Bicol College College of Nursing Daraga, Albay
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Name: ______________________________________________
Date: ____________________
Part 1. Direction: Choose the best answer and encircle it. Avoid erasures. 1.
The hypodermis a. connects the dermis to underlying bone bone and muscle b. is the layer of the skin where hair is produced c. Is the layer of skin where nails are produced d. connects the dermis and the epidermis
2.
In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? a. back of the hand b. heel of the foot c. abdomen d. over the shin
3.
The function of keratin in the skin is: a. lubrication of the skin c. to provide protection from UV light
4.
5.
b. to reduce water loss d. to provide structural strength
Smooth muscles that produce “goose flesh” when they contract are the a. Papillae b. Cuticle c. Medulla Sebum a. lubricates hair & skin, which prevents drying c. consists of dead cells form hair follicles
d. Arrector pili
b. is produced by sweat glands d. is responsible for body odor
6.
While building a deck to his house, house, an Anatomy and and Physiology Instructor hit his finger with a hammer. He responded by saying, “Gee, I hope I didn’t irreversibly damage the ____, because if I did, my fingernail will never grow back.” a. Cuticle b. Nail body c. Nail matrix d. Nail root
7.
Skin aids in maintaining the Calcium & Phosphate levels of body by participating in the production production of a. Carotene b. Keratin c. Vitamin A d. Vitamin D
8.
On a sunny spring day a student decided to initiate her annual tanning ritual. However, she fell asleep while sunbathing. After awakening she noticed that the skin on her back was burned. She experienced redness, blisters, edema, & pain. The burn was nearly healed about 10 days later. the burn was best classified as a a. First degree burn b. Second degree burn c. Third degree burn
9.
Which of the following is a function of bone? a. internal support & protection b. provide attachment for muscles c. mineral storage d. blood cell formation
10. A break in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the a. Epiphysis b. Perichondrium
c. Diaphysis
e. all of the above
d. Articular cartilage
11. Which of the following connective tissue structures cover the surface of mature bones? a. Perichondrium b. Periosteum c. Hyaline cartilage d. b & c 12. Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton? a. Cranium b. Ribs c. Clavicle
d. Sternum
13. Which of the following bones does not contain a Paranasal Sinus? a. Ethmoid b. Sphenoid c. Temporal 14. The Squamous Suture joins the a. frontal & temporal bones c. parietal & temporal bones
e. Vertebra
d. Frontal
e. Maxilla
b. frontal & parietal bones d. parietal & occipital bones
15. The passageway that carries tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity is the a. Nasolacrimal canal b. Optic foramen c. Orbital fissure
d. Foramen magnum
16. The weight-bearing portion of a vertebra is the a. Vertebral arch b. Articular process
c. Body
d. Transverse process
17. Which of the following parts of the upper limb is not correctly matched with the number of bones in that part? a. Arm: 1 b. Forearm: 2 c. Wrist: 10 d. Palm of Hand: 5 e. Fingers: 14 18. Once a doorknob is grasped, what movement of the forearm is necessary to unlatch the door (turn in a clockwise direction)? a. pronation b. rotation c. flexion d. supination e. extension 19. The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle fasciculus is the a. Epimysium b. Endomysium c. Peirmysium
d. Fascia
20. Contrasting aerobic & anaerobic respiration, a. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATPs per glucose molecule than does aerobic respiration b. Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen c. The end product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid d. Anaerobic respiration produces ATPs slowly compared to aerobic respiration 21. A weight-lifter attempts to lift a weight from the floor, but the weight is so heavy he is unable to move it. The type of muscle contraction the weight-lifter used was mostly a. Isometric b. Isotonic c. Notsometric d. Notsotonic 22. Muscles that oppose one another are a. Synergists b. Agonist
c. Prime movers
d. Antagonists
23. An aerial circus performer who supports herself only by her teeth while spinning around and around should have strong a. Temporalis & Masseter muscles b. Zygomaticus muscles c. Trapezius muscles d. Tendinous inscriptions 24. A man lies flat on his back. While someone holds his feet he does a “sit-up”. Which of the following muscles would be involved? a. Rectus abdominis b. Iliopsoas c. Anterior thigh muscles d. all of the above 25. Which of the following muscles would one expect to be especially well developed in a boxer? a. Biceps brachii b. Brachiaiis c. Deltoid d. Triceps brachii 26. Which of the following muscles would be well developed in a football player whose specialty is kicking field goals? a. Hamstrings b. Quadriceps femoris c. Gluteus maximus d. Gastrocnemius 27. Which of the following muscles would be especially well developed in a ballerina? a. Pectoralis major b. Rectus abdominis c. Gastrocnemius d. Erector spinae 28. A neuron with many short dendrites and one long axon is a a. multipolar neuron b. bipolar neuron c. unipolar neuron
d. none of the above
29. Cluster of nerve cell bodies within the PNS are called a. nuclei b. nodes of Ranvier
d. ganglia
c. myelin sheaths
30. Important centers for control of heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing & coughing are located in the a. Cerebrum b. Cerebellum c. Medulla d. Basal ganglia 31. Our conscious state Is maintained by activity generated in the a. Cerebellum b. Reticular formation c. Limbic system
d. Medulla
32. The main connection between the right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum is the a. Basal ganglia b. Limbic system c. Corpus callosum
d. Cerebellum
33. The outermost Meninges’ layer is a thick, tough membrane called the a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid c. Pia mater
d. Subarachnoid layer
34. There are ___ pairs of Cranial Nerves, and ___ pairs of Spinal Nerves a. 12, 24 b. 31, 12 c. 12, 31
d. 10, 12
35. A collection of spinal nerves that join together after leaving the spinal cord is called a a. Ganglion b. Nucleus c. Projection nerve d. Plexus
36. Which of the following is expected if the Sympathetic Nervous System is stimulated? a. Blood flow to the digestive system organs increases b. Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases c. Heart rate decreases d. Glucose release form liver decreases e. Both a & b 37. Olfactory neurons a. have projections called cilia c. connect to the olfactory bulb
b. have axons that combine to form the olfactory nerves d. all of the above
38. Taste a. Is detected by receptors called Papillae b. Sensations from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue are conducted though the facial nerve c. Can be divided into 4 basic types: sour, salty, bitter, & sweet d. All of the above 39. Aqueous humor a. is the pigment responsible for the black color of the choroid b. Is produced by the iris c. in excess can cause cataracts d. produces pressure that keeps the eye inflated 40. Given the following structures: 1. Lens 2. Aqueous humor
3. Vitreous humor
4. Cornea
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order that light entering the eye would encounter them a.
1, 2, 3, 4
b. 1, 4, 2,3
c. 4, 1, 2, 3
d. 4, 2, 1, 3
41. Which structure is found within or is part of the external ear ? a. Cochlea b. Auditory tube c. Auditory ossicles 42. Given the following membranes: 1. Membrane of the oval window
2. Membrane of the round window
e. 4, 3, 1, 2
d. Auricle
3. Tympanic membrane
Choose the arrangement that lists the membranes in the order sound coming from the outside would encounter them a. 1, 2, 3 b. 2, 1, 3 c. 2, 3, 1 d. 3, 1, 2 e. 3, 2, 1 43. The organ of Corti a. rests upon the vestibular membrane c. is located in the vestibule
b. has hair cells that are embedded in tectorial membrane d. is located in scala tympani
44. Damage to the sensory structures in the semicircular canals would a. damage the macula b. damage the organ of Corti c. affect the ability to detect the position of the head relative to the ground d. affect the ability to detect movement of the head 45. The secretion of a hormone from an endocrine tissue is regulated by a. other hormones b. other chemicals in the blood c. the Nervous System d. all of the above 46. Secretion of hormones form the Anterior Pituitary is controlled by a. releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus b. releasing hormones produced in the posterior pituitary c. the thalamus d. the thymus gland 47. Hormones secreted in the Posterior Pituitary a. are produced in the hypothalamus c. include ADH & Oxytocin 48. Growth Hormone a. increases the breakdown of fat c. increases protein breakdown
b. are transported to the posterior pituitary within axons d. all of the above
b. decreases protein synthesis d. all of the above
49. LSH (Luteinizing hormone) and FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) a. are produced in the hypothalamus b. production is increased by TSH (thyroid-stim ulating hormone) c. regulate growth & function of the Gonads d. inhibit the production of Prolactin
50. Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone a. results in gigantism if it occurs in children c. causes Diabetes Mellitus
b. causes Acromegaly in adults d. both a and b
51. Which of the following would result from a thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland)? a. Increased Calcitonin secretion b. increased TSH secretion c. increased TH secretion d. increased GH secretion 52. If Parathyroid Hormone levels increase, which of the following would be expected? a. Breakdown of bone is increased b. Ca absorption from the small intestine is increased c. Ca reabsorption from urine is decreased d. less active vitamin D would be formed in the kidneys 53. If a condition produced hypersecretion of the adrenal medulla, which of the following symptoms would you expect ? a. low BP b. increased blood flow to internal organs c. decreased HR d. increased glucose & fatty acids in the blood 54. The hormone secreted from the Adrenal Cortex is a. Aldosterone b. Cortisol
c. Androgen
d. all of the above
55. Aldosterone ++ a. causes increased Na retention in the body + c. causes increased K retention in the body
b. causes increased water retention in the body d. a and b
56. Cortisol a. increases the breakdown of fats c. decreases inflammation
b. increases blood sugar levels d. all of the above
57. Aldosterone ++ a. causes increased Na retention ion the body + c. causes increased K retention in the body
b. causes increased water retention in the body d. a & b e. all of the above
58. Insulin increases the a. uptake of glucose by target cells b. uptake of amino acids by target cells c. glycogen synthesis in liver and skeletal muscle cells d. all of the above 59. if a person who has DM forget to take an insulin injection, symptoms that may soon appear include a. Acidosis b. Hyperglycemia c. Increased urine production d. Increased thirst
Part II. Fill in the Blanks. Using the terms provided, complete the following statements: Albinism Cyanosis Carotene
Birthmarks Melanin Red color
Blue color Melanocytes Tan
_(60)_ is a brown-to-black pigment responsible for most skin color. It is produced by _(61)_ in the stratum basale, and is distributed to other epidermal cells. Melanin production is determined by genetic factors, hormones, and exposure to light. A mutation that prevents the manufacture of melanin is _(62)_. Increased melanin production in response to ultraviolet light results in a _(63)_. The _(64)_ of tatto-, os, bruises, and some superficial vessels is due to the light-scattering effect of overlying tissues. _(65)_is a yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots. When large amounts of this pigment are consumed the excess accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fat cells of the dermis and hypodermis, causing the skin to develop a yellowish tint. Blood flowing through the skin produces a _(66)_. When blood flow increases (e.g., blushing) this color intensifies. A decrease in the blood oxygen content of blood produces a bluish color called _(67)_. Congenital disorders of blood vessels in the dermis produce _(68)_.
Acetabulum Anterior superior iliac spine Female
Iliac crest Male Obturator foramen
60. _____________________ 61. _____________________ 62. _____________________ 63. _____________________ 64. _____________________ 65. _____________________ 66. _____________________ 67. _____________________ 68. _____________________
Coxa
Each _(69)_ is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The superior margin of the ilium is called the _(70)_, and an _(71)_ is located at each ilium’s anterior end. The _(72)_ is the socket of
69. _____________________ 70. _____________________ 71. _____________________
the hip joint, and the _(73)_ is the large hole in the coxa. The pelvic inlet and outlet are larger and the pelvic inlet is more oval in the pelvis of the _(74)_.
Actin myofilaments Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Sliding filament mechanism
Myosin myofilament Cross bridges T tubules
72. _____________________ 73. _____________________ 74. _____________________
ATPs Heat
Action potentials in skeletal m uscle are initiated in the cell membrane 75. _____________________ and travel along _(75)_. When the action potentials reach the _(76)_, 76. _____________________ they release Ca ions. The Calcium ions bind to _(77)_ and cause at77. _____________________ tachment sites on actin myofilaments to be exposed. Actin myofila78. _____________________ ment bind to myosin myofilaments to form _(78)_. Bending of the 79. _____________________ myosin heads of the cross bridges moves actin myofilament over the 80. _____________________ myosin myofilaments. This is called the _(79)_. The bending of the 81. _____________________ myosin heads requires the breakdown of _(80)_ for energy, and in 82. _____________________ the process _(81)_ is released causing an increase in body temperature. Muscle relaxation occurs when calcium ion are transported into the _(82).
Action potentials Perilymph Endolymph
Oval Window Basilar membrane Vestibular membrane
Auricle Tympanic membrane Hair cells
Sound waves in the air are collected by the _(83)_ and conducted by the external auditory meatus to the _(84)_, which vibrates. The vibrations are transferred by the auditory ossicles to the membrane of the _(85)_ which vibrates. This produces vibrations in the _(86)_ of the scala vestibuli. The vibrations of the perilymph cause a membrane, the _(87)_ to vibrate. The vibration of this membrane causes the _(88)_ of the cochlear duct to vibrate, which in turn causes another membrane, the _(89)_ to vibrate. The spiral organ of Corti rests on this membrane, and as the membrane moves, it cause the _(90)_ of the spiral organ, which are embedded in the tectorial membrane to bend. The bending of the hair cells results in the production of _(91)_ that are conducted to the brain through the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Anterior pituitary horm ones Estrogen & progesterone Increase
Menstrual cycle Ovaries Testosterone
The main hormone produced by the testes in the male is _(92)_. It is responsible for growth and development of the male reproductive structures, a(n) _(93)_ in muscle size and body hair, voice changes, and sex drive. In the female, _(94)_ contribute to development and function of female reproductive structures and other female sexual characteristics. The female _(95)_ is controlled by cyclic release of estrogen and progesterone from the _(96)_, and the secretion of these hormones, in turn, is controlled by _(97)_.
83. _____________________ 84. _____________________ 85. _____________________ 86. _____________________ 87. _____________________ 88. _____________________ 89, _____________________ 90. _____________________ 91. _____________________
Decrease
92. _____________________ 93. _____________________ 94. _____________________ 95. _____________________ 96. _____________________ 97. _____________________
Good luck!
Prepared by: Ma. Ruth G. Parel, RN, MN Instructor
