UNIVERSIDAD PERUANAN UNION FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE ARQUITECTURA
CULTURA PACHACAMAC
ALUMNOS: ZUNIGA BENITO DAVID ADRIAN ROJAS MARTINEZ ADRIAN JERSON
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INDICE 1.TITULO 2.INDICE 3.
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En el antiguo Perú, que se extendía mucho más allá de sus actuales fronteras, extendieron fronteras, existieron pueblos organizados, estados dominadores y ciudades cuyos orígenes y antigüedad no son aun conocidos con exactitud, siendo extraordinaria la variedad y riqueza de sus restos arqueológicos. Entre estos restos aparecen detalles y conjuntos de Arquitectura diversas, sorprendentes y monumentales. monumentales. Siempre son grandes composiciones de templos, tumbas fortalezas o palacios y siempre, a pesar de las acentuadas diferencias y de distancia y de tiempo que existe entre los diversos centros culturales, se encuentra un denominador común de ritmo y de forma, que le da unidad a esa expresiones arquitectónicas, que las hace peruanas arquitectónicas, que las hace peruanas por por su esencia, y prolonga hasta hoy como traídas por una corriente telúrica.
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3. INTRODUCCION En el presente trabajo monográfico se analizara el complejo urbano de Pachacamac, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos del territorio en donde se establecieron, sus características, y el patrón de asentamiento que tuvieron dentro del terreno. Se verá también el modo de asentamiento como tal, las características y la consideración consideración del paisaje de esta cultura en dicho territorio. Por último, la arquitectura de Pachacamac. Se hará el análisis de la edificación desde su función, forma y construcción hasta la descripción de las mismas y estado actual. Finalizando con los comentarios y conclusiones respectivas. Previo al desarrollo de la monografía, es necesario conocer aspectos generales del lugar, explicados a continuación. continuación.
4. TERRITORIO 4.1 Ubicación geográfica: El complejo Arqueológico de PACHACAMAC se ubica en el kilómetro 32 de la carretera panamericana sur entre los distritos de Lurín y San Salvador de PACHACAMAC en la provincia de lima, en el Perú. El área área cubre cubre una superficie superficie de 492.9495 hectáreas hectáreas y limita por el norte con la tablada de Lurín y quebrada de Atocongo, por el suroeste con la desembocadura desembocadura del rio Lurín, por el este con el valle y las primeras estribaciones andinas.
Ilustración 2 Ubicación de P ACHACAMAC en el departamento de Lima
Ilustración 1 Ubicación en el mapa mapa del Perú
4.2 Ubicación local: El área cubre una superficie de 492.9495 hectáreas y limita por el norte con la tablada de Lurín y quebrada de Atocongo, por el suroeste con la desembocadura del rio Lurín, por el este con el valle y las primeras estribaciones andinas.
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Ilustración 2 Vista aérea del sitio Arqueológico de PACHACAMAC PACHACAMAC
4.3 Características del territorio: El santuario se asienta en la margen derecha del rio Lurín sobre una explanada dominada por cuatro cuatro promontorios promontorios rocosos. rocosos. La zona comprende comprende varios ecosistemas, ecosistemas, entre los cuales tenemos bosques ribereños y la desembocadura del rio Lurín, la línea costera con ecosistemas de lomas en las primeras estribaciones andinas, el valle y el medio costero desértico caracterizado por los sedimentos de arena.
Ilustración 3 Vista aérea del complejo Arqueológico Arqueológico de PACHACAMAC fue tomada tomada en el siglo xx
La configuración geológica de Pachacamac responde a la formación pamplona
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actividad sísmica cuyos movimientos alcanzan profundidades mayores a los 60 km de profundidad.
5. ASENTAMIENTO O COMPLEJO URBANO, organización del del Asentamiento. 5.1 Emplazamiento del asentamiento en el territorio: A partir de los datos arqueológicos proporcionados por las investigaciones, sabemos sabemos que la ocupación del santuario Arqueológico de Pachacamac se inició en el formativo tardío, pues en las pampas ubicadas frente a la zona monumental mo numental se encuentra un cementerio correspondiente a pobladores que probablemente Vivian dedicados a la pesca, la agricultura y a la explotación de las lomas. En el periodo de los desarrollos regionales (200 – 600 600 d.c) se desarrolló la cultura lima que se distribuye en la costa central en los valles contiguos de Chancay, Chillón, Rímac y Lurín. La construcción del santuario se inició en este periodo, siendo Pachacamac el centro más importante del valle de Lurín. En ese entonces se construyeron tanto el templo viejo una imponente mole hecha con adobitos formando paneles con técnica de “librero”.
Ilustración 4 Desarrollos Regionales
Desde el 600 al 1100 d.c se concentran evidencias del imperio Wari en Pachacamac. EL apogeo del oráculo de Pachacamac ocurrió precisamente durante el periodo horizonte medio Wari, a transformarse en un centro religioso que atraía gran cantidad de peregrinos alcanzando un primer esplendor panandino. De esta época data un extenso cementerio, excavado por Max Hule en 1896, que se encuentra al pie y por debajo del templo de Pachacamac, Pachacamac, así como una serie de ofrendas de cerámica haladas en la zona.
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Ilustración 5 Wari
Hacia 1100 d.c. los Ychma establecieron su centro de poder en pachacamac, pachacamac, con una serie de asentamientos habitacionales y administrativos que incluyen pirámides con rampa, entre otros, sobresaliendo Tijerales, Quebrada Golondrina, Pacae Redondo y Panquilma, en el valle de Lurín.
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En 1470 los incas habían establecido en Pahacamac una importante capital provincial donde destacaban destacaban edificaciones como el templo del sol y el Acllawasi, entre otros.
Ilustración 7 Imperio Inca
El santuario Arqueológico de Pachacamac forma parte del qhapaq Ñan, este estuvo compuesto por un complejo sistema de comunicación vial que tenía a todo el imperio inca o tawantinsuyo. Pachacamac era el punto de inicio del camino transversal tr ansversal que lo unía al centro administrativo inca hatun xauxa, ubicado en la región r egión Junín, articulado así a toda la región de los andes ancestrales.
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6. ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL - POLITICA 6.1 Organización política El Señorío de Ichma dominaba a diversos curacazgos ubicados en los valles de Lurín y Rímac. Dichos curacazgos eran los de Sulco (Surco), Guatca, Lima, Maranca (Maranga) y Callao. Formarían una especie de confederación, aunque sobre ello no se tiene información suficiente.
6.2 Organización social Al igual que otros señoríos de la costa central peruana, la masa de la población estaría dividida de acuerdo a su especialización: pescadores, agricultores, comerciantes, artesanos. En la cúspide de la pirámide social estaban, obviamente, los señores o nobles que conformaban la clase dirigente.
7. ACTIVIDADES ECONÓMICAS Las principales actividades económicas eran la agricultura, la pesquería y el comercio de los productos excedentes. Aprovecharon y mejoraron la excelente red de canales o acequias heredada de la cultura Lima, con la que ganaron extensas áreas para el cultivo. El valle de Lima era muy fértil y daba las subsistencias a una crecida población. Los grandes recintos ceremoniales, además de su función religiosa, servían como grandes almacenes de productos alimenticios y como centros de fabricación de productos suntuarios.
8. MANIFESTACIONES CULTURALES 8.1 Cerámica En el Centro Ceremonial de Pachacamac encontramos cerámica perteneciente a los diversos ocupantes del sitio a través del tiempo. Los estilos más representativos y sobresalientes son los de las culturas Lima, Wari, Ischma e Inca.
8.2 Cerámica Lima (200 - 800 d.C.)
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8.3 Cerámica Wari (800 d.C. - 1200 d.C.)
Fuente: search?q=ceramicas+de+la+cultura+pachacamac&espv=2&biw search?q=ceramicas+de+la+cultura+pachacamac&espv=2&biw
La influencia de la cultura Wari llego a Pachacamac dejando claras huellas en la cerámica. Esta cerámica está representada por una serie de estilos que representan y copian a los dibujos y decoraciones de la cerámica Wari, aun después de la influencia de esta cultura en la región.
8.4 Cerámica Ischma (1200 d.C. - 1450 d.C.) Esta cerámica es la de mayor presencia en el sitio, debido que es el estilo que acompaña la ocupación de mayor tamaño que tuvo t uvo el Centro Ceremonial de Pachacamac. La cultura Ischma tuvo sin lugar a dudas a Pachacamac como uno de sus centros de mayor importancia. Nos dejó un estilo cerámico complejo, decorado en base a la pintura de diversos colores, que incluye un variado repertorio de formas.
8.5 Cerámica Inca (1450 d.C - 1533 d.C)
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que imita la cerámica Inca-imperial Inca-imperial cuzqueña (especialmente (especialmente platos y aríbalos) pero que es producida de forma local.
9. ARQUITECTURA 9. ARQUITECTURA 9.1 PRE CERÁMICO Desde el periodo pre cerámico se encuentran ya en la costa peruana establecimientos caracterizados por grupos compuestos por varias estructuras monumentales concebidas según el mismo modelo arquitectónico. TEMPLO VIEJO DESCRIPCION El tiempo viejo de Pachacamac es una pirámide construida con adobitos sobre un pequeño promontorio natural ubicada en la zona más restringida de todo este sitio siti o arqueológico: dentro de la primera muralla. Su forma es irregular aunque en líneas generales, vista desde el aire, tiene forma de trapecio. La mencionada forma recuerda a los dibujos de cabezas de serpientes o a la representación estilizada del tiburón, ambas muy comunes en la iconografía de la cultura Lima.
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molle y otros árboles nativos usados a modo de columnas; el espacio restante estuvo al aire libre. ARQUITECTURA:
Ilustración 10 Reconstrucción hipotética del templo viejo de pachacamac pachacamac
El patio principal fue el espacio dedicado a la realización de eventos religiosos con la concurrencia de gran cantidad de participantes (Franco y Paredes 2005). A partir de la fase B del templo viejo de Pachacamac los muros sobre las banquetas ostentaron representaciones iconográficas policromas, que según sus investigadores la evidencia encontrada es tan fragmentada y pequeña en cantidad que les ha sido imposible identificarlas.
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Ilustración 11 Vista del templo viejo
SISTEMACONSTRUCTIVO Es un edificio de planta trapezoidal construido con pequeños adobes hechos a manos dispuestos bajo la técnica del “librero” y adobes rectangulares. Se han identificado varias
etapas constructivas y remodelaciones. Su última fase constructiva corresponde a la Cultura Lima y luego de su abandono se colocaron ofrendas correspondientes correspondientes a periodos posteriores.
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ARQUITECTURA Su arquitectura consiste en pequeños adobes paralelepípedos paralelepípedos colocados verticalmente y en fila, a manera de un librero sobre una base de barro que le da estabilidad. El edificio parece extenderse hacia los lados y denota una larga secuencia de cambios y modificaciones a través del tiempo. El hallazgo de tumbas simples sin ofrendas sobres estas estructuras indican los cambios de uso que tuvieron algunos sectores del santuario a través del tiempo. Las edificaciones se construyen mediante la reutilización de parte de los materiales constructivos del momento anterior. Así, en las tres fases se repite el patrón por el cual un relleno intencional de arena separa un momento del otro. El material asociado aún no ha sido analizado debidamente, pero parece ser bastante homogéneo y corresponde a las últimas fases de la secuencia lima. La arquitectura de la primera fase constructiva está casi totalmente destruida, mientras que la segunda tiene mayor superficie de exposición en la actualidad. El primer edificio se construye encima de una duna de arena cuya pendiente se regularizó por medio de terrazas y plataformas. Tiene como base una capa de barro y adobes rectangulares hechos a manos dispuestos a manera de piso.
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constructivo sugiere que estas actividades son seguidas y, por tanto de poca duración probablemente debido a necesidades necesidades políticas y organizaciones de la población. Está compuesto por plataformas superpuestas y cinco recintos cuadrangulares alrededor de canchas en forma de “T”. El complejo se ha edificado con pequeños adobes de barro colocados en hiladas verticales mediante la técnica llamada “del librero”. Posteriorme,
durante la época Ychsma esta zona fue destinada como cementerio.
Ilustración 13 Conjunto de adobes adobes de lima Adobitos
9.2 WARI TEMPLO PINTADO Edificio de planta rectangular construido de adobitos compuesto por terraplenes de 6m de alto, enlucidos de barro decorados con figuras antropomorfas, peces aves y plantas, pintadas con colores rojos y amarillos, y delineadas con negro. Algunos cronistas e investigadores consideran que este edificio constituyo el verdadero oráculo de Pachacamac y permaneció en funcionamiento hasta la llegada de los españoles al santuario.
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etapa de ocupación. Sin embargo, el diseño dis eño en general es una resultante de la combinación entre las formas de edificación local l ocal con las formas norteñas ampliamente conocidas.
Ilustración 15 Isometría del templo pintado
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Para su estudio, en Pachacamac, las pirámides con Rampa (PCR) han sido numeradas correlativamente del 1 al 16. Las más más conocidas y estudiadas so sonn las PCR 1, PCR 2 y la PCR 3. Estos edificios sirvieron de palacio para el curaca que gobernó la ciudad con su pueblo y el comercio con las naciones vecinas. Una de las hipótesis para explicar la presencia de tantas construcciones construcciones similares (las PCR) enuncia que estas se fueron construyendo sucesivamente cada 30 o 40 años y que a la muerte del Curaca de dicha PCR se enterraba en ella y el edificio era clausurado para su uso público, teniendo su sucesor que construir su propia PCR. Las diferencias en tamaño y acabado entre las PCR se explicarían por la cantidad de recursos que su momento tuviera a su disposición el Curaca de turno. Esto ha sido parcialmente demostrado con los estudios de Peter Eeckhout en la PCR 3, principalmente. Sin embargo, debido a que aún no se tienen estudios completos de todas las PCR no se descarta que hayan coexistido varias al mismo tiempo. PIRAMIDE CON RAMPA N° 1 La pirámide con Rampa N° 1 (PCR1) es la más grande de todas. Se ubica al lado de la calle Norte Sur y tiene un acceso lateral que lleva a un patio o corral de llamas con depósitos.
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Ilustración 18 Pirámide con Rampa Rampa isometría tridimensional
La PCR 1 tiene una pirámide con rampa menor al lado derecho y paralela a la calle Norte Sur, en ella se hallaron evidencias de un taller de cerámica. Al lado izquierdo hay cuatro
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Ilustración 20 Portada principal de la Pirámide Pirámide con Rampa
Las primeras investigaciones dividen el edificio en nueve sectores: sector I: ingreso principal, sector II: I I: patio principal, sector III: Volumen piramidal, sector IV: Depósitos posteriores de planta cuadrada y rectangular, sector V: Gran patio hundido posterior, sector VI: Edificios conexos, sector VII: Cancha lateral N° 1, sector VIII: Cancha lateral
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donde el edificio es construido de manera sucesiva, sufriendo algunas refacciones. Es en esta etapa cuando el edificio adquiere mayor prestigio. Durante la tercera etapa correspondiente al horizonte tardío, el edificio es reutilizado por los incas. Tiempo después abandonan abandonan el lugar debido a un terremoto. Las funciones de esta pirámide están ligadas a espacios específicos siendo posible diferenciar espacios públicos y privados. Así también se han hallado evidencias de actividades productivas en otras áreas de la pirámide, actividades rituales, tumbas, almacenamiento y habitacionales.
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Hacia el sureste se ubicó una cámara funeraria con nicho interior que desafortunadamente fue saqueada totalmente. Esta cámara fue la tumba del líder religioso. El espacio central formado por recintos que conforman una “U” orientada al este, fue el escenario de las
actividades rituales, el cual presentaba columnatas de adobe que soportaban el techo horizontal construido con cañas amarradas con soguillas de totora y revestida con barro y formaba un acceso central dirigido al recinto mayor. De otro lado, este espacio a modo de auditorio, tenía banquetas finas hacia los muros norte y sur que sirvieron para la colocación de algunos artículos que se empleaban en la ceremonia.
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conducen hacia una función ritual, debido a numerosas ofrendas de sacrificios de animales, textiles y algunos entierros, entre los cuales se incluye la de un niño y una mujer adulta con un mono; correspondiendo a todos ellos a la fundación del edificio.
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Climáticamente presenta una gran inercia térmica, lo que permite lograr recintos frescos en verano y cálidos en invierno. Su elaboración, para quien la conoce, es muy sencilla; su mampostería es fácilmente reciclable y cuando está bien realizada es más higiénica y saludable que la piedra. En el Punchaucancha el adobe se expresa estructuralmente de modo magistral: con muros de sección trapezoidal, de hasta dos metros y medio de ancho, alturas de 8 metros y de largos monumentales. Su forma evidencia amplia experiencia en cuanto al diseño estructural.
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PAUTAS GEOMETRICAS Y MODULOS DEL TRAZO ARQUITECTÓNICO DEL TEMPLO En el mundo andino se utilizaron leyes de desarrollo armónico del trazo mediante la Cuerda, con las diagonales sucesivas centrípetas y centrifugas del cuadrado, y con el desarrollo lateral del cuadrado en Raíz de 3 y Raíz de 4, imbricadas con dualidad, la tripartición y la Chakana. Entonces en el Punchaucancha deberían manifestarse estas pautas de diseño. diseño.
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E
Aknay Punqu Lloqanakuna: escaleras ceremoniales ceremonial es de acceso.
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Pachacamac era un acertado oráculo que intervenía en la vida de los poderosos al predecir
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