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G`çlmsms Sbcthvmgl “M`drstvmg db lg Agfvmcgcmó` db

Fbfmdgs Cgvfh`gtgdgs―

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Ch`tb`mdhs M`tvhdrccmó` .................................................. ............................................................................. ..................................................... ........................................ .............. 7 ^gvtb M; Dbscvm~cmó` Dbsc vm~cmó` db lg M`drstvmg .................................................. ............................................................................. ................................ ..... 4 ^vbsb`tgcmó` db lg M`drstvmg................................................. M`drstvmg........................................................................... ........................................ .............. 4 ^gvtmcm~g`tbs dbl Ebvcgdh................................................... Ebvcgdh.............................................................................. ......................................... .............. : ^gvtb MM; G`çlmsms db lg M`drstvmg M`drs tvmg ............................. ....................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... 77 G`çlmsms dbl Egcvhb`thv`h gctrgl } ~bvs~bctmqgs artrvgs ........................................... ........................................... 77 G`çlmsms dbl Emcvhb`thv`h ................................................ ........................................................................... ........................................... ................ 71 Lgs Cm`ch Arbv{gs Che~btmtmqgs db ^hvtbv .................................................... ................................................................ ............ 71 G`çlmsms db lg l g Cgdb`g db Qglhv db lg M`drstvmg................................................... M`drstvmg........................................................... ........ 67 Agcthvbs Cvåtmchs db d b Ízmth db lg M`drstvmg................................................... M`drstvmg................................................................... ................ 64 Ch`clrsmh`bs ................................................ ........................................................................... ..................................................... ...................................... ............ 62 BCCR...................................................................... ............................................................................................... ................................................... .......................... 61 Egvcgs F ....................................... ................................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 69 G`bzhs.......................................................... G`bzhs................................. ................................................... ..................................................... ....................................... ............ 6= G`bzh @h7 % ^vm`cm~glbs ^vm`c m~glbs gcthvbs db lg m`drstvmg ................................................. ......................................................... ........ 3> G`bzh @h6 % Egvcgs F } Egvcgs ^vh~mgs ................................................... ................................................................... ................ 32 G`bzh @h3 % Bl Ebvcgdh Er`dmgl ................................................. ............................................................................ .............................. ... 3: G`bzh @h 2 % Vbsreb` db H~hvtr`mdgdbs H~ hvtr`mdgdbs } Geb`g{gs Geb`g{gs *Egcvh%b`thv`h*Egcvh %b`thv`h- .................. 4> G`bzh @h 1 % Ivçamch vbsreb` dbl g`çlmsms db lgs arbv{gs che~btmtmqgs ..................... 47 G`bzh @h 9 % Bl ^vhdrcth............................................. ^vhdrcth....................................................................... ............................................... ..................... 47 Ilhsgvmh............................................. Ilhsgvmh....................................................................... .................................................... ............................................... ..................... 43 Fmflmhivgaåg ................................................ ........................................................................... ..................................................... ...................................... ............ 44















M`drstvmg db lgs Fbfmdgs Cgvfh`gtgdgs b` Cjmlb M`tvhdrccmó` B` lg ûltmeg dícgdg, lg m`drstvmg db lgs fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs b` Cjmlb jg bz~bvmeb`tgdh r` cvbcmemb`th db eçs dbl 2>". ^gvg gfgstbcbv dmcjg dbeg`dg, sb dbam`b` dhs sbcthvbs, r`h ~vhcrvg`dh lg dmabvb`cmgcmó` ~hv lhs ~vhdrcths *egvcgs tvgdmcmh`glbs- } htvh frscg`dh dmabvb`cmgvsb ~hv bl ~vbcmh *egvcgs F } ~vh~mgs-. Bstb ûltmeh, gdwrmvmó me~hvtg`cmg } `hthvmbdgd g~vhzmegdgeb`tb dbsdb jgcb : g÷hs lrbih dbl me~gcth ib`bvgdh ~hv lg cvmsms gsmçtmcg db am`bs db lhs =>, bstgfmlm{ç`dhsb sr ~gvtmcm~gcmó` drvg`tb lhs ûltmehs g÷hs b` r` 77". Bl cvbcmemb`th shstb`mdh db lg m`drstvmg jg ~hsmcmh`g`dh gl ~gås cheh r`h db lhs eg}hvbs ch`sremdhvbs db lg vbimó` *776 Lts. ~~g-7, } r`h db lhs eg}hvbs ch`sremdhvbs db Lgtm`hgeívmcg, sólh dbtvçs db Eízmch *72> Lts. ~~g- } Gvib`tm`g *76> Lts. ~~g-. Bl g~hvtb gl ^MF `gcmh`gl db bstg m`drstvmg bs db 6,3" lh wrb lh jgcb r` m`tbvbsg`tb sbcthv g bstrdmgv } g`glm{gv. Gdbeçs ib`bvg eçs db 3=.2>> be~lbhs db ahveg dmvbctg b m`dmvbctg. R` bstrdmh vbglm{gdh ~hv G@FBV6 vbs~bcth db r`g cg`gstg db 71> ~vhdrcths wrb sb ch`sreb` jgfmtrgleb`tb db`tvh db lg Vbimó` Ebtvh~hlmtg`g g r`g erbstvg db :.442 agemlmgs, dmh cheh vbsrltgdh wrb bl ch`sreh db lgs fbfmdgs hcr~g bl tbvcbv lrigv db`tvh db bstg cg`gstg db ch`sreh dbs~rís dbl ~g` } lg cgv`b. Dbl thtgl dbl ch`sreh db Fbfmdgs Vbavbscg`tbs *Krihs, Tb, B`bvim{g`tbs, Girgs } Fbfmdgs Cgvfh`gtgdgs- lg m`drstvmg db lgs igsbhsgs hcr~g r` :3,3". Gfgvcg 77>.>>> clmb`tbs vbimstvgdhs ahvegleb`tb wrb m`clr}b` r` 1>" db ~bwrb÷hs chebvcmg`tbs.















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Bl ch`sreh db egvcgs F } ~vh~mgs rsrgleb`tb sb qb agqhvbcmdh g`tb lgs m`bstgfmlmdgdbs bch`óemcgs ~hv ch`tgv ch` r` eb`hv ~vbcmh db qb`tg. ^hv htvh lgdh, lg arbvtb m`qbvsmó` b` ~rflmcmdgd } lg ch`tm`rg m``hqgcmó` b` ahvegths } ~vhdrcths wrb vbglm{g` lgs be~vbsgs lådbvbs, eg`tmb`b` gl ebvcgdh ch`cb`tvgdh b` ~hchs gcthvbs } lmdbvgdh ~hv gtvmfrths db egvcg } cglmdgd. R` dbtgllb g dbstgcgv bs wrb ~gvtb db lg m``hqgcmó` } dbsgvvhllh db `rbqhs ~vhdrcths } b`qgsbs *M/D2- bstç hvmb`tgdh g lg fûswrbdg dbl fmb`bstgv chv~hvgl *Ybll`bss- gdbeçs db aheb`tgv lg crltrvg db qmdg sglrdgflb. R`g cgvgctbvåstmcg db lg m`drstvmg b` lg fûswrbdg db eg}hvbs eçvib`bs h~bvgcmh`glbs jg smdh bl dbsgvvhllgv ehdbv`hs smstbegs db che~vgs cb`tvglm{gdgs db m`srehs } ~lg`mamcgdgs çvbgs db lhiåstmcgs er} bs~bcmglm{gdgs } db ivg` b`qbvigdrvg. Bl dbsgvvhllh db lhs cg`glbs db dmstvmfrcmó`, wrb }g jg` smdh dbam`mdhs, ~bvemtb lg ge~lmtrd } lg ~vhar`dm{gcmó` db lgs lå`bgs db ~vhdrcths, smb`dh bstg bstvgtbimg db qb`tgs r`g ch`stg`tb db thdg lg m`drstvmg. B` bl cgsh db lhs befhtbllgdhvbs avg`wrmcmgdhs bl låemtb ibhivçamch wrb dbfb` vbs~btgv lhs hflmig g egzmem{gv bl ch`sreh ch `sreh ~bv cç~mtg, b` bl cgsh db lgs htvgs befhtbllgdhvgs db egvcgs1 crfvb` lgs {h`gs ibhivçamcgs wrb sr cg~gcmdgd } bstvrctrvg lbs ~bvemtb`. B` bl gs~bcth tbc`hlóimch, lgs befhtbllgdhvgs lådbvbs dbsdb jgcb qgvmhs g÷hs jg` dbsgvvhllgdh r` che~lbth ~vhivgeg db ehdbv`m{gcmó` db bwrm~hs } ch`tvhlbs. ]g b` 7=:1 lg eg}hvåg db lgs ~lg`tgs tvgfgkgfg` ch` smstbegs db eh`mthvbh, che~rtgvm{gdhs

















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^gvtb MM; G`çlmsms db lg M`drstvmg Lg m`drstvmg db fbfmdgs cgvfh`gtgdgs sb cgvgctbvm{g ~hv sbv er} dm`çemcg. ^hv r`g ~gvtb bzmstb` dmabvb`tbs egvcgs, sgfhvbs, ~vbsb`tgcmh`bs, } r`g m`tb`sg ~rflmcmdgd frscg`dh lg dmabvb`cmgcmó` } ~hv htvg ~gvtb r`g me~hvtg`tb irbvvg db ~vbcmhs. ^gvg sr g`çlmsms sb g~lmcó bl bstrdmh db lgs egcvh%arbv{gs *^BSTG-7> vb~vbsb`tgdgs b` lhs smirmb`tbs agcthvbs; ^hlåtmch? Bch`óemch? Shcmgl *Dbehivçamch } Crltrvgl-? Tbc`hlóimch } Gefmb`tgl. Dmcjh bstrdmh sb che~lbeb`tó ch` lg g~lmcgcmó` dbl ehdblh db lhs “cm`ch agcthvbs db lg che~btb`cmg― 77 ~gvg bstgflbcbv } bqglrgv lg gtvgctmqmdgd db lg m`drstvmg.

G`çlmsms dbl Egcvhb`thv`h gctrgl } ~bvs~bctmqgs artrvgs Agcthv ^hlåtmch

Gctrgleb`tb b` bl ~gås bzmstb bstgfmlmdgd ~hlåtmcg, `h sb ~vbqí` g artrvh ivg`dbs cgefmhs b` bstg egtbvmg } `h dbfmbvg gabctgv lg m`drstvmg.



















B` bl ~bvåhdh 6>>4%6>>: sb hfsbvqg r` arbvtb m`cvbeb`th b` lg màlgcmó` llbig`dh b` krlmh dbl 6>>: g 2,2", ~vbqmb`dh cbvvgv bl g÷h b` g~vhzmegdgeb`tb :". Htvh m`dmcgdhv g`glm{gdh bs bl ^MF bl wrb ~vbsb`tg r`g tb`db`cmg g lg fgkg, bstmeç`dhsb cbvvgv bl g÷h 6>>: b` r` qglhv cbvcg`h g 4,3" gqglç`dhsb bsth ch` lhs m`dmcgdhvbs db ^vhdrccmó` M`drstvmgl } db Qb`tg M`drstvmgl wrb erbstvg` r`g clgvg tb`db`cmg g lg fgkg. Lg tgsg db dbshcr~gcmó` ~vbsb`tg r`g tb`db`cmg g lg gl{g } sb bstmeg wrb cbvvgvç bl 6>>: b` :,4". Lg Tgsg db Chlhcgcmó` erbstvg r` arbvtb m`cvbeb`th wrb me~lmcg r` greb`th b` bl chsth db am`g`cmgemb`th db lhs ~vh}bcths wrb sb ~rdmbvg` thegv b` bl artrvh. Am`gleb`tb lg tgsg db cgefmh sb m`cvbeb`tgvç llbig`dh g `mqblbs db $26> b` bl 6>>=. Bs me~hvtg`tb dbstgcgv wrb bzmstb r`g gltg db~b`db`cmg bztbvmhv db lgs egtbvmgs ~vmegs fçsmcgs } b`bviåg. Cjmlb me~hvtg bl 96" db lg B`bviåg wrb ch`sremehs *46" b` 7==>-, bl =:" dbl ~btvólbh, bl =>" dbl igs `gtrvgl, bl 2>" db lhs dbvmqgdhs dbl ~btvólbh } bl =>" dbl cgvfó`. B` bl ûltmeh tmbe~h jbehs bz~bvmeb`tgdh arbvtbs gl{gs db ~vbcmhs m`tbv`gcmh`glbs db



















b`tvb `gtglmdgd } bs~bvg`{g db qmdg *gl 6>2> bl 23,27" db lg ~hflgcmó` tb`dvç eçs db 4> g÷hs-. Chàhveb g lg smirmb`tb tgflg, gl 6>72 lg ~hflgcmó` db Cjmlb sbvç db 79.:12.=:2 ch` r` 4=,49" db jhefvbs } 2>,23" db erkbvbs } sr ~vh}bccmó` glcmstg sbvç lg smirmb`tb;

Arb`tb; Blgfhvgcmó` ^vh~mg

B`tvb bl 6>>> } bl 6>62, lg tgsg ~vhebdmh db cvbcmemb`th thtgl sbvç db :,1 jgf(7>>>, emb`tvgs wrb b` bl ~bvmhdh 6>62 gl 6>2> lg tgsg ~vhebdmh dmsem`rmvç g 6,7= jgf(7>>>. Htvhs cgefmhs shcmglbs } crltrvglbs g dbstgcgv sh`;





















Agcthv Tbc`hlóimch

Lhs gqg`cbs tbc`hlóimchs b` lhs bwrm~hs db ~vhdrccmó` jg` ~bvemtmdh ebkhvgv lg bamcmb`cmg } fgkgv lhs chsths db ~vhdrccmó`. Gdbeçs bl greb`th db m`qbvsmó` b` M/D jg ~bvemtmdh lg m``hqgcmó` b` lg ge~lmtrd } ~vhar`dmdgd db `rbqhs ~vhdrcths } ahvegths *srstmtrths dbl g{ûcgv, `rbqg ib`bvgcmó` db ch`sbvqg`tbs, btc.-. Lg ebkhvg tbc`hlóimcg b` lg dmsem`rcmó` dbl tgeg÷h db lgs ~lg`tgs db sh~lgdh db b`qgsbs, ~bvemtb m`chv~hvgv dmvbctgeb`tb b` lg lå`bg db ~vhdrccmó` bstb tm~h db b`qgsb.





















Ch`clrsmó` dbl g`çlmsms ^BSTG B` lg smirmb`tb “ Egtvm{ db Bqglrgcmó` db Agcthvbs Bztbv`hs ― sb

ch`smdbvg r` g`çlmsms db lhs agcthvbs g`tbvmhvbs } sb mdb`tmamcg` lgs H~hvtr`mdgdbs } Geb`g{gs wrb ch`smdbvgehs vblbqg`tbs ~gvg lg m`drstvmg. Dmcjhs agcthvbs arbvh` bqglrgdhs sbiû` sr ~gvtmcm~gcmó` shfvb bl thtgl db agcthvbs sblbccmh`gdhs, sb lbs cglmamcó } lrbih ~h`dbvó, dbtbvem`ç`dhsb wrb lg m`drstvmg ~hsbb r` “ gtvgctmqh ebdmh―. Bsth `hs ~bvemtb gsbqbvgv wrb sr egcvh b`thv`h, g ~bsgv db wrb ~vbsb`tg r`g lmstg db geb`g{gs eg}hv wrb db h~hvtr`mdgdbs, lg ~h`dbvgcmó` `hs m`dmcg wrb lg M`drstvmg ~hsbb r` gtvgctmqh ebdmh.





















G`çlmsms dbl Emcvhb`thv`h Lgs Cm`ch Arbv{gs Che~btmtmqgs db ^hvtbv 73 Tbvem`gdh bl g`çlmsms dbl Egcvhb`thv`h gjhvg ch` bl am` db g`glm{gv bl b`thv`h b` bl crgl sb dbsb`qrblqb` lgs be~vbsgs db`tvh db bstg m`drstvmg, bstrdmgvbehs lgs arbv{gs wrb lg che~h`b`. Bl lbcthv, ch` bstb ehdblh, ~hdvç ch`hcbv lg bstvrctrvg db bstg m`drstvmg wrb ~vbtb`db dbscrfvmv lhs blbeb`ths m`dms~b`sgflbs ~gvg che~btmv b mdb`tmamcgvç lgs m``hqgcmh`bs bstvgtíimcgs wrb ~hdvç` ebkhvgv lg vb`tgfmlmdgd db lg m`drstvmg } lg ~vh~mg.





















6.% ^hdbv db @bihcmgcmó` db lhs ^vhqbbdhvbs

^gvg lgs be~vbsgs avg`wrmcmgdgs bl ~vm`cm~gl ~vhqbbdhv bs bl agfvmcg`tb dbl ch`cb`tvgdh. Bstg smtrgcmó` bs dmabvb`tb b` bl cgsh db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs ~vh~mbtgvmgs db sr aóverlg ¸*Bkbe~lh; Fml{, ^g~ } Egvcgs db ^vbcmh-. Lhs b`qgsbs db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs db egvcgs lådbvbs sh` agfvmcgdhs ~hv be~vbsgs vblgcmh`gdgs db lgs emsegs. Lgs Egvcgs F } ^vh~mgs db~b`db` db tbvcbvhs ~gvg bstb m`sreh } gccbdb` g ~vbcmhs db ebvcgdh dbl b`qgsb. Bl g{ûcgv, bs che~vgdg b` bl ebvcgdh `gcmh`gl b m`tbv`gcmh`gl } ch` che~vgs g`rglbs





















che~vgs, ~hv sr egi`mtrd } cg~gcmdgd bch`óemcg tmb`b` r` ~hdbv db `bihcmgcmó` me~hvtg`tb, lhs htvhs cg`glbs *Cg`glbs Tvgdmcmh`gl, Chebv } fbfbv } Eg}hvmstgs- wrb bwrmqglb` g r` 91" dbl ebvcgdh tmb`b` r` fgkh ~hdbv db `bihcmgcmó` dgdh sr gthem{gcmó`. Sb ~rbdb màbvmv wrb bl ~hdbv db `bihcmgcmó` db lhs Clmb`tbs bs Fgkh. 2.% Vmqglmdgd b`tvb Che~btmdhvbs

Lhs ivg`dbs che~btmdhvbs b` bstg m`drstvmg sh` bl ch`kr`th db lgs befhtbllgdhvgs dbl Smstbeg Chcg%Chlg } BCCR, lgs crglbs vb~vbsb`tg` bl :=" dbl ebvcgdh.























B` Ch`clrsmó`

R`g qb{ g`glm{gdh bl emcvhb`thv`h ~hdbehs dbdrcmv cheh lgs eg}hvbs h~hvtr`mdgdbs wrb gctrgleb`tb tmb`b` lgs befhtbllgdhvgs db`tvh dbl tbvvmthvmh





















Tgflg ch` bl G`çlmsms dbl Emcvhb`thv`h db lgs cm`ch arbv{gs che~btmtmqgs; 7.% GEB@G[GS DB @RBQHS B@TVG@TBS g- Bch`heågs db Bscglg f- Dmabvb`cmgcmó` dbl ^vhdrcth c- Vbwrbvmemb`ths db Cg~mtgl

B`rebvgv dbl 7 gl 2

2 2 2





















G`çlmsms db lg Cgdb`g db Qglhv db lg M`drstvmg “Lg Cgdb`g db Qglhv db r`g be~vbsg bs bl ch`kr`th db gctmqmdgdbs wrb sb vbglm{g`

drvg`tb bl ~vhcbsh ~vhdrctmqh } g tvgqís db lgs crglbs sb lb m`chv~hvg` gtvmfrths





















Lg Cgdb`g db Qglhv db lg M`drstvmg db lgs Befhtbllgdhvgs ^vhdrcthvg db Ch`cb`tvgdh

Eg}hvmstgs

^vhdrcthvg db G{ûcgv

Em`hvmstgs Befhtbllgdhvg

Be~vbsg db

l g ` m A v h





















befhtbllgdhvg ~hv vg{h`bs db vb`dmemb`ths db bscglg h ~hv vg{h`bs db dmsem`rcmó` db me~rbsths. B` bl cgsh db lhs dmstvmfrmdhvbs bstç` lhs eg}hvmstgs wrb vb~vbsb`tg` r`g ~bwrb÷g







































































































































































































































































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