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Ch`tb`mdhs M`tvhdrccmó` .................................................. ............................................................................. ..................................................... ........................................ .............. 7 ^gvtb M; Dbscvm~cmó` Dbsc vm~cmó` db lg M`drstvmg .................................................. ............................................................................. ................................ ..... 4 ^vbsb`tgcmó` db lg M`drstvmg................................................. M`drstvmg........................................................................... ........................................ .............. 4 ^gvtmcm~g`tbs dbl Ebvcgdh................................................... Ebvcgdh.............................................................................. ......................................... .............. : ^gvtb MM; G`çlmsms db lg M`drstvmg M`drs tvmg ............................. ....................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... 77 G`çlmsms dbl Egcvhb`thv`h gctrgl } ~bvs~bctmqgs artrvgs ........................................... ........................................... 77 G`çlmsms dbl Emcvhb`thv`h ................................................ ........................................................................... ........................................... ................ 71 Lgs Cm`ch Arbv{gs Che~btmtmqgs db ^hvtbv .................................................... ................................................................ ............ 71 G`çlmsms db lg l g Cgdb`g db Qglhv db lg M`drstvmg................................................... M`drstvmg........................................................... ........ 67 Agcthvbs Cvåtmchs db d b Ízmth db lg M`drstvmg................................................... M`drstvmg................................................................... ................ 64 Ch`clrsmh`bs ................................................ ........................................................................... ..................................................... ...................................... ............ 62 BCCR...................................................................... ............................................................................................... ................................................... .......................... 61 Egvcgs F ....................................... ................................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 69 G`bzhs.......................................................... G`bzhs................................. ................................................... ..................................................... ....................................... ............ 6= G`bzh @h7 % ^vm`cm~glbs ^vm`c m~glbs gcthvbs db lg m`drstvmg ................................................. ......................................................... ........ 3> G`bzh @h6 % Egvcgs F } Egvcgs ^vh~mgs ................................................... ................................................................... ................ 32 G`bzh @h3 % Bl Ebvcgdh Er`dmgl ................................................. ............................................................................ .............................. ... 3: G`bzh @h 2 % Vbsreb` db H~hvtr`mdgdbs H~ hvtr`mdgdbs } Geb`g{gs Geb`g{gs *Egcvh%b`thv`h*Egcvh %b`thv`h- .................. 4> G`bzh @h 1 % Ivçamch vbsreb` dbl g`çlmsms db lgs arbv{gs che~btmtmqgs ..................... 47 G`bzh @h 9 % Bl ^vhdrcth............................................. ^vhdrcth....................................................................... ............................................... ..................... 47 Ilhsgvmh............................................. Ilhsgvmh....................................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... 43 Fmflmhivgaåg ................................................ ........................................................................... ..................................................... ...................................... ............ 44
M`drstvmg db lgs Fbfmdgs Cgvfh`gtgdgs b` Cjmlb M`tvhdrccmó` B` lg ûltmeg dícgdg, lg m`drstvmg db lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs b` Cjmlb jg bz~bvmeb`tgdh r` cvbcmemb`th db eçs dbl 2>". ^gvg gfgstbcbv dmcjg dbeg`dg, sb dbam`b` dhs sbcthvbs, r`h ~vhcrvg`dh lg dmabvb`cmgcmó` ~hv lhs ~vhdrcths *egvcgs tvgdmcmh`glbs- } htvh frscg`dh dmabvb`cmgvsb ~hv bl ~vbcmh *egvcgs F } ~vh~mgs-. Bstb ûltmeh, gdwrmvmó me~hvtg`cmg } `hthvmbdgd g~vhzmegdgeb`tb dbsdb jgcb : g÷hs lrbih dbl me~gcth ib`bvgdh ~hv lg cvmsms gsmçtmcg db am`bs db lhs =>, bstgfmlm{ç`dhsb sr ~gvtmcm~gcmó` drvg`tb lhs ûltmehs g÷hs b` r` 77". Bl cvbcmemb`th shstb`mdh db lg m`drstvmg jg ~hsmcmh`g`dh gl ~gås cheh r`h db lhs eg}hvbs ch`sremdhvbs db lg vbimó` *776 Lts. ~~g-7, } r`h db lhs eg}hvbs ch`sremdhvbs db Lgtm`hgeívmcg, sólh dbtvçs db Eízmch *72> Lts. ~~g- } Gvib`tm`g *76> Lts. ~~g-. Bl g~hvtb gl ^MF `gcmh`gl db bstg m`drstvmg bs db 6,3" lh wrb lh jgcb r` m`tbvbsg`tb sbcthv g bstrdmgv } g`glm{gv. Gdbeçs ib`bvg eçs db 3=.2>> be~lbhs db ahveg dmvbctg b m`dmvbctg. R` bstrdmh vbglm{gdh ~hv G@FBV6 vbs~bcth db r`g cg`gstg db 71> ~vhdrcths wrb sb ch`sreb` jgfmtrgleb`tb db`tvh db lg Vbimó` Ebtvh~hlmtg`g g r`g erbstvg db :.442 agemlmgs, dmh cheh vbsrltgdh wrb bl ch`sreh db lgs fbfmdgs hcr~g bl tbvcbv lrigv db`tvh db bstg cg`gstg db ch`sreh dbs~rís dbl ~g` } lg cgv`b. Dbl thtgl dbl ch`sreh db Fbfmdgs Vbavbscg`tbs *Krihs, Tb, B`bvim{g`tbs, Girgs } Fbfmdgs Cgvfh`gtgdgs- lg m`drstvmg db lgs igsbhsgs hcr~g r` :3,3". Gfgvcg 77>.>>> clmb`tbs vbimstvgdhs ahvegleb`tb wrb m`clr}b` r` 1>" db ~bwrb÷hs chebvcmg`tbs.
7
Ch`sreh b` Lmtvhs ~hv ^bvsh`g G`rgl 6 Gshcmgcmó` @gcmh`gl db Fbfmdgs Vbavbscg`tbs
G~hvtg bl 7>" db lg jmdvgtgcmó` vbwrbvmdg ~hv lg ~hflgcmó` Cjmlb`g. Db`tvh dbl g÷h 6>>9 sb qb`dmbvh` 7.97> emllh`bs db lmtvhs wrb vb~vbsb`tg r` cvbcmemb`th db 2,3" vbs~bcth dbl g÷h g`tbvmhv } vbs~bcth db lhs ûltmehs 4 g÷hs r` CGIV3 db 4,1" lh wrb erbstvg r` `htgflb cvbcmemb`th g `mqbl m`drstvmgl. Bsth sregdh g lgs ebkhvgs tbc`hlóimcgs me~lbeb`tgdgs ~hv lgs befhtbllgdhvgs } lg gû` bzmstb`tb dbeg`dg m`sgtmsabcjg, jgcb er} gtvgctmqh bl bstrdmh db bstg gctmqmdgd } srs bz~bctgtmqgs artrvgs. Bl ~vbsb`tb bstrdmh tmb`b cheh hfkbtmqh ~vbsb`tgv r` G`çlmsms Bstvgtíimch db lg m`drstvmg db lg ~vhdrccmó`, dmstvmfrcmó` } qb`tg db fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs db`tvh dbl tbvvmthvmh `gcmh`gl, b` srs {h`gs Rvfg`gs *:>"- } Vrvgl *6>"-. Vbs~bcth dbl glcg`cb, dbl bstrdmh; @h ch`tbe~lg lg ~vhdrccmó`, dmstvmfrcmó` } qb`tg db girgs igsmamcgdgs h `gtrvglbs, krihs, fbfmdgs b`bvim{g`tbs } fbfmdgs ch` sgfhv sg fhv g tí. Sb ch`smdbvgvh` lhs smirmb`tbs cg`glbs; ebvcgdh tvgdmcmh`gl *lhcglbs chebvcmglbs, tmb`dgs db gfgvvhtbs, fhtmllbvågs- wrb che~h`b` bl 24" dbl ebvcgdh, sr~bvebvcgdhs b jm~bvebvcgdhs wrb che~h`b` g~vhzmegdgeb`tb r` 64" dbl ebvcgdh, eg}hvmstgs *lhs wrb dmstvmfr}b` lhs ~vhdrcths b` gwrbllgs {h`gs b` dh`db lhs befhtbllgdhvbs `h bstç` m`tbvbsgdhs b` dmstvmfrmv-, chebv } fbfbv *vbstgrvg`tbs, arb`tbs db shdg, ~rfs, btc.- lhs dhs ûltmehs cg`glbs che~h`b` g~vhzmegdgeb`tb r` 66", Sb ch`smdbvg` thdhs lhs ahvegths db b`qgsbs ~gvg fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs bzmstb`tbs b` bl ebvcgdh? vbthv`gflbs, `h vbthv`gflbs } lgtgs. Tvgdmcmh`gleb`tb bstg m`drstvmg sb dmqmdb b` dhs sbieb`ths, lhs ahvegths Chlg } lhs ahvegths db Sgfhv *wrb chvvbs~h`db` g thdhs lhs wrb `h sh` sgfhvbs Chlg-
3
Che~hr`d G``rgl Ivhytj Vgtb; Tgsg che~rbstg db Cvbcmemb`th G`rgl
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4
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Bl ch`sreh db egvcgs F } ~vh~mgs rsrgleb`tb sb qb agqhvbcmdh g`tb lgs m`bstgfmlmdgdbs bch`óemcgs ~hv ch`tgv ch` r` eb`hv ~vbcmh db qb`tg. ^hv htvh lgdh, lg arbvtb m`qbvsmó` b` ~rflmcmdgd } lg ch`tm`rg m``hqgcmó` b` ahvegths } ~vhdrcths wrb vbglm{g` lgs be~vbsgs lådbvbs, eg`tmb`b` gl ebvcgdh ch`cb`tvgdh b` ~hchs gcthvbs } lmdbvgdh ~hv gtvmfrths db egvcg } cglmdgd. R` dbtgllb g dbstgcgv bs wrb ~gvtb db lg m``hqgcmó` } dbsgvvhllh db `rbqhs ~vhdrcths } b`qgsbs *M/D2- bstç hvmb`tgdh g lg fûswrbdg dbl fmb`bstgv chv~hvgl *Ybll`bss- gdbeçs db aheb`tgv lg crltrvg db qmdg sglrdgflb. R`g cgvgctbvåstmcg db lg m`drstvmg b` lg fûswrbdg db eg}hvbs eçvib`bs h~bvgcmh`glbs jg smdh bl dbsgvvhllgv ehdbv`hs smstbegs db che~vgs cb`tvglm{gdgs db m`srehs } ~lg`mamcgdgs çvbgs db lhiåstmcgs er} bs~bcmglm{gdgs } db ivg` b`qbvigdrvg. Bl dbsgvvhllh db lhs cg`glbs db dmstvmfrcmó`, wrb }g jg` smdh dbam`mdhs, ~bvemtb lg ge~lmtrd } lg ~vhar`dm{gcmó` db lgs lå`bgs db ~vhdrcths, smb`dh bstg bstvgtbimg db qb`tgs r`g ch`stg`tb db thdg lg m`drstvmg. B` bl cgsh db lhs befhtbllgdhvbs avg`wrmcmgdhs bl låemtb ibhivçamch wrb dbfb` vbs~btgv lhs hflmig g egzmem{gv bl ch`sreh ch `sreh ~bv cç~mtg, b` bl cgsh db lgs htvgs befhtbllgdhvgs db egvcgs1 crfvb` lgs {h`gs ibhivçamcgs wrb sr cg~gcmdgd } bstvrctrvg lbs ~bvemtb`. B` bl gs~bcth tbc`hlóimch, lgs befhtbllgdhvgs lådbvbs dbsdb jgcb qgvmhs g÷hs jg` dbsgvvhllgdh r` che~lbth ~vhivgeg db ehdbv`m{gcmó` db bwrm~hs } ch`tvhlbs. ]g b` 7=:1 lg eg}hvåg db lgs ~lg`tgs tvgfgkgfg` ch` smstbegs db eh`mthvbh, che~rtgvm{gdhs ch` egwrm`gvmgs ehdbv`gs, bamcmb`tbs } db fgkhs chsths. ^gvg lgs befhtbllgdhvgs avg`wrmcmgdgs, lhs bstç`dgvbs db ch`tvhl db cglmdgd } ~vhtbccmó` gl ebdmh gefmb`tb, vbwrbvmdhs ~hv lgs cgsgs egtvmcbs, sh` er} bzmib`tbs. Db`tvh db lgs cbvtmamcgcmh`bs jgfmtrglbs bzmimdgs sb b`crb`tvg`; JGCC^, MSH =>>7, MSH 74.>>>, HSJGS 7:.>>7 } Bqhlrtmh` MMM OH9. G ístgs cbvtmamcgcmh`bs sb lbs sreg`
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chebvcmg`tb em`hvmstg gl ch`sremdhv am`gl. Cgfb sb÷glgv, sm` befgvih, wrb bl MGFG, ivgqg g lgs befhtbllgdhvgs } dmstvmfrmdhvbs, gû` crg`dh bsths qb`dg` gl ch`sremdhv am`gl. M`dmscrtmflbeb`tb bstb me~rbsth m`cvbeb`tg bl ~vbcmh db qb`tg am`gl. Crg`dh r` ch`sremdhv ~gig r`g fbfmdg bstç ~gig`dh r` 36" b` me~rbsths. Lb} db Srfch`tvgtgcmó` Lg Lb} @» 6>.763, ~rflmcgdg bl 71 db hctrfvb db 6>>1 } wrb cheb`{ó g vbimv bl 74 db b`bvh db 6>>9, ehdmamcg bl Códmih dbl Tvgfgkh vbirlg`dh bl tvgfgkh b` víimeb` db srfch`tvgtgcmó`, bl ar`cmh`gemb`th db lgs be~vbsgs db sbvqmcmhs tvg`smthvmhs } bl ch`tvgth db sbvqmcmhs tvg`smthvmhs. Bstg vbirlgcmó` m`cvbeb`tg bl chsth db lg eg`h db hfvg db lg m`drstvmg.
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B` lg smirmb`tb tgflg, sb dbtgllg` lgs ~vm`cm~glbs be~vbsgs ~gvtmcm~g`tbs db lg m`drstvmg, sr chfbvtrvg ibhivçamcg } sr m`cmdb`cmg m `cmdb`cmg b` lg m`drstvmg.
Arb`tb; GC @mblsb`
Lhs clmb`tbs hfkbtmqhs db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs chvvbs~h`db` g thdhs lhs cg`glbs db lg m`drstvmg dbam`mdhs g`tbvmhveb`tb, g bzcb~cmó` lgs Egvcgs ^vh~mgs db lgs cgdb`gs db sr~bvebvcgdhs, wrb ~vbabvb`tbeb`tb sb chebvcmglm{g` b` lhs lhcglbs vblgcmh`gdhs. Qb`tgkg Che~btmtmqg
~gvg srs clmb`tbs } wrb sr~bvg lhs chsths db bllh. Bl qglhv bs lh wrb lg ib`tb bstç dms~rbstg g ~gigv } bl qglhv sr~bvmhv sb hftmb`b gl havbcbv ~vbcmhs eçs fgkhs wrb lg che~btb`cmg ~hv fb`bamcmhs bwrmqglb`tbs h bs~bcmglbs wrb che~b`sg` ch` cvbcbs r` ~vbcmh eçs “Lg Qb`tgkg Che~btmtmqg sb dbam`b cheh bl qglhv wrb r`g be~vbsg lhivg cvbgv
blbqgdh― =
Lg qb`tgkg che~btmtmqg ~hv gcthv db ebvcgdh bs;
Smstbeg Chcg Chlg
^hsbb` lg avg`wrmcmg db Chcg Chlg Ch. % Egvcg Ilhfgl db glth ~vbstmimh.
BCCR
Sm`bvimg } che~lbeb`th ch` htvgs lå`bgs db ~vhdrcths *Cbvqb{g, S`gcos, btc-.
Egvcgs ^vbcmh
Dmabvb`cmgcmó` ~hv ~vbcmhs b` ebvcgdhs e bvcgdhs db fgkh ~hdbv gdwrmsmtmqh *Sbieb`tgcmó`-.
=
“Qb`tgkg Che~btmtmqg― grthv Emcjgbl B.^hvtbv
G`çlmsms Am`g`cmbvh db lg M`drstvmg;
Arb`tb; Ebehvmgs G`rglbs db Befhtbllgdhvgs
Lg vb`tgfmlmdgd db lg m`drstvmg sb qmsrglm{g db vb`dmemb`th ebdmh, 72", ~vm`cm~gleb`tb ~hv lg sb`smfmlmdgd dbl `bihcmh g lhs cmclhs bch`óemchs dbl ebvcgdh. Lhs ehdbvgdhs `mqblbs db b`dbrdgemb`th } cg~gcmdgd db ib`bvgcmó` db alrkhs sh` lhs wrb ~bvemtb` gfshvfbv bl m`cvbeb`th m`algcmh`gvmh } greb`th db chsths dmvbcths *ch`cb`tvgdhs, g{ûcgv, tg~gs, b`qgsbs, CH6 } eg`h db hfvg-. Dbfmdh g lhs glths qhlûeb`bs db qb`tg, bs cgvgctbvåstmcg db lg m`drstvmg ~hsbbv gfr`dg`tb alrkh db cgkg, wrb sb vbalbkg b` lhs glths BFMTDG lhivgdhs. Sm` befgvih, lgs be~vbsgs `h sh` gkb`gs g lg smtrgcmó` egcvh bch`óemcg dbl ~gås } lg vbimó`, dbfmb`dh babctrgv ivg`dbs bsarbv{hs ~gvg dmsem`rmv chsths sm` tb`bv lg ~hsmfmlmdgd db greb`tgv lhs ~vbcmhs db qb`tg ~hv lg che~btb`cmg dbl ebvcgdh. Lgs befhtbllgdhvgs lådbvbs sb cgvgctbvm{g` ~hv ~hsbbv `mqblbs db lmwrmdb{ jhligdhs. B` bl G`bzh 7 sb b`tvbig m`ahvegcmó` dbtgllgdg shfvb lg che~hsmcmó` shcmbtgvmg db lgs be~vbsgs befhtbllgdhvgs, m`qbvsmh`bs ~vm`cm~glbs } sr smtrgcmó` am`g`cmbvg. Bl G`bzh 6 dbtgllg lg jmsthvmg db lgs Egvcgs db ^vbcmh, sr me~lmcg`cmg b` bl ebvcgdh } lhs ~vm`cm~glbs gcthvbs db lg cgtbihvåg. Am`gleb`tb bl G`bzh 3 erbstvg lg tb`db`cmg er`dmgl db lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs.
^gvtb MM; G`çlmsms db lg M`drstvmg Lg m`drstvmg db fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs sb cgvgctbvm{g ~hv sbv er} dm`çemcg. ^hv r`g ~gvtb bzmstb` dmabvb`tbs egvcgs, sgfhvbs, ~vbsb`tgcmh`bs, } r`g m`tb`sg ~rflmcmdgd frscg`dh lg dmabvb`cmgcmó` } ~hv htvg ~gvtb r`g me~hvtg`tb irbvvg db ~vbcmhs. ^gvg sr g`çlmsms sb g~lmcó bl bstrdmh db lgs egcvh%arbv{gs *^BSTG-7> vb~vbsb`tgdgs b` lhs smirmb`tbs agcthvbs; ^hlåtmch? Bch`óemch? Shcmgl *Dbehivçamch } Crltrvgl-? Tbc`hlóimch } Gefmb`tgl. Dmcjh bstrdmh sb che~lbeb`tó ch` lg g~lmcgcmó` dbl ehdblh db lhs “cm`ch agcthvbs db lg che~btb`cmg― 77 ~gvg bstgflbcbv } bqglrgv lg gtvgctmqmdgd db lg m`drstvmg.
G`çlmsms dbl Egcvhb`thv`h gctrgl } ~bvs~bctmqgs artrvgs Agcthv ^hlåtmch
Gctrgleb`tb b` bl ~gås bzmstb bstgfmlmdgd ~hlåtmcg, `h sb ~vbqí` g artrvh ivg`dbs cgefmhs b` bstg egtbvmg } `h dbfmbvg gabctgv lg m`drstvmg. ^gvg bstmegv lg vblgcmó` vmbsih%bstgfmlmdgd b` bl chvth } ebdmg`h ~lg{h, sb vbcrvvb gl eíthdh vmbsih%~gås wrb `hs m`dmcg wrb bl vmbsih db Cjmlb jg greb`tgdh b` bl ûltmeh ~bvåhdh dbsdb Dmcmbefvb 6>>9%Krlmh 6>>: *727 g 7:2-.76 Gdmcmh`gleb`tb, lg lb} db srfch`tvgtgcmó` jg ~vhqhcgdh cgefmhs me~hvtg`tbs b` bl ebvcgdh lgfhvgl m`cvbeb`tg`dh lhs chsths db eg`h db hfvg. Agcthv Bch`óemch
B` lg smirmb`tb tgflg sb erbstvg` lgs qgvmgflbs bch`óemcgs clgqbs g g`glm{gv *Arb`tb; Fg`ch Cb`tvgl db Cjmlb-;.
7>
Qgvmgflbs ^hlåtmcgs, Bch`óemcgs, Shcmglbs } Gefmb`tglbs
77
“Bstvgtíimg Che~btmtmqg― Emcjgbl B. ^hvtbv
76
Fg`ch Cb`tvgl db Cjmlb
B` bl ~bvåhdh 6>>4%6>>: sb hfsbvqg r` arbvtb m`cvbeb`th b` lg m`algcmó` llbig`dh b` krlmh dbl 6>>: g 2,2", ~vbqmb`dh cbvvgv bl g÷h b` g~vhzmegdgeb`tb :". Htvh m`dmcgdhv g`glm{gdh bs bl ^MF bl wrb ~vbsb`tg r`g tb`db`cmg g lg fgkg, bstmeç`dhsb cbvvgv bl g÷h 6>>: b` r` qglhv cbvcg`h g 4,3" gqglç`dhsb bsth ch` lhs m`dmcgdhvbs db ^vhdrccmó` M`drstvmgl } db Qb`tg M`drstvmgl wrb erbstvg` r`g clgvg tb`db`cmg g lg fgkg. Lg tgsg db dbshcr~gcmó` ~vbsb`tg r`g tb`db`cmg g lg gl{g } sb bstmeg wrb cbvvgvç bl 6>>: b` :,4". Lg Tgsg db Chlhcgcmó` erbstvg r` arbvtb m`cvbeb`th wrb me~lmcg r` greb`th b` bl chsth db am`g`cmgemb`th db lhs ~vh}bcths wrb sb ~rdmbvg` thegv b` bl artrvh. Am`gleb`tb lg tgsg db cgefmh sb m`cvbeb`tgvç llbig`dh g `mqblbs db $26> b` bl 6>>=. Bs me~hvtg`tb dbstgcgv wrb bzmstb r`g gltg db~b`db`cmg bztbvmhv db lgs egtbvmgs ~vmegs fçsmcgs } b`bviåg. Cjmlb me~hvtg bl 96" db lg B`bviåg wrb ch`sremehs *46" b` 7==>-, bl =:" dbl ~btvólbh, bl =>" dbl igs `gtrvgl, bl 2>" db lhs dbvmqgdhs dbl ~btvólbh } bl =>" dbl cgvfó`. B` bl ûltmeh tmbe~h jbehs bz~bvmeb`tgdh arbvtbs gl{gs db ~vbcmhs m`tbv`gcmh`glbs db lhs chefrstmflbs } htvgs arb`tbs db b`bviåg, wrb gabctg dmvbctgeb`tb lhs chsths db ~vhdrccmó` db lgs be~vbsgs `gcmh`glbs. B` bl artrvh sbirmvbehs db~b`dmb`dh dbl bztbvmhv ~gvg lg b`bviåg dbfmdh g wrb `h jg} ivg`dbs m`qbvsmh`bs b` m`stglgcmh`bs b`bviítmcgs gltbv`gtmqgs, cheh ~hv bkbe~lh Bólmcg } @rclbgv B` lhs ~vózmehs g÷hs db gcrbvdh g bstmegcmh`bs dbl Fg`ch Cb`tvgl, lg m`algcmó` tb`dbvç g lg fgkg, gl mirgl wrb lg tgsg db ~hlåtmcg eh`btgvmg r`g qb{ ch`tvhlgdg lg m`algcmó`, `h sbvç bl cgsh dbl tm~h db cgefmh bl crgl sb m`cvbeb`tgvç b` bl artrvh cbvcg`h, am`gleb`tb bl ^MF sb ~hsmcmh`gvç b` `mqblbs dbl 4". B` bl G`bzh 4 sb ~rbdb` vbqmsgv crgl bs lg tb`db`cmg db lgs ~vm`cm~glbs qgvmgflbs bch`óemcgs g lgvih ~lg{h. Agcthv Shcmgl, Dbehivçamch } Crltrvgl
Db gcrbvdh g bstmegcmh`bs, b` 6>72 bl 2:,9" db lg ^hflgcmó` tb`dvç eb`hs db 4> g÷hs } bl 47,3" vbstg`tb eçs? gl 6>6> lg vblgcmó` sbvç db 21,=" q(s 43,7", lh wrb qmb`b g vbavb`dgv lg tbsms wrb lg ~hflgcmó` tmb`db g b`qbkbcbv ~hv r`g eb`hv ~vh~hvcmó`
b`tvb `gtglmdgd } bs~bvg`{g db qmdg *gl 6>2> bl 23,27" db lg ~hflgcmó` tb`dvç eçs db 4> g÷hs-. Ch`ahveb g lg smirmb`tb tgflg, gl 6>72 lg ~hflgcmó` db Cjmlb sbvç db 79.:12.=:2 ch` r` 4=,49" db jhefvbs } 2>,23" db erkbvbs } sr ~vh}bccmó` glcmstg sbvç lg smirmb`tb;
Arb`tb; Blgfhvgcmó` ^vh~mg
B`tvb bl 6>>> } bl 6>62, lg tgsg ~vhebdmh db cvbcmemb`th thtgl sbvç db :,1 jgf(7>>>, emb`tvgs wrb b` bl ~bvmhdh 6>62 gl 6>2> lg tgsg ~vhebdmh dmsem`rmvç g 6,7= jgf(7>>>. Htvhs cgefmhs shcmglbs } crltrvglbs g dbstgcgv sh`; @gcmemb`th db tvmfrs rvfg`gs, frscg` dmabvb`cmgvsb } ~hsbb` lrigvbs dh`db vbr`mvsb. Eg}hv gccbsh g lg tbc`hlhiåg *M`tbv`bt, krbihs db qmdbhs, TQ ~lg`gs, che~rtgdhvbs, btc.-, Eçs tmbe~h b` cgsg M`cvbeb`th b` bl ch`sreh db chemdg vç~mdg Sb cgefmó lg ~lg{g dbl fgvvmh ~hv lhs cb`tvhs chebvcmglbs
Htvg qgvmgflb me~hvtg`tb sh` lgs lb}bs db ~vhtbccmó` gl ch`sremdhv, sm fmb` bs cmbvth b` bl ûltmeh tmbe~h jg` bzmstmdh gqg`cbs gl vbs~bcth, gû` bs m`cm~mb`tb che~gvgdh ch` lhs ~gåsbs dbsgvvhllgdhs. Lhs `mqblbs db sm`dmcglm{gcmó` b` bl ~gås sh` fgkhs } `h tmb`b` sramcmb`tb ~vbsmó` ~gvg bkbvcbv cgefmhs smi`mamcgtmqhs.
Agcthv Tbc`hlóimch
Lhs gqg`cbs tbc`hlóimchs b` lhs bwrm~hs db ~vhdrccmó` jg` ~bvemtmdh ebkhvgv lg bamcmb`cmg } fgkgv lhs chsths db ~vhdrccmó`. Gdbeçs bl greb`th db m`qbvsmó` b` M/D jg ~bvemtmdh lg m``hqgcmó` b` lg ge~lmtrd } ~vhar`dmdgd db `rbqhs ~vhdrcths } ahvegths *srstmtrths dbl g{ûcgv, `rbqg ib`bvgcmó` db ch`sbvqg`tbs, btc.-. Lg ebkhvg tbc`hlóimcg b` lg dmsem`rcmó` dbl tgeg÷h db lgs ~lg`tgs db sh~lgdh db b`qgsbs, ~bvemtb m`chv~hvgv dmvbctgeb`tb b` lg lå`bg db ~vhdrccmó` bstb tm~h db b`qgsb. Agcthv Gefmb`tgl
Gctrgleb`tb lg lbimslgcmó` gefmb`tgl tmb`b r`g m`cmdb`cmg me~hvtg`tb b` lg theg db dbcmsmh`bs db thdh tm~h db m`drstvmgs tb`mb`dh r` me~gcth glth b` lg m`drstvmg db fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs. Lg gctmtrd dbl Bstgdh gcbvcg db lg ~vhtbccmó` gefmb`tgl sb m`cvbeb`tg. Lgs gctrglbs ~hlåtmcgs db ibstmó` gefmb`tgl dbfb` sbv ch`smdbvgdgs b` lhs ~vh}bcths artrvhs } lgs tb`db`cmgs m`dmcg` wrb greb`tgvç` lhs vbwrmsmths m`tb`smamcg`dh bl crmdgdh dbl ebdmh gefmb`tb ch` vbirlgcmh`bs ~gvg bl vbcmclgdh db b`qgsbs, lg blmem`gcmó` db ~vbsbvqg`tbs wråemchs } bzmib`cmgs sg`mtgvmgs. @h bzmstb` ivg`dbs ~vbsmh`bs db ivr~hs bchlhimstgs ch` ~hdbv db m`alrb`cmg. B` bl G`bzh 2 bstç bl vbsreb` db h~hvtr`mdgdbs } geb`g{gs srvimdgs dbl g`çlmsms.
Ch`clrsmó` dbl g`çlmsms ^BSTG B` lg smirmb`tb “ Egtvm{ db Bqglrgcmó` db Agcthvbs Bztbv`hs ― sb
ch`smdbvg r` g`çlmsms db lhs agcthvbs g`tbvmhvbs } sb mdb`tmamcg` lgs H~hvtr`mdgdbs } Geb`g{gs wrb ch`smdbvgehs vblbqg`tbs ~gvg lg m`drstvmg. Dmcjhs agcthvbs arbvh` bqglrgdhs sbiû` sr ~gvtmcm~gcmó` shfvb bl thtgl db agcthvbs sblbccmh`gdhs, sb lbs cglmamcó } lrbih ~h`dbvó, dbtbvem`ç`dhsb wrb lg m`drstvmg ~hsbb r` “ gtvgctmqh ebdmh―. Bsth `hs ~bvemtb gsbqbvgv wrb sr egcvh b`thv`h, g ~bsgv db wrb ~vbsb`tg r`g lmstg db geb`g{gs eg}hv wrb db h~hvtr`mdgdbs, lg ~h`dbvgcmó` `hs m`dmcg wrb lg M`drstvmg ~hsbb r` gtvgctmqh ebdmh.
G`çlmsms dbl Emcvhb`thv`h Lgs Cm`ch Arbv{gs Che~btmtmqgs db ^hvtbv 73 Tbvem`gdh bl g`çlmsms dbl Egcvhb`thv`h gjhvg ch` bl am` db g`glm{gv bl b`thv`h b` bl crgl sb dbsb`qrblqb` lgs be~vbsgs db`tvh db bstg m`drstvmg, bstrdmgvbehs lgs arbv{gs wrb lg che~h`b`. Bl lbcthv, ch` bstb ehdblh, ~hdvç ch`hcbv lg bstvrctrvg db bstg m`drstvmg wrb ~vbtb`db dbscrfvmv lhs blbeb`ths m`dms~b`sgflbs ~gvg che~btmv b mdb`tmamcgvç lgs m``hqgcmh`bs bstvgtíimcgs wrb ~hdvç` ebkhvgv lg vb`tgfmlmdgd db lg m`drstvmg } lg ~vh~mg. 7.% Geb`g{g db @rbqhs B`tvg`tbs
Bl vbs~gldh db lg egvcg, wrb hthvig bl ch`tvgth db avg`wrmcmg, bs r` blbeb`th dbtbvem`g`tb b` bl ebvcgdh db lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs, ~hv lh tg`th bl m`ivbsh db r`g `rbqg egvcg sb jgcb dmaåcml dbfmdh g lgs gltgs fgvvbvgs db b`tvgdg } g lgs vbgccmh`bs db lgs be~vbsgs bzmstb`tbs. B` crg`th g lgs fgvvbvgs db b`tvgdgs ~hdvågehs dbtgllgv lgs smirmb`tbs;
Gl tb`bv fgvvbvgs db b`tvgdgs gltgs, sb ch`clr}b wrb lg geb`g{g db `rbqhs b`tvg`tbs db me~hvtg`cmg bs fgkg `h dbfmb`dh ~vbhcr~gv g lhs gctrglbs m`tbivg`tbs db lg m`drstvmg.
73
“Qb`tgkg Che~btmtmqg― grthv Emcjgbl B.^hvtbv
6.% ^hdbv db @bihcmgcmó` db lhs ^vhqbbdhvbs
^gvg lgs be~vbsgs avg`wrmcmgdgs bl ~vm`cm~gl ~vhqbbdhv bs bl agfvmcg`tb dbl ch`cb`tvgdh. Bstg smtrgcmó` bs dmabvb`tb b` bl cgsh db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs ~vh~mbtgvmgs db sr aóverlg ¸*Bkbe~lh; Fml{, ^g~ } Egvcgs db ^vbcmh-. Lhs b`qgsbs db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs db egvcgs lådbvbs sh` agfvmcgdhs ~hv be~vbsgs vblgcmh`gdgs db lgs emsegs. Lgs Egvcgs F } ^vh~mgs db~b`db` db tbvcbvhs ~gvg bstb m`sreh } gccbdb` g ~vbcmhs db ebvcgdh dbl b`qgsb. Bl g{ûcgv, bs che~vgdg b` bl ebvcgdh `gcmh`gl b m`tbv`gcmh`gl } ch` che~vgs g`rglbs ~gvg lhivgv r` ~vbcmh eb`hv } bstgflb. B` så`tbsms, bzmstb` ~hchs srstmtrths ~gvg lg eg}hv ~gvtb db egtbvmgs ~vmegs rtmlm{gdgs b` bl ~vhcbsh db ~vhdrccmó`. Bl 9>" dbl ebvcgdh sb ~vhqbb dbl ch`cb`tvgdh db r` ~vhqbbdhv avg`wrmcmg`tb } db ~vçctmcgeb`tb lhs emsehs ~vhqbbdhvbs db G{ûcgv, ~hv lh wrb sb ch`clr}b wrb b` bstg m`drstvmg bl ^hdbv db @bihcmgcmó` db lhs ^vhqbbdhvbs bs Glth } lhs wrb m`ivbsb` g bstg m`drstvmg `h tb`dvç` ercjgs gltbv`gtmqgs. 3.% Dms~h`mfmlmdgd db Srstmtrths
Bzmstb` `rebvhshs ~vhdrcths wrb sb ~rbdb` ch`smdbvgv srstmtrths db lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs *`íctgvbs, krihs b` ~hlqh, girgs em`bvglbs, fbfmdgs ch` sgfhv, fbfmdgs mshtó`mcgs, fbfmdgs b`bvim{g`tbs, girg `gtrvgl, btc.- Bl srstmtrth ~bvemtb vbbe~lg{gv g lg fbfmdg cgvfh`gtgdg chsg wrb srcbdb ~vm`cm~gleb`tb crg`dh lhs m`dmcgdhvbs bch`óemchs `h sh` frb`hs h sb`cmllgeb`tb crg`dh bl ch`sremdhv `h tmb`b lg ~hsmfmlmdgd db gccbdbv g r`g fbfmdg cgvfh`gtgdg, bl ch`sremdhv bstç hflmigdh g ch`sremv htvh ~vhdrcth wrb sgtmsagig sr sbd. Lg geb`g{g db srstmtrths bs Gltg. 4.% ^hdbv db @bihcmgcmó` db lhs Che~vgdhvbs Ch e~vgdhvbs
Dbfmdh g lg dmqbvsmdgd db clmb`tbs, bs dmaåcml wrb ísths bkbv{g` r` ivg` ~hdbv db `bihcmgcmó` shfvb lg m`drstvmg. Shlh bl cg`gl sr~bvebvcgdhs wrb ~hsbb bl 64" db lgs
che~vgs, ~hv sr egi`mtrd } cg~gcmdgd bch`óemcg tmb`b` r` ~hdbv db `bihcmgcmó` me~hvtg`tb, lhs htvhs cg`glbs *Cg`glbs Tvgdmcmh`gl, Chebv } fbfbv } Eg}hvmstgs- wrb bwrmqglb` g r` 91" dbl ebvcgdh tmb`b` r` fgkh ~hdbv db `bihcmgcmó` dgdh sr gthem{gcmó`. Sb ~rbdb m`abvmv wrb bl ~hdbv db `bihcmgcmó` db lhs Clmb`tbs bs Fgkh. 2.% Vmqglmdgd b`tvb Che~btmdhvbs
Lhs ivg`dbs che~btmdhvbs b` bstg m`drstvmg sh` bl ch`kr`th db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs dbl Smstbeg Chcg%Chlg } BCCR, lgs crglbs vb~vbsb`tg` bl :=" dbl ebvcgdh. Lgs befhtbllgdhvgs dbl Smstbeg Chcg%Chlg sh` lgs wrb tmb`b` bl eg}hv ~hsmcmh`gemb`th } ~b`btvgcmó` dbl ebvcgdh `gcmh`gl *11"-, lh wrb lgs llbqg g hftb`bv lhs eg}hvbs ~bvcç~mtgs, lhs ebkhvbs eçvib`bs db rtmlmdgd } bl eg}hv `mqbl db qb`tgs db lg M`drstvmg. Sr ~vbsb`cmg bstç dmstvmfrmdg b` tvbs befhtbllgdhvgs b` thdh Cjmlb } `h bzmstb che~btb`cmg b`tvb bllgs dgdh sr smstbeg db avg`wrmcmg74. BCCR bs r` vmqgl wrb sb b`crb`tvg ~vbsb`tb b` r`g ivg` cg`tmdgd db lhs ~r`ths db qb`tgs, ch` r`g fgkg ~gvtmcm~gcmó` b` lgs igsbhsgs Chlg sm` befgvih ch` r` gltg ~gvtmcm~gcmó` b` Sgfhvbs sm` dbkgv dbscg`sgv gl smstbeg Chcg%Chlg b` bstb sbieb`th. Lgs egvcgs ~vh~mgs } F shlh vb~vbsb`tg` r` 77" db lg ~gvtmcm~gcmó` db ebvcgdh } sr eg}hv vmqglmdgd sb ~vbsb`tg b` bl fgkh ~vbcmh, smtrgcmó` wrb lgs befhtbllgdhvgs egs ivg`dbs jg` shlrcmh`gdh cvbg`dh ~vhdrcths srstmtrths gl `mqbl db ~vbcmhs db gwrbllhs. Bl babcth db bstgs egvcgs g ~bsgv db sr ~hcg ~gvtmcm~gcmó` jg smi`mamcgdh r` eb`hv m`cvbeb`th b` bl greb`th db lhs ~vbcmhs db lgs ivg`dbs egvcgs. Lg vmqglmdgd b`tvb lhs che~btmdhvbs bs Ebdmg – Gltg dbfmdh g lhs ~hchs ~gvtmcm~g`tbs vbglbs wrb bzmstb`. 74
Chcg%Chlg h~bvg b` Cjmlb ch` tvbs shcmbdgdbs avg`wrmcmgdgs *ch`tvgths g cm`ch g÷hs vb`hqgflbs-, wrb sb vb~gvtb` bl ebvcgdh `gcmh`gl sm` jgcbvsb che~btb`cmg b`tvb bllgs. Lgs tvbs che~g÷ågs bstç` ch`tvhlgdgs ~hv be~vbsgvmhs ~vmqgdhs ~bvtb`bcmb`tbs b` glir`hs cgshs g agemlmgs db ivg` tvgdmcmó` be~vbsgvmgl b` Cjmlb. Tmb`b` ~lb`g grth`heåg db ibstmó` b` srs vbs~bctmqhs ebvcgdhs. Chcg%Chlg Che~g`} m`tbvqmb`b ~gvtmcm~g`dh b` lgs bstvgtbimgs chebvcmglbs ib`bvglbs } ~rflmcmdgd g `mqbl `gcmh`gl } vbimh`gl, g~hvtg`dh ch` r` me~hvtg`tb ~hvcb`tgkb b` bstb tm~h db igsths. tgefmí` m`tbvqmb`b b` bl ch`tvhl db glir`hs ~vhcbshs ~vhdrctmqhs } gsbirvgemb`th db cglmdgd.
B` Ch`clrsmó`
R`g qb{ g`glm{gdh bl emcvhb`thv`h ~hdbehs dbdrcmv cheh lgs eg}hvbs h~hvtr`mdgdbs wrb gctrgleb`tb tmb`b` lgs befhtbllgdhvgs db`tvh dbl tbvvmthvmh `gcmh`gl, sh` lgs db lg hftb`cmó` db eg}hvbs vb`dmemb`ths b` bl ch`tvhl db lg lhiåstmcg db sglmdg } ~hsmflbeb`tb lg ebkhvg b` lg vblgcmó` ch` lhs cg`glbs db dmstvmfrcmó`, m`qmvtmb`dh b` ebkhvgvlg smbe~vb ch` bl crmdg`dh db `h dbtbvmhvgv lg bamcmb`cmg b` chsths, bs~bcmgleb`tb b` lhs cg`glbs egs gthem{gdhs. ^hv htvh lgdh bl ebkhvgemb`th b` lg gdwrmsmcmó` db m`srehs } egtbvmgs ~vmegs bstvgtíimcgs ch`cbvtg`dh che~vgs g `mqbl g`rgl g r` ~vbcmh amkh h sme~lbeb`tb ebkhvg`dh lg `bihcmgcmó` b` sr gdwrmsmcmó` db ehdh db hftb`bv ebkhvbs ~vbcmhs g~vhqbcjg`dh sr ~hsmcmó` db lmdbv. B` crg`th g lgs geb`g{gs, sh` eçs bs~bcåamcgs } g~r`tg` g lg me~hvtg`tb db~b`db`cmg dbl ~vhqbbdhv db ch`cb`tvgdh *b` bl cgsh db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs avg`wrmcmgdgs- ch` wrmb` sb dbfb` eg`tb`bv frb`gs vblgcmh`bs } ~hv `m`iû` ehtmqh jgcbv ~blmivgv lhs ch`tvgths db avg`wrmcmg ~hv r` lgdh, }g wrb ~hv htvh sh` lg ~rbvtg wrb ~bvemtmvç lg che~vg db `rbqgs avg`wrmcmgs b` bl er`dh. Vbs~bcth db lhs ~vhqbbdhv dbl g{ûcgv } b`qgsbs sb vbchemb`dg ebkhvgv lg ~hsmcmó` b` tívem`hs greb`tgv lgs gltbv`gtmqgs } `h db~b`dbv db shlh glir`hs ~vhqbbdhvbs db bstgs me~hvtg`tbs egtbvmgs ~vmegs. ^gvglblgeb`tb sb dbfb ebkhvgv bl ch`tvhl dbl Cg`gl db Sr~bvebvcgdhs db ehdh db dmsem`rmv sr me~hvtg`cmg b` tívem`hs db ~gvtmcm~gcmó`. Sb dbfb sbirmv m``hqg`dh } greb`tg`dh lg habvtg db gltbv`gtmqgs b` ~vhdrcths wrb gctrgleb`tb sh` srstmtrths db ehdh db hcr~gv lg eg}hv cg`tmdgd db `mcjhs ~hsmflbs dmsem`r}b`dh gl eçzmeh lgs gltbv`gtmqgs ~gvg wrb m`ivbsb` `rbqhs che~btmdhvbs. Am`gleb`tb dbs~rís db vbglm{gv bstb g`çlmsms db lg M`drstvmg g tvgqís dbl Ehdblh db G`çlmsms Bstvrctrvgl db lhs Sbcthvbs M`drstvmglbs, ~hdbehs m`dmcgv wrb “bl gtvgctmqh db lg m`drstvmg bs db Ehdbvgdh ch` r` 3,:―
Tgflg ch` bl G`çlmsms dbl Emcvhb`thv`h db lgs cm`ch arbv{gs che~btmtmqgs; 7.% GEB@G[GS DB @RBQHS B@TVG@TBS g- Bch`heågs db Bscglg f- Dmabvb`cmgcmó` dbl ^vhdrcth c- Vbwrbvmemb`ths db Cg~mtgl d- Chsth db Cgefmh b- Gccbsh g Cg`glbs db Dmstvmfrcmó` a- Qb`tgkgs b` chsth i- ^hlåtmcg Irfbv`geb`tgl j- Jmsthvmg db Vb~vbsglmgs m- Cvbcmemb`th db lg M`drstvmg ^VHEBDMH
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2 2 2 2 3 4 7 2 6 3,=
6.% ^HDBV DB LHS ^VHQBBDHVBS
g- @ûebvh db ~vhqbbdhvbs me~hvtg`tbs f- Dms~h`mfmlmdgd db srstmtrths c- Chsth db cgefmh dbl ~vhqbbdhv d- Geb`g{g ~vhqbbdhv m`tbivgcmó` gdblg`tb b- " che~vgs b` qb`tgs dbl ~vhqbbdhv a- " che~vgs b` chsths db lg m`drstvmg ^VHEBDMH 3.% DMS^H@MFMLMDG DMS^H@MFMLMDGD D SRSTMTRTHS
2 2 2 3 2 2 4,9
g- Dms~h`mfmlmdgd db srstmtrths cbvcg`hs f- Chsths db cgefmh dbl rsrgvmh c- Vb`tgfmlmdgd dbl ~vhdrcth srstmtrth d- Qglhv ( ^vbcmh dbl srstmtrth
2 2 4 4
^VHEBDMH 4.% ^HDBV DB LHS CHE^VGDHVBS
4,2
g- " db che~vgs b` chsths dbl che~vgdhv f- " db che~vgs b` qb`tgs dbl qb`dbdhv c- Dmabvb`cmgcmó` dbl ~vhdrcth che~vgdh d- Chsth db cgefmh dbl che~vgdhv i- ^hsmfmlmdgd dbl che~vgdhv db gabctgv ch`sremdhv am`gl ^VHEBDMH 2.% VMQGLMDGD B@TVB CHE^BTMDHVBS
g- @ûebvh db che~btmdhvbs f- Cvbcmemb`th vblgtmqh db lg M`drstvmg c- Chsth amkh db glegcb`gemb`th d- Dmabvb`cmgcmó` chsth db cgefmh db clmb`tbs b- Greb`ths db cg~gcmdgd j- FGVVBVGS DB SGLMDG; + Bs~bcmglm{gcmó` db gctmqhs + Chsth db sglmdg ~hv r`g qb{ + Fgvvbvgs Behcmh`glbs + Vbstvmccmh`bs Irfbv`geb`tglbs } Shcmglbs ^VHEBDMH ^VHEBDMH IB@BVGL GTVGCTMQMD GD DB LG M@DRSTVM G
6 6 6 3 3 6,4
2 4 7 4 4 3 3 2 6 6 3,2 3,: EHDBVGDG
B` bl G`bzh 1 sb ivgamcg bl ehdblh db lgs cm`ch arbv{gs bswrbeçtmcgeb`tb.
G`çlmsms db lg Cgdb`g db Qglhv db lg M`drstvmg “Lg Cgdb`g db Qglhv db r`g be~vbsg bs bl ch`kr`th db gctmqmdgdbs wrb sb vbglm{g`
drvg`tb bl ~vhcbsh ~vhdrctmqh } g tvgqís db lgs crglbs sb lb m`chv~hvg` gtvmfrths dbsbgflbs gl ~vhdrcth h sbvqmcmh. Lg bstvrctrvg db lg m`drstvmg ehldbg lg cgdb`g db qglhv db lg M`drstvmg } vbalbkg lgs db lg che~btb`cmg. Vmib lgs vblgcmh`bs db `bihcmgcmó` ch` lhs clmb`tbs } ~vhqbbdhvbs wrb m`cmdb` b` lg ch`amirvgcmó` db lg cgdb`g db qglhv db r`g be~vbsg } b` lg eg`bvg b` wrb lhs eçvib`bs db rtmlmdgd sb dmqmdb`. ―72
B` bstg M`drstvmg lg cgdb`g db qglhv ge~lmgdg lh ch`ahveg` ~vm`cm~gleb`tb lgs be~vbsgs ~vhdrcthvgs db ch`cb`tvgdh, lgs ~vhdrcthvgs db g{ûcgv, lgs ~vhdrcthvgs db b`qgsbs, tg~gs, CH6, lgs befhtbllgdhvgs, lgs be~vbsgs db lhiåstmcg, lhs dmstvmfrmdhvbs eg}hvmstgs } bl chebvcmh wrmb`bs sh` lhs wrb qb`db` fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs dmvbcth g lhs ch`sremdhvbs. Dbsdb bl ~r`th db qmstg ~vhdrctmqh, lg cgdb`g db qglhv db lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs ~vbsb`tg che~lbkmdgdbs gshcmgdgs g gs~bcths lhiåstmchs, ~vhdrctmqhs, gsbirvgemb`th db cglmdgd, sg`mtgvmhs, tvgtgemb`th db girg, glegcb`gemb`th db m`srehs } ~vhdrcths tbvem`gdhs. ^gvg mlrstvgv lh g`tbvmhv b` bl G`bzh 9 sb dbtgllg` lgs ~vm`cm~glbs gctmqmdgdbs b` lg ~vhdrccmó` db fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs.
72
“Qb`tgkg Che~btmtmqg― grthv Emcjgbl B.^hvtbv
Lg Cgdb`g db Qglhv db lg M`drstvmg db lgs Befhtbllgdhvgs ^vhdrcthvg db Ch`cb`tvgdh
Eg}hvmstgs
^vhdrcthvg db G{ûcgv
Em`hvmstgs Befhtbllgdhvg
Be~vbsg db Lhiåstmcg
^vhdrcthvg db B`qgsbs Chebvcmhs ^vhdrcthvg db Tg~gs Sr~bvb Jm~bvebvcgdhs
Bl `ûclbh fçsmch db lg cgdb`g db qglhv bs lg Befhtbllgdhvg, wrb ch`cb`tvg bl eg}hv chsth db ~vhdrccmó` } hftmb`b bl eg}hv egvib`. Bsth krstmamcg lhs ivg`dbs bsarbv{hs b m`qbvsmh`bs vbglm{gdhs ~gvg eg`tb`bv gctrglm{gdgs srs egwrm`gvmgs, ~vhcbshs ~vhdrctmqhs, m``hqgcmó` b` qb`tgs, amdblm{gcmó` db clmb`tbs, ge~lmgcmó` db lg igeg db ~vhdrcths, b`tvb htvgs gctmqmdgdbs. G`çlmsms db lg Cgdb`g db Qglhv db lg M`drstvmg } srs chsths gshcmgdhs
Sm ch`smdbvgehs lg cgdb`g db qglhv db lhs ~vhqbbdhvbs eçs me~hvtg`tbs db bstg m`drstvmg cheh? lg db lhs ~vhdrcthvbs db ch`cb`tvgdh cr}g Qb`tgkg Che~btmtmqg bs ~hsbbv r`g egvcg ch`hcmdg } ~vbstmimgdg er`dmgleb`tb, lg wrb jg` sgfmdh ~vh~gigv g tvgqís dbl smstbeg db avg`wrmcmgs ~hv thdh bl er`dh b`tvbiç`dhlb g srs avg`wrmcmgdhs bstg me~hvtg`tb cgvgctbvåstmcg ~gvg wrb lg rtmlmcb` } lrcvb` ch` bllg. ^hdbehs m`clrmv gdbeçs bl g{ûcgv, m`ivbdmb`tb wrb cre~lb lgs cgvgctbvåstmcgs db r` cheehdmt} ~hv lh wrb sm lgs befhtbllgdhvgs ~hsbb` lg cg~gcmdgd db che~vg `bcbsgvmg g~vhqbcjgvg` bstg cgvgctbvåstmcg gdwrmvmb`dh bstg Egtbvg ^vmeg g fgkhs chsths. Ch`smdbvgehs r` ~vhebdmh db egvib` b` bstg m`drstvmg db r` 6>" b` sr cgdb`g db qglhv. B` bl cgsh db lhs ~vhqbbdhvbs db b`qgsbs *~lçstmchs } lgtgs- lg ivg` eg}hvåg db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs sh` drb÷gs h ~hsbb` me~hvtg`tb m`qbvsmh`bs b` bllgs ~hv lh wrb `h lgs ch`smdbvgehs g~gvtb b` bl g`çlmsms }g wrb db glir`g eg`bvg sb m`tbivg` db`tvh dbl ~vhcbsh ~vhdrctmqh db lg befhtbllgdhvg } sh` shcmbdgdbs wrb jg` smdh sb~gvgdgs db lg
l g ` m A v h d m e r s ` h C
befhtbllgdhvg ~hv vg{h`bs db vb`dmemb`ths db bscglg h ~hv vg{h`bs db dmsem`rcmó` db me~rbsths. B` bl cgsh db lhs dmstvmfrmdhvbs bstç` lhs eg}hvmstgs wrb vb~vbsb`tg` r`g ~bwrb÷g ~gvtb db lg cgdb`g } lhs cgemh`bs db dmstvmfrcmó` wrb vb~gvtb` bl vbsth dbl ~vhdrcth b` ch`kr`th vb~vbsb`tg` r` :" dbl ~vbcmh db qb`tg. Sr Qb`tgkg Che~btmtmqg bs wrb ~hsbb` ch`tvgths ch` lgs befhtbllgdhvgs ~gvg dmstvmfrmv srs ~vhdrcths b` bzclrsmqmdgd hftb`mb`dh vb`tgfmlmdgdbs ch`stg`tbs b` bl tmbe~h. Am`gleb`tb tb`behs bl chebvcmh h lhs cg`glbs db qb`tg Sr~bvebvcgdhs, Tvgdmcmh`gl } Vbstgrvg`tbs wrmb`bs b` ~vhebdmh sb llbqg` bl 7:" dbl egvib` db qb`tg.
Agcthvbs Cvåtmchs db Ízmth db lg M`drstvmg Lhs Agcthvbs Cvåtmchs dbl Ízmth sh` gwrbllgs gctmqmdgdbs db qglhv db lg m`drstvmg wrb sh` m`dms~b`sgflbs ~gvg wrb crglwrmbv be~vbsg db`tvh d b`tvh db bllg ~rbdg che~btmv *chbzmstmv-. Lg M`drstvmg ~vbsb`tg cgvgctbvåstmcgs db ibstmó` smemlgvbs db`tvh dbl ehdblh db `bihcmh db lg ~vhdrccmó`, dmstvmfrcmó` } qb`tg db fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs. B`tvb lgs crglbs ~hdbehs dmstm`irmv bs~bcmgleb`tb; Lg bamcmb`tb ibstmó` db lhs cg`glbs gthem{gdhs } dms~bvshs *Tvgdmcmh`gl } Chebv } FbfbvLg gdem`mstvgcmó` dbl gfgstbcmemb`th g fgstbcmemb`th db egtbvmgs ~vmegs Bl tvg`s~hvtbs } dmstvmfrcmó` db ~vhdrcths }g sbg b`tvb ~lg`tgs } g lhs clmb`tbs Rtmlm{gcmó` bztb`smqg db lg vbd db dmstvmfrcmó` ~gvg havbcbv htvhs tm~hs db fbfmdgs } db chebstmflbs. Bsths agcthvbs sb ch`smdbvg` vblbqg`tbs ~gvg bl dbsgvvhllh, gsbirvgemb`th } vbs~gldh db lgs avg`wrmcmgs m`tbv`gcmh`glbs db Chcg Chlg Ch. } ^b~smCh, } lg m`drstvmg `gcmh`glb cheh BCCR, tgefmí` ~bvemtb` ib`bvgv eg}hvbs eçvib`bs b` egvcgs ~vh~mgs. Lg m`drstvmg `h ~vbsb`tg smi`mamcgtmqhs m`cre~lmemb`ths b` lgs gctmqmdgdbs clgqbs db ízmth. B` cgdg r`g db bllgs sb ~bvcmfb` dmabvb`cmgs che~btmtmqgs b` lg hvmb`tgcmó` db ~hsmcmh`gemb`th db srs egvcgs b` lhs tbvvmthvmhs ibhivçamchs db ~gvtmcm~gcmó` g tvgqís db bch`heågs db bscglg, dmqbvsmamcgcmó` db ~vhdrcths, vbahv{gemb`th db lhs cg`glbs db dmstvmfrcmó` } dbab`sg db eçvib`bs g`tb cgefmhs b` lhs chsths.
Ch`clrsmh`bs Db gcrbvdh gl g`çlmsms babctrgdh, ~hdbehs ch`clrmv lh smirmb`tb b` bl artrvh; Lg m`drstvmg `h sravmvç cgefmhs smi`mamcgtmqhs b` lg che~hsmcmó` db srs ~gvtmcm~g`tbs lådbvbs. Sb gcb`trgvç lg tb`db`cmg gl “Ybll`bss― , lg m``hqgcmó` db `rbqgs cgtbihvågs, ~vhdrcths, ahvegths } lgs hcgsmh`bs hcgsm h`bs db ch`sreh. Lg vb`tgfmlmdgd db lg m`drstvmg sb qbvç gabctgdg ~hv agcthvbs bztbv`hs, cheh bl greb`th dbl ~vbcmh dbl ~btvólbh } bl g{ûcgv, } agcthvbs m`tbv`hs, cheh lg ~vbsmó` m`algcmh`gvmg, bl fgkh cvbcmemb`th db lg bch`heåg } lgs vbstvmccmh`bs sg`mtgvmgs } gefmb`tglbs. Bl ch`sreh db fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs bs sb`smflb gl ~vbcmh } g lg smtrgcmó` bch`óemcg dbl ~gås. Sb jg hfsbvqgdh wrb crg`dh lgs lådbvbs srfb` srs ~vbcmhs h lg bch`heåg sb b`crb`tvg bstg`cgdg, sb qbvmamcg r` greb`th b` lgs qb`tgs db Egvcgs F } ^vh~mgs. Lg m`drstvmg ~vbsb`tg ch`dmcmh`bs ~gvg eg`tb`bv bl cvbcmemb`th g artrvh wrb jg shstb`mdh b` lhs ûltmehs g÷hs, ar`dgeb`tgleb`tb ~hvwrb bl ch`sreh ~bv cç~mtg b` bl ~gås, bstç gû` ~hv dbfgkh db lhs ch`srehs eçzmehs db lg vbimó` *Eízmch } Fvgsml-. Sb g~vbcmg wrb lhs gfrltgdhs alrkhs db cgkg wrb sb eg`bkg` b` bstg m`drstvmg gdbeçs db sbv rtmlm{gdhs ~gvg lg vbm`qbvsmó`, jhligdgeb`tb ~hsmfmlmtg` bl gdwrmvmv `rbqgs avg`wrmcmgs } befhtbllgdhvgs arbvg db Cjmlb.
Db`tvh dbl egvch dbl bstrdmh babctrgdh } r`g qb{ g`glm{g lg smtrgcmó` db lgs be~vbsgs lådbvbs, ~hdbehs ch`clrmv wrb BCCR bs lg be~vbsg ebkhv ~hsmcmh`gdg } ch` eg}hv ~htb`cmglmdgd db cvbcmemb`th ~gvg b`avb`tgv bl artrvh db lg m`drstvmg dgdh sr glth ~bvcç~mtg ~htb`cmgl } lgs Egvcgs F, sh` lgs wrb tmb`b` r`g ~bhv ~hsmcmh`.
BCCR Ahvtglb{gs
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Lg gltg dmqbvsmamcgcmó` db sr cgvtbvg db ~vhdrcths `h lbs ~bvemtb r`g gdbcrgdg ahcglm{gcmó` b` sr “chvb frsm`bss―.
^lg`tgs ~vhdrctmqgs ch` cg~gcmdgd m`stglgdg hcmhsg. Fgkh ~hdbv db `bihcmgcmó` ch` lhs clmb`tbs. Lg avg`wrmcmg db ^b~smCh tmb`b r`g er} fgkg ~gvtmcm~gcmó` db ebvcgdh *3 "-, llbig`dh g rtmlm{gvsb ~gvg che~btmv g `mqbl db egvcg ^vh~mg h F. Gdbeçs sb jg jbcjh r`g m`tb`smqg rtmlm{gcmó` ~rflmcmtgvmg db lg egvcg, ~hdvåg bzmstmv r` vmbsih db `h lhivgv lg vb`hqgcmó` db lg emseg. Bstvgtbimg ^vbqmstg; ^htb`cmgv lgs egvcgs ~vh~mgs b` lhs ~r`ths db qb`tgs ~gvg
glcg`{gv eg}hv ~gvtmcm~gcmó` db ebvcgdh, eg}hv vb`tgfmlmdgd } srstb`tgfmlmdgd shfvbthdh b` bl sbieb`th db Sgfhvbs.
Egvcgs F Ahvtglb{gs
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b` B`qgsbs Cb`tvgl SG b` ch`kr`th ch` htvhs Befhtbllgdhvbs db Chcg Chlg. ^hv ûltmeh lg be~vbsg gdem`mstvg lgs eçwrm`gs grth%bz~b`dbdhvgs Qb`dm`i g tvgqís db sr amlmgl Erltmqb`dm`i Ltdg. Befhtbllgdhvg G`dm`g SG ~bvtb`bcb gl ivr~h Sgmd *cm`ch be~vbsgs- } g~hvtg r` 96" dbl thtgl db lg agctrvgcmó` dbl ivr~h. Gdbeçs ~hsbb h~bvgcmh`bs b` bl emseh tm~h db m`drstvmg b` Fvgsml } Gvib`tm`g. Lhs ~vm`cm~glbs gccmh`mstgs sh` M`qbvsmh`bs Avb}vb Ltdg. *64,4"-, Chcg Chlg db Cjmlb S.G. *7>.9"-, Fg`o ha @] *9,4"-, M`qbvsmh`bs Egv Gdb`tvh Ltdg. *2,7"- b M`qbvsmh`bs @by~hvt Ltdg. *2,>"-. Srs ~vm`cm~glbs m`qbvsmh`bs sh` Tvg`s~hvtb G`dm`g Vbavbschs S.G. *==,="-, G`dm`g M`qbvsmh`bs Shcmbtgvmgs S.G. *==,=="-, Sbvqmcmhs Erltmqb`dm`i Ltdg. *==,="- } B`qgsbs Cb`tvgl S.G. *4=,="-. G`çlmsms Am`g`cmbvh
B` lhs ûltmehs g÷hs, lg be~vbsg jg lhivgdh eg`tb`bv srs eçvib`bs h~bvgtmqhs blbqgdhs *49"- } r`g db lgs ebkhvbs rtmlmdgdbs `btgs db lg m`drstvmg ~hv shfvb bl 76". Ch`ahveb g lg che~hsmcmó` db srs crb`tgs, bl 4:" db srs gctmqhs sh` db tbvcbvhs. Bs r`g be~vbsg lmwrmdg ch` r` m`dmcgdhv db 7,=7 } ch` r` eg`bkh dbl sthco fgstg`tb bamcmb`tb wrb sólh jgcb fgkgv dhs ~r`ths dbcmeglbs gl m`dmcgdhv crg`dh sb ch`smirb lg ~vrbfg gcmdg. Bl BFMTDG db bstg be~vbsg glcg`{g lhs EE$772.>>> ~gvg bl ~bvåhdh 6>>9, tvg`sahveç`dhsb b` lg db eg}hv ~gvtmcm~gcmó` db bstb m`dmcgdhv db lg m`drstvmg, lh
wrb ~bvemtmvç ch`tm`rgv dbsgvvhllg`dh, sm` eg}hvbs m`ch`qb`mb`tbs, srs ~lg`bs artrvhs db m`qbvsmó`. VHG db 72" } VHB db 6=" bstç` ~hv shfvb lg ebdmg db lg m`drstvmg. Lg che~g÷åg bs lådbv db`tvh db lgs be~vbsgs avg`wrmcmgvmgs db Chcg Chlg lh crgl lb ~bvemtb hftb`bv eg}hvbs bch`heågs db bscglg wrb bl vbsth db srs che~btmdhvbs, ~htb`cmgv lg dmstvmfrcmó` db thdg sr cgvtbvg db ~vhdrcths } dbab`dbv srs eçvib`bs g`tb cgefmhs b` lhs chsths. Chcg Chlg Befh`hv S.G.
Befh`hv ~vhdrcb } qb`db ~vhdrcths Chcg Chlg *Chcg Chlg Che~g`}-. Gdmcmh`gleb`tb dmstvmfr}b girgs em`bvglbs, Krihs db Avrtg, Krihs Og~h *db sr chlmigdg Qmtgl Girgs SG-. Lg dmstvmfrcmó` db lhs ~vhdrcths sb vbglm{g g tvgqís db lg amlmgl Tvg`s~hvtb Befh`hv SG. Gdbeçs ~vhdrcb lhs b`qgsbs dbsbcjgflbs g tvgqís db sr amlmgl Befh`hv Be~gwrbs SG } b` bl cgsh dbl ahvegth lgtgs, ~gvtmcm~g b` B`qgsbs Cb`tvgl SG b` ch`kr`th ch` htvhs Befhtbllgdhvbs db Chcg Chlg. Chcg Chlg Befh`hv SG ~bvtb`bcb gl ivr~h Qmcr÷g } ~hsbb gdbeçs, b` Fhlmqmg, h~bvgcmh`bs b` bl emseh tm~h db m`drstvmg. Lhs ~vm`cm~glbs gccmh`mstgs sh` Chcg Chlg db Cjmlb S.G. *42,4="- } Lmfvg Jhldm`i Tvrst *62,66"-. Srs ~vm`cm~glbs m`qbvsmh`bs sh` Befh`hv S.G. *==,="-, Gib`cmg Befhtbllgdhvg Gvmcg *7>>"- b M@G@SG *==,="-. G`çlmsms Am`g`cmbvh
B` lhs ûltmehs g÷hs, g ~bsgv db jgfbv m`cvbeb`tgdh srs m`ivbshs ~hv bz~lhtgcmó` } wrb sr egvib` h~bvgtmqh cg}ó b` r` 7,9:" dbfmdh g m`cvbeb`ths b` srs chsths db bz~lhtgcmó`, bs~bcmgleb`tb lhs vbabvmdhs g chsths lgfhvglbs, db b`bviåg } chefrstmflbs, sr ~bvahveg`cb am`g`cmbvg gû` ~bveg`bcb b` frb` bstgdh ch` r`g rtmlmdgd dbl bkbvcmcmh 6>>9 db 7:,4" lg sbir`dg eg}hv db lg m`drstvmg. Sr VHG cvbcmó r` 4,4", be~m`ç`dhsb b` bl bkbvcmcmh gl 1,2" lh wrb vbalbkg r` ebkhv g~vhqbcjgemb`th db lhs gctmqhs db lg be~vbsg b` bl sbieb`th dbl ebvcgdh gsmi`gdh? bstg ch`dmcmó` ebkhvg fgstg`tb sm sb vbqmsg bl VHB *74"-, lh wrb smi`mamcg r` frb` g~glg`cgemb`th dbl lg dbrdg ~hv ~gvtb db
bstg be~vbsg. Chcg Chlg Befh`hv bs lg sbir`dg b` qb`tgs db`tvh db lgs be~vbsgs avg`wrmcmgvmgs db Chcg Chlg, ch` r`g gdbcrgdg bch`heåg db bscglg *9,7 E db jgfmtg`tbs b` lg vbimó` db sr avg`wrmcmg-. ^hsbb r`g frb`g ib`bvgcmó` db cgkg, bl BFMTDG glcg`{gdh b` bl 6>>9 arb db EE$44.1>>, lh wrb me~lmcg r` greb`th db r` 9,4", ch` vblgcmó` gl glcg`{gdh b` bl 6>>1. Chcg Chlg ^hlgv S.G.
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G`çlmsms Am`g`cmbvh
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G`bzh @ h 6 % Egvcgs F } Egvcgs ^vh~mgs Bl ch`tbzth m`tbv`gcmh`gl
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Cgsh bs~bcmgl bs M`ilgtbvvg dh`db lgs egvcgs ~vh~mgs glcg`{g` cgsm bl 2>" db lg qb`tg db lgs ~vm`cm~glbs cgdb`gs cheh Tbsch } Sgm`sfrvv}. Gctrgleb`tb, sh` `rebvhsgs lgs be~vbsgs db glmeb`ths b jmimb`b wrb agfvmcg` ~vhdrcths fgkh bl `hefvb db r` sr~bvebvcgdh h fgkh htvg egvcg ~gvgirgs. Cglga jgcb igllbtgs shdg ~gvg Lmdbv, Lrccjbttm Cjmlb jgcb amdbhs ~gvg Cb`chsrd } D!S, Cge~h Lm`dh b`qgsg lbirefvbs ~gvg Lmdbv, lhs emsehs wrb jgcb` gvvh{ Emvgalhvbs b`qgsg` bl gvvh{ Krefh, } Trcg~bl lh jgcb ~gvg D!S, ~hv `hefvgv sólh glir`hs bkbe~lhs. G bsth sb sreg` lhs ~vhdrcths wrb sh` tvgådhs dbsdb bl bztbvmhv. Emb`tvgs bl cgaí egvcg G Crb`tg db Lmdbv bs db hvmib` fvgsmlb÷h, bl gtû` Krefh bs bcrgthvmg`h. R`megvc tgefmí` me~hvtg dbsdb Tgmlg`dmg, Cjm`g } Lgtm`hgeívmcg. Lg ~vhlmabvgcmó` db egvcgs ~vh~mgs sb bz~lmcg ~hv tvbs arbv{gs wrb sb sreg`; Bl cmclh dbl ch`sremdhv, cmclh db lg cgdb`g db chebvcmglm{gcmó` } cmclh dbl ~vhdrcth. Sr
m`alrb`cmg
b`
bl
ebvcgdh
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db
“Agfvmcgcmó`
db
fbfmdgs
cgvfh`gtgdgs―
fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs― `gcmó ch` lg cvmsms bch`óemcg db 7==9 , } tbvem`ó ~hv ch`shlmdgvsb crg`dh lgs emsegs Chcg Chlg } ^b~sm dbfmbvh` vbm`tvhdrcmv lhs b`qgsbs db qmdvmh db r` lmtvh ~gvg vbcr~bvgv bl `bihcmh wrb bstgfg` ~bvdmb`dh b` lhs sbcthvbs ebdmhs } ~h~rlgvbs. B` sr gaç` ~hv b`ch`tvgv gl ~vhqbbdhv eçs fgvgth, lhs sr~bvebvcgdhs grs~mcmgvh` r`g qbvdgdbvg irbvvg db ~vbcmhs b` lg m`drstvmg. Thdhs lhs ~vhdrcthvbs wrbvåg` gsbirvgvsb bl ch`tvgth ch` lgs eg}hvbs cgdb`gs db vbtgml dbl ~gås } lhs eçvib`bs cheb`{gvh` g eb`irgv. Dbtvçs jgfvåg r` `bihcmh b`hveb; bl ch`sreh db cgvfh`gtgs b` Cjmlb llbig g 777 lmtvhs g`rglbs ~hv ~bvsh`g, r`h db lhs eçs glths db Geívmcg Lgtm`g. Lg ~vhlmabvgcmó` db lgs “egvcgs F― b` lg m`drstvmg db lg “Agfvmcgcmó` db
Gctrgleb`tb bstgs egvcgs vb~vbsb`tg` r` 76" dbl ebvcgdh, che~mtmb`dh tg`th ch` lgs fbfmdgs chlg cheh ch` bl vbsth.
^vm`cm~glbs gcthvbs db bstb sbcthv Jhcjscjmld
Jgcmg abfvbvh dbl 6>>>, Jhcjscjmld dbcmdmó thegv cgem`h ~vh~mh *~vbqmgeb`tb ~vhdrcåg } befhtbllgfg fbfmdgs ~gvg D}S- } lg`{gv Thee}. Lg ~vm`cm~gl vg{ó` db bstg bz~lmcgcmó` arb wrb lgs egvcgs db lhs sr~bvebvcgdhs `h ib`bvg` qglhv, } sb ch`qbvtåg` b` r` `bihcmh db egwrmlg, fgstg`tb qrl`bvgflb. Db bstg eg`bvg sb ~lg`tbgvh` cheh hfkbtmqh db ebdmg`h } lgvih ~lg{h hvmb`tgv`hs jgcmg bl sbcthv db glmeb`ths db dmqbvsmó` h ch`sreh egsmqh. B`th`cbs sb ch`cb`tvgvh` b` ib`bvgv srs ~vh~mhs beflbegs. G Thee} sb sreó Omss } lrbih Gmvbs. Lg th~ h`b bsh så bs Thee}. ] Thee} Ohlg, lg eçs qb`dmdg. Dbs~rís qmb`b` lgs db sgfhv `gvg`kg } ~m÷g. M`mcmgleb`tb ~vhdrcåg` 3>> eml fhtbllgs gl ebs } b` r` shlh ahvegth. Jh} blgfhvg` 6 emllh`bs } b` crgtvh ~vbsb`tgcmh`bs. Gdbeçs vbclrtgvh` bz~bvths b` bl `bihcmh ~gvg sr stgaa } tmb`b` cgsm 3>> be~lbgdhs. G sr krmcmh lg gcb~tgcmó` db lg egvcg sb dmh tgefmí` ~hv lhs sgfhvbs; cheh lhs tvgåg` dbsdb Glbeg`mg h Bstgdhs R`mdhs vbsrltgfg` fgstg`tb cbvcg`hs g lhs db lgs egvcgs lådbvbs. Ch`qbvtmvsb b` r`g db bllgs b` thdhs lhs sbieb`ths } ~vhdrcths bs lg ~vózmeg tgvbg. Jh} ch` lgs fbfmdgs } lhs s`gcos cge~bg` b` bl C6, C3 } D. Ch` bl m`ivbsh g Krefh, bstb g÷h m`mcmgvç` bl gtbvvm{gkb gl GFC7. Gr`wrb gctrgleb`tb r`h db srs ~vm`cm~glbs clmb`tbs bs lg cgdb`g db sr~bvebvcgdhs db Aglgfbllg, Sg` Avg`cmsch%Thttrs, Jhcjscjmld dbsbstmeg qhlqbv g ~vhdrcmv egvcgs ~gvg bsths cg`glbs.
Befhtbllgdhvg Lgtm`hgebvmcg`g *BLSG-
Lg be~vbsg Befhtbllgdhvg Lgtm`hgebvmcg`g *BLSG-, wrb che~gvtb` E}vmge Lgeg } G`dvís [rg{gihmtåg, crb`tg ch` tvbs ~lg`tgs db ~vhdrccmó`; ^rvvg`wrb, Lm`gvbs } Sg`tmgih% bs~bvg ahvtglbcbvsb b` bl `bihcmh dbl girg em`bvgl } lhs krihs ch` r`g
~gvtmcm~gcmó` db ebvcgdh cbvcg`g gl 7>" ebdmg`tb lgs egvcgs Lmq } C}vhs, vbs~bctmqgeb`tb. Lg befhtbllgdhvg tgefmí` llbig g lhs sbieb`ths C6 } C3 g tvgqís db lgs cgvfh`gtgdgs VGVM } SJM^, wrb sb chebvcmglm{g` ~vm`cm~gleb`tb b` cgdb`gs vbimh`glbs. BLSG, jh} ~hv jh}, eg`bkg cm`ch egvcgs db fbfmdgs chlg, girgs em`bvglbs } krihs *Lmq, C}vh, Sjm~, Vgvm Chlg } Cg$j- } dhs egvcgs db cbvqb{gs *G`tmllg`cg } Qhlcg`bs dbl Srv-. Jgstg 6>>9, sm` ch`smdbvgv lgs fbfmdgs glchjólmcgs, tb`åg r`g agctrvgcmó` cbvcg`g g lhs 77 eml emllh`bs db ~bshs, cmavg wrb ~vbtb`db dr~lmcgv b` lhs ~vózmehs dhs g÷hs g ~gvtmv dbl cvbcmemb`th db `rbqhs ~vhdrcths.
G`bzh @ h 3 % Bl Ebvcgdh Er`dmgl R`h db lhs jbcjhs wrb cgfb dbstgcgv, g `mqbl m`tbv`gcmh`gl, bs lg tb`db`cmg g lg ch`cb`tvgcmó` db cg~mtglbs. Vbsrltg bqmdb`tb wrb bstb ab`óeb`h `h bs ~gvtmcrlgv dbl sbcthv db lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs, ~bvh tgefmí` lh bs bl jbcjh db wrb b` bl emseh sb g~vbcmg ch` eg}hv `mtmdb{. Bkbe~lh db bllh bs lh wrb hcrvvmó b` Bstgdhs R`mdhs b`tvb 7==1 } 7==:, ~bvåhdh b` bl crgl eçs db 6> befhtbllgdhvgs arbvh` qb`dmdgs, smb`dh b` sr eg}hvåg gdwrmvmdgs ~hv be~vbsgs }g bzmstb`tbs. Bstb ab`óeb`h db ch`cb`tvgcmó` db lg ~vhdrccmó` tvgb g~gvbkgdh htvh, wrb bs bl db lg dmqbvsmdgd b` lg ~vhdrccmó` ~hv ~gvtb db lgs be~vbsgs bzmstb`tbs. Bs dbcmv; ebvcgdhs wrb ch` g`tbvmhvmdgd sb ~vbsb`tgfg` sbieb`tgdhs ch` clgvmdgd *girgs em`bvglbs } cgvfh`gtgdgs, ~hv bkbe~lh- jh} tmb`db` g ch`ar`dmvsb, smb`dh b` ercjhs cgshs me~hsmflb dmabvb`cmgv sm r`g be~vbsg sb dbdmcg ~vmegvmgeb`tb g r` ~vhdrcth h gl htvh. R`g be~vbsg ~rbdb ~vhdrcmv girg } cgvfh`gtgdgs, ~bvh tgefmí` lçctbhs } igllbtmtgs. Tgl bs bl cgsh, ~hv bkbe~lh, db Dg`h`b %ch` ~gvtmcm~gcmó` cvbcmb`tb b` Geívmcg Lgtm`g } BBRR%. Sb bstmeg wrb, b` lg gctrglmdgd, Chcg%Chlg ch`tvhlg r` 2>" dbl ebvcgdh er`dmgl db cgvfh`gtgdgs, vbglm{g`dh r` 9>" db srs qb`tgs arbvg db lhs BBRR *tbvvmthvmh b` bl wrb ch`tm`ûg smb`dh lg egvcg eçs qb`dmdg, ~bsb g wrb b` bl 6>>6 srs qb`tgs vbimstvgvh` r`g fgkg dbl 6"-. Sb cglcrlg wrb lgs qb`tgs db Chcg%Chlg Che~g`} b` bl g÷h 6>>3 arbvh` db 67.>44 emllh`bs db dólgvbs.
G`bzh @h4 % Tb`db`cmg db lgs ~vm`cm~glbs qgvmgflbs bch`óemcgs
Arb`tb; Fg`ch Cb`tvgl db Cjmlb
G`bzh @ h 2 % Vbsreb` db H~hvtr`mdgdbs } Geb`g{gs *Egcvh%b`thv`h-
G`bzh @ h 1 % Ivçamch vbsreb` dbl g`çlmsms db lgs arbv{gs che~btmtmqgs
M`drstvmg; Fbfmdgs Cgvfh`gtgdgs
GEB@G[G @RBQHS B@TVG@TBS
Bkb jhvm{h`tgl 0 cvbgcmó` db qglhv g ÷gdmdh Bkb qbvtmcgl 0 bstgfmlmdgd dbl sbcthv ▼ Fgkg Geb`g{g ▶ Gltg Geb`g{g Fgkh ^hdbv Glth ^hdbv
Gltg Vmqglmdgd Che~btmdhvbs Cvbcmemb`th db Ebvcgdh / Dmabvb`cmgcmó` db ~vhdrcth / Dmabvb`cmgcmó` db ^vbcmhs
%
/
^HDBV DB @BIHCMGCMH@ ^VHQBBDHVBS
Fgkg Geb`g{g; Vb`tgfmlmdgd Vb`tgfmlmdgd Greb`tg Fgvvbvgs db B`tvgdg; ▶Fgvvbvgs + Bch`heågs db Bscglg Bscglg + Dmabvb`cmgcmó` db ~vhdrcth, lbgltgd g lg egvcg + Chsth db cgefmgv db ~vhqbbdhv ~gvg bl clmb`tb h dmstvmfrmdhv + Qb`tgkgs b` chsths + Gccbsh g cg`glbs db Dmstvmfrcmó` + Vbwrbvmemb`th db Cg~mtgl Che~btmdhvbs Bzmstb`tbs; ▶Vbgccmó` db Che~btmdhvbs + Tmb`b` me~hvtg`tbs vbcrvshs ~gvg vbgccmh`gv + Fgkg` ~vbcmh ~gvg ch`sbvqgv ~gvtmcm~gcmó` db ebvcgdh
^HDBV DB @BIHCMGCMH@ CLMB@TBS
Che~btb`cmg 7.% Vbir Vbirlgcmó lgcmó` ` ^ûflmcg 6.% ^rflmcgcmh`bs db m`tbvís
Glth ^hdbv; Dmsem`r}b Vb`tgfmlmdgd Ch`cb`tvgdh(Kgvgfb Che~vg db Ch`cb`tvgdh(Kgvgfb
Fgkh ~hdbv; Greb`tg Vb`tgfmlmdgd Sr~bvebvcgdhs Eg}hvmstgs Chebv } Fbfbv Tvgdmcmh`gl
Tvg`s~hvtb – ^vbcmh ^btvhlbh
Dms~h`mfmlmdgd db srstmtrths ~gvg lhs ~vhdrcths db lhs ~vhqbbdhvbs *vbbe~lg{h g{ûcgv-
B`qgsbs Vbthv`gflb, Qmdvmh m`tbv`hs h me~hvtgdhs B`qgsb @h Vbthv`gflb ^lçstmch CH6 Tg~gs jgcmg dblg`tb, Chcg%Chlg, Chcg%Chlg, ▶Geb`{g db M`tbivgcmó` jgcmg ^b~sm%Chlg;
▶Geb`{g db M`tbivgcmó` jgcmg gtvçs, Sr~bvebvcgdhs
GEB@G[G SRSTMTRTHS
Gltg Geb`g{g; Dmsem`r}b Vb`tgfmlmdgd Girgs Igsmamcgdgs } `gtrvglbs ▶ Fbfmdgs `h igsmamcgdgs ch` sgfhv ▶ @íctgvbs, Krihs b` ^hlqh ▶
Arb`tb; Blgfhvgcmó` ^vh~mg
G`bzh @ h 9 % Bl ^vhdrcth Lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs ~rbdb` ch`tb`bv cgabå`g *b` r` eçzmeh db 6>> ei(oi-, wrm`m`g *ch` r` eçzmeh db 77> ei(oi-, bztvgcths gvhegtm{g`tbs `gtrvglbs }(h bsb`cmgs `gtrvglbs }(h che~rbsths wråemchs gmslgdhs db lhs emsehs, çcmdh ahsaóvmch, dmebtml~hlmsmlhzg`h *ch` r` eçzmeh db 7> ei(oi- } sm` ch`tb`bv glchjhl btålmch b` cg`tmdgd sr~bvmhv g >,2" b` qhlreb`. Bzmstb` dmstm`ths tm~hs db fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs. Lgs Girgs tó`mcgs, Shdgs tó`mcgs h M`dmg` Th`mc sh` gwrbllgs fbfmdgs ~vb~gvgdgs g fgsb db bztvgcths }(h bsb`cmgs db lmeó`, ~heblh r htvgs avrtgs cåtvmcgs h eb{clgs. Bl Im`ibv Glb bs gwrbllg ~vb~gvgdg g fgsb db bztvgcth db kb`kmfvb shlrflb b` girg. Bl Irgvg`ç bs lg fbfmdg ~vb~gvgdg ch`
sbemllgs db ^grllm`mg cr~g`g Or`tj h srs qgvmbdgdbs. Lg G÷g~g bs gwrbllg eb{clg sm` abveb`tgv db ~rl~g } sbemllg db gligvvhfg flg`cg } girg, gdmcmh`gdg h `h db lbcjb, emsthl } htvhs ~vhdrcths grthvm{gdhs. Lgs Fbfmdgs gvtmamcmglbs sh` lgs wrb sb ~vb~gvg` ch` bsb`cmgs gvtmamcmglbs h r`g eb{clg db ístgs ch` bztvgcths `gtrvglbs }(h bsb`cmgs `gtrvglbs }(h che~rbsths wråemchs gmslgdhs db lgs emsegs. B` tívem`hs ib`bvglbs, ~rbdb dbcmvsb wrb lhs ~gshs wrb ch`llbqg` lg ~vhdrccmó` db lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs sh` gwrbllhs wrb m`clrmehs b` lg smirmb`tb tgflg. AGSBS
BTG^GS
Sbdmeb`tgcmó` } Alhcrlgcmó` Dbsm`abccmó` Vbdrcc Vbdrccmó` mó` db db glcglm glcglm`md `mdgd gd
TVGTGEMB@TH
Amltvgcmó`
DBL GIRG
^rvmamcgcmó`
Emcvhamltvgcmó`
Dbsgmvbgcmó` Sblbccmó`
^vb%b`krgib LME^MB[G DBL BE^GWRB
Vbehkh
B`krgirb M`s~bccmó` ^vb~gvgcmó` dbl ch`cb`tvgdh Vbcb~cmó` } glegcb`gemb`th dbl ch`cb`tvgdh ^vb~gvgcmó` dbl kgvgfb tbvem`gdh ^VB^GVGCMH@ DB LG FBFMDG
^vb~gv ^vb~gvgcm gcmó` ó` db db lg fbfm fbfmdg dg Cgvfh`gtgcmó` B`qgsgdh M`s~bccmó` am`gl
Befg Befglg lgkb kb } dmst dmstvm vmfr frcm cmó` ó`
AR@CMH@
Vbtmvgv lhs sólmdhs srs~b`dmdhs ch` g}rdg db glrefvb } cgl. Ch`tvhl db emcvhhvig`msehs ~hv lg g~lmcgcmó` db clhvh. Fgkgv Fgkgv lg glcglm glcglm`md `mdgd gd dbl dbl girg girg ~gvg ~gvg bqmtg bqmtgv v lg `brtvglm{gcmó` db che~h`b`tbs me~hvtg`tbs db lg fbfmdg. Vbehqbv egtbvmglbs m`dbsbgflbs jgcmb`dh ~gsgv bl girg ~hv r`g sbvmb db amltvhs db gvb`g. Blmem`gv chlhvbs } sgfhvbs dbsgivgdgflbs, clhvh } htvgs egtbvmgs vbsmdrglbs, ~hv gfshvcmó` b` r` amltvh db cgvfó` gctmqgdh. Vbctmamcgv amltvgcmh`bs g`tbvmhvbs } vbtmvgv ~gvtåcrlgs emcvhscó~mcgs } emcvhhvig`msehs cheh lgs gebfgs. Vbctmamcgv bl gmvb hclrmdh b` bl girg. M`s~bccmh`gv lhs b`qgsbs ~gvg sblbccmh`gv lhs rtmlm{gflbs b` bwrm~h grtheçtmch ch` dbtbvem`gcmó` db che~rbsths `mtvhib`gdhs } gvheçtmchs. Vbtmvgv vbsths db låwrmdh } srcmbdgd `h gdjbvmdg ch` shlrcmó` db shdg cçrstmcg cglmb`tb. Gflg`dgv } dbs~vb`dbv srcmbdgdbs gdjbvmdgs gl b`qgsb, ~hv m`ebvsmó` b` qgvmhs tg`wrbs db shlrcmó` cglmb`tb db dbtbvib`tb *jbzgebtgahsagths *jbzgebtgahsagt hs } ebtgsmlmcgths- } lgqgdh m`tbvmhv g cjhvvh. Blmem`gv vbsths db dbtbvib`tbs } b`avmgdh dbl b`qgsb. Dbtbvem`gv lg babctmqmdgd db lg lme~mb{g. Eb{clgv lhs m`ivbdmb`tbs ~vm`cm~glbs fgkh bztvbegs ch`dmcmh`bs db jmimb`b, ~gvg igvg`tm{gv r`g egtbvmg ~vmeg jhehií`bg. Irgvdgv b` tg`wrbs bs~bcmglbs wrb ch`sbvqb` lg cglmdgd b m`hcrmdgd dbl ch`cb`tvgdh. Jgcbv r`g shlrcmó` dbl g{ûcgv ch` girg tvgtgdg. ^hstbvmhveb`tb ^hstbvmhveb`tb sb g÷gdb bl ch`cb`tvgdh ~gvg hftb`bv kgvgfb tbvem`gdh. Eb{cl Eb{clgv gv bl bl kgvgf kgvgfb b tbve tbvem`g m`gdh dh ch` ch` girg girg b` b` ~vh~hvcmó` ~vbdbam`mdg. B`avmgv } givbigv igs cgvfó`mch b` lg ch`cb`tvgcmó` ~vbdbam`mdg. Llb`gv lhs tg`wrbs ~gvg dms~b`sgdhvbs, lgtgs h fhtbllgs. Che~vhfgv wrb lg cg`tmdgd b` cgdg b`qgsb bs chvvbctg, bl sbllgdh bs ~bvabcth } lg ~vbsb`tgcmó` bs gdbcrgdg. Chlh Chlhcg cgv v lhs lhs b`qg b`qgsb sbs s b` cgkg cgkgs s r htvh htvh befg befglg lgkb kb ~gvg glegcb`gv } dmstvmfrmv b` lhs ~r`ths db qb`tg.
Ilhsgvmh G@FBV; Gshcmgcmó` @gcmh`gl db Fbfmdgs Vbavbscg`tbs, ahvegdgs ~hv lgs befhtbllgdhvgs lådbvbs db lg
m`drstvmg Cgkg R`mtgvmg; Ebdmdg db qhlreb` rtmlm{gdg ~hv lg m`drstvmg. Bwrmqglb g 64 fhtbllgs db :h{ } chvvbs~h`db
g 2,19:7 lmtvhs. Fhtbllg db : h{; Fhtbllg db fbfmdg db 639cc *B`qgsb clçsmch db Chcg%Chlg-. Cg`glbs; Ebvcgdh tvgdmcmh`gl *lhcglbs chebvcmglbs-, sr~bvebvcgdhs b jm~bvebvcgdhs, eg}hvmstgs, chebv
} fbfbv *vbstgrvg`tbs, arb`tbs db shdg, ~rfs, btc.-. Fbfmdgs Cgvfh`gtgdgs; Cgvfh`gtgdgs; Fbfmdgs igsbhsgs db ag`tgsåg. BFMTDG; Rtmlmdgd låwrmdg egs m`tbvbsbs, me~rbsths, db~vbcmgcmó` } gehvtm{gcmó`. MSH; Smilg ~gvg lg Hvig`m{gcmó` M`tbv`gcmh`gl db @hveglm{gcmó`. MSH =.>>>; Gfhvdg lg ibstmó` db cglmdgd; Vbwrmsmths db cglmdgd dbl clmb`tb } vbwrmsmths db lgs `hvegs g~lmcgflbs, lhivg`dh r` ebkhvgemb`th ch`tm`rh dbl dbsbe~b÷h db lg hvig`m{gcmó`. MSH 74.>>>; Gfhvdg lg ibstmó` ebdmhgefmb`tgl; Em`mem{gv bl me~gcth gdqbvsh b` bl ebdmhgefmb`tb dbfmdh g lgs gctmqmdgdbs db lg hvig`m{gcmó` } lhivgv r` ebkhvgemb`th ch`tm`rh dbl dbsbe~b÷h ebdmhgefmb`tgl. MSH 66.>>>; Smstbeg db ibstmó` wrb bstgflbcb vbwrmsmths m`tbv`gcmh`glbs ~gvg lg m`hcrmdgd b` lg cgdb`g db glmeb`ths jgstg llbigv gl ch`sremdhv, m`clr}b`dh ~vhqbbdhvbs db sbvqmcmhs. Egvcgs db ^vbcmh; Egvcgs ~vh~mgs *~vmqgtb lgfbls- db lhs sr~bvebvcgdhs } egvcgs gltbv`gtmqgs db fgkh ~vbcmh. ECR; Emllh`bs db cgkgs r`mtgvmgs. HJSGS; Hccr~gtmh`gl Jbgltj g`d Sgabt} Eg`gibeb`t S}stbes *Smstbegs db Ibstmó` db Sglrd } Sbirvmdgd Lgfhvgl-. HJSGS 7:.>>>; Bstç`dgvbs wrb frscg` gsbirvgv bl ebkhvgemb`th db lg sglrd } sbirvmdgd b` bl lrigv db tvgfgkh, m`tbivg`dh db lhs vbwrmsmths db sbirvmdgd } sglrd hcr~gcmh`gl ch` lhs vbwrmsmths db cglm dgd. ^BT; ^hlmbtmlí` db Tbvbatglgth? bs r` tm~h db vbsm`g rtmlm{gdg b` lg blgfhvgcmó` db b`qgsbs vbthv`gflbs } `h vbthv`gflbs. Sh~lgdh; ^vhcbsh g tvgqís dbl crgl lg ~vbahveg bs m`algdg db`tvh db r` ehldb ~gvg thegv sr ahveg am`gl db fhtbllg. CH6; Dmózmdh db Cgvfh`h(Igs cgvfó`mch Smstbeg Chcg%Chlg; Bl ch`kr`th db lhs befhtbllgdhvbs db Chcg%Chlg } lg Che~g÷åg Chcg%Chlg *Tjb Chcg%Chlg Che~g`}-. B` Cjmlb chvvbs~h`db g Chcg Chlg Befh`hv S.G., Befhtbllgdhvg G`dm`g S.G., Chcg%Chlg ^hlgv S.G. } Chcg%Chlg db Cjmlb S.G.
Fmflmhivgaåg Gshcmgcmó` @gcmh`gl db Fbfmdgs Vbavbscg`tbs
yyy.g`fbv.cl
Ebehvmg G`rgl 6>>9 db be~vbsgs. Chcg Chlg Befh`hv S.G.
yyy.befh`hv.cl
Chcg Chlg ^hlgv S.G.
yyy.chcg%chlg~hlgv.che
Che~g÷åg Cbvqbcbvågs R`mdg S.G.
yyy.ccr.cl
Befhtbllgdhvg G`dm`g S.G.
yyy.g`dm`g.cl
Chcg Chlg Che~g`}
yyy.chcg%chlg.che
Sr~bvm`tb`db`cmg db Qglhvbs } Sbirvhs
yyy.sqs.cl
GC. @mblsb` Ch`srlthvbs
yyy.gc`mblsb`.cl
M`stmtrth @gcmh`gl db Bstgdåstmcg
yyy.m`b.cl
Fg`ch Cb`tvgl db Cjmlb
yyy.fcb`tvgl.cl
Sr~bvm`tb`db`cmg db Qglhvbs
yyy.sqs.cl
Qb`tgkg Che~btmtmqg db Emcjgbl B. ^hvtbv Bstvgtíimg che~btmtmqg db Emcjgbl B. ^hvtbv ^vb`sg Am`g`cmbvg @gcmh`gl.
Sg`tmgih, Sb~tmbefvb 6>>: