ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. What is the definition of anatomy? –the make up of the human body (i.e organs, bones and muscles). What is the definition of physiology? –the function of the body (i.e how it moves/works).
Terminology and Basic Anatomy. ANTERIOR – ante means before. An anteroom is a room before a more important one. Antediluvian is before the food. Antebellum is before a war. To antedate a document is to put an earlier date on it. The anterious view of the body is the view that comes before – the front view. POSTERIOR – post means after. A post graduate course is taken after a degree. A postlude in music is the conclusion at the end of the peice. To post date a cheque is to write the date later than the actual one. Posterior is the back view of the body. MEDIAL/LATERAL – the root of medial is med it means middle. A mediator stands in the middle of a quarrel to solve an argument. She meditates the quarrel by trying to find a mutual agreement. Something medieval is from the middle ages (5-15th century) the middle ages are also the medieval period. Anything medial in anatomy is a structure in relationship to the middle of the body, referring to a lengthwise line down the body (e.g the spine is medial, the nose lies medially in the body).
BODY SYSTEMS. There are 11 body systems. Each system consists of many organs which link together to perform a common function. All systems are interrelated and function together to maintain life.
The Skin – includes nails, hair, sweat and oil glands – protects, regulates temperature, elimantes waste, makes vitamin D and receives stimuli. Skeletal – the bones, joints and cartilages – supports, protects, aids movement. Stores minerals and protects cells that produce blood cells. Muscular – usually referred to as skeletal muscle but includes cardiac, brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs – produce movement, maintains posture and produces heat. Nervous – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs – communicates and coordinates body functions. Cardiovascular – heart, blood vessels and blood – transports substances around the body, helps regulate body temperature and prevents blood loss by blood clotting. Lymphatic – lymphatic vessels, nodes, lymph, spleen, tonsils and thymus glands – returns proteins and plasma to blood, carries fat from intestine to blood, filters body fluid, forms white blood cells and protects against disease. Respiratory – pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs – supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Digestive – gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands, gall bladder, liver and pancreas – physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste. Urinary – kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra – regulates chemical composition of blood, helps to balance the acid/alkali content in the body and eliminates urine. Reproductive – ovaries, testes etc. – involved in reproduction and production of sex hormones. Endocrine – all hormone producing ductless glands – hormones regulate a wide variety of body activities e.g growth and maintain body balance.
SKELETAL DIAGRAM.
LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF FOLLOWING BONES. BONE. Sternum.
LOCATION. Breast bone.
Ribs.
Anterior and posterior thoracic region.
Humerous. Ulna.
Upper arm. Fore arm.
Radius. Carpals. Metacarpels. Phalanges.
Fore arm. Wrist. Hands. Fingers.
Femur
Upper leg.
Tibia.
Lower leg.
Fibula. Patella. Tarsels. Metatarsels. Phalanges. Ilium. Ischium. Pubis.
DESCRIPTION. Flat, narrow, middle thoracic wall. 12 pairs of ribs, contains heart & lungs, protected by ribcage. Long arm of upper bone. Situated on the little finger of fore arm. Situated on the thumb side. Consists of 8 small bones. Consists of 5 bones. 14 phalanges – 3 in each finger & 2 in the thumb. Thigh bone, longest bone in the body. Bone situated on the anterior of lower leg.
FUNCTIONS OF CELLS.
CELL ORGANELLES. Plasma membrane. Nucleus. Endoplasmic recticulum.
Ribosomes. Golgi body. Mitochondria. Lysosomes.
Cillia. Flangellae.
FUNCTION. Protects the cell: allows substances to enter and leave cells. Gives the cell its shape. Contains genes for inheritance: controls the cells activities. Provides channels for moving substances round the cell: provides a large surface area for chemical reaction in the cell. Provides the sites for protein systhesis. Region of synthesis of material which will be secreted by the cell e.g mucus. Involved in energy production within the cell: known as the power house of the cell. Destroys won out organelles and/or whole cells and foreign material known as suicide bags. Causes the movement of particles ad fluid across a cell surface. Enables cells to move about.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM. Muscles cover the framework of the skeleton and are responsible for approximately 50% of the body weight. Their function is to support the movement brought about by the skeleton. Muscular tissue consists of many elastic fibres which are bound together by a thick band known as a sheath. The sheath then extends from the muscle to form strong fibrous bands known as tendons. The tendons attach muscle to bone to allow movement. Other types of muscle include the heart and muscles that assist function of internal organs. The human body contains over 65O individual muscles. Muscles usually occur in pairs throughout the body, one on either side of the other. Muscle is the only body tissue that has the power of contraction. The muscular system is composed of specialised cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractability. Muscles, where attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all the movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. There are three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM TERMS.
Muscle fatigue – Muscles become weak from over working which causes a build up of lactic acid, inadequate blood supply and lack of oxygen.
Muscle reflex – sensory nerve receptors in muscle tissue send impulses via the spinal cord. The motor nerve then sends impulses back to the muscle causing rapid contraction.
Tendons – attach muscle to bone.
Origin – the end of the muscle which is fixed to the bone and cannot move.
Insertion – the end of the muscle attached to the bone which has moved.
Prime mover – muscles producing movement.
Muscle tone – slight involuntary tension of muscles to maintain posture.
SUMMARY SHEET ON POSITION AND ACTION OF SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BODY. NAME.
POSITION.
ACTION.
ARMS. Deltoid.
Covers the shoulder.
Triceps. Biceps. Brachialis. CHEST. Pectoralis major.
Posterior aspect of upper arm. Anterior aspect of upper arm. Deep to biceps. Covers the chest.
Pectoralis minor.
Smaller and deep to pectoralis major. Column of muscle, one on each side of the midline. Flat sheet of muscle passing obliquely down and in from ribs to pelvis and midline. Flat sheet of muscle passing obliquely upward and in from pelvis, midline and ribs. Diagonally across the front of the thigh. Front of thigh. Front of thigh (superficial). Lateral aspect of the thigh. Medial aspect of the thigh. Front of the thigh. Back of thigh.
3 sets of fibres: anterior fibres flex shoulder joint, middle fibres abduct shoulder joint, posterior fibres extend shoulder joint. Extends elbow joint. Flexes elbow joint. Flexes elbow joint. Flexes the shoulder joint and medially rotates it. Protracts the shoulder girdle. Holds the tip of the shoulder down during arm movement. Flexes the trunk. One side working, side flexes the trunk. Rotates the trunk to the opposite site, one side working aids side flexion of the trunk. Rotates the trunk to the same side, one side working aids side flexion of the trunk. Flexes hip and knee joint.
ABDOMINAL WALL. Rectus abdominis. External obliques.
Internal obliques.
THIGH. Sartorius. QUADRICEPS (4). Rectus femoris. Vastus lateralis. Vastus medialis. Vastus intermedialis. HAMSTRINGS (3). Bicep femoris. Semimembranosus. Semitendinosus. Adductors (5).
Abductors (3). Gluteus medius. Gluteus minimus. Tensor fascia lata. Gluteus maximus. LOWER LEG.
Medial aspect of the thigh.
Outer buttock region. Upper outer thigh. Large superficial buttock muscle.
Large powerful group of muscles which extend the knee joint and keep it straight when weight bearing. Work as a group to extend the hip joint and flex the knee joint. Group of muscles which adduct the hip joint (pull inwards) and rotate it laterally. Group of muscles which abduct the hip joint (pull outwards) and rotate it medially. Extends the hip joint. Dorsi flex the foot and invert it.
Tibialis anterior. Gastrocenemius. Soleus. BACK. Trapezius.
Latissimus dorsi.
Erector spinae.
Anterior, lateral aspect of lower leg. Superficial calf muscle. Deep to gastrocenemuis and in the calf. Covers the upper back.
Covers the lower back. From the lumbar region it passes upwards and outwards and insterts on the front of the humerous. Lies deep to other muscles. Forms 3 columns from lumbar spine up to cervical spine.
Flexes the knee joint, plantar flexes the foot. Plantar flexes the foot. Extends the head and elevates the shoulders. When one side is working it flexes the head to the same side and elevates one shoulder. Extends the shoulder jont and medially rotates it. Raises the trunk towards the arms as in climbing.
