of the raw material material invent inventory ory for use in produ product ction ion and and the the incre increas ase e in the the $uan $uanti tity ty of fini finish shed ed good goods s inventory when goods have been manufactured. Tests sts of the the redu reduct ctio ion n in the the fin finis ishe hed d good goods s inve invent ntor ory y thro throug ugh h the the sale of goods to customers.
(ssuming the perpetuals are determined to be effective# physical inventory tests may be reduced# as well as tests of inventory cutoff. In addition# an effective perpetual perpetual inventory will allow the company company to test the physical inventory inventory prior to the balance sheet date. The continuation continuation of shipping shipping operations operations during the physical inventory will re$uire the auditor to perform additional procedures to insure that a proper cutoff is achiev achieved. ed. The audito auditorr must must conclu conclude de that that mercha merchandis ndise e shippe shipped d is either either included in the physical count or recorded as a sale# but not both. ince no second count is taken# the auditor must increase the number of test counts to determine that the counts recorded are accurate.
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21,2
The auditor must not give the controller a copy of his or her test counts. The auditor/s test counts are the only means of controlling the original counts recorded by the company. If the controller knows which items were test counted# he or she will be able to adjust other uncounted items without detection by the auditor. 21-# The most important audit procedures to test for the ownership of inventory during the observation of the physical counts and as a part of subse$uent valuation tests are: 1. 0iscuss with the client. 2. btain an understanding of the client/s operations. . e alert for inventory set aside or specially marked. !. 3eview contracts with suppliers and customers to test for the possibility of consigned inventory or inventory owned by others that is in the client/s shop for repair or some other purpose. ". 4'amine vendor invoices indicating that merchandise on hand was sold to the company. 5. Test recorded sales just before and just after the physical inventory to determine that the items were or were not on hand at the physical inventory date and that a proper cutoff was achieved. 21-"
21-$ (uditing procedures to determine whether slow,moving or obsolete items
have been included in inventory are: 1. 2. . !. ". 5. 7.
8.
btain a sufficient understanding of the client/s business to aid in recognizing inventory that is no longer useful in the client/s business. 3eview the perpetual records for slow,moving items. 0iscuss the $uality of the inventory with management. (sk $uestions of production personnel during physical inventory observation about the e'tent of the use or nonuse of inventory items. 6ake observations during the physical inventory for rust# damaged inventory# inventory in unusual locations# and unusual amounts of dust on the inventory. e aware of inventory that is tagged obsolete# spoiled# or damaged# or is set aside because it is obsolete or damaged. 4'amine obsolescence reports# scrap sales# and other records in subse$uent periods that may indicate the e'istence of inventory that should have been e'cluded from the physical inventory or included at a reduced cost. )alculate inventory ratios# by type of inventory if possible# and compare them to previous years or industry standards.
21,
The auditor could have uncovered the misstatement if there were ade$uate controls over the use of inventory tags. 6ore specifically# the auditor should have assured himself or herself that the client had accounted for all used and unused tag numbers by e'amining all tags# if necessary. In addition# the auditor should have selected certain tags *especially larger items+ and had the client show him or her where the goods were stored. The tag numbers used and unused should have been recorded in the auditor/s working papers for subse$uent follow,up. (s part of substantive procedures# the auditor could have performed analytical tests on the inventory and cost of sales. ( comparison of ratios such as gross margin percentage and inventory turnover could have indicated that a problem was present. 21-1%
21-11 ( proper cutoff of purchases and sales is heavily dependent on the
physical inventory observation because a proper cutoff of sales re$uires that finished goods inventory included in the physical count be e'cluded from sales and all inventory received be included in purchases. To make sure the cutoff for sales is accurate# the following information should be obtained during the taking of the physical inventory: 1. 2. . !.
The last shipping document number should be recorded in the working papers for subse$uent follow,up to sales records. ( review should be made of shipping to test for the possibility of shipments set aside for shipping and not counted or other potential cutoff problems. &hen prenumbered shipping documents are not used# a careful review of the client/s method of getting a proper sales cutoff is the first step in testing the cutoff. ( list of the most recent shipments should be included in the working papers for subse$uent follow,up to sales records.
-or the purchase cutoff# the following information should be noted: 1. 2.
The last receiving report number should be noted in the working papers for subse$uent follow,up to purchase records. ( review should be made of the receiving department to make sure all inventory has been properly included in the physical inventory.
21-12 )ompilation tests are the tests of the summarization of physical counts#
the e'tension of price times $uantity# footing the inventory summary# and tracing the totals to the general ledger. everal e'amples of audit procedures to verify compilation are: 1.
Trace the tag numbers used to the final inventory summary to make sure they were properly included and the numbers not used to the final inventory summary to make sure no tag numbers have been added.
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21-12 &continued'
2. .
Trace the test counts recorded in the working papers to the final inventory summary to make sure they are correctly included. Trace inventory items on the final inventory list to the tags as a test of the e'istence of recorded inventory. !. Test the e'tensions and footings of the physical inventory summary.
21-13
A(A)*+ICA) ,RC./0R.
+*,. ,+.(+IA) I+A+..(+
1.
)ompare gross margin percentage with previous years.
verstatement or understatement of inventory amounts *prices and9or $uantities+.
2.
)ompare inventory turnover with previous years.
bsolete inventory.
.
)ompare unit costs with previous years.
verstatement or understatement of unit costs.
!.
)ompare e'tended inventory value with previous years.
4rrors in compilation# unit costs# or e'tensions.
".
)ompare current year manufacturing costs with previous years.
6isstatement of unit costs of inventory# especially direct labor and manufacturing overhead.
21-14
/A+.
11,25,7 12,5,7
,0RCA. Q0A(+I+*
,RIC.
+ 5. I(C)0/./ I( 12-31-%" I(6.(+R*
2#! 1#;
<2.7 <2.28
7 = <2.7 1#; = <2.28
.7+.(I(
<1#!!;. !#2. <"#781 .
(ssuming -I- inventory valuation# the 12,1,7 inventory should be valued at <"#781# and is thus currently overstated by <121. If the 1,25,8 purchase was for 2# binders at <2.12 each# the 12,1,7 inventory should be valued at <"#!77. *1#; = <2.12 > 7 = <2.7+ and is thus currently overstated by
21,"
21-1 The direct labor hours for an individual inventory item would be verified by
e'amining engineering specifications or similar information to determine whether the number of hours to complete a unit of finished goods was correctly computed. rdinarily it is difficult to test the number of hours to an independent source. The manufacturing overhead rate is calculated by dividing the total annual number of labor hours into total manufacturing overhead. These two totals are verified as a part of the payroll and personnel and ac$uisition and payment cycles. nce these two numbers are verified *overhead rate per direct labor hour and the number of direct labor hours per unit of each type of inventory+# it is not difficult to verify the overhead cost in inventory. 21-1! &ith a job cost system# labor charged to a specific job is accumulated on
a job cost sheet. The direct labor dollars included on the job cost sheet can be traced to the employee ?job time sheet? to make sure the hours are correctly included on the job cost sheet. The labor rate can be verified by comparing it to the amount on the employee/s earnings record. 21-1" (ssuming the auditor properly documents receiving report numbers as a
part of the physical inventory observation procedures# the auditor should verify the proper cutoff of purchases as a part of subse$uent tests by e'amining each invoice to see if a receiving report is attached. If the receiving report is dated on or before the inventory date and the last recorded number# the received inventory must have been included in the physical inventory@ therefore the invoice should be included in accounts payable. Those invoices that are received after the balance sheet date but shipped -... shipping point on or before the close of the year would indicate merchandise in transit.
ultiple Choice Questions ro8 C,A .9a8inations
21-1# a.
*!+
b. *2+
c.
*1+
21-1$ a.
*1+
b. *2+
c.
*2+
21-2% a.
*!+
b. *+
c.
*2+
/iscussion Questions and ,ro:le8s
21,5
21-21 ,0R,. I(+.R(A) C(+R)
+.+ C(+R)
,+.(+IA) I(A(CIA) I+A+..(+
05+A(+I6. A0/I+ ,RC./0R.
1.
-or a proper valuation of inventory. *(ccuracy+
4'amine receiving and re$uisition documents# trace to perpetual records.
6isstatement of inventory.
)ompare physical count to perpetual inventory record.
2.
To ensure inventory is recorded when received# payments made are for goods received# and $uantities and descriptions are accurate. *)ompleteness# e'istence and accuracy+
(ccount for a numerical se$uence of receiving reports and observe matching invoices received from vendors.
Anderstatement of inventory or payment for goods not received.
Trace $uantity and description on vendor/s invoice to receiving report.
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21-21 &continued'
,0R,. I(+.R(A) C(+R)
+.+ C(+R)
,+.(+IA) I(A(CIA) I+A+..(+
05+A(+I6. A0/I+ ,RC./0R.
.
To minimize theft or unrecorded shipments of inventory. *4'istence+
0iscuss with client and observe whether personnel prepare shipping documents.
verstatement of inventory.
)ompare physical count to perpetual records.
!.
To ensure inventory shipments are recorded as sales. *)ompleteness+
(ccount for a numerical se$uence of shipping orders.
Anderstatement of sales.
Trace $uantity and description on bills of lading to recorded sales.
".
To make sure physical inventory counts are accurate. *(ccuracy# e'istence and completeness+
bserve counting personnel and discuss with client.
6isstatement of inventory.
)ompare physical count to perpetual inventory record.
5.
To assure reasonable costs are used for inventory and cost of goods sold. *(ccuracy+
3eview procedures for determining standard costs.
6isstatement of inventory.
Trace costs from supporting documents to development of standards.
7.
To make sure obsolete goods are classified as such. *(ccuracy+
3ead policy and discuss procedures with client.
6isstatement of inventory.
(nalytical procedures for inventory.
8.
To make sure inventory compilation is accurate. *(ccuracy+
bserve who compiles the inventory and discuss with client.
6isstatement of inventory.
3eperform clerical tests of inventory compilation.
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21-22 &continued' a; +RA(AC+I(R.)A+./ A0/I+ 5<.C+I6.
:; R.)A+./ RI=
c; +.+ C(+R)
1. 3ecorded transactions represent valid# approved purchases *ccurrence+
If purchasing agents can make purchases from any vendor# there is a risk that purchasing agents may make unauthorized purchases of items not approved *for personal use+.
4nter non,valid vendor numbers into the purchasing system to see if the related transaction is rejected.
2. 3ecorded inventory may not be recorded at appropriate amounts# due to obsolescence *(ccuracy+.
&ithout information about the amount of time inventory is in the warehouse# management is less likely to identify slow moving items that should be recorded at the lower of cost or market.
elect a sample of inventory items from the perpetual inventory system and recalculate the number of days each item has been present in the warehouse.
. (ctual shipments of inventory are recorded in the perpetual inventory records *)ompleteness+.
hipments of inventory may occur but not be recorded.
elect a sample of items in the warehouse and physically move them to the shipping areas to see if the microchip correctly removes those items from the perpetual inventory records.
!. Inventory recorded in the perpetual records physically e'ists *ccurrence+.
Bon,inventory warehouse individuals may remove inventory without authorization.
bserve client personnel in the inventory warehouse and determine if each person is authorized to be in the warehouse.
". Inventory transactions are properly classified *)lassification+.
4$uipment or supplies may be inaccurately classified as inventory if they are not physically separated from the inventory.
bserve whether e$uipment or supplies are stored in the same physical space as inventory.
5. 3ecorded inventory items are physically present *ccurrence+ and recorded at correct amounts *(ccuracy+.
If periodic reconciliations of inventory records to physical counts are not performed# there is a risk that items may be removed from the warehouse without knowledge# which would result in overstated inventory amounts.
Inspect the clientCs test samples for accuracy and reasonableness. In$uire about the nature of discrepancies identified.
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7. (ctual inventory on hand may not be recorded in the perpetual inventory listing *)ompleteness+.
There is a risk that inventory on hand is not included in the inventory records.
Inspect the clientCs test samples for accuracy and reasonableness. In$uire about the nature of discrepancies identified.
:; R.)A+./ RI=
c; +.+ C(+R)
8. The perpetual inventory records are accurately summarized and posted to the general ledger accounts *%osting and ummarization+
There could be errors in the mathematical formulas of the inventory records.
3ecalculate the inventory amounts and determine that the totals agree to the general ledger balances.
;. 3ecording inventory transactions represent actual receipts of inventory items *ccurrence+.
Inventory could be added to the inventory account balance before actual goods are received.
4nter an addition to the perpetual inventory system without a valid receiving report number to determine if the system rejects the transaction.
1. 3ecording of inventory in the clientCs records is valid *ccurrence+
Inventory held on consignment may be recorded as the clientCs inventory.
bserve whether inventory held on consignment is stored in the same physical space as inventory.
a; +RA(AC+I(R.)A+./ A0/I+ 5<.C+I6.
21-23 a.
It is important to review the cost accounting records and test their accuracy for the following reasons: 1. 2.
.
The cost accounting records determine unit costs that are applied to derive inventory values. ince inventory is usually material# unit costs must be verified. In many companies# there are many types of inventory items with comple' cost structures. The potential for misstatement is great in determining costs. The auditor would need to go to an e'treme effort to verify such costs without being able to rely on the cost accounting records which provides the costs# *i.e.# it is far more efficient to test the cost accounting records than the costs themselves+. The cost accounting records also deal with transferring inventories through the production cycle and then from finished goods for sales. These transfers must be handled accurately for inventory to be properly stated.
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21-23 &continued'
b.
1.
2. .
!. ". 5.
4'amine engineering specifications for e'pected *standard+ labor hours. 4'amine time records for hours worked on part during measured period. 0ivide by units produced to test reasonableness of standard. 3eview specifications for types of labor re$uired to produce parts# or observe production. 3eview union contracts or earnings records to develop reasonable rate for this labor mi'. Identify appropriate overhead accounts# paying careful attention to consistent application. 0etermine amounts for these accounts for a measured period. 0etermine direct labor hours from payroll records from the same period. )ompute the overhead rate per direct labor hour. 3eview engineering specifications. 3eview material usage variance. Trace to vendor/s invoices. 3eview material price variance. um individual components.
21-24 A0/I+ ,RC./0R.
+*,. +.+
,0R,.
1
Test of )ontrol
To make sure that proper controls e'ist and are being followed in the taking of the physical inventory. *4'istence# completeness# accuracy and classification+
2
Test of )ontrol
To ensure that no raw material was issued without proper approval. *4'istence+
ubstantive Test
To test the accuracy of the client/s perpetual inventory records. *4'istence# completeness# and accuracy+
!
ubstantive Test
To test client/s final inventory compilation. *4'istence# completeness# accuracy and classification+
"
ubstantive Test
To test that the final inventory was valued at its proper cost. *(ccuracy+
5
ubstantive Test
To ensure that all inventory represented by an inventory tag actually e'ists. *4'istence+
21,11
7
Test of )ontrol or ubstantive Test
To ensure that additions recorded on the finished goods perpetual records were recorded on the books as completed production. *(ccuracy and classification+
C(+R) +A+ 0)/ A6. ,R.6.(+./ +. I+A+..(+ R CC0RRI(>
05+A(+I6. A0/I+ ,RC./0R. +A+ C0)/ 5. 0./ + 0(C6.R +. I+A+..(+
21-2
I+A+..(+
21-2! a.
1
Internal verification by another person.
4'amine vendors/ invoices in support of prices used.
2
Deep a record of the last shipping report number shipped before the inventory count.
4'amine bills of lading for first shipments recorded after the physical inventory to determine that they were shipped after year,end.
%erform independent second counts on all merchandise. (ll persons responsible for inventory tags and compilation of physical inventory should be independent of custody of perpetual inventory records.
3ecord test counts and trace to compiled inventory.
!
Ase of prenumbered tags and accounting for numerical se$uence.
(ccount for all prenumbered tags during the physical e'amination and during compilation tests.
"
Internal verification of perpetual inventory prices.
)ompare vendor invoice prices to perpetual inventory prices.
5
egregation of obsolete inventory.
%erform net realizable value and lower of cost or market tests of inventory# including tests of the perpetual inventory.
7
%eriodic review of reasonableness of manufacturing overhead rate.
Test reasonableness of manufacturing overhead rate.
Technology %arts Inc. may be seeking to achieve several business objectives by providing inventory product information online through the companyCs &eb site. The following are e'amples of possible business objectives:
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21-2! &continued'
y providing suppliers access to inventory information# Technology %arts Inc. may be able to reduce costs associated with inventory management by reducing the amount of time inventory products are held in their warehouse. uppliers have increased information to time the delivery of products when most likely needed. Increased Sales to Existing Customers . Ereater access to product information may increase customer loyalty to Technology %arts. Increased information that can be used by customers for their internal inventory decision making may increase purchasing from Technology %arts. Increased Sales to New Customers . y providing information about products online# other customers not familiar with Technology %arts Inc. may begin purchasing products through the company &eb site. %roviding inventory product information# particularly $uality and reliability ratings# may make it easier for customers in remote geographic locations to purchase products directly from Technology %arts Inc. Strengthen Marketplace Perceptions. ecause Technology %arts Inc. is a supplier in the technology industry# they may be using their Internet presence to strengthen market perceptions that the company is embracing emerging technologies# including the e,commerce method of transacting business. Reduced
b.
Inventory
Management
Costs .
%roviding online access to e'tensive inventory information may increase Technology %artsC business risks. -or e'ample:
Competitive Information Is Released . The inclusion of
detailed information about inventory products# including information about $uantities on hand# forecasted demand# storage locations# $uality# and reliability ratings may result in the release of information that strategically benefits Technology %arts competitors. Bot only will company customers be able to access information# competitors may also be able to access information. In addition# negotiations with e'isting suppliers and customers may be negatively affected by the release of strategic information. Insufficient Capacity to andle !emand . If demand for products through the &eb site e'ceeds e'pectations# internal systems and personnel may not be able to handle the volume of orders in a timely fashion. The time it takes for inventory warehousing and distribution processes for online sales may be greater than e'pected given that single orders must be individually handled. In contrast# shipments made to retail outlets are often processed in bulk. 21,1
c.
Inade"uate #ccounting System Interface. The offering of
sales online re$uires the design and implementation of new Internet,based accounting systems that must capture# process# and record online transactions. Those transactions must be integrated with traditional sales transactions into the companyCs accounting records and financial statements. Those systems may not be ade$uately designed for timely and accurate interface. Inaccurate Information. ecause of the volume of information being presented about each product# there is some risk that the information presented is not accurate or up,to,date. (dditionally# the amount of information needed by customers is likely to vary e'tensively. Thus# there is some risk that needed information is not disclosed. This may discourage suppliers and customers from doing business with Technology %arts. Supplier and Customer Privacy . If suppliers and customers transact with Technology %arts through the &eb site# there is some risk that confidential information may be obtained during the transmission process. reaches in supplier and customer privacy may affect future demand and may increase legal e'posure for Technology %arts. Security . Technology %arts may be e'posing its inventory records and related IT systems to security breaches. utsiders will be accessing the company &eb site and related inventory databases that interface with e'isting internal systems. Anintentional and intentional errors may be introduced.
%rocedures may be implemented to minimize each of the business risks identified in FbG:
Competitive Information Is Released . To protect the release of
sensitive information# Technology %arts may consider restricting &eb site access through the use of passwords issued to approved suppliers and customers. Insufficient Capacity to andle !emand . The company should closely monitor e'isting systems and personnel needs on a daily basis to ensure that processing demand can be satisfied with the e'isting system. Testing of the system should occur before implementation. usiness contingency plans should address how the company can handle sharp increases in processing demand.
21,1!
21-2! &continued'
d.
Inade"uate #ccounting System Interface . ystems should be
designed# tested# and implemented to ensure that purchases or sales made via the online system are automatically captured in the company accounting records. Inaccurate Information$ Timely updates to the information made available on the &eb site should occur regularly. The company should seek e'tensive information about product descriptions from its suppliers and encourage feedback from customers about product $uality. (ccess to the databases containing the product information should be restricted to authorized personnel. Supplier and Customer Privacy . %olicies should be established to restrict the release of sensitive supplier and customer information. The use of encryption techni$ues would increase the protection of sensitive information during transmission. Security . (de$uate protection# such as firewalls and user passwords# are needed to protect company systems from infiltration.
The availability of inventory information on Technology %arts &eb site may increase the risk of material misstatements in several ways:
Competitive Information Is Released . If the release of strategic
information negatively affects company negotiations with suppliers and customers# inventory costs may increase and sales may decrease. If those changes occur# there may be increased pressure for management to generate profits# which may increase the likelihood of material misstatements due to fraud. Insufficient Capacity to andle !emand . If demand for products through the Technology %arts &eb site e'ceeds the companyCs ability to process orders in a timely fashion# consumers may cancel earlier recorded orders or re$uest returns when delivery occurs well beyond the e'pected delivery date. The accounting systems must be designed to accurately reflect cancellations and returns in a timely fashion consistent with E((%. (dditionally# if the processing of orders is significantly delayed# the accounting systems must be ade$uately designed to ensure sales are not recorded prematurely *e.g.# not until delivery+.
21,1"
21-2" a.
b.
Inade"uate #ccounting System Interface . If the online sales or
inventory purchasing system interface with the main accounting system is inade$uate# online transactions may *1+ not be processed# *2+ be processed more than once# or *+ be processed inaccurately. (ny of these risks could lead to material misstatements in the financial statements. Inaccurate Information . If inaccurate information posted online is used to process inventory transactions# the transactions may be inaccurately processed and recorded in the accounting records# resulting in material misstatements. Consumer Privacy . If consumer privacy is breached# e'isting sales may be cancelled or returns beyond the normal period may be re$uested. uch activity would need to be properly reflected in the financial statements. (dditionally# legal e'posures may increase# which may re$uire additional financial statement disclosures. Security . Anauthorized access to the Technology %arts inventory database or other IT system records may introduce unintentional and intentional misstatements into the accounting records. If unauthorized access is not restricted# material misstatements in financial statements may result.
&hen the inventory is a material item in the financial statements that the )%( is auditing# his or her observation of the taking of the physical inventory is in compliance with the auditing standard pertaining to field work that re$uires obtaining sufficient available evidential matter to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements. bservation is a generally accepted auditing procedure applied in the audit of the physical inventory. y observing the taking of the physical inventory# the )%( is seeking to satisfy himself or herself as to the effectiveness and application of the methods of inventory taking and as to the measure of reliance which may be placed upon the client/s inventory records and its representations as to inventory $uantities. He or she must ascertain that the physical inventory actually e'ists# that the inventory $uantities are being determined by reasonably accurate methods# that the inventory is in a salable or usable condition# and that consigned goods are not commingled with owned goods. The )%( makes test counts of inventory $uantities during observation of the taking of the physical inventory to satisfy himself or herself that an accurate count is being made by the individuals taking the inventory. The e'tent of test counting will be determined by the inventory taking procedures@ for e'ample# the number of test counts would be reduced if there were two teams# one checking the other# taking the inventory. n the other hand# the test counts would be e'panded if misstatements were found in the inventory counts.
21,15
ome test counts are recorded by the )%( for the purpose of subse$uent comparison with the client/s compilation of the inventory. The comparison procedure goes beyond the mere determination that $uantities have been accurately transcribed. The )%( also seeks assurance that the description and condition of the inventory items is accurate for pricing purposes and that the $uantity information# such as dozen# gross# cartons# etc.# is proper. (nother reason for recording test counts in the working papers is to provide evidence of the e'tent of tests in the event that audit procedures are $uestioned at some future date. c. 1.
2.
.
The )%( does not regard the inventory certificate as a satisfactory substitute for his or her own audit of the inventory. The service company has merely assumed the client/s function of taking the physical inventory# pricing it# and making the necessary e'tensions. To the e'tent that the service company is competent# the system of internal control with regard to the inventory has been strengthened. Bevertheless# as the )%( would under other strong systems of internal control# he or she would investigate the system to determine that it is operating in a satisfactory manner. The )%(/s investigation would necessarily entail an observation of the taking of the inventory and testing the pricing and calculation of the inventory. The inventory certificate of the outside specialists would have no effect upon the )%(/s report. The auditor must be satisfied that the inventory was fairly stated by observing the taking of the inventory and testing the pricing and compilation of the inventory. n the other hand# if the taking of the inventory was not observed and no audit tests were applied to the computation of the inventory# the )%( would be compelled to disclaim an opinion on the financial statements as a whole if the amount of the inventory is material. If it is impractical or impossible for the )%( to observe the taking of the physical inventory# but he or she is able to determine that inventory is fairly stated by the application of other auditing procedures# the )%( would be able to issue an un$ualified opinion. The )%( would make no reference to the certificate of the outside specialists in his report. The outside specialists are serving as adjuncts of the company/s staff of permanent employees. The outside specialists are not independent.
21,17
21-2# a.
The auditor in this situation should observe the recording of the shipments on the day of occurrence and record these details in the working papers so a determination can be made as to whether the shipments affected the physical inventory count.
b. 1.
2. c.
d.
There is no clear,cut answer to sample size for inventory counts. The answer to the $uestion depends on additional factors# such as the randomness of your test counts and whether the values of the merchandise are relatively stratified. It also depends on inherent risk for inventory physical counts and the materiality of inventory compared to total assets. 3e$uest a recount by the client or greatly e'pand your tests to determine whether a material misstatement e'ists.
The auditor should determine how this inventory is valued and after discussion with the client it may be well to classify it as obsolete. In all cases# the auditor must specifically identify the merchandise in the working papers for subse$uent evaluation. The auditor should also be aware that this could be an indication of widespread obsolescence problems in other parts of the inventory. ne of the important tasks the auditor undertakes during the observation is to determine that inventory tags are physically controlled. This assures that the inventory is not understated because tags are lost# or overstated because falsified tags are added. In this situation# the auditor should recover the discarded tags and re$uest that the practice be stopped# and that control of tags be established under the auditorCs direct observation.
21-2$ The following procedures should be established to insure that the
inventory count includes all items that should be included and that nothing is counted twice: 1. 2. .
!.
(ll materials should be cleared from the receiving area and stored in the appropriate space before the count. Incoming shipments of unassembled parts and supplies should be held in the receiving area until the end of the day and then inventoried. If possible# the day/s shipments of finished appliances should be taken to the shipping area before the count. *Anshipped items remaining in the shipping area should be inventoried at the end of the day.+ Ereat care must be e'ercised over goods removed from the warehouse itself. These may be unassembled parts and supplies re$uisitioned on an emergency basis or unscheduled shipments of finished appliances. (lternative methods for recording these removals are:
21,18
21-2$ &continued'
a+ b+
Deep a list of all items removed and indicate on the list whether the item had been counted. 3ecord the removal on the inventory tag if the item has been inventoried.
c+
". 5. 7.
8.
Indicate on the material re$uisition or the shipping order that the item had been inventoried. -or any of these alternatives# a warehouse employee or the perpetual inventory clerk must adjust the recorded counts. The finished appliances remaining in the warehouse should be inventoried at the end of the day. The warehouse should be instructed to date all documents as of the day the materials are received# issued# or shipped. The inventory clerk should post the 6ay 1 production and shipment of finished goods to the inventory record based upon the dates shown on the plant production report and the shipping report. This will provide a proper cutoff because provisions have been made to adjust all counts for goods manufactured and shipped on 6ay 1. The listing of inventory differences should be reviewed by the controller and warehouse supervisor prior to booking the adjustment. (bnormal differences should be investigated# and recounts *with appropriate reconciliation+ should be made where appropriate.
21-3%
)omputer Solution$ )omputer solutions in 4'cel are contained on the companion &ebsite and on the InstructorCs 3esource )0,36# which is available upon re$uest *-ilename is %21.J+. a. Eross margin K Inventory turnover b.
2%%"
2%%!
2%%
2%%4
25.K
22.5K
22.!K
22.!K
5.5
7.5
7.5
7.;
Jogical causes of the changes in the gross margin as a percent of sales include: 1. 2.
elling prices were raised without a corresponding increase in cost of sales. The method of accounting for inventory was changed# causing a higher ending inventory *more e'penses absorbed into inventory+ and lower cost of sales. 21,1;
21-3% &continued'
.
Inventory cutoff was improper# causing sales to be recorded without the corresponding entry to cost of sales. !. The product mi' of the company changed. 6ore high markup items were sold than in previous years. ". (n improper journal entry was recorded which adjusted the gross margin upward. Jogical causes of the changes in the inventory turnover include: 1. 2. . c.
The increased selling prices# which caused the gross margin percent to increase# reduced demand for the product# and decreased the inventory turnover. The company is building its inventory supply in anticipation of increased sales in the future. The company/s inventory contains obsolete or unsalable merchandise# which is affecting the turnover rate.
25.K , 22.5K L .7K increase in gross margin K .7K ' sales of <2.2 million L <8"8# potential misstatement <17.1 million *25 )E+ 9 7.5 *2"+ inventory turnover L <2.2" million <2.; million , 2.2" million L <5"# potential misstatement oth calculations indicate a potential misstatement e'ceeding <"#.
d.
The auditor should discuss the two changes with the client and obtain a reasonable e'planation for them. He or she should then perform appropriate procedures to verify the validity of the e'planation. Altimately# the auditor must be confident the change does not result from a misstatement in the financial statements.
21-31 a.
1. 2. . !. ".
4'clude 4'clude Include Include 4'clude
21,2
21-31 &continued'
b. 1.
2. . !.
".
This merchandise would be e'cluded because title does not pass to buyer on an -... destination shipment until delivery to the buyer. ince it was not received until Manuary 28# there is no basis for including it in inventory. Eoods held ?on consignment? do not belong to the consignee# and should not be included in inventory. Bormally title to a stock item does not pass to the customer until shipment# even though it has been set aside. Therefore it should be included in inventory. Title to goods shipped -... shipping point normally passes to the buyer on delivery to the transportation agency# and in this instance the goods belong to your client at 0ecember 1# 27. There is an error in recording the ac$uisition. ince this machine is fabricated to the customer/s order# title to customer made,merchandise passes to the buyer as materials and labor are appropriated to the job. &hen the job is completed and ready for shipment as in this case# it may be considered as a completed sale.
21-32 a.
1.
4'tension errors are as follows: .7+.(I( A R.CR/./
/.CRI,+I(
&ood 6etal cutting tool )utting fluid andpaper
2.
< "."8 57. "2;. 2"8.
AC+0A) .7+.(I(
< "".8 87. 5!. 2.8"
6.R &0(/.R' +A+..(+
< * ".22+ *2.+ *111.+ 2"".1" < *15.7+
The differences in the previous year/s and this year/s cost indicate a problem. The auditor should attempt to obtain support for the current year/s cost if the effect of the differences noted seems significant *considering that the test only covered 2K of the dollar items+. ( review for reasonableness indicates the following: a+ %recision cutting torches are e'pensive. 6aybe <" each is a reasonable price. 4'amine a vendor/s invoice or a price list. b+ (luminum scrap values may fluctuate significantly. The two prices may be reasonable. Jook at sales invoices for the two years.
21,21
21-32 &continued'
c+
Jubricating oil cost appears unreasonable for this year and for the previous year. The auditor should e'amine invoices for both years. If the previous year/s costs were incorrect# determination of the effect of the misstatements on the prior year/s and this year/s financial statements must be completed to determine the need for disclosure of the misstatements. Investigate the reasons for the omission of these tags from final inventory compilation. If it is determined that the omission of two tags is significant based on the number of tags used and tested# the auditor should account for all tags to determine the total e'tent of omissions. %age total footing errors are as follows:
.
!.
b.
c.
,A>. (;
C)I.(+ ++A)
1! 82
<1#7".12 8#721.18
CRR.C+ ++A)
<1#7".8 8#"21.18
6.R&0(/.R-' +A+..(+
< .! 2. <2.!
-irst# the auditor should keep in mind that only 2K of the inventory was tested. If sampling were random# a direct e'trapolation would magnify projected misstatements by five. In addition# the auditor must consider sampling error. The net effect of the misstatements for which we were able to compute the actual misstatement was an overstatement of inventory by <;.;7# a small amount *see items 1 and !+. However# the e'ceptions resulted from various causes including incorrect decimal placement# mathematical errors# and unit of measure errors. The auditor should determine that the net effect of the misstatements is not significant@ in addition# to insure against other individual misstatements that might be significant# the auditor should review the e'tensions and other computations for reasonableness and obvious misstatements. -or the items for which the amount of the misstatement could not be determined# the auditor should follow up as described in 2 and above. -rom the results of the follow,up# the effect of the misstatements noted should be assessed and determination made as to the need for e'pansion of scope for the tests considered. %rior to compiling the inventory ne't year# 6artin 6anufacturing should implement the following internal controls:
21,22
21-32 &continued'
1. 2. .
21-33 a.
The compilation of inventory should be computerized. If not# all e'tensions and footings should be recomputed by a second person. omeone familiar with the inventory should review the compilation schedules for reasonableness of $uantities# prices# and e'tensions. (ll inventory tags should be accounted for prior to posting to the compilation schedules and a control total compared to the total on the compilation sheets after the compilation is complete.
Becessary adjustments to client/s physical inventory: 6aterial in )ar N(38152Oreceived in warehouse on Manuary 2# 28 6aterials stranded en route *ales price <1;#27912"K+ Total Jess unsalable inventory Total adjustment P
b.
< 8#12 1"#!15 2#"5 1#2" P <22#285
If freight charges have been included in the client/s inventory# the amount would be <1#5 and the amount of the total adjustment would be <21#;5. Mournal entry 5 probably would have a credit to purchases of <1#5 in this case. (uditor/s worksheet adjusting entries:
1.
%urchases (ccounts %ayable
< 2#18 < 2#18
To record goods in warehouse but not invoiced,received on 33 15. 2.
Bo entry re$uired. Title to goods had passed.
.
(ccounts receivable ales
12#7 12#7
To record goods as sold which were loaded on 0ecember 1 and not inventories,I ;58.
21,2
21-33 &continued'
!.
ales (ccounts receivable
1;#27 1;#27
To reverse out of sales material included in both sales *I ;55+ and in physical inventory *after adjustment+. ".
Bo adjustment re$uired.
5.
)laims receivable %urchases -reight In
7.
1#5 1#2" "
To record claim against carrier for merchandise damaged in transit. Inventory )ost of goods sold
22#285 22#285
To adjust accounts for changes in physical inventory $uantities. 8.
ales (ccounts receivable
1"#77 1"#77
To reverse out of sales invoices N;5;# ;7# ;7l. The sales book was held open too long. This merchandise was in warehouse at time of physical count and so included therein. ?
Case
21-34 Computer Solution$ )omputer solutions in 4'cel are contained on the
)ompanion &ebsite and on the InstructorCs 3esource )0,36# which is available upon re$uest *-ilename %21!.J+.
21,2!
21-34 &continued'
(.
( price of <8 is proper for pricing J7 spars at 12,1,7 since the ne't shipment of spars was not received until 1,5,8. However# the ne't invoice shows a lower cost# which indicates a decline in the value of this product. If the net realizable value *selling price less cost to sell+ is less than the <8 per meter cost# the spars should be revalued to net realizable value at 12,1,7.
.
The total is 1#912 feet times <1.2 per foot L <1#. In addition# the freight of <2 should have been as follows: <2 *12#8 inches 9 12 inches per foot+
L <.187" per ft
Total inventory cost should be *<1.2 > .187" per foot+ times 8 feet *1#912+ L <1#1"".7; or an overstatement of inventory by <1#8!!.21. ).
-I- value would be: Qoucher 12,51 1# yards at <1. per yard L <1# Qoucher 11,81 " yards at < ;." per yard L !#7" Inventory is overstated by <2" <1!#7" Qoucher number 12,81 is not used because the receiving date is after year,end.
0.
-I- value would be: Qoucher 12,51 8 feet at <8. per foot Qoucher 11,81 2 feet at <8.2 per foot
L L
<5#! 1#5! <8#!
Inventory is understated by
%ricing is correct if the item is for inventory. It is possible that this item should be capitalized.
-.
%roper -I- cost is ! pair ' 2 L 8 springs ' <5;. each L <"#"2. Inventory is understated by <"#2!!.
E.
%ricing is correct. However# the fasteners were purchased in 22 five years ago# and only eleven or 1!K have been used. )onsideration should be given as to whether net realizable value is less than cost.
21,2"
21-34 &continued'
4( EAJJ (I3-3(64# IB). A66(3R - IBQ4BT3R 6IT(T464BT %uantity Item No$ and !escription
2 1 , 2 "
(. .
J7 pars 58 6etal -ormers
). 0. 4.
31 6etal 3ibs t25 truts Industrial hand drills J8 teel Jeaf prings Q15 -asteners
-. E.
Per Inventory
Correct
Price !ifference
Per Inventory
Correct
!ifferenc e
Recorded #mount
Correct #mount
#mount of Misstatement
# 1#
# 8
;#157
8. 1.2
8. 1.87"
. ,.187"
2!#. 12#.
2!#. 1#1"".7;
. ,1#8!!.21
1#" 1# !"
1#" 1# !"
1. 8. 2.
19;." 898.2 2.
." ,.2 .
1"#. 8#. ;.
1!#7". 8#!. ;.
,2". !. .
!
8
,!
5;.
5;.
.
275.
"#"2.
"#2!!.
"."
"."
1.
1.
.
"".
"".
Total misstatement
. ,"#81.21
Items over <"# Items under <"#
,11#"!.21 "#2!!. ,"#81.21
)B)JAIB: *see ne't page for calculations+
346(3D
There is a material potential misstatement due to the number and size of misstatements found relative to the sample chosen. In order to determine a more accurate estimate of the actual misstatement# additional tests are necessary.
(. . ). 0. 4. -. E.
B3Q Sassumed e'ceeds cost. Uuantity based on inches# not feet@ freight not included. " yards overpriced. 2 feet underpriced. B3Q Sassumed .D. S(ssumed not capitalizable. Includes e'tension error in inventory. )onsider separately for obsolescence.
21,25
21-34 &continued' PR&'EC(E! MISS(#(EMEN(S /ollars tested a8ple ite8s
ver "#
Ander <"#
Bo e'ceptions ( ) 0 4 E
5# 2!# 12# 1"# 8#
2#5
0ollars tested
!1;#
; 275 "" #81
21-34 &continued' PR&'EC(E! MISS(#(EMEN(S /ollars tested a8ple ite8s
ver "#
Ander <"#
Bo e'ceptions ( ) 0 4 E
5# 2!# 12# 1"# 8#
2#5
0ollars tested
!1;#
; 275 "" #81
PR&'EC(E! MISS(#(EMEN( I)N&RIN) S#MP*IN) ERR&R+
6ore than <"#
!#1"# !1;#
V11#"!.21 L , <1;#!85
Jess than <"#
!#12"# #81
"#2!! L <"#5!5#!5
PAsed ratio estimation for projected misstatement. 0ifference estimation results are e$ually unacceptable.
Internet ,ro:le8 olution@ 0sing Inventory Count pecialists
ince 1;8 when auditors failed to uncover fictitious inventory recorded by the 6cDesson W 3obbins )ompany# auditors have been ordinarily re$uired to physically observe the counting of inventory. It is important to recognize that auditors are not re$uired to actually count the inventory for inclusion on the balance sheet# but they are re$uired to o,serve the inventory being counted. ccasionally# companies employ inventory specialists to perform their inventory counts. ne very large inventory counting specialist is 3etail Erocery Inventory ervice# now known as 3EI. Qisit 3EICs Swww.rgisinv.com &eb site and answer the following $uestions. 21-1
1. 0oes an auditorCs responsibility for observing the physical inventory differ if a company hires an inventory specialist such as 3EI to perform counts as opposed to having its own employees perform inventory countsX *Hint: 3ead ( Bo. 1 *see (A ection 1+.+
21,27
21-1 &continued' Answer@ Bo# the auditorCs responsibility is unchanged by who does the
counting of the clientCs inventory. The auditor must be present during the physical counting of the inventory. 2. &ould your e'pectations of the physical observation of a clientCs inventory change if a client hired a company such as 3EIX Answer@ tudent responses will likely vary based upon their e'perience with
companies such as 3EI and whether they have participated in a physical inventory. This $uestion is meant to encourage students to consider whether the hiring of an outside company such as 3EI affects how the auditor e'ecutes his9her responsibilities during a physical inventory. 6ost students have very likely never considered who actually counts a companyCs inventory let alone the significance of hiring another company to do the work. -or e'ample# the instructor might ask the students to e'plain the difference between hiring temporary employees to help with the counting of inventory and hiring a company such as 3EI to count the inventory. . &hat are the advantages and disadvantages of hiring an inventory specialist such as 3EIX tudent responses will disadvantages include the following: Answer@
vary.
However#
advantages
and
Advantages: 4'perienced inventory specialists@ Bo or very limited
management time re$uired to train employees on inventory procedures@ (bility to continue business while the counting proceeds@ )ompany employees are free to continue with their daily tasks# etc. /isadvantages: )ompany may lose control over the counting process@ 6anagement may e'perience a disconnect from the inventory counting process which might lead to a loss of information@ Inventory specialists may not be familiar with inventory if the company is in a uni$ue industry@ etc. *(ote: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. ecause Internet sites are subject to change# Internet problems and solutions are subject to change. )urrent information on Internet problems is available at www.prenhall.com9arens+.
21,28