A Garden City of Today v2.0

246> F KFRNAG EL^\ CI ^CNF\

By Mfreus Busby 1/56/246>

F Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

Ecpyrlk`t © Mfreus Busby, 246>

Ecpyrlk`t © Mfreus Busby,246> L àraby fssart tà mcrfh rlk`t tc ba lnagtlilan fs tà fut`cr ci t`ls wcrj

Mfreus N. Busby

56st Mfy 246>

F nlkltfh ecpy ci t`ls wcrj mfy ba ncwghcfnan ircm www.serlbn.ecm/mfreusbusby Fhh rlk`ts rasarvan. Gc pfrt ci t`ls pubhleftlcg, lmfkas cr taxt mfy ba raprcnuean, stcran lg f ratrlavfh systam, cr trfgsmlttan, lg fgy icrm cr c r by fgy mafgs, ahaetrcgle, mae`fglefh, p`ctcecpylgk cr ctàrwlsa wlt`cut eltftlcg fgn raiaragea tc tà fut`cr.

^c ecgtfet tà fut`cr? Mfreus Busby Amflh? mfreusbusbyDkmflh.ecm âhap`cga 4455 (4) 96; 06601<

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ECGÂGÛ

Hlst ci lhhustrftlcgs……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Hlst ci tfbhas……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1

Hlst ci e`frts………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1

LG^RCNQE^LCG………………………………………………………………………………………………….

0

APAEQ^LYA UQMMFR\………………………………………………………………………………………..

64

6.4 YLULCG…………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 6.6 Nlstrlbutlcg fgn Nagslty…………………………………………………………………… Nagslty……………………………………………………………………

26 26

6.2 ^rfvah fgn Mcblhlty………………………………………………………………………….. Mcblhlty…………………………………………………………………………..

21

6.5 Elty Uaetcrs………………………………………………………………………………………. Uaetcrs……………………………………………………………………………………….

2;

6.> Hfgn Qsa…………………………………………………………………………………………… Qsa……………………………………………………………………………………………

50

l)

Tfte` _cglgk……………………………………………………………………………… _cglgk………………………………………………………………………………..

>4

ll) Bulht Upfea fgn Trlvfta Kfrnags…………………………………………………. Kfrnags………………………………………………….

>6

lll) Elty Kraag Upfea………………………………………………………………………… Upfea…………………………………………………………………………

>6

lv) Kraag Baht fgn [lnar Agvlrcgmagt……………………………………………. Agvlrcgmagt…………………………………………….

>6

6.1 Hfgnsefpa Tfttarg…………………………………………………………………………… Tfttarg…………………………………………………………………………….. ..

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6.9 Hfgn Fhhceftlcg………………………………………………………………………………… Fhhceftlcg…………………………………………………………………………………..

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6.; Lmphamagtftlcg fgn Ecgstruetlcg T`fsas………………………………………… T`fsas…………………………………………

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2.4 AECGCMLE YLFBLHL^\ ………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………….. l) Trckrasslcg fgn Krcwt`…………………………………………………………………….. Krcwt`……………………………………………………………………..

1> 1>

ll) Hlgafr fgn Gcg-Hlgafr Krcwt`……………………………………………………………. Krcwt`…………………………………………………………….

11

2.6 Aecgcmle Fetlvltlas lg tà Kfrnag Elty Elty……………………………………………… ………………………………………………

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5.4 TCTQHFRL^\ ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

90

EHCULGK U^FÂMAG^…………………………………………………………………………………………

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BLBHLCKRFT@\…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

;4

FTTAGNLP……………………… FTTAGNL P…………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………… ……

;6

5



Hlst ci Lhhustrftl Lhhustrftlcgs cgs

6. Axfmphas ci hcw Efrbcg pubhle trfgspcrt cptlcgs

65

2. @cwfrn“s crlklgfh naslkg cvarhfylgk tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy. Gcta? ^à sefhas fra mfteàn.

61

5. Uefha mfp ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

69

>. ^rfvah Gatwcrjs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

6;

1. Uaetcr mcnah ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

60& 2;

9. Hfgnsefpa zcgas lg f Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

6<

;. Hfgnsefpa zcgas lg f Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas

24

0. Uub-nlvlslcgs wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

22

<. ^rfvah gatwcrjs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy (Uaetlcg)

29

64. Mcnah ci tà Elty Eagtra Uaetcr wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

2<

66. Cutar Eagtrfh Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` aecgcmle ecmpcsltlcg e`frt.

54

62. Uftahhlta Eagtra Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

52

65. Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

55

6>. Lgtarelty Rcuta Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

51

61. Ilkura 62. Lgtar-Yfha Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

59

69. Rurfh Nlstrlets Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

5;

6;. _cga4 lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy (tà bulht agvlrcgmagt)

>2

60. Hceftlcg fgn Nlstrlbutlcg ci Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

>5

6<. Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

>>

24. Mcnarg usas ci lgnustrlfh @amp.

>1

26. Hfgnsefpa Tfttarg lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

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22. Axlstlgk fgn Trcpcsan @fbltfts icr Huefgusearvus lg Bcurgamcut` 2449.

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25. Uplnar nlfkrfm ci [crns ecgvaylgk Ylfblhlty.

1>

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Hlst ci ^fbhas

6. Uummfry ci Kulnfgea Ilkuras icr f Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy 2. Uaetcrs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

6> 60 & 2;

5. Ecmpfrlscgs ci fraf, pcpuhftlcg fgn nagslty.

26

>. Upftlfh Upftlfh eftakcrlas eftakcrlas fgn nlstrlbutlcg ci bulhnlgk bulhnlgk uglts fgn raslnagts wlt`lg wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

22

1. Navahcpmagt hfgn fhhceftlcg par spftlfh eftakcry (_cga 4 hfgn).

22 & 50

9. Bulhnlgk Fssat Ecmpcsltlcg - ecmmarelfh fgn scelfh fetlvltlas.

20

;. Hfgn ecvarfka lg tarms ci icctprlgt ci bulht spfea fgn kraag spfea.

5<

0. Tfte` fgn _cga Ulzas lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

>4

<. Ecmpfrlscgs ci surifea fraf par parscg.

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64. Kagarfhlsan lmphamagtftlcg p`fsas ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

14 - 15

66. Hfgnsefpa zcgas: naserlptlcgs, fetlvltlas fgn usas.

;6 - ;5

Hlst ci E`frts

6. Tareagtfkas ci Bulht Upfea vs. Kraag Upfea rahftan tc Elty Axpfgslcg

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2. Tareagtfkas ci Hfgn Ecvar (Bulht Upfea vs. Kraag Upfea) fs Tcpuhftlcg rlsas uslgk tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy fs f Uatthamagt Navahcpmagt Mcnah

>4

5. Ecmpfrlscg ci agarky prcnuetlcg lg tà QJ lg 6<<4 fgn 2464 by scurea

1<

>. Ecmpfrlscg ci agarky prcnuetlcg lg tà QJ fgn tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

94

1. Agarky cutput lg tà QJ by scurea 244;

96

9. Agarky cutput lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci tcnfy by scurea.

96

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‘^`lrty spcjas tckatàr mfja f wàah icr f efrt. Lt ls tà ampty spfea lg tà eagtar ci tà wàah w`le` agfbhas lt tc ba usan. Mchn ehfy lgtc f vassah: lt ls tà amptlgass wlt`lg t`ft eraftas tà usaiuhgass ci tà vassah. Eut cut nccrs fgn wlgncws lg f `cusa: lt ls tà ampty spfea lgslna t`ft eraftas tà usaiuhgass ci tà `cusa. ^ùs, w`ft wa `fva mfy ba scmat`lgk substfgtlfh, But lts usaiuhgass hlas lg tà ugceeuplan, ampty spfea. ^à substfgea ci ycur bcny ls aghlvagan by mflgtflglgk tà pfrt ci ycu t`ft ls ugceeuplan.”

(Hfc ^zu - ^fc âÈ`lgk v.66)

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^à ^raa ci Hlia ls ambannan lg tà Ugcwihfja, ‘ ^à lts brfgeàs fra fs Erystfhs, lt ihcwars fs tà Rcsa, fgn lts pariaet p ariaet irult ls tà Ncnaefànrcg.”

(Fgcg)

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Lgtrcnuetlcg ^`ls nceumagt cuthlgas f elty naslkg bfsan upcg tà axtrfpchftlcg ci Abagazar @cwfrn“s crlklgfh Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas naserlban lg `ls `l s bccj Kfrnag Eltlas ci ^cmcrrcw . ^`ls nceumagt flms tc prcvlna fg cvarfhh seàma cr pfttarg icr bulhnlgk f kfrnag elty. ^à natflh (sue` fs bulhnlgk naslkg, hfgnsefpa naslkg ate) mfyba fnnan t`rcuk` subsaquagt naslkg prc pcsfhs, fpprflsfhs fgn sahaetlcg prceassas. ^à gftura ci tà pfttarg, w`le ` ls irfetfh, fhhcws tà naslkg fgn lmphamagtftlcg ci tà kfrnag elty tc ba ugnartfjag ft vfrlan sefhas. ^`ls fhhcws icr vfrylgk nakraas ci mfgfkamagt. Trcoaets efg ba mfgfkan cg fg lgnlvlnufh sefha sue` fs tà naslkg fgn bulhn ci f slgkha `cusa, fgn cg hfrkar sefhas sue` fs tà naslkg fgn bulhn ci f galk`bcur`ccn, elty eagtra, nlstrlet, cr vfha: afe` prcoaet efg ba mfgfkan spftlfhhy fgn tampcrfhhy. ^à gftura ci tà naslkg pfttarg fhhcws icr muhtlpha prcoaets tc rug slmuhtfgacushy ― slmuhtfgacushy ― tc tc ichhcw f gcg hlgafr, but crkfglsan krcwt` pfttarg, sue` fs efg ba icugn lg f blchcklefh crkfglsm. ^à crlklgfh Kfrnag Elty ecgeapt prcpcsan by Abagazar @cwfrn wfs lgtagnan tc fnnrass lssuas ci lts tlma, icr axfmpha pccr sfgltftlcg, cvarpcpuhftlcg lg tà elty, frafs ci pcvarty, ugnar-pcpuhftlcg lg rurfh frafs, fgn f kraft rfgka ci lssuas cuthlgan lg `ls bccj. Thafsa raiar tc Abagazar @cwfrn“s ‘^`raa Mfkgats” nlfkrfm fgn taxt icr mcra natflh. ^cnfy wa fhsc ifea lssuas, par`fps pfrthy nua tc tà sueeass ci urbfg fgn scelfh phfgglgk cvar tà pfst eagtury. ^à lssuas wa ifea tcnfy tc nfy fra agvlrcgmagtfh, aecgcmle fgn scelfh ― scelfh ― fs fs baicra, but par`fps mcra ecmphax. Mfgy ecgslnar tàsa lssuas tc ba cg f khcbfh sefha, wàrafs baicra tày wara ecgslnaran cg mcra ci f gftlcgfh sefha. Lt ls pcsslbha tc nailga tà lssuas ifean lg tà aecgcmy, tà agvlrcgmagt fgn scelaty sapfrftahy: `cwavar, mfgy bahlava tàsa prcbhams fra prcicugnhy lgtarecggaetan. Rlslgk agarky prleas fgn t à ecst ci hlvlgk fra f rasuht ci tà sefrelty cr hfej ci feeass tc gfturfh rascureas w`le` lg turg fra balgk tfjag ircm tà gfturfh agvlrcgmagt lg sue` f wfy fgn tc sue` fg axtagt, t`ft tày fra nakrfnlgk tà gfturfh systams upcg w`le` ùmfg hlia napagns. Fhtargftlvas axlst but tà astfbhlsànaecgcmy fs wa jgcw lt, napagns upcg eartflg mat`cns ci rascurea echhaetlcg fgn nlstrlbutlcg. Li wa fnfpt cur aecgcmy cr prlcrltlsa tà agvlrcgmagt, lt ls iafran tà astfbhlsàn aecgcmy mfy echhfpsa. Li w a cpt icr fhtargftlva scureas ci agarky, tà patrceàmlefh lgnustry, f jay nrlvar ci tà t à aecgcmy, mfy echhfpsa. Li wa iceus tctfhhy cg c g ùmfg gaans, tà gfturfh agvlrcgmagt echhfpsas, fgn sc cg. Hcts ci nliiaragt pacpha fgn krcups fra ecgeargan icr vfr lcus rafscgs fbcut tà stfta ci khcbfh fiiflrs. Cg f ùmfg havah wa fra ecgeargan icr cur e`lhnrag“s iutura, fgn icr tà iutura kagarftlcgs ci ùmfglty. ^à lgahuetfblhlty icr e`fgka `fs ecma fbcut baefusa ci f mfocr fgn krcwlgk nlserapfgey batwaag tà euhturfh fgn scelfh prcnuets ci lgnustrlfhlzftlcg, cg tà cga `fgn, fgn kagarfhhy naslrfbha ùmfg agns cg tà ctàr. F iugnfmagtfh fgcmfhy axlsts ci tà ichhcwlgk scrt? 

^à bfsle systam kcfhs t`ft `fva ncmlgftan tà lgnustrlfh arf (mftarlfh prckrass, prlvfta cwgars`lp ci efpltfh, mfxlmum raturg cg efpltfh lgvastmagt, iraancm ci agtarprlsa, ate.),



fgn t`ft `fva baag fpprcfeàn t`rcuk` f sat ci lgtarmanlfta kcfhs t`ft lgehuna aiilelagey, aecgcmle prcnuetlvlty, ecgtlguan krcwt` ci tae`gchcklefh-mfglpuhftlva t ae`gchcklefh-mfglpuhftlva pcwar, fgn ecgtlguan krcwt` ci prcnuetlcg fgn ecgsumptlcg, e cgsumptlcg,



`fva rasuhtan lg prceassas fgn stftas (a.k. axtrama nlvlslcg ci hfbcur fgn spaelfhlsftlcg, ecmpuhslva raphfeamagt ci mag by mfe`lgas, stlmuhftan ecgsumptlcg, phfggan

0



cbschaseagea, axphcltftlcg ci ecmmcg rascureas, agvlrcgmagtfh nakrfnftlcg, wcrsaglgk wcrhn pcvarty) w`le` 

euhmlgfta lg f ecugtarfetlgk ci ùmfg agns (a.k. agrle`lgk wcrj rchas, rc has, sahi-natarmlgftlcg, ecgsarvftlcg, w`chascma agvlrcgmagt, ùmfgltfrlfg ecgeargs, wcrhn stfblhlty). (@frmcg fgn Mfrjhay at fh, 6<02. p6<4)

^`ls nceumagt wfs wrlttag fs f ecgeaptufh raspcgsa fgn icr submlsslcg tcwfrns tà prceass ci lmphamagtlgk hcefhhy-han kfrnag eltlas lg tà QJ, lg feecrnfgea wlt` tà QJ Kcvargmagt“s pubhleftlcg agtlthan ‐Hcefhhy-han ‐Hcefhhy-han Kfrnag Eltlas? Trcspaetus, icugn ft tà ichhcwlgk wab fnnrass? www.kcv.uj/kcvargmagt/pubhleftlcgs/hcefhhy-han-kfrnag-eltlas-prcspaetus [lt` slgearlty, lt ls `cpan t`ft tà ichhcwlgk pfkas mfy ecgtflg scma usfbha ahamagts tcwfrns fe`lavlgk tà cboaetlvas cuthlgan lg tà prcspaetus fgn fhsc ecgtflgan wlt`lg tà ecmpraàgslva mftarlfh fgn kulnfgea ircm tà ^cwg fgn Ecugtry Thfgglgk Fsscelftlcg, QJ: icugn àra? www.tepf.crk.uj/pfkas/kfrnag-eltlas.`tmh [lt` nafrast slgearlty, lt ls `cpan t`ls nceumagt mfy ciiar fsslstfgea cg tà pft` tc `frmcgy.

Mfreus Busby

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Axaeutlva Uummfry ^à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy v2.4 nceumagt cuthlgas f elty naslkg bfsan upcg tà axtrfpchftlcg ci Abagazar @cwfrn“s crlklgfh Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas naserlban lg `ls bccj Kfrnag Eltlas ci ^cmcrrcw . ^à nceumagt flms tc prcvlna fg cvarfhh seàma cr pfttarg icr f kfrnag elty. ^à natflh (sue` fs bulhnlgk naslkg, hfgnsefpa naslkg ate) mfyba fnnan t`rcuk` subsaquagt ecmmuglty-han naslkg prcpcsfhs, fpprflsfhs fgn pubhle ecgsuhtftlcg prceassas. ^à gftura ci tà pfttarg, w`le` ls irfetfh, fhhcws tà naslkg fgn lmphamagtftlcg ci tà kfrnag elty tc ba ugnartfjag ft vfrlan sefhas. ^`ls fhhcws icr vfrlan nakraas ci mfgfkamagt. Trcoaets e fg ba mfgfkan cg fg lgnlvlnufh sefha sue` fs tà naslkg fgn bulhn ci f slgkha `cusa, fgn cg hfrkar sefhas sue` fs tà naslkg fgn bulhn ci f galk`bcur`ccn, elty eagtra, nlstrlet, cr vfha: afe` prcoaet efg ba mfgfkan spftlfhhy fgn tampcrfhhy. ^à gftura ci tà naslkg pfttarg fhhcws icr muhtlpha prcoaets tc rug r ug slmuhtfgacushy ― slmuhtfgacushy ― tc tc ichhcw f gcg hlgafr, but crkfglsan krcwt` pfttarg, sue` fs efg ba icugn lg f blchcklefh crkfglsm. ^à jay ecgeapt ci tà crlklgfh Kfrnag Elty ecgeapt wfs tc fssufka tà, ^cwg? Ecugtry, Kfrnag? Elty, @umfg? Gftura Tfrfncx. ^`ls Kfrnag Elty ls fbcut tà spfea t`ft ls gct bulht, fs mue` fs tà bulht spfea. ^à elty lg t`ls prcpcsfh ls ecmprlsan ci 12% kraag spfea >0% bulht spfea. Hfgn usa ls lgtagslilan, but fhsc nlvarslilan fgn lgtakrftan, mafglgk mcra `fppags wlt`lg tà sfma spfea. Lts ecmphaxlty ls bfsan upcg tà ecmphaxlty ci gftura, wàra tà w`cha ls mcra t`fg tà sum ci lts ecmpcgagt pfrts. ^`ls Kfrnag Elty ls kastfht lg prlgelpha fgn irfetfh lg struetura fs wa saa lg gftura, spfea fgn hlvlgk crkfglsms. ^à prcpcsfh ‘F Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy” ls f ecgeaptufh spftlfh naslkg satthamagt mcnah t`ft ls lg feecrnfgea wlt` tà rafh pcsslblhltlas cpag ft tà fttflgan havah ci lgtahhaetufh fgn mftarlfh euhtura, rascureas fgn efpfblhltlas. Lt ciiars tà prcspaet ci prasarvlgk fgn lmprcvlgk tà prcnuetlva fe`lavamagts ci elvlhlsftlcg. Lts rafhlsftlcg ciiars f kraftar e`fgea icr tà pfelileftlcg ci axlstagea wlt`lg tà irfmawcrj ci lgstltutlcgs, w`le` ciiar c iiar f kraftar e`fgea icr tà iraa navahcpmagt ci ùmfg gaans fgn ifeuhtlas¼. ^à gftura ci tà naslkg ecgvays f `chlstle sagsa ci parspaetlva rakfrnlgk eurragt scelfh, aecgcmle fgn agvlrcgmagtfh e`fhhagkas. Lt agtflhs fg aechcklefh at`le ecuphan wlt` f sahi-rafhlsftlcg at`le, lg t`ft lg`fbltfgts `fva nlraet feeass tc rascureas fgn sarvleas gaeassfry icr tà sftlsifetlcg ci mftarlfh fgn psye`chcklefh gaans wlt`lg fg aechcklefhhy bfhfgean agvlrcgmagt. ^à elty saetcr naslkg, pubhle kraag spfea fgn trfgspcrt gatwcrj fra muhtlhavahan, muhtlifeatan fgn lgtakrftlva, feecmmcnftlgk fgn ecmblglgk vfrlcus euhturfh, scelfh fgn aecgcmle fetlvltlas. ^rfvah iceusas upcg panastrlfg, eyeha fgn `lk`hy feeasslbha fe easslbha zarc-efrbcg pubhle trfgspcrtftlcg t`rcuk` f vfrlaty ci mafgs. ^à elty ls ‘fbhan” baefusa lt eftars icr tà feeass fgn mcblhlty ci c i avarybcny wlt`cut axeaptlcg. ^à p`lhcscp`y ba`lgn t`ls ls tà fssartlcg t`ft, ‘uslgk nls/fblhlty fs f eraftlva stfrtlgk pclgt efg fetufhhy kagarfta fg fhtargftlva jlgn ci fre`ltaeturfh fvfgt-kfrn.² ” ^à naslkg icstars f bfhfgelgk fgn f eccrnlgftlcg ci sftlsifetlcgs fhcgk mfgy nlmagslcgs rftàr t`fg mfxlmlslgk ecgeargs fhcgk cga gfrrcwhy nailgan nlmagslcg (a.k. aecgcmle), fgn tà spftlfh naslkg

64



fhhcws icr axparlmagtftlcg: lt ls cpag c pag agnan fgn avchutlcgfry w`lhst balgk mcnuhfr, fhhcwlgk stfka by stfka ecmphatlcg, hcefh stawfrns`lp fgn fhhcws iutura axpfgslcg w`le` ls gct tc tà natrlmagt ci tà astfbhlsàn w`chaµ. ^à elty hlmlts lg tà prcpcsfh agecmpfss fg lg`fbltan fraf ci 10.;;jm² (22.9< Mlhas²) wlt` f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 66;,9><. ^`ls aquftas tc f pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 2446.0 parscgs par jm² (1601 parscgs/Mlha²).^`ls nagslty ilkura slts batwaag t`ft ci tà crlklgfh Kfrnag Elty ci Hate`wcrt` (6951 p/jm²), fgn cur mcst raeagt Gaw ^cwg, Mlhtcg Jaygas (2105.9 p/jm²), bfsan cg 2466 Eagsus ilkuras. ^à elty ls ecmprlsan ci c i 69,04; muhtlpurpcsa bulhnlgk uglts w`le` `cusa fg fvarfka ci ; parscgs par bulhnlgk. ^à agtlra hfgn fhhceftlcg icr tà Kfrnag Elty phus surrcugnlgk Kraagbaht (fkrleuhturfh hfgn) ls 6;2.6;jm², cr >2,1>>feras. ^`ls klvas fg cvarfhh pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 905.5 parscgs par jm² (6;;4 parscgs/Mlha²). ^à Qgltan Jlgkncm fs f w`cha `fs f pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 211.9 parscgs par jm²*, tùs hfgn icr tà Kfrnag Elty ls frcugn x2⅞mcra nagsahy pcpuhftan t`fg hfgn lg tà QJ fs f w`cha.

*2466 Eagsus

Hfgn usa lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty ls nailgan by pfte` zcglgk. ^àra fra slx typas ci zcgas wlt` feecrnfgt hfgn usas. ^àsa `fva baag brlaihy nailgan fs ichhcws? _cga 4 ― 4 ― Bulhnlgks, Bulhnlgks, `cusas cr ctàr hlvlgk/wcrjlgk frafs, lgehunlgk fgy prlvfta kfrnags.

_cga 5 ― 5 ― Ifrm-sefha Ifrm-sefha prcnuetlcg: hfrka-sefha cre`frns, àrnlgk fglmfhs, fpleuhtura, mflg e rcps.

_cga 6 ― 6 ― Ecmmuglty Ecmmuglty Kfrnags/Fhhctmagts: ‘hcefhlsan” styha iccn prcnuetlcg.

_cga > ― > ― Hfrka-sefha Hfrka-sefha Fkrleuhtura? Icrastry, Tfstura, Frfbha, icnnar ercps ate. (Kraagbaht)

_cga 2 ― 2 ― Mfrjat Mfrjat kfrnag styha, ecmmarelfh iccn prcnuetlcg, ecmmuglty cre`frns ate.

_cga 1 ― 1 ― [lhnargass, [lhnargass, gfturfh agvlrcgmagt.

Amphcymagt fgn agtrapragaurlfh cppcrtugltlas fbcugn, kagarfhlzan lgtc slx eftakcrlas (6´ -1´ & P´ phafsa raiar tc tfbha 9, pfka 2; ci mflg taxt) fgn rfgka ircm vary hcefhlsan mfrjats tc khcbfh mfrjats: prcvlslcgs fra mfna icr fhh havahs ci mfrjat cparftlcg. ^à elty ls fhsc uglqua lg t`ft lt `fs ambannan wlt`lg lt, f ecmmarelfh supphy systam, w`le` ifelhltftas nlstrlbutlcg ci kccns fgn mftarlfhs t`rcuk`cut tà elty, fgn lgnaan lgtc axtargfh mfrjats. ^à gatwcrj ci supphy hlgas mlrrcrs m lrrcrs tà valgs lg tà patfhs ci c i f ihcwar cr hafi, nrfwlgk nrfwl gk eraftan rascureas ircm tà agvlrcgmagt lg fgn frcugn tà elty: tà mflg fnvfgtfka balgk, elty-wlna fvflhfblhlty ci fg lmpcrt/axpcrt ifelhlty icr mftarlfhs, kccns fgn prcnuets krafthy ifelhltftlgk ecgstruetlcg fgn subsaquagt aecgcmle cparftlcgs ―lgehunlgk ―lgehunlgk supphylgk mcnarg ecttfka lgnustrlas. @cmas, kfrnags fgn galk`bcur`ccns fra tc ba naslkgan hcefhhy by raslnagts suppcrtan by fg axpart muglelpfh tafm ci naslkgars, tafeàrs fgn pr fetltlcgars: naslkgs ci `cusas, kfrnags fgn galk`bcur`ccns fra lgtagnan tc ba feecrnlgk tc hcefh gaans, eustcms, axtfgt naslkgs fgn bulhn tae`glquas, fgn hcefhhy scurean mftarlfhs. Lt ls agvlslcgan t`ft naslkg fgn bulhn ft hfrkar sub-raklcgfh havahs, l.a. nlstrlet, vfha fgn elty havah, ls nlraetan by tà Elty Ecugelh wcrjlgk wlt` tafms ci fre`ltaets, bulhnars, phfggars, agklgaars, hfgnsefpa fre`ltaets fgn ctàr ercss-nlselphlgfry axpartlsa, ircm frtlsts fgn muslelfgs tc ifrmars, efrpagtars fgn bulhnars.

66



^à flm ci t`ls elty ls fs mue` ramanlftlcg ci gfturfh systams fs lt ls ramanlftlcg ci pacpha fgn ecmmuglty ― ecmmuglty ― ‘tc ifelhltfta tà `frmcglcus ralgtakrftlcg ralgtakrftlcg ci ùmfgs lgtc tà gfturfh systams ci tà phfgat⁾,” tc erafta f stfta ci c i nygfmle aqulhlbrlum, `cmacstfsls fgn mutufh bagailt lg tarms ci scelfh, agvlrcgmagtfh fgn aecgcmle systams fgn ecmmugltlas. Lt ls ecgslnaran t`ft, fs tà àfht` ci tà aechcklefh systam lg fgn frcugn tà elty lmprcvas, tà jgcej-cg aiiaets fra lmprcvan ùmfg àfht` fgn lmprcvan prcsparlty. Lg cga raspaet tà Elty ls ls f phfea tc hlva, lg fgctàr lt ls f phfea tc wcrj: cvarfhh c varfhh `cwavar, lt ls f phfea tc krcw. ^`ls elty ls naslkgan fs f Kfrnag Elty: f elty t`ft ls fhsc f kfrnag ― kfrnag ―t`ft t`ft efg krcw, ihcwar fgn irult. ¼Tfrfp`rfsan ircm @arbart Mfreusa (6<9>) Cga Nlmagslcgfh Mfg? Yfrlcus pubhlsàrs. ² Bcys, Bcys, O. (246>) Nclgk Nlsfblhlty Nliiaragthy? Fg fhtargftlva `fgnbccj cg fre`ltaetura, nls/fblhlty fgn naslkglgk icr avarynfy hlia.Rcuthanka? hlia. Rcuthanka? ^fyhcr fgn Irfgels Krcup, Hcgncg. µTfrfp`rfsan ircm @frmcg, [. [., Mfrjhay, C.[., (6<02) ^à E`fgklgk Lmfkas ci Mfg. Mfg. Tarkfmcg Trass? Cxicrn. ZTrlgtan lg QJ by F. [àftcg & Ec. Htn, Axatar] ⁾Vuctan ircm f naslkg ecursa wlt` ^cmfs Ramlfrz, ci Tarmfeuhtura Fsscelftlcg Brltflg.

Jay iafturas? 

8044matra wfhj tc gafrasttrfvahgcna. gafrasttrfvahgcna. (Uaa ^rfgspcrt Gatwcrj Ilk. >, p6;)



Elty-wlna se`cch mcnah fgn bulhnlgk prcvlslcg. (Uaa p91 p91 ― ― Anueftlcg) Anueftlcg)



14% pubhle kraag spfea ft elty sefha. (Uaa ^fbha 6 p6>, fgn Ilk. 9 p6<)



66;,144 lg`fbltfgts, lg`fbltfgts, 69,044 muhtl purpcsa uglts. (Uaa ^fbha 6 bahcw, p.6>)



Rfgka ci nagsltlas: 7>200parscgs/jm² lg zcga 4, fvarfklgk ft 2442parscgs/jm² ft elty sefha. (^fbha 6)



Lgtakrftan, muhtlifeatan muhtlifeatan saetcr mcnahlgk. (Uaa Ilk.1 fgn ^fbha 2 bahcw, p.60)



Kastfht prlgelpha, prlgelpha, irfetfh struetura. (Uaa Ilks 5,> & 9 bahcw)



Efrbcg iraa, lgtakrftan fgn feeasslbha trfgspcrt gatwcrj, panastrlfg, eyeha, frrfy ci efrbcg-iraa pubhle trfgspcrt cptlcgs. (Uaa Ilk. 6 bahcw, ^rfgspcrt Gatwcrj Ilk.> p6; fgn Uaetlcg 6.2 ci rapcrt)



Efrbcg-pcsltlva agarky kagarftlcg. (Uaa pp. 10-96 lgehunlgk E`frts 5-9)



Mlxan hfgn-usas ― hfgn-usas ― 1 1 typas ci kraag spfea. (Ilk.9 p6<)



@lk` hfgn vfhua uphlit (t`rcuk`, ocb, o cb, rascurea & fssat eraftlcg, lgirfstruetura & fkrcaechcklefh cutput)



Iuhh fgn nlvarsa amphcymagt cppcrtuglty, suppcrtan by hcefh aecgcmy. (^fbha 9 p20 & 2.6 pp 19-9;)



Iuhh frrfy ci bulhn/`cuslgk cptlcgs. (Ircm ecmmarelfh, elty fgn sftahhlta eagtras, tc sahi-bulhn `cmas)



Mcnuhfr, cmgl-sueeasslva, afslhy-mfgfkanlmphamagtftlcg. afslhy-mfgfkanlmphamagtftlcg. (Uaa ^fbha 64 pp.14-15)



Afsyecmmutlgk Afsyecmmutl gk - f jay naslkg iaftura. (Uaa Ilk. 6 bahcw, fgn ^rfgspcrt Gatwcrjs Ilk.> p6;)



Ramanlftlcg ci aechcky, psye`chcky, aecgcmy fra jay naslkg iafturas. (Blcnlvarslty jay nrlvar)



Mcnuhfr, axpfgnfbha, fnfptfbha spftlfh naslkg. (UaaIlk. 5 p69, Ilk.> p60 & Ilk.9 p6<)

62



Ilkura 6? Axfmphas ci hcw Efrbcg pubhle trfgspcrt cptlcgs ^cp - Ecmmugfh ahaetrle efrs fgn bleyehas lg Tfrls 246>. Bcttcm ― Bcttcm ― ^rfm ^rfm cg f kraagwfy lg Blhbfc 2449.

65


/ t g c h l a l t u a f B r R K % %

) ² M y J t l / s s g g c a s N r a T (

+ g a t t e “ h l v a a f r u g p B A K U

m g c r t l h l v t u g g B A a

y f n c ^ i c y t l E g a n r f K f r c i s a r u k l i a e g f n l u k i c y r f m m u U . 6 a h b f ^

2 > 6 , >

5 0 4 , >

e g a l h a e b a f ) f r u p @ T K U (

a t e h l f ) u p f @ B U (

; 6 . 4 7

n a a e t f e h a o u c p r c T T r y k a r g c i l p k s c h n . l t l a c u g t f G B Q E i c y t l h g t f s l l g t ` f f t l t ) y u p g l t l w V U Q ( e

y r c k ) a a t f m E h f g f t l t l f g p Q U (

i n c g a f t a h f p v y n l t r g p y f b t r c g i n a a g . g m c l s p l t g m c r h f a a a e n t v h c r a a h f N n f k

i n c g a f t a h f p v y n l t r g p y f b t r c g i n a a g . g m c l s l p t g m c f a r h a a e n t v h c r a a h f N n f k

h f f ) t a f c r @ ^ F (

g c l t f e c h h F n g f H


;

6

; 4 0 , 9 6

k g l n h l u B

5 5 6 , >

0 6 . 6 7

< 2 . 0 7

5 > 5

< >

< >

;

5 2 / ; ;

9 5 / > 9

2 1 / 0 >

2 9 / 0 5

6 4 2 , 5

> 9 9 , 2

2 4 4 , 2

4 ; 1 , 6

0 0 2 , >

4 > 6 , >

1 5 6 , >

1 5 6 , >

9 6 . 1 ;

1 9 . 4 5 9

1 ; 0 , 1

0 9 > , 2 1

6 . ; 6

2 2 . > 2 2

4 5 4 , 5

> 1 1 , 2 5

9 4 . 0 1

5 > . 9 4 >

1 > 0 , 2

1 6 < , < 6

6 4 > , 2

; 4 0 , 9 6

< > 9 , ; 6 6

5 > 1 , 5 2 0

5 > 5

6 4 > , 2

; 4 0 , 9 6

< > 9 , ; 6 6

6

) s a l t l E ; x ( 6

y t l E

y t l ) ; e - x l t y h u t l E M (

6 4 > , 2

5 > 5

< >

t a a r t U

n c c ` r u c b ` k l a G

t e l r t s l N

6>

;

a h f Y



Ilkura 2. @cwfrn“s @cwfrn“s crlklgfh naslkg cvarhfylgk tà cvarhfylgk tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.Gcta? ^à sefhas fra mfteàn.

61




Ilkura 5.Uefha mfp ci fKfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

69




Ilkura >. ^rfvah gatwcrjs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

6;




Ilkura 1. Uaetcr mcnah ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy ^fbha 2.Uaetcrs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

UAE^CR GFMA

NLU^RLE^ GC.s

GC. CI NLU^RLEÛ

GC.CI BQLHNLGK QGLÛ

% CI ^C^FH QGLÛ

EAG^RA

6

6

5>5

2

CQÂR EAG^RFH

2-;

9

2410

62.21

UFÂHHLÂ UFÂHHL^ A EAG^RAU

0-65

9

2410

62.21

LGÂREL^\ LGÂREL^ \ ECMMARELFH

6>-6<

9

2410

62.21

LGÂREL^\ LGÂREL^ \ RCQÂ

24-21

9

2410

62.21

LGÂR-YFHA LGÂR-YFH A

29-5;

62

>669

2 >.1 2>.1

RQRFH

50-><

62

>669

2>.1

ECMTHAÂ EL^\

6-><

><

6904;

644

60



E c p y rl k ` t © M f re u s B u sb y , 2 4 6 >

Ilkura 9? Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg f Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

6<




Ilkura ;. Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg f Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas.

24



6.4 YLULCG Naserlptlcg 6.6Nlstrlbutlcg fgn Nagslty ^à elty hlmlts agecmpfss fg lg`fbltan fraf ci 10.;;jm² wlt` f pcpuhftlcg ci 66;,9><. ^`ls aquftas tc f pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 2446.0 parscgs par jm².^`ls nagslty ilkura slts batwaag t`ft ci tà crlklgfh Kfrnag Elty ci Hate`wcrt`, (6951 ( 6951 p/jm²) fgn cur mcst raeagt Gaw ^cwg Mlhtcg Jaygas (2105.9 p/jm²), bfsan cg 2466 Eagsus ilkuras. ^à elty ls ecmprlsan ci c i 69,04; bulhnlgk uglts w`le` `cusa fg fvarfka ci ; parscgs par bulhnlgk. Ucma bulhnlgk uglts mfy `cusa gc pacpha, w`lhst ctàr uglts mfy `cusa `c usa tag, ilitaag cr mcra ― mcra ― fs fs wa ilgn wlt`lg fgy elty. @cwavar, lg tà lgtarasts ci mlglmlslgk agarky ecgsumptlcg, lt ls kagarfhhy ecgslnaran t`ft avary bulhnlgk s`fhh lgehuna lgeh una raslnagtlfh spfea tc utlhlsaàft-agarky-trfgsiar ircm ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas ― fetlvltlas ― àftan àftan wftar fgn flr, tc ncmastle fetlvltlas. ^à agtlra hfgn fhhceftlcg icr tà Kfrnag Elty fgn surrcugnlgk Kraagbaht (fkrleuhturfh hfgn) ls 6;2.6;jm², cr >2,1>>feras. ^`ls klvas fg cvarfhh pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 905.5 parscgs par jm². ^à Qgltan Jlgkncm fs f w`cha `fs f pcpuhftlcg nagslty ci 211.9 parscgs par jm², tùs hfgn icr tà Kfrnag Elty ls frcugn x2⅞mcra x2⅞mcra nagsahy pcpuhftan t`fg hfgn lg tà QJ fs f w`cha. ^fbha 5.Ecmpfrlscgs ci fraf, pcpuhftlcg fgn nagslty.

Uatthamagt Gfma

jm²

@f

Mlhas²

Feras

Tcpuhftlcg

Nagslty pacpha/jm²

Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy (246>)

10.;;

1,0;;

22.9<

6>,122

66;,9>< 66; ,9><

2446.0

@cwfrn“s

59.>2

5,9>2

6>.49

<,444

52,444

0;0.9

6;2.6;

6;,26;

99.>0

>2,1>>

66;,9><

905.5

29;.4<

29,;4<

645.65

99,444

214,444

<59

24.62 0< 6,1;2 0,502

2,462 0,<44 61,;6<< 050,246

;.;; 5>.59 949.<1 5259.56

><;2 26,<<2 500,>>0 2,4;6,250

55,2><* 22<,<>6* 0,540,59<* 61,464,2<1*

6,915.1 2,105.9 2 ,105.9 1,201.2 6,;<4

2>5,964

2>,596,>2; 2>,596 ,>2; <>,494.44 < >,494.44 94,6<0,>44 95,606,;;1* 211.9 *2466 Eagsus. Ilkuras ircm [ljlpanlf (Feeassan (Feeassan Mfy 246>) 246>)

‘Kfrnag Elty”

Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy ― Matrc ― Matrc (246>) @cwfrn“s Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas - Matrc (Gc.;) Hate`wcrt` Hate`wc rt` Mlhtcg Mlhtc g Jaygas Hcgncg (Elty) Hcgncg (Matrc) Qgltan Jlgkncm

^à elty ls crkfglsan lgtc l gtc savag Yfhas cr muglelpfhltlas. Trasagthy, wa ef g usa tà gfmas t`ft Abagazar @cwfrn fhhceftan lg tà pravlcus prcpcsltlcg: Kfrnag Elty, Khfnstcga, Oustltlf, Rurlsvlhha, T`lhfnahp`lf, Ecgecrn fgn Eagtrfh Elty. Afe` Yfha ls ecmprlsan ci 2>46 bulhnlgk uglts, `fs lts cwg elvle fgn ecmmarelfh eeagtra agtra fgn feecmmcnftas 69,04; parscgs.

26




Ilkura 0.Uub-nlvlslcgs wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy. ^fbha >. Upftlfh eftakcrlas fgn nlstrlbutlcg ci bulhnlgk uglts fgn raslnagts wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

Eftakcry ci Upftlfh Qglt

Vufgtlty ci Upftlfh Qglts (lg tà elty)

Bulhnlgk uglts par eftakcry

Trcoaetan raslnagts par eftakcry

Bulhnlgk (phct)

6904;

6

;

Utraat

2>46

;

><

Galk`bcur`ccn

5>5

><

5>5

Nlstrlet

><

5>5

2>46

Yfha

;

2>46

69,04;

Elty

6

6904;

66;,9><

Ft t`ls stfka lt mfy fppafr t`ft nlstrlbutlcg lg tà elty ls tctfhhy `cmckagcus, `cwavar tà `cmckagalty ci tà urbfg phfg ls bfhfgean by tà nlvarslty ci bulhnlgk typas fgn tà scelfh fgn aecgcmle fetlvltlas icugn lg afe` fraf. ^fbha 1. Navahcpmagt hfgn fhhceftlcg par spftlfh eftakcry (_cga 4 hfgn)

Eftakcry ci Bulht Upftlfh Qglt

Icctprlgt (surifea fraf) par eftakcry m²

`f

feras

jm²

Bulhnlgk (phct)

6,9<5

4.6;

4.>2

4.4469<

Utraat

66,0><

6.60

2.<5

4.462

Galk`bcur`ccn

02,<>1

0.2<

24.1

4.405

Nlstrlet

104,962

10.49

6>5.>;

4.19

Yfha

>,49>,209

>49.>5

644>.2<

>.49

Elty

20,>14,444

20>1

;454.61

20.>1

22



^à ‘Eagtrfh Elty” Yfha Yfha lgehunas tà mflg elty eagtra, lt ls surrcugnan by slx Yfhas (muglelpfhltlas), afe` wlt` lts cwg sftahhlta eagtra,fgn tùs tàra fra savag elvle fgn ecmmarelfh eagtras lg tctfh wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty ag bhce. Afe` Yfha ls crkfglsan lgtc savag nlstrlets, klvlgk tà elty f tctfh ci >< nlstrlets. Afe` nlstrlet ec gtflgs 5>5 bulhnlgk uglts `cuslgk 2>46 raslnagts. Baefusa tà nlstrlets afe` pcssass f vfrlaty ci trfgspcrt hlgjs, tàlr ecggaetlvlty ls usan tc nailga ecmmarelfh saetcrs wlt`lg tà elty. ^àra fra slx typas ci ecmmarelfh saetcr lgtakrfh tc tà elty. ^àlr gfmas fgn nlstrlbutlcg fra lgnleftan lg Ilkura 1 fgn tfbha > bahcw. Afe` ci tà >< nlstrlets ls ecmprlsan ci savag galk`bcur`ccns, klvlgk tà elty f tctfh ci 5>5 galk`bcur`ccns, `cuslgk 5>5 raslnagts afe`. Avary galk`bcur`ccn `fs savag straats: afe` straat `fs savag bulhnlgk uglts, `cuslgk fg fvarfka ci >< ceeupfgts. ^àsa fra fhh kulnfgea ilkuras tc prasagt tà mcnah. ^à jay ecgeapt ci tà crlklgfh Kfrnag Elty ecgeapt wfs tc fssufka tà, ^cwg? Ecugtry, Kfrnag? Elty, @umfg? Gftura Tfrfncx. ^ùs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy, hfgn usa ls lgtagslilan, but fhsc nlvarslilan fgn lgtakrftan, mafglgk mcra `fppags wlt`lg tà sfma spfea. --4-[`ft ls ecmmcghy icugn lg eltlas w`le` `fva krcwg fgn baag fnnan tc, fra pcejats ci raslnagtlfh, pcejats ci lgnustrlfh, pcejats ci ciilea ate. phus hfgn w`le` `fs baag agvahcpan sue` fs fkrleuhturfh hfgn, pfrjhfgn fgn narahlet hfgn. ^`ls jlgn ci zcgfh fetlvlty efg lschfta frafs fgn irfkmagt ecmmugltlas? ‘Qrbfg frafs `fva baecma prckrasslvahy prckrasslvahy mcra sakmagtan fgn zcgan, wlt` f sapfrftlcg batwaag tà phfeas

wàra pacpha hlva, wcrj fgn s`cp. ^`ls ls pfrthy w`y scelfh nlvlslcgs ceeur. Li ycu erafta tàsa vfrlcus zcgas… ycu agn up wlt`… f hct ci spfea wfstan fgn f `lk` napagnagea upcg tà efr. Li wa bulhn tcwgs t`ft gaan efrs icr avary fspaet ci hlia, wa erafta fg axeasslva napagnagea upcg agnhass agnhass supphlas ci eàfp clh. By sakmagtlgk eltlas fgn tàlr suburbs, puttlgk nliiaragt jlgns ci navahcpmagt lgtc tàlr cwg zcgas, efrs efg kat fbcut tàm, but gct pacpha cg tàlr cwg. _cgfh navahcpmagt rlsjs tà hcss ci scelfh ecàslcg. Li nliiaragt havahs Zilahns] ci scelaty hlva sapfrftahy tàra ls hass e`fgea ci f ecàslva, wlnar ecmmuglty fgn t`ft efg fhhcw icr scelfh

(@R@ Trlgea E`frhas, @frmcgy, 2464. p.250)

tagslcgs tc baecma cvarpcwarlgk.”

[àg hfgn usa ls hlmltan tc cga pfrtleuhfr fetlvlty, lt mafgs t`ft frafs efg baecma hlja k`cst tcwgs wàg tày fra gct balgk usan, sue` fs raslnagtlfh nurlgk tà nfy, ciilea nurlgk tà glk`t, ratflh nurlgk tà avaglgks ate. @fvlgk tc trfvah tc phfeas ci wcrj, cr phfeas ci raeraftlcgate rasuhts lg lgerafsan mlhafka: wa spagn f hct ci rascureas ― rascureas ― mcgay, mcgay, clh fgn tlma, trfvahhlgk. Lg fnnltlcg tc t`ls, hfgn wàra iccn ls krcwg ls citag mlhas fwfy ircm wàra lt ls aftag, scmatlmas t`cusfgns ci mlhas, rasuhtlgk lg f `lk`hy lgaiilelagt fgn uggaeassfry usa ci trfgspcrt. Iccn ls prcnuean uslgk mat`cns w`le` fra `lk`hy mae`fglsan, mafglgk hass amphcymagt fgn `lkàr napagnagey upcg patrceàmlefhs ― patrceàmlefhs ― iuahs, iuahs, lgsaetlelnas, iartlhlzars - fgn lgerafslgkhy ecmphleftan fgn axpagslva tae`gchcky ― tae`gchcky ― tàra tàra ls fg agarkatle nailelt ircm fhh ci t`ls trfvahhlgk, trfgspcrtftlcg fgn lgnustrlfhlzan fkrleuhtura. ^`ls nailelt rasuhts lg tà naphatlcg ci gfturfh rasarvas fgn tà nastruetlcg ci blchcklefh systams t`ft mflgtflg f hlvlgk fgn hlvfbha phfgat. ^à gaan fgn napagnagey wa `fva navahcpan icr tà ecmbustlcg agklga nrlvas tà naphatlcg fgn nakrfnftlcg ci cur phfgats rasarvas.

25



By ecmblglgk cur hfgn usa fetlvltlas cg tà sfma hfgn, wa efg sfva agarky fgn sfva hfgn. Qrbfg phfgglgk iceusas upcg nagslileftlcg fs f schutlcg, lg assagea t`ls wcrjs, but rasuhts lg lgerafsan strass upcg pacpha, lgirfstruetura fgn sarvleas. [àg wa fra schltfry lt efg ba phafsfgt icr f tlma, wàg mcra pacpha ecma wa `fva mcra iug fgn t`ls lgerafsas tà mcra pacpha frrlva. Fitar f eartflg t`ras`chn, f phfea baecmas ercwnan e rcwnan fgn lt baecmas lgerafslgkhy strassiuh. Icr t`ls rafscg, nagslileftlcg efggct ba f sultfbha nlraetlcg. @cwavar, ichhcwlgk tà sfma prlgelpha ci aecgcmlsftlcg ci spfea, wa efg cvarhfp hfgn usas fgn fetlvltlas cg tà sfma hfgn, but mflgtflg f hcwar pcpuhftlcg nagslty. ^`ls mafgs t`ft hass hfgn ls l s usan cvarfhh, w`lhst slmuhtfgacushy, pacpha `fva feeass tc mcra hfgn. ^`ls ls w`y tà Kfrnag Elty mcnah wcrjan crlklgfhhy fgn efg wcrj gcw. Lt ls battar icr pacpha fgn battar icr tà agvlrcgmagt. [a jgcw t`ft wa gaan tc ranuea napagnagey upcg tà efr fgn uggaeassfry trfvah fgn trfgspcrtftlcg. [a jgcw t`ft wa gaan tc hlva lg `frmcgy wlt` tà gfturfh systams ci tà phfgat. [a jgcw t`ft wa `fva tc hlva mcra aecgcmlefhhy lg tarms ci hfgn usa fgn rascurea usa. ^`ls elty fnnrassas tàsa ecgeargs nlraethy. ^àra ls gc napagnagey cg tà efr, hfgn usas fra ecmblgan. ^à elty ls naslkgan tc lgtakrfta scelfh fgn ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas naserlban lg mcra natflh lg tà saetlcg cg elty saetcrs. Mcblhlty ls f jay iceus fgswaran by f ecàragt fgn vfrlan pubhle fgn ecmmarelfh trfgspcrtftlcg systam. ^à gatwcrj ls naslkgan fs f irfetfh tùs tà sfma trfgspcrt hfycut ls raltarftan ft vfrlcus sefhas uslgk vfrylgk mat`cns ci trfgspcrt, fhhcwlgk icr usars tc gfvlkfta gatwcrjs mcra afslhy fs tà sfma gatwcrj ci trfvah rcutas fra raltarftan ft fhh sefhas. Nagslileftlcg ls fgswaran by cvarhfpplgk ùmfg fetlvlty fgn lgecrpcrftlgk f hfrka frafci kraag spfea lgtc tà elty aiiaetlvahy raecmblglgk iccn prcnuetlcg lgtc tà satthamagt: blcnlvarslty ls agecurfkan by tà gftura ci tà hfgnsefpa pfttarg: tà pfte` mcsfle fgn hlgjfkas lg tà hfgnsefpa ifelhltfta aechcklefh ecggaetlvlty. Iccn ls krcwg hcefhhy fgn crkfglefhhy uslgk fkrcaec hcky fs f kulnlgk prlgelpha ― prlgelpha ― wàra wàra tà bagailts ci gfturfh systams fra raeckglsan fs schutlcgs tc lmprcvlgk cur iccn supphy. ^à kraag spfeas fra muhtliugetlcgfh ― muhtliugetlcgfh ― phfeas phfeas ci iccn prcnuetlcg, phafsura, raeraftlcg fgn `fbltft eraftlcg by uslgk fpprcprlfta sefhas ci hfgn usa nailgan hftar lg tà saetlcg cg hfgnsefpa zcgas. Amphcymagt fgn hafrglgk, ecmmarea fgn lggcvftlcg fra jay fetlvltlas icr pacpha hlvlgk lg tà elty. ^à elty prcvlnas ocbs ft fhh havahs ci fblhlty fgn ecmmltmagt. ^à wcrj at`le ls raphfean by lgsplran fetlvlty fgn nlraet sftlsifetlcg. ^à gaans ci tà elty, mfte` tà gaans ci tà pacpha fgn tà agvlrcgmagt, tùs hlja f kfrnag, tà mcra lt ls gurturan fgn tagnan, tà mcra mfkglileagt tà rasuhts ― rasuhts ― tc tc f kastfht nakraa ― nakraa ― tà tà rasuht ls mcra t`fg tà sum ci lts ecmpcgagts baefusa gftura baecmas lgvchvan, fgn wa cgea fkflg baecma lgvchvan wlt` gftura. ^à elty efg iafslbhy krcw ircm f vlhhfka tc f tcwg, tc f elty tc f makfelty fgn baycgn uslgk tà sfma krcwt` pfttarg, w`lhst tà kraag spfea fhhceftlcg rlsas feecrnlgkhy ft f rfta nailgan by tassahhftlgk tà Jce` sgcwihfja. ^ùs tà hfrkar tà lg`fbltan fraf, tà hcwar tà pcpuhftlcg nagslty baecmas ft f rfta w`le` ls `lkàr t`fg raklcgfh pcpuhftlcg nagslty: icr tà QJ, t`ls rfta ls 294% nagsar: tàcratlefhhy rasuhtlgk lg mcra wlhnargass/gftura rasarvas fgn f àfht`lar wlnar agvlrcgmagt. ^`ls pfttarg ci krcwt` fhhcws icr iutura navahcpmagt tc ichhcw f pfttarg t`ft ls ecàragt wlt` fg axtfgt w`cha ― w`cha ― ecàragt ecàragt wlt` tà axlstlgk elty. e lty. Gaw navahcpmagts efg ba lgtakrftan wlt`cut nlsruptlgk axlstlgk strueturas. ^`ls s`fhh ba lhhustrftan mcra ehafrhy hftar lg t`ls nceumagt.

2>



6.2^rfvah fgn Mcblhlty [a jgcw tà prcpcrtlcgs ci tà bcny, w`ft ci lts valgs - lts trfgspcrt gatwcrj3 @cw nc pacpha, prcnuets fgn sarvleas trfvah fbcut tà bcny ci tà elty3 ^à elty ls naslkgan tc ba 644% mcblhlty-crlagtftan. Lg ifet, avary scelfh apleagtar ls f trfgspcrtftlcg ùb. ^àra ls cga eagtrfh stftlcg, 62 lgtar-elty mflg stftlcgs, >0 lgtar-muglelpfh mlgcr stftlcgs, frcugn 624 Yfha ugnarkrcugn stcps, phus >< hcefh trfgspcrtftlcg pcrts. ^à elty ls gct naslkgan frcugn tà prlvfta mctcr va`leha: lt ls naslkgan frcugn pubhle trfgspcrt, ecmprlsan ci bleyehas, ahaetrle efrs/bukklas, rflh fgn hlk`t rflh, fgn ugnarkrcugn rflh. ^àra ls `cwavar, va`leuhfr feeass tc fhh pclgts lg tà elty icr amarkagey va`lehas fgn nahlvary/echhaetlcg va`lehas. ^à elty ls ‘fbhan” baefusa lt eftars icr tà feeass fgn feeass fgn mcblhlty ci avarybcny lgehuslva ci c i nlsfbhan parscgs wlt`cut axeaptlcg. ^à p`lhcscp`y ba`lgn t`ls ls tà fssartlcg t`ft, ‘uslgk nls/fblhlty fs f eraftlva stfrtlgk pclgt efg fetufhhy kagarfta fg fhtargftlva jlgn ci fre`ltaeturfh fvfgt-kfrna,” fvfgt-kfrna,” (Bcys, 246>): t`ls agsuras f bulht agvlrcgmagt fgn trfgspcrtftlcg gatwcrj lg w`le` tàra fra iawar feelnagts, `fs ecmphata pusè`flr/wàahe`flr feeass, ls e`lhn irlagnhy, ahnarhy irlagnhy, fgn lspar`fps avagrcbct avagrcbct irlagnhy. irlagnhy. ^à trfgspcrt gatwcrj ls ecmprlsan ci lgtarelty rflh rcutas ― rcutas ― ecggaetan ecggaetan tc axlstlgk gftlcgfh rflh hlgas, fg lgtar-muglelpfh rflhwfy (Elty rcutas), hcefh ugnarkrcugn rflh (Yfha rcutas), fgn f gatwcrj ci bleyeha fgn bukky rcutas icr gcg-rflh trfvah (Galk`bcur`ccn rcutas). ^à elty `fs fg fnnltlcgfh sapfrfta rflh gatwcrj aspaelfhhy icr ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas ecggaetlgk tà ifrms fgn ifetcrlas tc tà elty eagtra fgn nlraethy tc gftlcgfh rflh hlgas. ^`ls paricrms twc rchas icr ecmmarelfh cparftlcgs, lt ls f trfgspcrt gatwcrj icr parscggah tc trfvah tc fgn ircm phfeas ci wcrj, fgn lt ls f mafgs ci nlstrlbutlcg, lmpcrtftlcg/axpcrtftlcg ci kccns fgn mftarlfhs prcnuean lg tà elty, cutar elty ifrms fgn ifetcrlas. ^à supphy rcuta gatwcrj ls ecggaetan tc tà lgtar-muglelpfh rflh gatwcrj fgn tà lgtarelty gftlcgfh rflh gatwcrj. Kccns efg ba lmpcrtan fgn axpcrtan gftlcgfhhy fgn lgtargftlcgfhhy uslgk t`ls gatwcrj. Ilkura < bahcw, ls f ehcsa-up ehcsa-up saetlcg ci tà trfvah gatwcrj, wlt` f sefha fgn jay. (Icr f ecmphata trfvah gatwcrj mfp, phafsa saa Ilk. > p6;). ^à saetlcg lg Ilkura < iceusas cg tà Eagtrfh Elty Yfha, fgn `cw t`ls ecggaets tc tà surrcugnlgk Yfhas uslgk tà gftlcgfh lgtar-elty rcutas (lgnleftan lg bhua) fgn lgtar-muglelpfh elty rcutas (lgnleftan lg crfgka). Rcutas fra lgnleftan wlt` hlgas, stftlcgs fra lgnleftan wlt` rcugnahs. Thafsa raiar r aiar tc tà jay. ^à gatwcrj ls naslkgan tc ecvar tà agtlra elty ft icur sefhas: gftlcgfh, elty, vfha fgn nlstrlet. ^àra ls f ilit` rflh gatwcrj, naserlban fbcva, balgk tà ecmmarelfh supphy gatwcrj. Gftlcgfh sefha trfvah ls by cvarhfgn rflh, elty wlna trfvah ls fkflg cvarhfgn fgn hlk`t rflh, vfha trfvah ls by ugnarkrcugn rflh, nlstrlet trfvah ls cvarhfgn fgn by panastrlfg, eyeha fgn bukky trfvah.

21




Ilkura <. ^rfvah gatwcrjs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy (saetlcg) (Ecmphata mfp cg p.6;)

29



6.5 Elty Uaetcrs


Ilkura 1. Uaetcr mcnah ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy ^fbha 2.Uaetcrs lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

UAE^CR GFMA

NLU^RLE^ GC.s

GC. CI NLU^RLEÛ

GC.CI BQLHNLGK QGLÛ

% CI ^C^FH QGLÛ

EAG^RA

6

6

5>5

2

CQÂR EAG^RFH

2-;

9

2410

62.21

UFÂHHLÂ UFÂHHL^ A EAG^RAU

0-65

9

2410

62.21

LGÂREL^\ LGÂREL^ \ ECMMARELFH

6>-6<

9

2410

62.21

LGÂREL^\ LGÂREL^ \ RCQÂ

24-21

9

2410

62.21

LGÂR-YFHA LGÂR-YFH A

29-5;

62

>669

2 >.1 2>.1

RQRFH

50-><

62

>669

2>.1

ECMTHAÂ EL^\

6-><

><

6904;

644

2;



^fbha 9. Bulhnlgk Fssat Ecmpcsltlcg - ecmmarelfh fgn scelfh fetlvltlas Bulhnlgk Eftakcry

^ypas ci Cwgars`lp /âgfgey

Elty-wlna Fhhceftlcg

Mflg Fetlvltlas

Ctàr Fetlvltlas

^ypas ci Tramlsas

Ecmmuglty Gaans Uftlsifetlcg

>.2<%

BQULGAUU Euhturfh navahcpmagt

Raslnagtlfh, Ciilea, Hfb, Utunlc, @lk`-Utraat Ratflh, Eftarlgk,

Lggcvftlcg fgn Fnvfgeamagt

x;26 Qglts

Anueftlcg, Ucitwfra, Fnvfgean fgn Fhtargftlva tae`gchcklas, Aechcky, Huxury fgn Upaelfhlst Ratflh, Fnmlglstrftlcg, Buslgass, Ecmmarea, Anueftlcg, Fnmlglstrftlcg,

Raslnagtlfh, Ciilea, Hfb, Utunlc, Ratflh, Eftarlgk, Hlbrfry, Musaum

Rasafre` fgn Navahcpmagt, Trciasslcgfh ^rflglgk

Raslnagtlfh, Eftarlgk

Ucelfh fgn Ecmmuglty Krcups fgn Ehubs

%/ Gc. ci Qglts (tctfh 69,04;)

1´

Elty Cwgars`lp

LgtarGftlcgfh

Ecmmarelfh Hafsa

Lggcvftlcg, Rasafre` fgn Navahcpmagt

MuhtlGftlcgfh

>´

Elty Cwgars`lp

LgtarRaklcgfh

Ecmmarelfh Hafsa

2.;<%

FNMLGLU^RF^LCG

x>90 Qglts

Jgcwhanka navahcpmagt Elvle, Ucelfh fgn Ecmmuglty

Gftlcgfh

5´ LgtarElty

Elty Cwgars`lp

0.51%

UARYLEAU

x6,>4> Qglts

@cgcur navahcpmagt

Ecugelh Hat

Raklcgfh

Ecmmarelfh Hafsa

2´

Elty Cwgars`lp

Lgtar-Yfha

Ecugelh Hat

Eltywlna

Ecmmarelfh Hafsa

Anueftlcg, Nlstrlbutlcg, Agtartflgmagt, Halsura, Raeraftlcg,

Ue`cchs ECGYAGLAGEAU

x5,24> Qglts

[afht` navahcpmagt/ vfhua fnnlgk Trceasslgk fgn Mfguifeturlgk

Trlvfta

Astaam

Qglvarslty & Echhaka

Hafrglgk Eagtars 6<.64%

Uahi^rfgseagnagea & Uahi-Iuhilhhmagt

Bahcgklgk fgn Irlagns`lp

Anueftlcg, Hcefh Buslgass, Trceasslgk, Nlstrlbutlcg ^rfnas Erfits Mlhhlgk Uahi amphcyan @cma wcrjars

Raslnagtlfh, Rastfurfgt, Eftarlgk, Ratflh, Ucelfh [ahifra, @afht` Elvle Ciileas

Ufiaty, Uaeurlty, Hfw fgn Crnar

Anueftlcg, @crtleuhturfh, Fkrleuhturfh, Erfits, [`chasfha, Icrastry, Nlstrlbutlcg Rascurea Eraftlcg Anueftlcg, Utcrfka, Tfejfklgk, Hlk`t lgnustrlfh, Z@afvy lgnustrlfh (cutar-elty)]

Raslnagtlfh, @ctah, Kuast`cusa, B&B, [fra`cusas, Lgnustrlfh, [crjs`cps, Utunlcs, Eftarlgk Utcrfka, [`chasfha, [fra`cusas, Hlk`t Lgnustrlfh, [crjs`cps, Utunlcs

Eraftlcg/ Echhaetlcg/ Mflgtagfgea ci? [ftar, Iccn, Ehct`lgk, Iuah & Agarky Ucureas

Uàhtar fgn wahhbalgk

[ahifra

6´ LgtarNlstrlet Hcefh

Trlvfta Hat Elty Cwgars`lp

91.29%

RAULNAG^LFH

x64,0;2 Qglts Ecugelh Hat

Ecrpcrafh navahcpmagt

Trlvfta

Gfturfh Rascureas

Trlvfta Hat

P´

Elty Cwgars`lp

Elty Ecmmarelfh

Ecugelh Hat

4.02%

ECMMARELFH

x650 Qglts

Utcejtfjlgk Nlstrlbutlcg

Trlvfta

Eltywlna

Echhaetlcg Trlvfta Hat

20

Mftarlfh Rascurea Rasarvas



Ilkura 64. Mcnah ci tà Elty Eagtra Uaetcr wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^à Elty Eagtra Uaetcr (Ilkura 64) ls uglqua lg tà ifet t`ft lt ls fhsc lts cwg nlstrlet. ^`ls Uaetcr `fs tà kraftast nakraa ci ecggaetlvlty tc gftlcgfh fgn lggar elty trfgspcrt hlgjs. ^à Elty Eagtra lgnlraethy hlgjan wlt` fhh slx sftahhltaeagtras lg tà Elty. Lt ls tà cghy nlstrlet nlraethy ecggaetan ecggaetan tc fhh ci tà Kfrnag Elty ecmmarelfh hlgas fgn fhh ci tà ifrms fgn ifetcrlas surrcugnlgk tà Elty (sltuftan lg hfgnsefpa _cga > ― > ― saaIlk. saaIlk. 5 p69). ^à Elty Eagtra Uaetcr ls tà maatlgk pclgt icr fhh fh h ecmmarea lg tà elty, surrcugnlgk eagtras fgn wlt` ctàr satthamagts. ^à Elty Eagtra `fs tà `lkàst pareagtfka c i ecmmarelfh fgn buslgass pramlsas: 25% ci bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg ls nanleftan tc 1´ lgtargftlcgfh/muhtlgftlcgfh usfka, w`lhst 6>% ls fhhceftan tc P´ Elty Ecmmarelfh usfka ― usfka ― fhsc fhsc tà `lkàst pareagtfka ci Elty Ecmmarelfh uglt fhhceftlcg lg tà elty. ^àra fra gc 5´ cr >´ bulhnlgk fhhceftlcgs lg t`ls nlstrlet. ^`ls nlstrlet iugetlcgs prlmfrlhy fs tà trfnlgk eagtra icr tà elty ag mfssa. Baefusa ci tà hfrka fhhceftlcg icr elty ecmmarelfh bulhnlgks (P´) fgn hfrka pareagtfka ci 1´ bulhnlgks, tà Elty Eagtra efg fet fs fg lgtarifea batwaag tà spaelfhlst prcnuets fgn mftarlfhs eraftan lg tà Kfrnag Elty fgn tà wlnar lgtargftlcgfh mfrjats. ^à mflg

2<



iceus ls tc lggcvfta fgn krcw cutwfrns lg tarms ci ecmmugleftlcgs fgn mfrjat lggcvftlcg. ^à Kfrnag Elty ls naslkgan tc ifelhltfta lggcvftlcgs lg mftarlfhs, prcnuets, systams, mfe`lgary, tcchs fgn fpphleftlcgs. Muhtlgftlcgfh phfyars efg bagailt ircm balgk lg t`ls agvlrcgmagt fs tà Elty wlhh ba surilgk lts cwg wfva ci lggcvftlcg flman nlraethy ft sustflgfbha tae`gchcklas, prcnuets fgn sarvleas. ^àsa fra tà iutura gaeassltlas fgn khcbfh mfrjats fhrafny axlst fgn fra krcwlgk. ^àra ls f 64% fhhceftlcg icr 2Écgvaglageas, t`ls ls gafrhy `fhi tà elty fvarfka ci 6<.6% but raihaets tà iceus ci tà saetcr w`le` ncas gct iaftura >´ cr 5´ fhhceftlcg. Lt ls prcbfbha t`ft elvle ciileas fgn scelfh wahifra eagtras wlhh mfja up tà kraftar prcpcrtlcg ci t`ls fhhceftlcg, fs wahh fs f eagtrfh F&A spaelfhlst eagtra tc lgehuna ilra fgn fmbuhfgea sarvleas.

Ilkura 66. Cutar Eagtrfh Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` aecgcmle ecmpcsltlcg e`frt.

^à cutar eagtrfh saetcr (saa Ilkura 66) ls ecmprlsan ci slx nlstrlets wlt` lnagtlefh trfgspcrt gatwcrjs. Avary nlstrlet wlt`lg tà saetcr ls blsaetan by f gftlcgfh trfvah rcuta pcssasslgk f hfrka

54



eagtrfh trfgspcrt ùb w`le` hlgjs gftlcgfh rflh wlt` fhh havahs ci elty-wlna trfvah gatwcrjs. ^à cutar eagtrfh nlstrlets fhsc bagailt ircm afe` balgk hlgjan tc twc nliiaragt elty ecmmarelfh supphy rcutas. ^wc pareagt ci tà bulhnlgk stcej ls fhhceftan icr purahy ecmmarelfh usas, alk`t pareagt ls nanleftan icr lgtargftlcgfh cr muhtlgftlcgfh ecmpfglas, tàsa mfy ba axlstlgk ecmpfglas cr ecmpfglas hccjlgk tc trfna ft t`ls mfrjat havah: typas ci ecmpfglas mfy ba `lk` straat s`cps, ciileas, stunlcs ci vfrlcus typas. Uavag pareagt ci tà bulhnlgks fra fhhceftan tc raklcgfh fetlvltlas fgn sarvleas, sue` fs echhakas fgn se`cchs, fgn halsura fgn agtartflgmagt ifelhltlas a.k. elgamf, ecgeart `fhh, tàftra, `ctahs fgn rastfurfgts. 6<% ci bulhnlgk usfka ls nanleftan tc hcefh ecgvaglageas fgn trfna. ^`ls fhhceftlcg mfy lgehuna fgyt`lgk ircm hcefh ilrms, hcefh trfna fgn hcefh rastfurfgts tc elty scelfh wahifra ifelhltlas fgn elvle ciileas. ^`ls hafvas tà ramflglgk 91% icr hcefh usas, mflghy lg tà icrm ci raslnagtlfh, but efg e fg lgehuna fgyt`lgk ircm anueftlcgfh fgn trflglgk ifelhltlas ifel hltlas icr raslnagts lg tà tcwg, tc kuast`cusas fgn ban fgn brafjifsts. Raslnagts mfy bulhn `cusas w`le` paricrm savarfh iugetlcgs sue` fs kuast`cusa, frt stunlc/yckf rccm. Ucma mfy avag `fva f smfhh efiì fs tà ircgtfka tc tàlr `cusa. Nlvarslty lg tà typa fgn usa ci bulhnlgks ls agecurfkan fhh cvar tà elty. ^à mflg hlmltftlcgs fra cg tà havah ci tà mfrjat f ecmpfgy ls astfbhlsàn/astfbhls`lgk ltsahi lg. [`lhst c ppcrtugltlas axlst ft fhh havahs, tà elty ls naslkgan tc gurtura buslgassas fgn agtarprlsas ircm tà hcefh havah. Lt ls ci c i ecursa raeckglsan t`ft muhtlgftlcgfh ecmpfglas `fva f hct tc ciiar lg tarms ci sarvleas fgn qufhlty w`le` ls w`y tày fra gct axehunan ft fhh ircm tà elty. ^àlr cppcrtuglty icr axpfgslcg ls `cwavar hlmltan tc agsura t`ft f raslhlagt fgn nlvarsa hcefh aecgcmy efg ihcurls`. ^à rafscg icr t`ls ls baefusa lt fiicrns tà elty f mcra nygfmle fgn nlvarsa aecgcmy. Cga ci tà jay nrlvars ci tà Elty“s euhtura fgn aecgcmle prcwass ls hcefhlsanlggcvftlcg. By eraftlgk fg agvlrcgmagt wàra nlvarsa buslgass cppcrtugltlas axlst, fhcgkslna astfbhlsàn ilrms tà rasuht efg ba f mahtlgk pct ci c i lggcvftlcg ircm tà bcttcm up fgn ircm tà tcp ncwg (lg tarms ci tàlr mfrjat phfeamagt).

56



Ilkura 62. Uftahhlta Eagtra Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

Ilkura 62 natflhs tà Uftahhlta Eagtra Uaetcr. ^`ls saetcr ls ecmprlsan ci slx nlstrlets pcsltlcgan aqulnlstfgt ircm tà Elty Eagtra. Afe` Uftahhlta Eagtra nlstrlet ls sltuftan ft tà eagtra ci slx surrcugnlgk nlstrlets: twc Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets, twc Rurfh nlstrlets, cga Lgtar-Elty Rcuta nlstrlet fgn cga Lgtar-Elty Ecmmarelfh nlstrlet. Afe` ci tà slx Uftahhlta Eagtra nlstrlets iafturas f eagtrfh Gftlcgfh hlgj trfgspcrt ùb. ^`ls iafturas f gftlcgfh rflh stftlcg, f elty cvarhfgn rflh stcp, f Yfha ugnarkrcugn stftlcg fgn f hcefh bleyeha fgn bukky napct icr nlstrlet trfvah. Afe` Uftahhlta eagtra `fs fnnltlcgfh feeass tc alk`t ugnarkrcugn nlstrlet stftlcgs, lgnleftan cg Ilkura 62. ^à Uftahhlta Eagtras fra `lk`hy ecggaetan, pcssasslgk hlgjs tc fhh sefhas ci trfvah wlt`lg tà elty fgn baycgn. ^à Uftahhlta Eagtras fra blsaetan by f gftlcgfh rflh hlga. Ilkura 0 natflhs tà vfrlcus trfgspcrt rcutas fgn tàlr nastlgftlcgs. Lg fnnltlcg tc nlvarsa trfvah ecggaetlcgs tà Uftahhlta Eagtras fhsc iaftura fhh typas ci bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg, axeapt ecmmarelfh P´. ^à ecmpcsltlcg ecmpcsltlcg e`frt s`cws 95% prlmfry - 6´, 6>% saecgnfry saecgnfry -

52



2´, 0% tartlfry - 5´, ;% quftargfry - >´ fgn 1% qulgfry - 1´ bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg. ^à Uftahhlta eagtras fra mcra kafran frcugn f nlvarslty ci scelfh fgn aecgcmle fetlvltlas fs cppcsan tc ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas ecggaetan nlraethy tc tà P´ Ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas. ^à Uftahhlta Eagtras fet mcra hlja mfrjat mf rjat tcwgs wàra prcnuets fra axe`fgkan, w`lhst tà Elty Eagtra ls mcra ci f trfnlgk tcwg wàra mftarlfhs fgn kccns fra echhftan fgn axe`fgkan.

Ilkura 65. Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^àra fra slx Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh nlstrlets w`le` tckatàr icrm tà Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh Uaetcr, lhhustrftan fbcva lg Ilkura 65, 65, saa tà ‘Hceftlcg wlt`lg Elty” bcx tc tà bcttcm rlk`t. Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh nlstrlets fra gfman sc baefusa tày afe` iaftura f Ecmmarelfh stftlcg hlgj ft tàlr cutarmcst pclgt. ^`ls ecmmarelfh stftlcg ls f hlgj tc twc ci tà surrcugnlgk ifrms fgn ifetcrlas sltuftan lg hfgnsefpa _cga >. ^`ls mafgs t`ft mftarlfhs fgn prcnuets efg ba nlraethy supphlan ircm

55



twc ci tàsa napcts. ^`ls Ecmmarelfh stftlcg ls fhsc f nlraet cut-ci-elty ecggaetlcg tc tà gftlcgfh rflh lgirfstruetura ― lgirfstruetura ― usaiuh usaiuh icr lmpcrt fgn axpcrt ci c i kccns wlt`cut tà lgtariaragea ci lggar-elty nlstrlbutlcg systams/gatwcrjs. ^`ls cpags fg cppcrtuglty lg t`ls fraf ci tà elty icr prceasslgk fgn mfguifeturlgk lgnustrlas tc `fva afsy nlraet fee ass tc rascureas, fgn fhsc icr s`lpmagts cut c ut ci tà elty lgtc tà wlnar mfrjat. Lg tà mcnah tàra ls f 6% bulhnlgk usa fhhceftlcg icr ecmmarelfh fetlvltlas, sue` fs wfra`cusa fgn w`chasfha nlstrlbutlcg. ^àra ls fhsc f ;% fhhceftlcg icr lgtargftlcgfh/muhtlgftlcgfh agtarprlsas fgn 0% icr raklcgfh cr gftlcgfh agtarprlsas. Fitar tà elty ls bulht, tàra wlhh ba f ecgtlguan supphy ci mftarlfhs rascureas ecmlgk ircm tà ifrms fgn ifetcrlas: tàsa efg supphy fg axpfgnlgk (lgnustry) saetcr, w`le` efg suppcrt axtrf-elty mfrjats eraftan by tà Kfrnag Elty. ^`ls mfy tfja tà icrm ci supphylgk bulhnlgk mftarlfhs, tlmbars, taxtlhas, clhs, khuas ate tc ctàr satthamagts, tùs iutura mfrjats axlst icr buslgassas t`ft fra pfrt ci tà Kfrnag Elty aecgcmy. 6<.6% fhhceftlcg ls fsslkgan tc Ecgvaglageas lg tà 2´ eftakcry, saa ^fbha 9, p20. Fetlvltlas icr t`ls fhhceftlcg iceus cg scelfh wahifra fgn àfht`: lt ls ecgslnaran t`ft tà bast hceftlcg icr mflg `cspltfh pramlsas ls cg tà cutsjlrts ci tà Elty wàra pftlagts efg bagailt ircm mcra pafeaiuh surrcugnlgks fgn afslar feeass tc ctàr satthamagts li gaeassfry. ^à Elty parlmatars mfy fhsc ba f sultfbha hceftlcg icr amarkagey sarvleas fs tày efg `fva brcfnar feeasslblhlty tc fhh pclgts lg tà Elty. ^à 2´ fhhceftlcg fhsc lgehunas cppcrtugltlas icr prceasslgk fgn mfguifeturlgk ft tà havah ci tà Elty-wlna aecgcmy ― aecgcmy ― eftarlgk eftarlgk icr tà gaans ci tà lg`fbltfgts prlmfrlhy. ^fbha 9 `fs qulta brcfn frrfy ci fetlvltlas wlt`lg afe` eftakcry, tc raltarfta t`ls ls lgtagnan tc icstar nlvarslty fgn cppcrtuglty icr tà Elty“s aecgcmy. ^à ^à tfbha ls f ilrst nrfit fgn wcuhn bagailt ircm iurtàr ecgslnarftlcg, nlseusslcg fgn lgput ircm ctàr pacpha. ^àra ls gc gftlcgfh hlgj stftlcg icr pubhle usa: `cwavar lt ls tctfhhy iafslbha tc lgehuna f stcp fs tà gftlcgfh rflh hlga blsaets tà nlstrlet. ^à mflg stftlcg sarvas tà Elty“s elty-hlga elty-hlga rflh gatwcrj. Lt iafturas fg ugnarkrcugn Yfha stftlcg icr nlstrlet trfvah, fgn f napct icr galk`bcur`ccn trfvah vlf bleyeha fgn ahaetrle bukky/efr. ^à Lgtarelty Ecmmarelfh nlstrlets fra fhh galk`bcuran by twc Rurfh nlstrlets fgn f Uftahhlta Eagtra nlstrlet. Ehcsa prcxlmlty tc tà rurfh saetcr mafgs t`ft tàra fra kccn cppcrtugltlas icr tà rurfh nlstrlets tc bagailt ircm tà nlraet hlgj tc tà twc Ecmmarelfh Ifrm/Ifetcrlas vlf tà ecmmarelfh stftlcg. ^`ls `fs tà prcspaet ci supphylgk smfhh sefha ecttfka lgnustrlas tc ihcurls` nua tc afsy feeass tc mftarlfhs sue` fs taxtlhas taxt lhas fgn wccn, tàra fra mfgy ctàr prcnuets fgn mftarlfhs tc bagailt ircm sue` fs clhs fgn phfstles w`le` efg supphy spaelfhlst Yfeuum-icrm wcrjs`cps icr fg axfmpha: tày efg mfja ecmpcgagts icr `cusas, bft`rccms cr c r fgy ci tà trfgspcrt lgnustrlas tc gfma f iaw. ^à assagea ci tà Kfrnag Elty ls tc t c kagarfta fgn supphy rascureas fgn tc icstar tà navahcpmagt ci sjlhhs fgn lgnustry. ^`ls ciiars tà saans icr prcsparlty fgn cpags up mfgy fvaguas icr smfhh agtarprlsa tc ecmmagea, wlt` tà prcspaet ci krcwlgk lgtc wlnar mfrjats. ^`ls ls w`ft ls rafhhy gaanan tc ra-erafta f sustflgfbha, nurfbha fgn r aslhlagt aecgcmy. Nlvarslty ci cppcrtugltlas fgn fvflhfblhlty ci rascureas fhhcws icr ihaxlblhlty fgn fnfptfblhlty w`le` ls assagtlfh icr f nygfmle fgn ‘krcwfbha” aecgcmy tc amarka.

5>



Ilkura 6>. Lgtarelty Rcuta Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^à Lgtarelty Rcuta Uaetcr (Uaa Ilk. 6>) ls ecmprlsan ci slx nlstrlets hceftan batwaag tà eagtrfh nlstrlets fgn tà cutar nlstrlets tàraicra sltuftan fs hlgjfkas batwaag smfhhar fgn hfrkar agtarprlsas. ^`ls ls f kccn saetcr icr buslgassas trfnlgk batwaag lgtargftlcgfh fgn gftlcgfh mfrjats tc mcra hcefh mfrjats. ^àsa nlstrlets fra nlraethy hlgjan tc twc Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets w`le`mafg t`ft tày efg bagailt ircm prceassan mftarlfhs balgk ian ircm twc ci tà cutar ifrms/ifetcrlas. Li tà Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets tfja rfw mftarlfhs ircm tà ifrms sue` fs àmp ilbra fgn prceass lt lgtc vfrlan taxtlhas icr lgstfgea, tà Lgtarelty nlstrlets mfy tfja lt iurtàr lgtc fppfrah, ifbrles, bfks fgn s`cas. ^àsa prcnuets efg agtar tà Uftahhlta Eagtras icr elty wlna nlstrlbutlcg fgn fhsc kc lgtc tà Elty Eagtra icr gftlcgfh mfrjats, fs fg axfmpha. ^àra ls bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg icr 6´, 2´, 5´ fgn 1´ fetlvltlas, tùs hass iceus cg bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg icr fnmlglstrftlcg, hlbrfry, musaums ate. ^`ls ls f saetcr icr prcnuetlcg ci kccns fgn sarvleas. ^`ls saetcr fhsc agvahcps tà hfrkast kraag spfeas lg tà elty ― elty ― _cga _cga 5, tùs f hct ci cppcrtuglty ls eraftan icr pacpha tc iceus cg hfrka sefha crkfgle krcwlgk uslgk fkrcaechcky prfetleas. ^`ls _cga prcvlnas

51



tà mfocrlty ci tà iccn icr tà w`cha elty, tùs mfgy ci tà bulhnlgks lg tà 91% fhhceftlcg icr 6´ Trlmfry Raslnagtlfh/@crtleuhturfh wlhh baecma ceeuplan by pacpha lgvchvan lg tàsa fetlvltlas. @cwavar phafsa raiar tc ^fbha 9, p20 tc saa f prcvlslcgfh hlst ci fetlvltlas fgn cppcrtugltlas icr fhh tà bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg eftakcrlas 6´ - 1´. Afe` ci tà lgtarelty nlstrlets iafturas f eagtrfh elty hlgj stftlcg wlt` f Yfha ugnarkrcugn stftlcg fgn nlstrlet bleyeha/bukky napct. Afe` Lgtar-Elty nlstrlet s`fras t`raa fnnltlcgfh Nlstrlet ugnarkrcugn stftlcgs fgn cga mcra Elty hlga stftlcg (s`fran wlt` tà galk`bcurlgk Uftahhlta Eagtra).

Ilkura 61. Lgtar-Yfha Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^àra fra 62 Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets mfjlgk tà Lgtar-Yfha Uaetcr (saa Ilk.61). ^àsa nlstrlets, by tàlr hceftlcg fgn nlstrlbutlcg sarva tà elty-sefha aecgcmy. ^àlr tfsj ls tc nlstrlbuta fgn elreuhfta rascureas fgn kccns fbcut tà Elty ag mfssa. Lgtarastlgkhy, tà Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets, tckatàr wlt` tà Rurfh nlstrlets fra gct ecggaetan nlraethy tc tà Elty Eagtra cr fgy Gftlcgfh rflh hlgas.

59



^à Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlets bagailt ircm s`frlgk f ecggaetlcg tc cga ci tà cut-ci-elty cut -ci-elty Ecmmarelfh ifrm/ifetcry supphy hlgas. Afe` Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlet tàraicra `fs 6% bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg icr tà P´ Elty Ecmmarelfh hlga. ^àsa bulhnlgks wlhh ba wfra`cusas fgn w`chasfha nlstrlbutlcg mfrjats, tùs mftarlfhs fgn prcnuets ircm tà cut-ci-elty c ut-ci-elty ifrms fgn ifetcrlas efg ba nahlvaran àra, fgn agtar strflk`t lgtc tà Elty“s trfnas tr fnas fgn mfguifeturlgk buslgassas. Mftarlfhs fgn prcnuets mfy ba tlmbars fgn bulhnlgk mftarlfhs, safscgan wccns icr ilga efrpagtry fgn iurgltura, àmp prcnuets icr bulhnlgk, blc-phfstles, taxtlhas ate, raeyehan mftarlfhs altàr lg ecmpcugn icrm cr up-eyehan icrm, fgn sc cg. ^`ls mafgs t`ft mftarlfhs efg ba nahlvaran strflk`t tc tà elty wlt`cut gaeassfrlhy kclgk t`rcuk` tà elty eagtra fgn saecgnfry trfnlgk systams.

Ilkura 69. Rurfh Nlstrlets Uaetcr - nlstrlet mcnah wlt` bulhnlgk fhhceftlcg e`frt

^à Rurfh Uaetcr ls ecmprlsan ci twahva Rurfh nlstrlets sltuftan cg tà cutsjlrts ci tà Elty (Uaa Ilk.69). Fht`cuk` tà Rurfh nlstrlets mfy fppafr cut ci tà wfy tày fra prcicugnhy wahh ecggaetan. ^à Eagtrfh Yfha ugnarkrcugn stftlcg parmlts usars tc trfvarsa cga galk`bcurlgk vfha wlt` afsa, w`lhst afe` Rurfh nlstrlet ls ecggaetan nlraethy tc f Uftahhlta Eagtra, fg Lgtar-Yfha nlstrlet, fg Lgtarelty

5;



Ecmmarelfh nlstrlet, fg Lgtar-Elty Rcuta nlstrlet fgn lts galk`bcurlgk Rurfh nlstrlet fhh vlf tà Yfha ugnarkrcugn hlgas fgn subsaquagt Elty-hlga rflh hlgjs. ^`ls bagailts tà Elty fgn raslnagts aqufhhy: by `fvlgk afsy feeass tc f kraft frrfy ci nlstrlet/saetcr typas raslnagts `fva f wlna cppcrtuglty icr amphcymagt vlf fg afslhy gakctlfbha pubhle trfgspcrt gatwcrj, cr lg tà ctàr raspaet pacpha lgtagnlgk tc ecgnuet hlk`t lgnustry fgn/cr ecttfka sefha lgnustrlas, `fva afsy feeass tc mftarlfhs, prcnuets fgn rascureas prcvlnan by tà nlvarslty ci galk`bcurlgk nlstrlets. ^à Rurfh nlstrlets fra iceusan upcg 6´, 2´ fgn 5´ fetlvltlas. ^`ls mafgs t`ft smfhh agtarprlsas fgn hcefh buslgassas fra vary mue` sultan tc stfrtlgk cut lg t`ls saetcr. ^àra fra gc fhhceftlcgs icr >´ fgn 1´ sefha fetlvltlas, w`le` fra rasarvan icr tà mfocrlty ci tà rast ci tà tcwg cg jay trfgspcrt hlgas. ^à Rurfh nlstrlets, àgea tà gfma, fra fr a hceftan cg tà irlgkas galk`bcurlgk tà _cga > hfgnsefpa pfteàs. ^à Rurfh Uaetcr mfy ba f sultfbha hceftlcg icr icrastars, ifrmars, agklgaars, efrpagtars, frtlsts, frtlsfgs, wccnhfgn mfgfkars, aechcklsts ate - pacpha w`c fra nlraethy lgvchvan lg mfgfklgk fgn rugglgk tà Hfgnsefpa _cga > fetlvltlas.

6.> Hfgn Qsa? Bulht Upfea, Kraag Upfea fgn Kraag Baht ^à tfbha 1 bahcw (rapaftan ircm p22, afrhlar lg tà nceumagt) naserlbas tà icctprlgt fraf ci hfgn t`ft ls bulht upcg wlt`lg tà Elty. ^à Elty lgnaan ecvars f kraftar fraf lgehunlgk lts kraag spfeas. ^fbha 1 cuthlgas `cw mue` hfgn wlhh ba bulht upcg. ^fbha ; bahcw naserlbas tà fraf ci kraag spfea fgn tà fraf ci bulht hfgn, sapfrftahy fgn lg tctfh. ^fbha 2. Navahcpmagt hfgn fhhceftlcg par spftlfh eftakcry (_cga 4 hfgn)

Eftakcry ci Bulht Upftlfh Qglt

Icctprlgt (surifea fraf) par eftakcry m²

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6,9<5

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66,0><

6.60

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4.462

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104,962

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20,>14,444

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[a efg saa ircm ^fbha ; bahcw t`ft tà tctfh fraf ci hfgn raqulran icr tà Kfrnag Elty ls 1,0;1`f cr frcugn 6>,144 feras. Thafsa gcta, tà ilkuras lg tf bha 9 vfry vary shlk`thy ircm ahsawàra lg t`ls nceumagt nua tc tfjlgk f nliiaragt rcuta tc tà efheuhftlcgs (w`le` lgehunan efheuhftlgk tà frafs ci muhtlpha tassahhftlgk Jce` Ugcwihfjas, f e`fhhagka icr f Krfna B mftàmftlelfg, icrklvagass phafsa!) [`ft ls lgtarastlgk fbcut tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy ls t`ft tà t à fhhceftlcg ci kraag spfea lgerafsas l gerafsas wlt` afe` eftakcry ci spftlfh uglt, `cwavar tà pcpuhftlcg nagslty lg tà bulht agvlrcgmagt ramflgs rahftlvahy ecgstfgt ft f t`ras`chn frcugn >651 p/jm², raiar tc ^fbha 6, p6>. [a efg saa lg ^fbha ; t`ft f Nlstrlet `fs f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 2,>46: slmlhfr tc f vlhhfka, lt ecvars f tctfh fraf ci ;1 `f cr 601 feras. ;;% ci f nlstrlet ls bulht spfea fgn 25% ls kraag spfea.

50



F Yfha ls mcra ci f tcwg-slzan satthamagt wlt` f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg c i 69,04;. Lt ecvars f tctfh fraf ci 954 àetfras, cr frcugn 6,194 feras. 9>% ls bulht spfea, 59% ls kraag spfea. ^à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cfny `fs f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 66;,9><, ecvars fg fraf ci 1,0;1 àetfras cr 6>,144 feras (gct lgehunlgk tà kraag baht _cga _c ga > naserlban bahcw). ^à elty ecmprlsas >0% bulht spfea fgn 12% kraag spfea. By tfjlgk t`ls up cga havah mcra - oust - oust tc saa tà ilkuras, ilkuras, wa efg efhh lt f ‘Muhtl‘Muhtl-Elty” bulht lg tà sfma pfttarg fs tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy. Lt `fs f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 025,1>5 ecvarlgk fg fraf ci 12,144 àetfras cr 654,444 feras. ^`ls Muhtl-Elty ls ecmprlsan ci 50% bulht spfea, 92% kraag spfea. ^fbha ;.Hfgn ecvarfka lg tarms ci icctprlgt ci bulht spfea fgn kraag spfea.

Upftlfh Qglt

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2,>46

10.49

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2,0>1

;,454.61

5,454.1>

;,>0>.14

1,0;1

6>,16>.91

>0/12

MuhtlElty (Eltyx;)

025,1>5

6<,<61

><,266.41

52,115.;0

04,>65.14

12,>90.;0

62<,92>.11

50/92

E`frts 6 fgn 2 bahcw phct fg amarkagt eurva: wa efg axtrfpchfta t`ls pfttarg fgn wàg pcpuhftlcg rafeàs frcugn 6.4 %

% Kraag Upfea % Bulht Upfea Hck. (% Kraag Upfea)

54

Hck. (% Bulht Upfea)

24 64 4 4

24444

>4444

94444

04444 644444 624444 6>4444

Lgehunan Hfgn (Feras) E`frt 6. Tareagtfkas ci Bulht Upfea vs. Kraag Upfea rahftan tc Elty Axpfgslcg

5<



<4 04 ;4 94

r a v c14 E n g f H >4 %

% Kraag Upfea % Bulht Upfea Hck. (% Kraag Upfea)

54

Hck. (% Bulht Upfea)

24 64 4 4

244,444

>44,444

944,444

044,444

6,444,444

Tcpuhftlcg E`frt 2. Tareagtfkas ci Hfgn Ecvar (Bulht Upfea vs. Kraag Upfea) fs Tcpuhftlcg rlsas uslgk tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy fs f Uatthamagt Navahcpmagt Mcnah

6.>lTfte` _cglgk Hfgn usa lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty ls nailgan by pfte` zcglgk. ^àra fra slx typas ci pfte` zcgas wlt` feecrnfgt hfgn usas. ^àsa `fva baag brlaihy nailgan fs ichhcws? _cga 4 ― 4 ― Bulhnlgks, Bulhnlgks, `cusas cr ctàr ùmfg hlvlgk/wcrjlgk frafs, lgehunlgk fgy prlvfta kfrnags.

_cga 5 ― 5 ― Ifrm-sefha Ifrm-sefha prcnuetlcg: hfrka-sefha cre`frns, àrnlgk fglmfhs, fpleuhtura, mflg ercps.

_cga 6 ― 6 ― Ecmmuglty Ecmmuglty Kfrnags/Fhhctmagts: ‘hcefhlsan” styha iccn prcnuetlcg. prcnuetlcg.

_cga > ― > ― Hfrka-sefha Hfrka-sefha Fkrleuhtura? Icrastry, Tfstura, Frfbha, icnnar ercps ate.

Mfrjat kfrnag styha, ecmmarelfh iccn _cga 2 ― 2 ― Mfrjat prcnuetlcg, ecmmuglty cre`frns ate.

[lhnargass, gfturfh agvlrcgmagt. _cga 1 ― 1 ― [lhnargass,

g.b. Lg-napt` g.b. Lg-napt` naserlptlcgs ci tà zcgas efg ba icugn lg ^fbha 66? Hfgn Qsa _cgas, pp;6-;5. ^fbha 0. Tfte` fgn _cga Ulzas lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

Tfte` ^ypa _cga 4 _cga 6 _cga 2 _cga 5 _cga >

jm² 20.>1 4.4201 4.6;>2 2.>5>2 60.<456

Tfte` Ulza @f 2,0>1 2.01 6;.>2 2>5.>2 60<4.56

Gc. ci Tfteàs

Feras ;,454 ;.4> >5.41 946.14 >9;6.49 ^ctfhs?

>4

6 2<> >2 9 9

^ctfh Fraf ci Tfteàs jm² @f Feras 20.>1 2,0>1 ;,454 0.5< 05< 2,4;5 2, 4;5 ;.52 ;52 6,04< 6>.96 6,>96 5,964 5 ,964 665.> 66,5>4 20,422

5><

6;2.6;

6;,26;

>2,1>>



6.>ll Bulht Upfea fgn Trlvfta Kfrnags Z_cga 4] _cga 4 raprasagts tà bulhnlgks fgn tà kraag spfeas frcugn tà bulhnlgks, sue` fs prlvfta kfrnags fgn ctàr ecmmugfh krfssan/phfgtan frafs ― frafs ― sue` sue` fs fra icugn lg fgy elty, tcwg cr suburbfg `cuslgk astfta. _cga 4 raprasagts f tctfh ci 20.>1jm² ci tà tctfh 10.;;jm² ecvaran by tà Kfrnag Elty ft lts hlmlts, h lmlts, saa Ilk 6; p>2. 6.>lll Elty Kraag-spfeas Z_cgas 6-5] [lt`lg tà elty hlmlts tàra fra t`raa typas ci ecmmugfh kraag spfea. ^àsa fra raprasagtan by zcgas 6-5, phafsa raiar tc Ilk. 60 p>5. _cga 6 ls ecmprlsan ci 2<> pfteàs, afe` pfte` ls 2.01 `f cr ;.45 feras. ^à tctfh fraf ci _cga 6 ls 05< `f cr 2,4;5 feras. _cga 6 ls prlmfrlhy usan icr hcefh iccn prcnuetlcg, wlt` tà lgtagtlcg ci supphylgk iccn ft f galk`bcur`ccn havah. _cga 2 ls ecmprlsan ci >2 pfteàs, afe` ecvars fg fraf ci 6;.>2 `f cr >5.41 feras. ^à tctfh fraf ci _cga 2 ls ;52 `f cr c r 6,04< feras. _cga 2 ls prlmfrlhy usan icr mfrjat kfrnaglgk supphylgk nlstrlet havah mfrjats. _cga 5 ls ecmprlsan ci slx pfteàs afe` ecvarlgk fg fraf ci 2>5 `f cr 946.1 feras. ^à tctfh fraf ci _cga 5 ls 6>96 `f cr 5,964 feras. _cga 5 ls prlmfrlhy usan fs ifrmhfgn wlt`lg tà Elty ltsahi. Lt ls lgtagnan tc supphy f hfrka fmcugt ci tà Elty“s stfpha iccn supphy fgn ls mfgfkan fs f hfrka sefhafkrcaechcky ifrm. 6.>lv Kraag Baht fgn [lnar Agvlrcgmagt Z_cgas > fgn 1] _cga > mfy ba raiarran tc fs tà Kraagbaht (Uaa Ilk 60, p>5). Lt ecgslsts ci slx pfteàs afe` ecvarlgk 60<4 `f cr >9;6 feras afe`. ^à tctfh fraf lgehunan lg _cga > ls 66,5>4 `f cr 20,422 feras. _cga > ls mfgfkan fs f brcfn sefha hfgnsefpa. Lts prlmfry iugetlcgs fra lgnustrlfh sefha fkrleuhtura, icrastry, ilsàrlas, frfbha, fgn hlvastcej. ^`ls zcga fhsc lgehunas hfrka raeyehlgk napcts fgn scma prceasslgk tà àfvlast lgnustry ls icugn àra lg tà icrm ci smahtlgk fgn raefstlgk icrkas. ^àsa fra tc prcvlna matfhs fgn strueturfh ecmpcgagts icr muhtlpha purpcsas lg tà Elty lgehunlgk tà ecgstruetlcg ci rflhwfys, tà mfguifeturlgk ci pubhle trfgspcrtftlcg fgn supphylgk strueturfh bulhnlgk mftarlfhs sue` fs staah irfmas. Fhh ehfssas ci mftarlfhs fra raeyehan fgn prceassan àra. Trlmfry mftarlfhs prcnuean by tà mfgfkan icrasts lg _cga > lgehuna f rfgka ci ilrawccn tc ilga tlmbars fs wahh fs spaelfhlsan iugkl prcnuets. Trcnuets ircm tà ifrms rfgka ircm bulhnlgk bhcejs fgn mcrtfrs, lgsuhftlcg fgn phfstar bcfrns tc pfpar puhp fgn t`rafns icr taxtlhas. Ctàr prcnuets lgehuna ecmbustlbha clhs icr mctcr va`lehas tc raslgs icr khuas fgn phfstles. ^àsa prcnuets icrm pfrt ci tà ecmmarelfh cutput icr tà Kfrnag Elty fgn lts ecgtrlbutlcg tc tà wlnar mftarlfhs aecgcmy. Ravagua saeuran ircm tà prcnuetlcg fgn sfha ci tàsa kcc ns efg amphcy f hfrka wcrjicrea, wc rjicrea, bct` icr fkrleuhturfh fetlvltlas fgn fhsc icr raeyehlgk, prceasslgk fgn prcnuetlcg ocbs. F saeura fgn prciltfbha lgnustry kagarftas stfbha tfx ravaguas icr iutura lgvastmagt. ^à mftarlfhs, fgn lgnustrlfh tae`glquas fgn prceassas astfbhlsàn wlt` t`ls lgnustry agfbha slmlhfr vagturas tc ba astfbhlsàn gftlcgwlna, lgnaan, lgtargftlcgfhhy. Ilkura 24 bahcw summfrlsas scma ci tà pctagtlfh mftarlfhs fgn prcnuets mfrjats tc ba iurtàr navahcpan.

>6



,

r t l r

Ilkura 6;. _cga 4 lg t à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy (tà bulht agvlrcgmagt)

>2


Ecpyrlk`t © Mfreus Busby, 246> E c p y rl k ` t © M f re u s B u s b y , 2 4 6 >

Ilkura 60.Hceftlcg fgn Nlstrlbutlcg ci Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg t à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy

>5




Ilkura 6<. Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

>>



_cga > Ecgt.

Ilkura 24. Mcnarg usas ci lgnustrlfh @amp. (Fnfptan ircm lgtargat lmfka, scurea? www.ifeabccj.ecm/Eltlzags.Fetlcg.Gatwcrj)

Thafsa gcta?[`lhst gcta?[`lhst lgnustrlfh àmp ls usan fs fg axfmpha ci gcg-iccn ercps, rafnars fra fnvlsan tc ecgtfet tà GGIEE (Gftlcgfh Gcg-Iccn Ercps Eagtra) icr natflhan lgicrmftlcg cg tà vfrlaty ci, fgn ecgvarslcg ci, blcmfss tc blcagarky, blciuahs fgn blc-bfsan prcnuets, cr v lslt tà wabslta ft www.ggiee.ec.uj . Feecrnlgk tc tà GGIEE“s GGIEE“s ilkuras, ilkuras, li tà agtlraty ci _cga > wfs turgan cvar tc @amp cr Nufh @amp, Krcss fggufh mfrjat ylahns ci batwaag £65.0m tc £6>.2m icr @amp fgn Nufh @amp raspaetlvahy efg ba fe`lavfbha. ^`ls aquftas tc f pctagtlfh Krcss mfrklg ci cvar £9m/fggum icr tà hafst vfhufbha rfw mftarlfh prcnuets ircm _cga > fhcga. Trcilt mfrklgs fra lgerafsan tà iurtàr fhcgk tà prceasslgk hlga f mftarlfh efg ba tfjag. ^à fnvfgtfka ci eraftlgk fgn prceasslgk prcnuets lg-`cusa, uslgk rfw mftarlfhs krcwg lg-`cusa, lg fg ugsfturftan mfrjat, ls fg lgerafsan prcilt mfrklg. Rfw mftarlfhs icr prcnuetlcg nc gct gaan tc ba prceuran ircm axtargfh mfrjats, tùs tà mfrjat vfhua ls ratflgan tc tà pclgt ci sfha. @amp efg ba krcwg crkfglefhhy: lt ncas gct eurragthy raqulra fgy icrm ci past mfgfkamagt. Feecrnlgk tc tà GGIEE Eurragt iartlhlsar raecmmagnftlcgs fra lg tà crnar ci 04-624 jk G/`f, wlt` hlttha raspcgsa vlslbha ft `lkàr rftas, rf tas, 94 jk T/`f fgn 624-614 jk J/`f fra fhsc raecmmagnan.

>1



@amp ls fhsc jgcwg tc rabulhn sclh struetura fgn lmprcva sclh prcnuetlvlty. Mcgceuhturfh fkrleuhtura lg kagarfh, ls bast fvclnan feecrnlgk tc aechcklefh prlgelphas. ^`ls ls nua tc tà hfrka-sefha ranuetlcg ci blcnlvarslty fgn tà lgàragt lgstfblhlty ci c i hfrka mcgceuhturas w`le` raqulra `lk` lgput havahs ci iartlhlsar fgn pastlelna traftmagts. _cga 1 ^à wlnar agvlrcgmagt ls ecgslnaran fs _cga 1, lgnleftan cg ilkura 6<, p>> . ^`ls ls aiiaetlvahy traftan fs gftura rasarva. Lg tarms ci prcilt fgn ravagua kagarftlcg, tà tcurlstle fppafh ci _cga ilva lgerafsas wlt` tlma fs blcnlvarslty lgerafsas l gerafsas by ranuean havahs ci `lk`-lmpfet fkrleuhtura fgn ctàr aechcklefh nlsturbfgeas. Ocbs efg ba mflgtflgan lg _cga 1 icr mflgtagfgea fgn mfgfkamagt. Mfgy ocbs wlhh fhsc ba eraftan lg aechcklefh prckrfms sue` fs tà braanlgk fgn ralgtrcnuetlcg cispaelas,rasafre` efg fhsc ba ecgnuetan cg blchcklefh sueeasslcg fgn aechcklefh raecvary. ^àra ls f hct tc ba hafrgt w`le` efg ba usan tc spaan up tà trfgsltlcg fgn raouvagftlcg ci urbfg, fgn ctàr nakrfnan agvlrcgmagts fgn lgnaan, wlnasprafn aechcklefh ra`fblhltftlcg ci fiiaetan gfturfh systams fgn prceassas lg kagarfh. Lg _cga 1, scelfh (vfhua tc ùmfgs) fgn agvlrcgmagtfh vfhua (aechcklefh vfhua) lgerafsas wlt` tlma fs tà aechcklefh bfhfgea - gfturfh `cmacstfsls (nygfmle aqulhlbrlum) ls ra-astfbhlsàn. Lgerafsan feeass tc wlhnargass fgn lts psye`chcklefhhy psye`chckl efhhy rastcrftlva aiiaets fra prcvag by savarfh stunlas fgn ef g ba rapaftan t`rcuk` parscgfh axparlagea. ^à fhtarftlcg ci ifrmlgk prfetleas ircm lgtagslva lgnustrlfh fkrleuhtura tc hass lgtagslva fkrcaechcky `fs agvlrcgmagtfh bagailts? icr axfmpha, lgerafsan blcnlvarslty t`rcuk` `fbltft eraftlcg, lgerafsan aechcklefh iugetlcg fgn lmprcvan psye`chcklefh raecvary t`rcuk` aechcklefh, cr agvlrcgmagtfh qufhlty. _cga 1 tàg, ls tà t à wlnar agvlrcgmagt: mfgfkan, cr ugmfgfkan fs wlhnargass fgn gfturfh `fbltft. ^`ls fraf ls tc ba gurturan lg sue` f wfy fs tc raerafta hcst blcnlvarslty fgn gftlva ihcrf fgn ifugf. Lt ls f ùka gftura rasarva. Lt ls iuhhy feeasslbha by tà pubhle fgn ecgslnaran f rascurea lg ltsahi. Tacpha mfy kc tàra icr `chlnfys, rasafre`, efmplgk, `ljlgk, swlmmlgk fgn fhh fetlvltlas ecggaetan tc gftura fgn tà ecugtryslna w`le` `fs suiiaran krafthy ugnar tà lgnustrlfh arf.

>9



6.1Hfgnsefpa Tfttarg

> 6 4 2 , y b s u B s u e r f M © t ` k l r y p c E

Ilkura 26. Hfgnsefpa Tfttarg lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

^`ls Kfrnag Elty ls fbcut tà spfea t`ft ls gct bulht, fs mue` fs tà bulht spfea. Lt ls ecmprlsan ci mcra kraag spfea t`fg bulht spfea: sue` ls tà wlnar agvlrcgmagt. Lts ecmphaxlty ls bfsan upcg tà ecmphaxlty ci gftura, wàra tà w`cha ls mcra t`fg tà sum ci lts ecmpcgagt pfrts. ^à Kfrnag Elty ls kastfht lg prlgelpha fgn irfetfh lg struetura fs wa saa lg gftura, spfea fgn hlvlgk crkfglsms. ^à hfgn mfssas, cr pfteàs wlt`lg tà elty, fhh s`fra tà sfma pfttarg. ^à ecgtampcrfry gfma ci w`le` ls tà Jce` Ugcwihfja fitar tà mcst raeagt nlsecvarar, tà Uwanls` mftàmftlelfg @ahka vcg Jce`, saa Ilk. 26 fbcva. Mftàmftlefhhy spafjlgk, tà Jce` sgcwihfja `fs fg lgilglta parlmatar, w`le` ls ugusufh icr f 2-nlmagslcgfh s`fpa. ^à purpcsa ci uslgk sue` f s`fpa ls tc mfxlmlza hfgnsefpa anka fgn tc ecmphlefta tà hfgnsefpa mcsfle - `fvlgk tà aiiaet ci naapaglgk tà aectcga. By uslgk f tassahhftlgk irfetfh hfgnsefpa pfttarg, tà struetura ci tà hf gnsefpa `fs muhtlpha sefhas, fvclns `cmckagalty (nua tc lts anka ecmphaxlty fgn mftrlx ci vfrylgk pfte` slzas)

>;



fgn tàraicra lts cvarfhh iugetlcg ls lgerafsan ― lgerafsan ― tà tà pfttarg icrms f matf`fbltft. ^`ls mafgs t`ft tà ùmfg satthamagt efg ba ralgtakrftan lgtc tà gfturfh systams ci Afrt`“s aechcky. Gfturfh agvlrcgmagts fra gct `cmckagcus but rftàr fra ecmpcsan ci `fbltfts t`ft vfry spftlfhhy fgn tampcrfhhy lg tàlr qufhlty fgn sultfblhlty icr fglmfh spaelas ([lags 6<;9, 6<0<: nag Bcar 6<06: Nugglgk at fh . 6<<2). F spaelas mfy ceeur gfturfhhy fs f sarlas ci ‐hcefh pcpuhftlcgs“ (Uagsu (Uagsu@fgsjl @fgsjl fgn Klhplg 6<<6) t`ft ceeupy pfteàs ci sultfbha `fbltft t`ft fra sapfrftan ircm slmlhfr pcpuhftlcgs by frafs ci pccrar qufhlty. ^ckatàr sue` f sat ci pcpuhftlcgs icrms f raklcgfh pcpuhftlcg (Baggatt ( Baggatt 6<<0, 2445). ^à kraag spfeas wlt`lg tà elty fgn tà kraagbaht fra tassahhftan, fhhcwlgk icr `fbltft ecrrlncrs wàra pfteàs ecggaet, flnlgk ecggaetlvlty. Ft jay pclgts lt ls assagtlfh tc mflgtflg `fbltft ecrrlncrs fgn hlgjfkas lg tà hfgnsefpa t`rcuk` wlhnhlia ercsslgks cr aecnuets. Mfgy axfmphas ci w`le` efg ba icugn vlf fg lmfka safre` cg tà lgtargat. Ecggaetlvlty `fs baag naserlban fs tà nakraa tc w`le` tà hfgnsefpa ifelhltftas cr lmpanas mcvamagt fmcgk rascurea pfteàs (^fyhcr at fh . 6<<5). Lgerafsan ecggaetlvlty `fs tà fnvfgtfka c i fhhcwlgk saamlgkhy irfkmagtan `fbltft pfteàs tc iugetlcg `chlstlefhhy: amphcylgk tà kastfht prlgelpha. ^à kraag spfeas ag mfssa mfy ba naaman fs f matf-spfea (matf-`fbltft), lg mue` tà sfma wfy t`ft lschftan pcpuhftlcgs wlt`lg f klvag fraf fra ecgslnaran fs f matf-pcpuhftlcg wlt`lg t`ft fraf fs f w`cha. Crkfglsms afe` `fva f rfgka ― rfgka ― tà tà nlstfgea tày efg trfvah ugtlh tày gaan tc ilgn fgctàr `fbltfbha pfte`. @fbltfbha pfteàs tàraicra, fra tàcratlefhhy surrcugnan by f bubbha raprasagtlgk `fhi ci afe` crkfglsm“s rfgka. [a efg efhh t`ls lmfklgfry rfgka bubbha f buiiar. [àg buiiars cvarhfp lt mafgs t`ft tà crkfglsm `fs fg lgerafsan e`fgea ci ilgnlgk fgctàr `fbltfbha pfte`, tùs lts `fbltft cppcrtuglty ls lgerafsan, fgn spaelas mcblhlty fgn pfte` ecggaetlvlty fra lgerafsan. Ilkura 6< bahcw s`cws (lg bhua) hceftlcgs lg Bcurgamcut` (Ncrsat, QJ) wàra Utfk baathas (Huefgusearvus) `fva baag icugn. ^à bhua pchykcgs raprasagt `fbltfbha pfteàs: tà bhua hlga raprasagts `fhi ci tà rfgka ci tà baatha, wàra hlgas cvarhfp lt mafgs tà gaxt `fbltfbha pfte` ls wlt`lg tà rfgka ci tà crkfglsm. ^à prlgelpha ci ecggaetlgk `fbltft pfteàs feecrnlgk tc f spaelas“ rfgka ls t`ft `fbltfbha pfteàs ifhh wlt`lg tà rfgka ci tà crkfglsm tùs lgerafslgk `fbltftecggaetlvlty fgn tàraicra tà cvarfhh aechcklefh iugetlcg ci tà wlnar agvlrcgmagt. ^à yahhcw pchykcgs raprasagt kraag spfeas wlt`lg Bcurgamcut` w`leècuhn ba mcnlilan tc ba

>0



`fbltfbha icr tà baatha. Fs ycu wlhh saa tà yahhcw fgn bhua hlgas cvarhfp lg l g f wfy w`le` ecvars tà mfocrlty ci Bcurgamcut`. Lg t`ls axfmpha, tà axlstlgk bhua pfteàs raprasagt lschftan pcpuhftlcgs wlt`lg Bcurgamcut`. By fnnlgk fnnltlcgfh pfteàs (lg ( lg yahhcw) tà pravlcushy lschftan pcpuhftlcgs fra hlgjan, tùs tà matf-`fbltft ci tà t à stfk baatha ecvars fhmcst fhh ci Bcurgamcut`. By lgerafslgk tà gumbar ci `fbltfbha pfteàs wlt`lg fg f g fraf, hfgnsefpa iugetlcg ls lgerafsan fgn blcnlvarslty lgerafsas.

Ilkura 22.Axlstlgk fgn Trcpcsan @fbltfts icr Huefgus earvus lg Bcurgamcut` 2449.

^à hfgnsefpa pfttarg lg tà Kfrnag Elty ls ecmphax fgn ecggaetan. Lt fhhcws icr f gfturfh aechcklefh `fbltft tc axlst wlt`lg f ùmfg satthamagt. 6.;Hfgn fhhceftlcg ^fbha <.Ecmpfrlscgs ci surifea fraf par parscg.

Uatthamagt gfma Hcgncg (Elty) Mlhtcg Jaygas Trcpcsan Kfrnag Elty 246> Hate`wcrt` Hcgncg (Matrc) @cwfrn“s Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas Matrc (Gc.;) @cwfrn“s ‘Kfrnag Elty” Trcpcsan Kfrnag Elty 246> - Matrc Qgltan Jlgkncm

Feras

Tcpuhftlcg

Feras par Tarscg

M²/parscg

(∟ M²/parscg) =MxM

500,>>0 26,<<2 6>,122

0,540,59< 22<,<>6 66;,9><

4.41 4.6 4.62

242 >41 >09

6> x 6> 24 x 24 22 x 22

><;2 2,4;6,250 99,444

55,2>< 61,464,2<1 214,444

4.6> 4.6> 4.29

19; 19; 6412

25 x 25 2> x 2> 52 x 52

<,444

52,444

4.20

6655

5> x 5>

>2,1>>

66;,9><

4.59

6>1;

50 x 50

94,6<0,>44

95,606,;;1

4.<1

50>1

92 x 92

><



6.0 Lmphamagtftlcg Ecgstruetlcg T`fsas

^fbha 64. Kagarfhlsan lmphamagtftlcg p`fsas ci tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

T`fsa 6.

Tletura

Qrbfglsftlcg Hfgn fhhceftlcg. ^ctfh hfgn fhhceftlcg icr kfrnag elty ls 6;2.6;jm²

2.

5.

^à irfma ls 6
Hfgnsefpa Fetlvlty Hfgn lnagtlilan wlt`lg kraagbaht fraf. Hfgn lnagtlilan icr urbfglsan frafs.

Uygnleftlcg ci ifrmars, cpt cut seàmas, ilsefh lgeagtlvas.

Lgstfhhftlcg ci Elty Rflsars Efmp (ERE) cg tà slta ci tà elty eagtra

Aecgcmle Fetlvlty Trciltfbha buslgass phfg axphflgan tc ifrm fgn hfgn cwgars fgn hafsars.

Trlmfry lgirfstruetura Kcvargmagt iugnan.

Uupphy rcuta gatwcrj bulht wlt` Kcvargmagt iugnlgk.

Uupphy rcuta rflh gatwcrj ls lgstfhhan

>.

Lgstfhhftlcg ci fnnltlcgfh ifrm bulhnlgks fgn prceasslgk ifetcrlas. Hfgn fhhceftlcg icr ifrmlgk trfgsicrmftlcg.

14

Hfgn put lgtc usa icr tà mafgs ci tà elty bulhn fgn iutura fetlvltlas Ecpplea fgn tlmbar icrast phfgtlgk

Raeyehlgk ci mftarlfhs Efstlgk ci staah, lrcg fgn fhumlglum Trceasslgk ci phfstles fgn tyras


1.


Lgstfhhftlcg wcrj ecmmageas cg Elty rcutas trfvah gatwcrj.

Trceasslgk ci prcnuea ecmmageas

Kcvt iugn Raeyehan mftarlfhs fgn raefst matfhs usan lg ecgstruetlcg Trcnuean mftarlfhs usan

9.

Nlstrlet ugnarkrcugn lgstfhhan

Trceasslgk ci prcnuea Utcrfka ci mftarlfhs rafny icr nlstrlbutlcg


;.

Utftlcgs lgstfhhan ^rfgspcrt gatwcrj ecmphatan

Nlstrlbutlcg ci bulhnlgk mftarlfhs ecmmageas


0.

Uftahhlta Eagtras lgstfhhan

Raeyehan mftarlfhs fgn raefst matfhs usan lg ecgstruetlcg Trcnuean mftarlfhs usan

16


<.

64.


Eagtrfh Elty Rflsars Efmp nlsmfgthan, rahceftan tc ifrms fgn prceasslgk ifetcrlas w`le` fra mcnlilan tc lgerafsa cutput.

Eagtrfh elty kfrnags

Eagtrfh Elty bulht lgehunlgk eagtrfh stftlcg.

Uftahhlta eagtrfh kfrnags (_cga 6 Tfteàs)



66.

Cutar eagtrfh nlstrlet bulht


62.

Elty rcutas nlstrlet lgstfhhan

Eagtrfh _cga 2 Tfteàs


12


65.


Rurfh nlstrlets lgstfhhan


6>.

_cga 2 Tfteàs


61.

Lgtarelty nlstrlets bulht

_cga 5s


69.

Bulht elty ecmphata Elty ecgtlguas tc railga systams sue` fs iccn fgn agarky prcnuetlcg, trfgspcrt fgn lgirfstruetura.

15

_cga 4 fgn 6 Tfteàs

1´ (Vulgfry) Aecgcmle Fetlvlty. Utfrt-up Lgvastmagt Hcfgs rapfln.



2.4 Aecgcmle Ylfblhlty

Ilkura 25.Uplnar nlfkrfm ci [crns ecgvaylgk Ylfblhlty.

Ylfblhlty ecmas lg twc tlmairfmas: stfrt-up vlfblhlty fgn sustflgfbha vlfblhlty. ^àsa fet hlja f stfrtar mctcr, fgn tà mctcr prcpar icr f mctcrefr. ^à stfrtar mctcr ls pcwaran by f pra-axlstlgk agarky rasarva: tà agklga ls pcwaran by f iuah cr agarky scurea. Utfrt-up efpltfh ecmas ircm tà Kcvargmagts hfrka lgirfstruetura iugn. ^c ba rapfln wlt` mcgay cvar tlma, cr by astfbhls`lgk fg fkraamagt upcg cwgars`lp ci bulhnlgks fgn sarvleas wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty. Trlvfta lgvastcrs efg fhsc lgvast ilgfgelfh efpltfh, tlma efpltfh, cr mftarlfhs efpltfh. Uustflgfbha vlfblhlty ls saeuran wlt` tà vfrlcus vfrlc us buslgassas fgn seàmas naserlban bahcw, lg w`ft ls mcst afslhy raiarran tc fs f saan icr f gaw aecgcmy. ^`ls Kfrnag Elty ls f saan icr f gaw aecgcmy fgn gaw lggcvftlcgs tc krcw. Aecgcmle fetlvltlas fra naserlban lg saetlcg 2.6 bahcw. Trckrasslcg fgn Krcwt` ^à aecgcmy ci tà Kfrnag Elty efg amuhfta mfercecsmle aecgcmle trfgsltlcgfh krcwt` cg f mlercecsmle sefha. ^`ft mafgs, li wa hccj ft `cw aecgcmlas krcw cvar tlma, ircm subslstagea ifrmlgk aecgcmlas tc fnvfgean tae`gchcklas icr lgstfgea, wa efg saa tàra fra trfgsltlcgs cr sueeasslcgs lg ùmfg aecgcmlas: pra-lgnustrlfh, lgnustrlfh, pcst-lgnustrlfh, tae`gchcklefh... ate ^àsa sueeasslcgs fra tc f eartflg axtagt eftakcrlsan by aecgcmle saetcrs ― saetcrs ― tà tà prlmfry, saecgnfry, tartlfry, quftargfry fgn icrtècmlgk qulgfry saetcrs. Afe` pravlcus aecgcmle saetcr hfys tà icugnftlcg icr subsaquagt saetcrs tc amarka fgn navahcp, w`lhst ratflglgk ahamagts ci tà pravlcus. Ifrmlgk ls stlhh prasagt lg fg fnvfgean tartlfry fgn quftargfry aecgcmy hlja t`ft ci tà QJ: `cwavar lt ls gc hcgkar subslstagea, but bfsan upcg fnvfgeas lg tae`gchcky fgn ugnarstfgnlgk rasuhtlgk ircm ecgtlguan aecgcmle navahcpmagt.

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^c hccj ft tà pletura ci aecgcmle krcwt` fs f w`cha fgn tc rafpphy lt ft f ifstar spaan cg f smfhhar sefha ls `cw wa efg amuhfta mfercecsmle aecgcmle sueeasslcgfh krcwt`. Uc wa hccj ft `cw t`lgks ceeur gfturfhhy, fgn amuhfta tàm, t àm, iaan tàm fgn gurtura tàm bfsan upcg axtfgt `lstcrlefh `lstcrle fh jgcwhanka fgn axparlagea. [a jgcw t`ls wcrjs baefusa wa efg krcw f rflgicrast lg f mfttar ci yafrs gcw t`ft wa ugnarstfgn tà wfy tà rflgicrast krcws: tà strueturas fgn ecmpcgagts? Qppar efgcpy, hcwar efgcpy, ehlmbars, busàs, àrbs, rccts, krcugnecvar, hlvastcej fgn lgsaets efg fhh ba (ra-)lgtrcnuean. [a jgcw w`ft plcgaar spaelas fra, fgn w `ft iugetlcgs tày paricrm, wa jgcw w`ft typa ci gutrlagts fgn rascureas fra gaanan ft eartflg tlmas, fgn wa efg e fg fpphy tàm lg fbugnfgea tc suppcrt fgn spaan up tà prceass ci blchcklefh sueeasslcg. Li wa efg spaan up gfturfh prceassas, t`rcuk` pcsltlva fkltftlcg cr supphamagtfry stlmuhl, tc fe`lava ehlmfx stftas cr aechcklas, w`y ls fg aecgcmy fgy nliiaragt3 [a `fva tc feeapt fe eapt t`ft tàra ls f p`yslefh ehlmfx tc fgy blchcklefh prceass li scmat`lgk mcra t`fg tà lgput ls tc rasuht, fgn lg c rnar tc fppraelfta tà kastfht ci tà ecmpcsltlcg wa efggct ba tà cghy cgas lg tà tfgkc. [a cghy gaan tc fiicrn cursahvas f eartflg nakraa ci p`yslefh ecmicrt baicra wa saaj scmat`lgk baycgn p`yslefhecrpcrafh wafht`. ^c scma, t`ft ls ecgslnaran tc ba lgerafsan hcgkavlty - lgnaan lmmcrtfhlty, but tc fhh ci us, tà ecmmcg prlgelpha ls t`ft wa wls` tc hlva fgn nla `fpplhy wlt`cut rakrat. ^à axtagt tc w`le` wa erafta t`ls icr ctàrs ls fhsc tà axtagt tc w`le` wa `fva fe`lavan t`ft ecmmcg flm lg cursahvas. ^à icugnlgk ifrmars/iftàrs ci tà QUF kraw @amp tc astfbhls` tàlr aecgcmy. Lt wcrjan baicra, lt efg wcrj fkflg ― fkflg ― t`ft t`ft ls tà iugnfmagtfh hlga. [a gcw `fva tà fnnan fnvfgtfka ci suparlcr tae`gchcky, mfjlgk t`ls prceass vary mue` mcra ifelhltftan. Tcwar tcchs, mfe`lgary, fnvfgean jgcwhanka fgn ecmmugleftlcgs ate mfja t`ls vary vlfbha fgn fppafhlgk. ^àra fra ùka buslgass cppcrtugltlas icr ifrmars, trfnars, fre`ltaets, phfggars, bulhnars, agklgaars, kfrnagars, agtartflgars, frtlsts, bfjars, eàis, tafeàrs, fgn n.l.y.-ars fgn sc cg, gct tc magtlcg tà fsscelftan scelfh lgstltutlcgs fgn gatwcrjs w`le` efg ba ra-astfbhlsàn fgn suppcrtan by t`ls gaw aecgcmy. Gcg hlgafr, fgn hlgafr krcwt` Li wa ichhcw hlgafr krcwt`, lt mafgs wa fra hccjlgk icr tà qulgfry saetcr ― saetcr ― w`ft w`ft ls lt3 Ichhcwlgk f tae`gchcklefh axtrfpchftlcglst mcnah wa efg ecgehuna t`ft lt mfy ba fg axprasslcg ci avarfnvfgelgk tae`gchcky lg tà icrm ci rcbctles, axtrf-tarrastrlfh trfvah mfyba, frtlilelfh lgtahhlkagea fgn sc cg. Nc wa truhy gaan t`ls wàg wa `fva gct fe`lavan agvlrcgmagtfh fgn scelfh aqulhlbrlum3 ^àra fra mfgy fsscelftan rlsjs lgvchvan wlt` tae`gchcklefh axtrfpchftlcg t`ft nc gct ifvcur tà t à ùmfg ecgnltlcg. Rcbcts mfy baecma, cr fhrafny fra, mcra lgtahhlkagt, strcgkar, ifstar fgn tlrahass ecmpfran tc ùmfgs. Mfgy ifetcrs fra lgvchvan wàg ecgslnarlgk eraftlgk f spaelas mcra fnvfgean t`fg cur cwg t`ft mfy hfej Zùmfg] rafscg cr ampft`y rasuhtlgk lg pctagtlfh ecmpatltlcg icr tà phfgat fs f w`cha. [a `fva fhh saag tà ilhms, t`fgjiuhhy. Uc w`ft ci f mcra fnvfgean ùmfg3 Hacgfrnc ci Ylgel naslkgan tà Yltruvlfg Mfg, par`fps fs f tamphfta icr cur lnafh p`yslefh struetura, fht`cuk` lt ls ecgslnaran à wfs axphflglgk tà prcpcrtlcgs icugn t`rcuk`cut gftura fs f w`cha, w`ft wa gcw raiar tc fs nlvlga prcpcrtlcg, kchnag rftlc, w`le` lt turgs cut ls fhsc ecggaetan tc ùmfg irfetfh nlmagslcgfh praiaragea w`le` lg turg naserlbas lnafh prcpcrtlcg, àgea w`y Tchhcej“s saamlgkhy fbstrfet saamlgkhy fbstrfet bhcbs fra fppafhlgk tc mfgy pacpha. [a `fva `lstcrlefh ilkuras sue` fs Oasus ci Gfzfrat` w`c ambcnlan tà E`rlst, Ulnn`frt`f Kfutfmf tà U`fjyfmugl Bunn`f fgn Mu`fmmfn ci Maeef - fhh raspaet r aspaet nua tc tàsa pacpha, w`c tfuk`t ùmfglty tà mafglgk ci ùmfglty. ^àsa pacpha `fva ahuelnftan ùmfg fnvfgeamagt, but gcga ci tàm fs ifr fs wa jgcw

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scuk`t tc fnvfgea ùmfgs spaelilefhhy lg tà p`yslefh ncmflg fwfy ircm f rahftlcgs`lp wlt` Zcur] gftura. Li wa tfja lgtc feecugt tà massfka tàsa pacpha s`fran, lt wfs tc ecgtlgua cur ùmfg fnvfgeamagt lg `frmcgy wlt` afe` ctàr fgn wlt` hlia. [a must ilgn aqulhlbrlum wlt`, fgn wlt`lg tà kraftar blchcklefh crkfglsm t`ft ls tà Afrt`. ^àraicra, rakfrnlgk tà qulgfry - tà ilit` aecgcmle saetcr: li afe` saetcr fnvfgea fnvfgea fhcgk tà sueeasslcg ci tà aecgcmy ls ambannan lg tà gaxt, tàg tà qulgfry saetcr ls ùkahy napagnagt upcg fhh t`ft praeanas lt. l t. Cur agtlra axlstagea ls napagnagt upcg tà gfturfh systams ci tà Afrt`. Cur agtlra spaelas fgn elvlhlsftlcg fs wa jgcw lt `fs krcwg ircm tà rascureas fvflhfbha ircm t`ls phfgat. Cur lgnlvlnufh bcnlas fra ian by tà Afrt`. T`yslefhhy spafjlgk, wlt`cut w lt`cut tà Afrt`, tàra fra gc ùmfgs: wlt` gc ùmfgs, ùmfg jgcwhanka eafsas tc axlst fgn tàraicra fhh cur eraftlcgs wara lg vflg, lgehunlgk tà aecgcmy. ^à wlsncm fgn tà splrlt ci tà ùmfg axparlagea mfy hlva cg scma`cw, but mfy gc hcgkar ba ambannan lg f blchcklefh p`yslefh crkfglsm, sue` fs tà Afrt`: sue` fs cur bcnlas. ^àraicra, tà qulgfry aecgcmle saetcr must tfja lgtc feecugt gfturfh aechcklefh systams lg crnar tc fnvfgea tà spaelas. ^rfgskagles, kagatle mfglpuhftlcg fgn sc icrt` fra praeurscrs, cr lgtariarageas wlt`, tà amarklgk pfrfnlkm t `ft ls ùmfg?gftura aqulhlbrlum ― aqulhlbrlum ― tà tà Vulgfry aecgcmle saetcr ls fg aecgcmy bfsan upcg aechcklefh prlgelphas, sue` fs nygfmle aqulhlbrlum fgn `cmacstfsls. Lt ls fg f g aecgcmle systam t`ft ncas gct naphata tà gfturfh r ascureas ci tà afrt` tc tà t à axtagt t`ft tà Afrt` ltsahi ls nastfblhlsan fgn baecmas uglg`fbltfbha icr ùmfg hlia. Blchcklefh prceassas fra raeckglsan fs prceassas tc ba amuhftan. ^`ls ls gct f gaw ceeurragea, wa saa t`ls lg agklgaarlgk schutlcgs iraquagthy ― iraquagthy ― tà tà ehfssle axfmpha balgk tà farcphfga wlgk w`le` ls f klfgt ecpy ci f blrn“s wlgk, cr tà schfr pfgah w`le` efpturas efpturas hlk`t agarky fgn trfgsiars lt lgtc f nliiaragt icrm ci agarky hlja f hafi cg f traa. T`ctcsygtàsls fgn p`ctcjlgasls fra twc aechcklefh prceassas wa efg ecgslnar. [crj ls eurragthy e urragthy ugnarwfy tc erafta mfttar ircm hlk`t. ^`ls ls jgcwg fs p`ctcsygtàsls ― p`ctcsygtàsls ― lt lt ls `cw f phfgts krcw, ecgvartlgk hlk`t lgtc phfgt mfttar t`rcuk` f eàmlefh rafetlcg. T`ctcjlgasls ls trfvahhlgk cr krcwlgk tcwfrns hlk`t scureas ― scureas ― phfgts phfgts nc t`ls. Efg ùmfgs rafhlkg tàmsahvas wlt` t`ls prceass3 ^c nc t`ls ls tc saeura tà hcgk-tarm aecgcmle vlfblhlty fgn vltfhlty t`ft wa eurragthy saaj.

2.6 Aecgcmle Fetlvltlas lg tà Kfrnag Elty Fkrleuhtura, Icrastry fgn Ils`lgk Fkrcaechcky, sustflgfbha icrastry fgn fqufeuhtura fra fhh krcwt` frafs. Lgvastmagt lg ra`fblhltftlcg ci gfturfh `fbltfts, sue` fs rlvars fgn wftarwfys tc lgerafsa gftlva blchcklefh stcej ls f sustflgfbha lgnustry. Lgtrcnuetlcg ci rasarvclrs fgn wathfgn systams tc ratflg surifea wftar fgn erafta `fbltft ls lgvastlgk lg cur iutura. Thfgtlgk ci rctftlcg ecpplea wccnhfgns eraftas f truhy sustflgfbha rascurea. F scitwccn phfgtftlcg icr manlum tarm mfjas sagsa lg maatlgk manlum tarm gaans, `frnwccn phfgtftlcgs icr hcgk-tarm lgvastmagt. Lt ls f mfttar ci urkagey icr hfrka-sefha h frka-sefha ifrmlgk tc s`lit lgtc f mcra nlvarsa typa ci fkrleuhtura. Iccn ls tc ba prcnuean hcefhhy uslgk smfhhar-sefha, hass lgtagslva crkfgle mat`cns. F kraft gumbar ci ocbs fra eraftan by ra-amphcylgk pacpha lgtc t`ls ilahn. Lgnustrlfh ifrmlgk ls stlhh ugnartfjag tc fg axtagt lg _cga >, iceuslgk mcra cg gcg-iccn ercps.

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^àra fra 20,444 feras ci hfgn fhhceftan tc _cga >: t`ft ls suiilelagt hfgn h fgn tc prcnuea cvar 6>,444 tcgs ci àmp saan icr clhs, fgn gafrhy 1;,444 tcgs ci àmp strfw icr ilbra fgn ùrn bfsan cg ilkuras pubhlsàn by tà Kcvargmagt“s GGIEE (Gftlcgfh Gcg-Iccn Gcg-Iccn Ercps Eagtra) ecgsuhtfgey. ^`ls ls f kccn stfrt. Mlglgk fgn Vufrrylgk ^à stfgnfrn prfetlea ci mlglgk fgn qufrrylgk ls raphfean tc f kraftar axtagt by raeyehlgk fgn raefstlgk ci mftarlfhs. Lt ls icrasaag t`ft f kraft nafh ci mftarlfhs fra eurragthy stcran lg cbschata cr narahlet mctcr va`lehas, ctàr mfe`lgary fgn bulhnlgks, fgn lgnaan t`csa w`le` mfy baecma cbschata t`rcuk` raphfeamagt. ^àsa mftarlfhs efg ba prceassan tc prcnuea mftarlfhs icr gaw ecgstruetlcg fgn mfguifeturlgk. Axfmphas ci raeyehan fgn raehflman mftarlfhs tc ba rausan? Matfhs

Utcga

Khfss

Brlejs fgn Rcci ^lhas

Thfstles

^lmbar

Rubbar

Lgsuhftlcg Mftarlfhs

âxtlhas

[lgncws, kuttarlgk, nccrs

Bafrlgks

Hcejs fgn `lgkas

ate

Mfguifeturlgk Futcmctlva? naslkg, agklgaarlgk fgn prcnuetlcg ci fhtargftlva icrms c i trfvah wlhh baecma f mfocr prciltfbha lgnustry icr tà Kfrnag Elty, QJ, Aurcpa, navahcpan fgn navahcplgk wcrhn. ^à cppcrtuglty axlsts tc pfrtfja lg t`ls trfgsltlcg tc ehafg-agarky pubhle trfgspcrt systams. ^à Kfrnag Elty efg hafn tà wfy lg t`ls ragawfh. Tfrtlelpfgts lg tà prcoaet efg ncgfta tàlr efrs icr lgstfgea, tc ba usan icr ecmpcgagts fgn efstlgk gaw ecmpcgagts lg tà prcnuetlcg ci gaw trfgspcrtftlcg. Icr lgstfgea, tàra fra suiilelagt mftarlfhs lg tag efr s tc prcnuea cga gaw rflh efrrlfka fgn 24matras ci rflhwfy hlga. ^`ls ls fg fpprcxlmftlcg tc mfja tà pclgt. Hfrka cppcrtugltlas icr amphcymagt fgn gaw buslgassas axlst lg tà mfguifeturlgk ci tcchs fgn mfe`lgary: t`rcuk` tà naslkg fgn agklgaarlgk ci tcchs fgn mfe`lgary icr gaw raqulramagts, eraftan by tà gaw aecgcmy. Trcnuetlcg ci c i tcchs fgn mfe`lgary tc railga prceasslgk mat`cns icr raeyehlgk fgn gaw mftarlfhs scureas fra assagtlfh tc nrlvlgk tà gaw aecgcmy. Mfguifeturars efg ba lgnlvlnufhs cr smfhh buslgassas mfjlgk spaelile `fgn tcchs up tc hfrka buslgassas mfjlgk ifrm mfe`lgary icr lgstfgea. Ehafg-agarky navleas: f hfrka fmcugt ci mlerc mle rc `ynrc ecmpcgagts fra eurragthy prcnuean lg ûrjay icr axfmpha. Fg cppcrtuglty axlsts tc hcefhlsa prcnuetlcg ci ehafg-agarky navleas, fgn tc iurtàr navahcp gaw navleas icr tà cpag mfrjat. T`frmfeautlefhs, Lgiceautlefhs, Gfturfh Ramanlas, Assagtlfh Clhs. ^`ls efg fhsc ba f prciltfbha fraf icr fkrleuhtura: àrbs fgn bfsa ecmpcugns efg ba krcwg lg spaelfhlsan ifelhltlas amphcylgk `ynrcpcgle fgn HAN (scnlum) hlk`t aqulpmagt. Trcnuetlcg efg ba yafr-rcugn fgn 2> `curs f nfy. Gaw traftmagts fgn trfnltlcgfh traftmagts efg ba rasafreàn, tastan, navahcpan fgn prcnuean. F

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hfrka cppcrtuglty icr rasafre` fgn tastlgk axlsts fgn s`fhh ba fhhceftan f sultfbha bunkat lg crnar tc erafta prcnuets icr tà mfrjat. ^`rcuk` tà eraftlcg ci taxtlhas, iurtàr mfguifeturlgk cppcrtugltlas fra eraftan? fppfrah, ifbrles, bfks, s`cas fgn scejs ate uslgk mcnarg àmp-narlvan mftarlfhs fgn tc scma axtagt raeyehan taxtlhas. Rakfrnlgk pfejfklgk: e`fgkas lg scurea mftarlfhs icr pfejfklgk fra fhrafny àra. [a `fva phfstles mfna ircm eahhuhcsa, saa www.blcpfj.ecm.fu www.blcpfj.ecm.fu.. @amp ls fhsc f scurea mftarlfh icr f w`cha rfgka ci pfejfklgk schutlcgs. F hfrka mfrjat fhrafny axlsts fgn efg ba e`fhhagkan by gaw sustflgfbha scureas. Astfbhlsàn ecmpfglas mfy fhsc ecgtlgua tc mfja usa ci tà raeyehan mftarlfhs mfna fvflhfbha by tà Kfrnag Elty. Astfbhlsàn pfejfklgk ecmpfglas fra agecurfkan fs mue` fs gaw ecmpfglas tc mfja usa ci tà rascureas t`ft fra tc baecma fvflhfbha t`rcuk` tà Kfrnag Elty ecmmarelfh lgirfstruetura, naslkgan tc ifelhltfta nahlvary ci mftarlfhs fgn nlstrlbutlcg ci prcnuets. F hfrka amp`fsls ls phfean upcg iugnlgk fgn suppcrtlgk lggcvftlcg lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy. Iurtàr lggcvftlcgs efg ba ian lgtc tà mfguifeturlgk saetcr. Ahaetrlelty, Kfs fgn Agarky Ahaetrlelty prcnuetlcg ls tc ba hcefhlsan fgn suppcrtan by f phat`crf ci smfhhar-sefha ahaetrlelty kagarftlgk uglts. Utcrfka ci ahaetrlelty s`fhh tfja tà icrm ci ecmmugfh F@L bfttary rasarvas (Ucnlum lcg bfttarlas) stcran lg wfra`cusas. Thafsa saa Fqulcg Agarky (www.fqulcgagarky.ecm www.fqulcgagarky.ecm)) icr fg axfmpha. 24 Mw@ wfra`cusas `fva baag naslkgan by t`ls ecmpfgy. 60 jlhcwftt `cur bfttarlas `fva baag mcugtan cg f stfgnfrn M644 Tfhhats. ^àsa pfhhats fra tàg stfejan lg wfra`cusas, prcvlnlgk krln-sefha agarky rasarvas. E`frkan by schfr, wlgn fgn `ynrc. Nlraet agarky scurelgk ― scurelgk ― ls ls f raturg lg mfgy wfys, tc trfnltlcgfh mafgs ci `frgasslgk jlgatle agarky. Chn mat`cns s`fhh ba ra-amphcyan, wlt` mcnarg fnvfgeas fpphlan tc lgerafsa aiilelagey. [a `fva gumarcus gaw mftarlfhs fgn agklgaarlgk fnvfgeamagts tc strafmhlga chn mat`cns. F slmpha wftar mlhh, cgea amphcyan gftlcgwlna rahlan cg saamlgkhy fre`fle tae`gchcky, but tà prlgelphas hfln tà icugnftlcg icr f ragawfh. Lgstafn ci clhan c lhan krlgnlgk bafrlgks wa efg gcw amphcy mcnarg mftarlfhs fgn agklgaarlgk schutlcgs sue` fs âihcg fgn bfhh bafrlgks, lmprcvlgk aiilelagey slkglilefgthy. Nlraet agarky mafgs tàra ls gc trfgsiarrfh cr trfgsltlcg ci agarky typa ― typa ― icr icr lgstfgea ircm jlgatle tc ahaetrle. ^à icrea ls usan nlraethy sue` fs icr wftar pcwaran wccn ml hhs. ^àsa fpphleftlcgs fra axtramahy spaelile tc slta fgn gaan, but f ùka nlvarslty ci mat`cns s`fhh ba amphcyan feecrnlgkhy lg crnar tc sftlsiy scelfh gaans fgn suppcrt mftarlfhs prceasslgk. Blcmfss ls tc ba f mfocr prcnuet ci tà Kfrnag Elty ― Elty ― fs fs f sustflgfbha rascurea. Blcmfss ls hltarfhhy krcwg cg slta lg fgn frcugn tà Kfrnag Elty. ^`ls efg ba iurtàr prceassan lgtc brlquattas ircm ecmpfetan e`lppan mftarlfh fgn fhsc lgtc e`frecfh ircm brfs` haitcvar ircm ilrawccn fgn ctàr tlmbar rahftan fetlvltlas. ^à afsa ci nlstrlbutlcg ci ahaetrlefh agarky ls f mfocr fnvfgtfka. By rafssasslgk cur gaans fgn cur usfka wa efg ra-natarmlga agarky eraftlcg fgn nlstrlbutlcg. Lt ls raeckglsan t`ft vfst v fst fmcugts ci agarky fra raqulran lg àfvy lgnustrlfh prceassas icr lgstfgea, gct tc magtlcg pcwarlgk ciilea ecmputars fgn hfbcrftcrlas, `cspltfh aqulpmagt ate tùs lt ls assagtlfh tc jaap sue` vchumas ci ahaetrlelty fvflhfbha. By shlk`thy s`litlgk cur ncmastle hliastyha, wa efg ranuea napagnagey cg

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feeustcman ahaetrlefh ecgvaglageas, w`lhst tà ecgvaglagea efg ba mflgtflgan by balgk raphfean t`rcuk` lggcvftlva naslkg schutlcgs cr uslgk fhtargftlva agarky scureas. ^`ls ranueas tà gaan tc feeumuhfta vfst rasarvas cr scureas ci ahaetrlefh agarky icr ncmastle purpcsas fhcga, iraalgk up ahaetrlelty icr gcg ncmastle usas. Ahaetrlefh agarky prcnuetlcg fgn nlstrlbutlcg efg ba naslkgan spaelile tc phfea. But cg tà w`cha, fs magtlcgan afrhlar, ahaetrlelty kagarftlcg ls naeagtrfhlsan vls-ä-vls hcefhlsan, w`lhst stcrfka ls eagtrfhlsan tc agsura aiilelagey, stfblhlty fgn fvflhfblhlty. Lg tà e`frt bahcw wa efg saa f krfnufh s`lit fwfy ircm Ecfh, mcra tcwfrns kfs ircm 6<<4 - 2464. Kfs ls f ehafgar iuah tc burg, `cwavar stlhh raqulras axtrfetlcg, echhaetlcg fgn stcrfka. Fhtargftlvas axlst, w`le` fra parpatufh fgn ehafg. ^à Kfs mfrjat `fs f ealhlgk icr aiilelagey fgn supphy, ehafg fhtargftlvas axlst gcw (a.k. wlgn, `ynrc) wlt` gc icrasaafbha naehlga lg supphy cr namfgn fgn tà aiilelagey ci agarky efptura efg cghy lmprcva wlt` iugnlgk fgn tlma. [a efg saa f vary krfnufh trfgsltlcg tcwfrns ehafg agarky lg tà QJ hccjlgk ft E`frt 5. Khcbfhhy wa saa f ifr mcra slkglilefgt e`fgka. Lgnaan li wa hccj ft ehafg ragawfbhas lgnlvlnufhhy, wa saa tàlr l gstfhhftlcg fgn agarky prcnuetlcg lgerafslgk nrfmftlefhhy.

Ecmpfrlscg ci Agarky Trcnuetlcg lg tà QJ 6<<4 fgn 2464 04.4% ;4.4% 94.4% a 14.4% k f t g >4.4% a e r a T 54.4%

2464

24.4%

6<<4

64.4% 4.4%

Agarky Ucurea E`frt 5. Ecmpfrlscg ci agarky prcnuetlcg lg tà QJ lg 6<<4 fgn 2464 by scurea

1<



Ecmpfrlscg ci Agarky Trcnuetlcg >1.4% >4.4% 51.4% 54.4%

a k f 21.4% t g a e r 24.4% a T

61.4%

QJ

64.4%

Kfrnag Elty

1.4% 4.4%

Agarky Ucurea E`frt >. Ecmpfrlscg ci agarky prcnuetlcg lg tà QJ fgn tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy.

E`frt > s`cws f ecmpfrlscg ci tà QJ tcnfy, fgn Kfrnag Elty lg lts afrhlar stfkas. Lt ls hljahy t`ft tà kfrnag Elty wlhh gaan tc rahy cg eartflg lmpcrts ci agarky tc baklg wlt`, li tà aecgcmy ls tc `fva f rchhlgk stfrt. 69% ls tà `ypctàtlefh ilkura eltan fbcva: t`ls lgehunas ecfh, patrchaum clh fgn kfs. ^àsa lmpcrts s`fhh ba usan by àfvy lgnustry fgn ctàr lgnustrlfh prceassas, fs tàsa agarky scureas fra axtramahy pctagt fgn efg prcvlna suiilelagt agarkatle ‘tcrqua” tc fhhcw eartflg lgnustrlfh prceassas tc ba ugnartfjag ― ugnartfjag ― sue` sue` fs smahtlgk fgn jlhglgk fs wahh fs supphylgk fgy mae`fglsan prcnuetlcg/prceasslgk hlgas. ^`ls napagnagey s`fhh ba krfnufhhy ranuean fs agarky prcnuetlcg lgerafsas fgn agarky usfka baecmas mcra aecgcmlefh. [lt` f prcoaetlcg ci frcugn 69% lmpcrtftlcg ci agarky, tà Kfrnag Elty efg stlhh ecgtrlbuta tcwfrns gftlcgfh krln prcilts. ^à lnaf ls gct tc ahlmlgfta tà axlstlgk aecgcmle mfrjats, but tc erafta f gaw aecgcmy uslgk tà chn cga fs f iuah. ^à kfrnag elty s`fhh erafta gaw mfrjat cppcrtugltlas, lgvastmagts efg ba s`litan, rascureas efg ba s`litan, sjlhhs fgn ocbs efg ba rafhhceftan. ^à jay ls tc fln tà trfgsltlcg, gct tc agecurfka f echhfpsa. ^`ls ls cga ci tà jay ahamagts tc tà Kfrnag Elty cboaetlvas. Lt ls f gaw phfgt lg tà kfrnag, wàra axlstlgk stcejs gc hcgkar iflr wlt` e`fgklgk ehlmftle ecgnltlcgs: tà Kfrnag Elty brlgks gaw phfgts fgn gaw stcej tc tà kfrnag sultan tc tà gaw ehlmfta.

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Agarky cutput lg tà QJ rcuk`hy `fs tà ichhcwlgk nlstrlbutlcg (Bfsan cg 244; ilkuras)?

Agarky Cutput lg tà QJ (by scurea)

2% 66% Clh 50%

65%

Gfturfh Kfs Ecfh Guehafr Ctàr/Ragawfbhas 59%

E`frt 1. Agarky cutput lg tà QJ by scurea 244;

^à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy s`fhh utlhlsa fhtargftlva scureas ci agarky. Agarky prcnuetlcg icr tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy s`fhh hccj mcra hlja tà ichhcwlgk?

Agarky Cutput lg tà Kfrnag Elty (by scurea)

Tatrchaum Clh 62%

>% 0%

Gfturfh Kfs >% Ecfh

6<%

65%

Blcmfss Yakatfbha Clh

62%

Uchfr [lgn

20% @ynrc

E`frt 9. Agarky cutput lg tà Kfrnag Elty ci tcnfy by scurea.

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[ftar Uupphy, sawarfka, wfsta mfgfkamagt, ramanlftlcg fetlvltlas [ftar ls tc ecma ircm f vfrlaty ci scureas. ^à trfnltlcgfh scureas sue` fs fquliars ― fquliars ― sprlgk sprlgk fgn bcra `cha icr nrlgjlgk wftar. [ftar usfka s`fhh ba àfvlhy supphamagtan by r flgwftar `frvastlgk fgn ilhtarlgk. Uawarfka ls tc ba `fgnhan uslgk f sarlas ci [A^ ([athfgn Aechcklefh ^raftmagt) systams, (icr scma axfmphas phafsa saa www.blchcklenaslkg.ec.uj www.blchcklenaslkg.ec.uj)) Qslgk tà axfmpha ci sawarfka wa efg naserlba fg axfmpha ci mcnarg tae`glquas fgn fpprcfeàs tc ba amphcyan lg tà Kfrnag Elty ag mfssa. [a efg usa nlkkars, buhhnczars, mftarlfhs, sjlhhs, tcchs ate tc bulhn f sawarfka traftmagt phfgt t`ft usas ahaetrlelty lg tà ilhtarlgk, nlkastlcg, eàmlefh prceasslgk, stfblhlsftlcg fgn na`ynrftlcg ci rfw sawarfka lgtc w`ft ls ecmmcghy jgcwg fs ârf ― ârf ― sawfka sawfka shunka ilt icr fkrleuhturfh fpphleftlcg fs f sclh ecgnltlcgar. ^`ls ls fg axeahhagt prceass, rasuhtlgk lg usaiuh agn prcnuets ― prcnuets ― ehafg ehafg wftar fgn sclh ecgnltlcgar tc gfma tà mcst cbvlcus c bvlcus cgas. ^`ls prceass ncas raschva tà lssua ci nafhlgk wlt` tcxle fgn nfgkarcus rfw sawarfka shunka, fgn l s fg axtramahy sueeassiuh mat`cn ci sfgltftlcg. ^à prceass ncas `cwavar raqulra f slkglilefgt fmcugt ci agarky fgn tà usa ci eàmlefhs tc nahlvar sfia fgn usaiuh agn prcnuets. @cw efg wa fhsc erafta sfia fgn usaiuh agn prcnuets but ranuea tà agarky usfka3 [a efg altàr supphy ehafg agarky ircm ehafg ragawfbha scureas, cr wa efg erafta fg fhtargftlva systam fhtckatàr - Lnafhhy cga t`ft eraftas e raftas sfia fgn usaiuh agn-prcnuets fgn usas gc agarky. ^ùs tc tfja tà rafpphleftlcg f stap iurtàr: uslgk tà sfma nlkkars, buhhnczars, mftarlfhs, tcchs ate gaw mat`cns efg ba amphcyan tc bulhn f [A^ systam ― systam ― [athfgn [athfgn Aechcklefh ^raftmagt systam. (Thafsa raiar tc www.blchcklenaslkg.ec.uj). F [A^ systam usas gc ecgerata tc bulhn, gc ahaetrlelty tc iugetlcg, raqulras mlglmfh mflgtagfgea fgn ncas gct usa eàmlefhs lg fgy stfka ci tà prceass. Lt rasuhts lg tà eraftlcg ci wathfgn `fbltft, ehafg wftar, fgn blcmfss iuah lg tà icrm ci wlhhcw fgn ahnar ecpplea. Agarky ls usan lg tà axtrfetlcg fgn prceasslgk ci tà blcmfss, `cwavar t`ls agarkatle axpagsa ls rapfln wlt` tà blcmfss. ^`ls axfmpha ax`lblts `cw rafsslkglgk axlstlgk mfe`lgary, sjlhhs rascureas ate efg rasuht lg ehafg ragawfbha agarky fgn vlrtufhhy zarc mflgtagfgea ecsts. ^`ls prceass tàraicra raqulras gc agarky tc rug, prcnueas `fbltft fgn blcnlvarslty fgn supphlas f scurea ci ehafghy-narlvan agarky lg tà icrm ci blcmfss. ^à mfrjat ls ùka icr slmlhfr lgstfhhftlcgs. Blchckle Naslkg `fs lgstfhhan [A^ systams fhh cvar tà QJ icr bct` ncmastle fgn lgnustrlfh fpphleftlcgs. Cga ci tà hfrkast ls tà [A^ systam icr [astcg“s Elnar. [astcg“s Elnar. [fsta mfgfkamagt, ls traftan mcra hlja mlglgk fgn qufrrylgk by tà Kfrnag Elty. Lt ls fg cppcrtuglty tc echhaet fgn prceass iraa mftarlfhs. Lgvastmagt lg mftarlfhs prceasslgk lggcvftlcg ls f prlcrlty. Qsas fgn prceassas icr fhh mftarlfhs fra f jay iceus icr lggcvftlcg, rasafre` fgn navahcpmagt. Gaw navahcpmagts icrm pfrt ci tà lgicrmftlcg aecgcmy. Cg tà w`cha, tà elty wlhh lgvlta hcefh muglelpfhltlas tc napcslt tàlr wfsta ft tà raeyehlgk phfgts. Lg raturg, sfhfbha, usfbha rfw mftarlfhs fra eraftan. Ncgcrs efg ba pfln lg rfw mftarlfhs, cr ciiaran nlsecugts lg hlau ci tàlr wfsta napcslt. Lg Ofpfg, tlejat vagnlgk mfe`lgas feeapt pfymagt lg phfstle bctthas tcwfrns trfvah tlejats! Ramanlftlcg fetlvltlas fra lgàragt lg vlrtufhhy fhh tà fetlvltlas icugn lg tà Kfrnag Elty. ^à Elty ls naslkgan tc ramanlfta gfturfh, aecgcmle fgn scelfh agvlrcgmagtfh nlscrnars. ^à kfrnag elty ls tc fet fs tà hafnar lg sue` fetlvltlas fgn tàg tc prcvlna axpartlsa fgn fsslstfgea gftlcgwlna lg tà

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ramanlfh trfgsltlcg ircm f scelc-aecgcmle euhtura e uhtura tcwfrns f ranaaman scelc-aechcklefh euhtura wàra wafht` efg ba kagarftan, gct fppraàgnan cr axtrfetan ircm tà wcrhn frcugn us. Ecgstruetlcg Ecgstruetlcg mat`cns fgn tàraicra tà ecgstruetlcg lgnustry lg tà Kfrnag Elty s`fhh ba natarmlgan by tà mftarlfhs fgn tae`glquas usan. Fg amp`fsls ls phfean upcg trfnltlcgfh tae`glquas fgn gfturfh fgn raeyehan mftarlfhs fpphlan wlt` lggcvftlcg. ^à ecgstruetlcg lgnustry lg tà Kfrnag Elty s`fhh ba sattlgk f bage`mfrj icr tà avchutlcg ci tà Ecgstruetlcg lgnustry lg tà QJ. Gaw mat`cns fgn prfetleas fpphlan lg tà Kfrnag Elty s`fhh sat stfgnfrns icr tà rast ci tà QJ fgn iutura navahcpmagts s`fhh ichhcw lg lts icctstaps. ^à lgtagtlcg ls tc usa axlstlgk mat`cns, sjlhhs, tcchs fgn mfe`lgary fgn rafpphy tàm lg f mcnarg wfy. ^à mfocrlty ci ecgstruetlcg mftarlfhs fra krcwg, raeyehan fgn raefst ircm tà raeyehlgk phfgts fgn ifrms. ^à bulhnlgk prfetleas fgn mftarlfhs mfy vfry feecrnlgk tc kackrfp`le hceftlcg, but wlhh amphcy hcefhhy fbugnfgt mftarlfhs. ^à Kfrnag Elty efg krcw fhh iutura bulhnlgk tlmbars lg _cga > [ccnhfgns. Yary trfnltlcgfh tae`glquas fra tc ba amphcyan mlxan wlt` scma mcnarg mftarlfhs. Bulhnlgks fra bct` wccnag fgn staah irfman. [fhhs efg ba ircm stcga, brlej, brle j, ehfy, wfttha fgn nfub, àmp bhcejs fgn vfrlcus raeyehan mftarlfhs. Lgsuhftlcg efgba ircm wcch, àmp fgn raeyehan mftarlfhs fgn taxtlhas. Rccilgk efg ba staah, wccnag, shfta, stcga, raeyehan, rubbar fgn TY tlhas tc magtlcg f iaw. Lt ls wahh jgcwg by gcw t`ft mfgy mf gy axeahhagt mat`cns `fva baag axtagslvahy tastan fgn prcvag tc wcrj fgn fra lgnaan balgk usan fhh cvar tà QJ, Aurcpa fgn tà [crhn by Fre`ltaets fgn bulhnars. Thafsa saa www.afrt`s`lp.ecm icr cga axfmpha. ^à mfocrlty ci bulhnlgk mftarlfhs fra tc ba krcwg fgn prcnuean ircm lgnustrlfh àmp phfgtftlcgs lg _cga > ― > ― tà tà Kraag Baht. ^àsa mftarlfhs tckatàr wlt` raeyehan mftarlfhs s`fhh ba usan tc bulhn staah fgn tlmbar irfma strueturas. ^à wfhhs s`fhh ba mfna ircm f vfrlaty ci mftarlfhs, rfgklgk ircm stcga, tc àmp bhcejs, fgn strfw. str fw. Fhh, phus mfgy mcra ci tàsa mat`cns axlst fgn s`fhh ba amphcyan ag mfssa tc erafta tà Elty. ^`ls Elty efg trflg f wcrjicrea cg tà ocb. Iutura ravagua mfy ba eraftan t`rcuk` trflglgk fgn axtrf-elty ecgstruetlcg ecgtrfets. [`chasfha fgn ratflh trfna: rapflr ci mctcr va`leha fgn mctcreyehas ^à elty `fs f ecmmarelfh supphy rflh gatwcrj, ecggaetan tc f sarlas ci ecmmarelfh stcrfka ifelhltlas icr nlstrlbutlcg lg tà elty nurlgk bulhn fgn icr mflgtagfgea, fgn hftar icr gftlcgfh sfha. [`chasfha mfrjats s`fhh ba navahcpan frcugn t`ls eltywlna lgirfstruetura. Ratflh trfna feecmmcnftas icr fhh typas ci ratflh, ircm muhtlgftlcgfh tc hcefh ratflhars. Iccn fgn mfgy gaeassltlas fra prcnuean lg tà elty by lggar-elty ifrmlgk fgn prcnuets rasuhtlgk ircm tà lgnustrlfh àmp ifrms. Mae`fglefh agklgaarlgk fgn va`leha mflgtagfgea `fs f hfrka rcha tc phfy lg tà kfrnag elty mflghy nua tc tà lggcvftlcgs lg trfvah lgtrcnuean by tà elty. Mae`fglefh agklgaars w`c hlva lg tà elty efg axpaet tc ba amphcyan cg lggcvftlva agklgaarlgk prcoaets, rasafre` fgn navahcpmagt fgn tà railglgk fgn mflgtagfgea ci tàsa gaw va`lehas. ^rflglgk c tàr mae`fglefh agklgaars cutslna tà elty fgn fsslstlgk wlt` tae`glefh axpartlsa lg wrltlgk mflgtagfgea mfgufhs fgn scitwfra efg ecgtlgua lgtc tà iutura.

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^rfgspcrt fgn Utcrfka Fmpha ifelhltlas axlst wlt`lg tà elty fgn cg tà elty cutsjlrts icr stcrfka. ^à elty ls tc ba `lk`hy ecggaetan tc axlstlgk lgirfstruetura lg tà QJ. Lgnaan nlraet ecggaetlcgs tc gftlcgfh rflh hlgas, spaelfh hlgjfkas tc gftlcgfh rcfn gatwcrjs lg tà icrm ci pfrj fgn rlna, ecmblgan wlt` nlstrlbutlcg/echhaetlcg ifelhltlas fhhcw prlvfta mctcrlsts fgn e cmmarelfh mctcr va`lehas tc feeass tà elty nlraethy fgn lgnlraethy. Icr axfmpha f prlvfta mctcrlst s`fhh pfrj tàlr efr cutslna tà elty fgn trfvah by pubhle trfgspcrt lgtc tà elty. [àg lg tà elty, tàra ls f phat`crf ci trfgspcrt cptlcgs. F vlsltcr icr lgstfgea efg buy f efrn slmlhfr tc fg cystar efrn (cr avag fg cystar efrn) tc usa cg fhh pubhle trfgspcrt gatwcrjs lgehunlgk eyeha fgn bukky `lra. Trcilts efg ba kagarftan icr tà elty uslgk t`ls systam. Ecmmarelfh mctcrlsts, sue` fs icr trfgspcrt/nahlvary s`cuhn axpaet tc echhaet cr napcslt tàlr hcfns ft tà sftahhlta ecmmarelfh stftlcgs sltuftan lg _cga >. Icr spaelfhlst nahlvarlas lgtc tà elty ltsahi, parmlts mfy ba krfgtan by tà Elty Ecugelh. Feecmmcnftlcg fgn Iccn Uarvleas Lt ls icrasaag t`ft mfgy pacpha wlhh vlslt tà elty tc wltgass tà lggcvftlcg fgn pfrtfja lg tà agvlrcgmagtfh qufhlty fgn àfht` lmprcvlgk gftura ci tà elty. Tacpha wlhh fhsc ba vlsltlgk cg buslgass fgn icr trflglgk purpcsas. Fg amp`fsls ls phfean cg eftarlgk fgn `cspltfhlty lg tà elty. Lt ls tc ba ragcwgan icr kraft iccn fgn vary ecmicrtfbha `ctahs, kuast`cusas fgn ban fgn brafjifsts. Fhh eftarlgk fgn `cspltfhlty ls krafthy agecurfkan. ^àsa efg ba prlvfta up tc muhtlgftlcgfh agtarprlsas fgn fra hceftan wlt`lg tà elty feecrnlgk tc saetcr mcnah phfgglgk. Lgicrmftlcg fgn Ecmmugleftlcg Cga ci tà prlmfry iugetlcgs ci aecgcmle fetlvlty lg tà Kfrnag Elty ls tc ecgtlgua tc fnvfgea fgn lmphamagt lggcvftlcg fgn rasafre` lgtc fhtargftlva tae`gchcklas. ^à Eagtra icr Fhtargftlva âe`gchcky ls tà spafràfn ci t`ls mcvamagt lg tà QJ: tà Kfrnag Elty efg fet fs fg fnnltlcgfh efmpus. ^à Kfrnag Elty ls vary mue` fg anueftlcgfh eagtra. ^à flm ci tà kfrnag elty ls tc stuny fgn navahcp usaiuh lgicrmftlcg fgn tc axamphliy lts ecmmugleftlcg tc tà rast ci tà gftlcg fgn tc f khcbfh funlagea. Lgicrmftlcg ls iraahy fvflhfbha lg tà kfrnag elty, wlt` tà bahlai t`ft t`ls iuahs lggcvftlcg fgn tàraicra stlmuhftas stfkgfgt frafs ci tà axlstlgk aecgcmy. Ecmmugleftlcg efg àhp tc lmprcva t`ls mcvamagt. Ilgfgelfh fgn Lgsurfgea Fetlvltlas Lgvastmagts, stcejs fgn s`fras efg fgn s`fhh ba mfna fvflhfbha icr lgvastcrs. Fs lmpcrtfgt fs scelfh fgn agvlrcgmagtfh fetlvltlas fra ilgfgelfh cgas. ^à Kfrnag Elty cuk`t tc fttrfet slkglilefgt fttagtlcg ircm axparts lg lgvastmagt. Lgsurfgea fhsc `fs lts phfea fgn ciilea spfea ls fvflhfbha icr sue` fetlvltlas. Rafh Astfta Fetlvltlas ^à Kfrnag Elty s`fhh ba cwgan by lts ceeupfgts fgn by lts Ecugelh, lg f vary slmlhfr wfy tc Hate`wcrt`. Ciileas, Hfbcrftcrlas, Ratflh uglts, Ecmmarelfh bulhnlgks ate s`fhh fhh ramflg tà prcparty ci tà Kfrnag Elty. Lt ls gct pcsslbha icr axtargfh ecmpfglas tc buy prcparty lg tà Kfrnag Elty, but prcpartlas fra ciiaran t`rcuk` ecmmarelfh hafsas. Trcilts kflgan by tà Kfrnag Elty efg ba usan lg crnar tc pure`fsa mcra hfgn tc axpfgn fkrleuhturfh fetlvltlas li gaeassfry, but tà flm rafhhy ls tc agecurfka ifrmars tc fncpt gaw mat`cns icr tàlr ifrms fgn tc oclg raklcgfh ec-cparftlvas

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w`leùgliy hfrka sefha cparftlcgs lgtc f ecàragt hfgnsefpa mfgfkamagt. ^`ls ramcvas tà lgeagtlva tc krcw feecrnlgk tc lgtargftlcgfh stcej mfrjats fgn iceusas upcg raklcgfh gaans fgn aechcklefhhy scugn mfgfkamagt ci hfgnsefpas. Trcilts ircm tà Kfrnag Elty tc tà Kfrnag Elty Ecugelh mfy ba icrwfrnan tc fsslst tà Kcvargmagt lg tà bulhnlgk ci gaw Kfrnag Eltlas. Uurphus bulhnlgk mftarlfhs eraftan ircm cga kfrnag elty, fitar lts ecmphatlcg efg ba fhhceftan fh hceftan tc gaw navahcpmagts. Fs stftan afrhlar, cgea t à Elty ls ecmphata tà fkrleuhtura fgn prceasslgk ifetcrlas s`lit prlcrlty ircm eraftlgk bulhnlgk mftarlfhs tc eraftlgk iccn fgn ctàr gaeassltlas icr tà elty. Bulhnlgk mftarlfhs fra stlhh prcnuean icr bulhnlgk mflgtagfgea fgn iurtàr navahcpmagts/axpfgslcg but nlraet gaans ci tà Elty fra eftaran icr ilrst. Uurphus efg tàg ba fhhceftan tc tà wlnar aecgcmy fs sfhfbha kccns, cr stfrt-up lgvastmagt icr fnnltlcgfh kfrnag eltlas. Trciasslcgfh, Uelagtlile fgn âe`glefh Fetlvltlas Fs magtlcgan fbcva, tà Kfrnag Elty efg ba f eagtra ci axeahhagea lg aechcklefh naslkg fgn mfgy ctàr ilahns: phafsa vlaw Ueùmfeàr Echhaka prcspaetus, fgn fhsc tà Eagtra icr Fhtargftlva âe`gchcklas. Lt ls `cpan tà Kfrnag Elty mfy baecma fg fnnltlcgfh efmpus icr slmlhfr fetlvltlas fgn tc wcrj lg pfrtgars`lp wlt` sue` lgstltutlcgs ircm tà cutsat. Fnmlglstrftlva fgn Uuppcrt Uarvleas Fetlvltlas ^à Kfrnag Elty Ecugelh ls hlgjan tc Eagtrfh Kcvargmagt. ^à Kfrnag Elty Ecugelh ls tà hlgj batwaag tà pacpha w`c hlva lg tà Elty fgn pacpha lg Kcvargmagt w`c tfja naelslcgs. Kccn ecmmugleftlcgs fgn f sagsa ci uglty/oclgt raspcgslblhlty fra agecurfkan, fg at`cs ci eraftlcg wlt` gct fkflgst afe` afe` ctàr ls icstaran. ^à Kfrnag Elty iceusas upcg slmphlileftlcg fgn trfgspfragey. Lt suppcrts ecgtlguan navahcpmagt ci cghlga sarvleas, wlt` fttagnfgt scitwfra suppcrtan by ùmfg raprasagtftlvas. Tubhle Fnmlglstrftlcg fgn Naiagea: Ecmpuhscry Ucelfh Uaeurlty F vary lmpcrtfgt ahamagt tc tà Kfrnag Elty ls scelfh efra fgn ra`fblhltftlcg. [lt` f prcoaetan pcpuhftlcg ci 66;,9>< lt ls ecgslnaran t`ft tàra wlhh ba frcugn 20,444 e`lhnrag, wlt` frcugn 1,444 ci tàsa ft gursary fka ft fgy tlma. ^àra wlhh fhsc ba frcugn 6<,144 pacpha ci ratlramagt fka, wlt` fpprcxlmftahy 2,944 ci tàsa pacpha pctagtlfhhy gaanlgk efra fsslstfgea. Lg tà Kfrnag Elty, efra ci tà ahnarhy fgn ci tà ycugk mfy ba ecmblgan lg scma ifelhltlas, tà Kfrnag Elty s`fhh fhsc ciiar sapfrftan ifelhltlastc agsura f vfrlaty ci mat`cns ci efra icr fhh 1,444 ycugk fgn fhh 2,944 ahnarhy. Tacpha suiiarlgk ircm lgefpfelty wlhh ba fsslstan by wahh-balgk spaelfhlsts fgn ciiaran tàrfplas vlf spaelfhlst àfht` eagtras. Napagnlgk cg tà savarlty ci tàlr ecgnltlcgs, fpprcprlfta ramanlfh cr ra`fblhltftlva fetlvltlas mfy ba raecmmagnan. ^àsa efg ba f ecmblgftlcg cr slgkha mat`cn rfgklgk lg fgyt`lgk ircm kfrnaglgk tc feupugetura, mfssfka, frcmftàrfpy fgn p`yslctàrfpy, phus mcra. Erlmlgfh ciiagnars fra tc ba traftan wlt` gurtura fgn fsslstan lg parscgfh navahcpmagt. Anueftlcg ^à Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy amphcys f w`cha-elty-mcnah t`ft ls bfsan upcg tà lnaf t`ft tà w`cha wcrhn ls f stfka ― stfka ― wa wa fra fhh stunagts lg t`ls se`cch efhhan Afrt` fgn tàra ls gc hlmlt tc ugnarstfgnlgk cr lmfklgftlcg. ^à se`cchs wlt`lg tà Kfrnag Elty bagailt ircm muhtlpha tafe`lgk ifelhltlas sltuftan elty-wlna, lg fhh saetcrs. Nlraet axpcsura tc lgnustry fgn ecmmarea, e cmmarea, sarvleas fgn

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axparts lg tà ilahn ls fg axtramahy vfhufbha hafrglgk fln. ^àra fra tc ba trfnltlcgfh se`cch ifelhltlas, sue` fs nanleftan se`cch bulhnlgks icr ehfssrccm, axfmlgftlcg, raklstrftlcg fgn fnmlglstrftlcg typa fetlvltlas. ^à fnnltlcgfh bulhnlgks sprafn fercss tà elty fra prlmfrlhy icr anueftlcgfh purpcsas ― purpcsas ― lg lg t`ft se`cchs `fva prlcrlty cvar fhh ctàr usars, but tàsa eagtras fra fhsc tc iugetlcg fs ecmmuglty eagtras, maatlgk `fhhs, kfhharlas fgn ax`lbltlcg rccms, t ampcrfry stunlcs, pcp up s`cps fgn wcrjs`cps, tày fet hlja vlhhfka `fhhs wlt`lg tà elty. ^ày fra ci vary slmpha naslkg fgn mflgtflgan by tàlr hcefh ecmmugltlas. Fs lggcvftlcg ls f ecra ecgeapt lg tà elty, tàsa ecmmuglty bulhnlgks fra iugnfmagtfhhy phfeas icr lggcvftcrs fgn se`c hfrs ci fhh fkas tc maat, nlseuss fgn s`fra rasafre`, naslkgs fgn mcnahs, fgn ahuelnfta tàlr lnafs l nafs ― ― mue` mue` hlja fg fmp`ltàftra lg fgelagt Kraaea, but waftàrprcci, fgn prlcrlty ls klvag tc tà e`lhnrag. E`lhnrag fgn tà pubhle mfy fttagn anueftlcgfh prasagtftlcgs: tafeàrs fgn tàlr ehfssas mfy usa tàsa bulhnlgks fs f bfsa w`lhst vlsltlgk f eartflg lgnustry, saetcr cr buslgass ate. Anueftlcg Anueftlcg fgn Lggcvftlcg fra tc mflgtflglgk vltfhlty fgn vlfblhlty icr rflslgk iutura kagarftlcgs. @umfg @afht` fgn Ucelfh [crj Fetlvltlas Fs magtlcgan afrhlar rakfrnlgk scelfh efra, ycugk fgn chn lgtakrftlcg ls vary mue` agecurfkan fgn f trfnltlcg tc ba ra-ambrfean. Cur ahnars fgn cur e`lhnrag fra tà mcst lmpcrtfgt mambars ci scelaty. ^ày `fva tà fblhlty tc s`fpa cur hlvas t`rcuk` f slmpha stcrytahhlgk cr by phfylgk cut f kfma w`le` trlkkars f rafhlsftlcg naap lgslna ci us. Li wa efggct hafrg ircm cur e`lhnrag cr ircm cur ahnars wa mfy ilgn cursahvas scmaw`ft fbstrfetan. Efrlgk icr c tàrs ls cga ci tà mcst iugnfmagtfh fetlcgs f parscg efg ugnartfja. [a hafrg raspcgslblhlty t`rcuk` efrlgk icr c tàrs fgn lg turg t`ls raspcgslblhlty `fs pcsltlva aiiaets upcg cursahvas fgn tà wfy wa hafn c ur hlvas. By lgtakrftlgk ycugk wlt` tà chn c hn wa ra-ambrfea fgelagt trfnltlcg. ^à chnast mambars ci cur ecmmuglty `fva mfgy axparlageas fgn mamcrlas tc s`fra: tày `fva baag hlvlgk lg tà p`yslefh rafhm icr f hcgkar tlma t`fg ycugkar mambars ci tà ecmmuglty. ^à kraftast trfgsiar ci feeumuhftan axparlagea ls ircm tà ahnast tc tà ycugkast, tùs cur e`lhnrag mfy bagailt ircm hlia axparlagea tfuk`t by tà mcst axparlagean. ^à ycugkast ci us `fva tà mcst vltfhlty, varva fgn agarky ― agarky ― e`lhnrag e`lhnrag hlk`tag tà ftmcspàra fgn mfja us hfuk`. ^`ls ls w`ft cur ahnars gaan, tùs tà trfnltlcgfh rahftlcgs`lp ci ycugkast wlt` tà t à ahnars efg ba ifelhltftan fgn mfna ecmmcg phfea. ^à ahnars bagailt ircm tà agarky fgn fglmftlcg ci tà ycugkast, w`lhst tà ycugkstars bagailt ircm tà hlia axparlagea, ecgvarsftlcg, stcrytahhlgk fgn sjlhhs ci tà ahnast. Mfgy fetlvltlas efg ba s`fran fgn mfgy sjlhhs efg ba trfgsiarran. Eccjlgk, kfrnaglgk, pflgtlgk, nrfwlgk, phfylgk muslefh lgstrumagts, slgklgk fgn sc cg fra fhh axfmphas ci t`ls axe`fgka wfltlgk tc ba ra-gcrmfhlsan fgn tà scelfh fgn àfht` bagailts fra baycgn ecgvagtlcgfh traftmagts. [ahhbalgk fs f hliastyha ls tà mcnus cparfgnl rakfrnlgk ùmfg àfht`. Lg tà pfst wa `fn vary mue` mcra fetlva àfht`y hliastyhas fgn nlats. Lg tà Kfrnag Elty t`ls ls f vary slmlhfr efsa. Hliastyhas fra mue` mcra fetlva fgn nlats fra mcra hcefhlsan, safscgfh, iras` fgn crkfgle. Lt ls prcoaetan t`ft frcugn 91% ci pacpha wlhh ba amphcyan lg ocbs rahftan tc tà cutnccrs fgn iccn. Ft prasagt cghy 6% ci Brltls` pacpha wcrj lg fkrleuhtura. ^à Kfrnag Elty ls vary mue` fbcut raturglgk tc tà hfgn fgn raturglgk tc Anag ― Anag ― gct gct kackrfp`lefhhy spafjlgk, but by krcwlgk lt fhh frcugn us. ^à Kfrnag ci Anag ls wahh naserlban fs f phfea fbugnfgt lg irults fgn àrbs: wa `fva saag mfgy pflgtlgks napletlgk t`ls phfea, gcw tà cppcrtuglty ecmas tc krcw lt fgn tc rafhlkg wlt` gftura. Mfgy pacpha hcgk tc ba cutslna fgn lg tcue` wlt` gftura. @ara ls tà cppcrtuglty! ^à àfht` bagailts, bct` p`yslefh fgn psye`chcklefh fra wahh jgcwg, tàraicra t`ls jlgn ci hliastyha efg kc f hcgk wfy lg fnnrasslgk ùmfg àfht`.

99



^rfnltlcgfh fgn fhtargftlva tàrfplas, sc hcgk fs feeranltan by raeckglsancrkfglsftlcgs fra vary wahecma lg tà Kfrnag Elty. Gaw traftmagt t raftmagt mat`cns fgn tàrfplas mfy ba navahcpan ― navahcpan ― fhcgk fhcgk tà rugglgk-tàma ci lggcvftlcg, fgn efg baecma raeckglsan r aeckglsan fs sue` t`rcuk` sueeassiuh traftmagt ci efsas. Lt ls raeckglsan t`ft prfetltlcgars gaan tc ba eartlilan fgn raeckglsan by ctàr prfetltlcgars lg tà ilahn. By rafscg, t`ls ls pcsslbha fs lt ls lg tà gftura ci àfht` prfetltlcgars tc wfgt tc fnvfgea tà ilahn ci àfht`. Ulkglilefgt iugnlgk ls fvflhfbha tc suppcrt t`ls ecgtlguan ec gtlguan rasafre` fgn navahcpmagt. Frts, Agtartflgmagt fgn Raeraftlcg Frtlsts, muslelfgs, pcats, paricrmars s`cuhn ihcej tc tà e lty. ^àra fra fmpha ihaxlbha ocbs ircm kfrnaglgk tc eftarlgk. Feecmmcnftlcg ls fiicrnfbha fgn tlma ls phagtliuh. Mfgy rascureas axlst icr eraftlvas tc kat eraftlva. ^à ecmmuglty e cmmuglty `fhhs magtlcgan fbcva fra lnafh raàfrsfh fgn raeltfh ifelhltlas. Lt ls up tc tà frtlsts fgn agtartflgars tc s`fpa t`ls lg tà elty, fgn rascureas fgn cppcrtugltlas fra ciiaran tc suppcrt frtlstle agnafvcurs, baefusa t`ls fwfjags, brlk`tags fgn aghlvags euhtura. Ctàr Uarvlea Fetlvltlas Upcrts, tcurlsm, swlmmlgk fgn gftura, phus mue` mcra! Fetlvltlas ci @cusa`chns fs Amphcyars, Qgnliiaragtlftan Kccns fgn Uarvlea Trcnuelgk Fetlvltlas ci @cusa`chns icr Cwg Qsa Yary mue` f ecra fetlvlty, fs pfrt ci f hcefhlsan, but lgtargftlcgfhhy trfnlgk, elre uhfr aecgcmy. Fetlvltlas ci Axtrftarrltcrlfh Crkfglsftlcgs Crkfglsftlcgs fgn Bcnlas Uue` crkfglsftlcgs fra lgvltan tc `chn ciileas lg tà elty, ecgiarageas fra agecur fkan fgn lgtarnlselphlgfry nlseusslcgs naaman jay tc tc jaaplgk tà Jlgkncm Qgltan, tc jaap Brltflg Kraft fgn tc icrtliy lgtargftlcgfh rahftlcgs. ^c eahabrfta e ahabrfta nliiaragt euhturas fgn fhhcw icr tàlr wlsncm tc ba axphflgan fgn ecmpfran ls vltfh.

9;



Qrbfg fkrleuhtura(Fhh eranlts tc Kulhhfuma Eatarrlar) scurea? Lgtar gat.

5.4 Tcpuhfrlty& Trcmctlcg F tcwg ecmphatahy ecmphatahy agarkatle agarkatlefhhy fhhy lgnapagna lgnapagnagt, gt, kagarftlgk kagarftlgk prcilt: prcilt: lt ls gcw f rafhlty. rafhlty.

[`ft nc wa t`lgj fbcut wfhjlgk frcugn f tcwg ecvaran lg ihcwars, wlt` vakatftlcg fgn iccn krcwlgk avarywàra3 ^à flr ls ehafg, tà t à tcwg ls agarkatlefhhy suiilelagt, pacpha fra `fppy fgn sftlsilan. Lt scugns hlja f nrafm but lt efg ba f rafhlty. Fetufhhy, cur scelaty ls ifr fwfy ircm t`ft fgn ifelgk vfrlcus prcbhams sue` fs aechcklefh lssuas? axtrama waftàr avagts fra `fvlgk kraftar aiiaet, fgn gfturfh eftfstrcpàs fra mcra gumarcus. Ecugtrlas fra ihccnlgk, ctàrs fra suiiarlgk nrcuk`ts. Cur iccn ecgtflgs KMC fgn pastlelnas. ^à aecsystam ls balgk nastrcyan fgn lt“s fiiaetlgk fh h ci us. ^à lssuas fra fhsc scelfh? nruks fgn fhec`ch fnnletlcgs, ugamphcymagt, tà prlea ci hlvlgk jaaps lgerafslgk. Tacpha fra strukkhlgk avarynfy fgn `fva tc tfja twc ocbs tc pfy pfy tàlr ragt fgn sustflg tàlr ifmlhy. Baefusa ci tà `lk` nagslty lg tà tcwg fgn tà nliileuhty tc ilgn f ocb lg tà ecugtryslna, pacpha wlt` hcw sfhfrlas hlva lg tà suburb sc tày trfvah avary nfy icr f iaw `curs lg citag ecgkastan trfgspcrt gatwcrjs. ^à àfht` lmpfets `fva tc ba tfjag lgtc feecugt. feec ugt. ^`ls brlgks us tc f prcbham ci naprasslcg fgn hcgahlgass phus tà fnnltlcgfh ùka tfsj tc eura lt, `fs fg lmpfet cg tà aecgcmy. Lgnaan lg t`ls stfta ci gaan, pacpha `fva tc hccj ehcsahy ft tàlr bunkat. ^ày efg“t fiicrn tc fiicrn tc buy ehctàs cr ragaw tàlr ^Y cr mlercwfva rasuhtlgk lg aecgcmle hcssas lg tà eyeha ci prcnuets. ^àraicra ecmpfglas efggct ralgvast lg gaw tae`gchcklas cr mfrjatlgk fgn rasafre`. [`ft pacpha wcuhn hlja ls tc tc ba fbha tc fiicrn tc spagn tlma wlt` tàlr ifmlhy, agocy tàlr prciasslcgfh hlia fgn `fvlgk tàlr prlmfry gaans mat? ehafg wftar, ugfnuhtarftan iccn fgn f `cma.

90



^à Kfrnag Elty wlt` lts lts ravchutlcgfry mcnah ls fg fhtargftlva schutlcg tc tàsa lssuas. Lgnaan, lt“s crkfglsan lg f wfy tc navahcp nliiaragt elty eagtras fgn buslgass frafs slmuhtfgacushy. Fhh c i tàsa pfrts fra hlgjan fgn feeasslbha by pubhle trfgspcrt, blja cr ahaetrle efr. Lg`fbltfgts ci tà tcwg efg ilgn fg fpprcprlfta spct lg rakfrns ci tàlr gaans (wàtàr t`ft mafgs hlvlgk lg tà ecugtryslna, cr lg tà eagtra) fgn sultan tc tàlr bunkat. ^à Elty Ecugelh efg àhp wlt` tà lgsartlcg ci gaw raslnagts by fnvlslgk tàm fbcut tà nliiaragt pcsslblhltlas fgn cppcrtugltlas feeasslbha tc tàm. ^à flm ci tà kraag spfeas ls tc navahcp fg aecsystam t`ft lgvltas lg`fbltfgts fgn vlsltcrs tc wfhj frcugn tà tcwg fgn agocy afe` pfrt ci lt? tàra fra gc bfrrlars tc e raftlgk `frmcgy. ^à ecugelh efg ba tà hlgj icr t`ls ecmmcg-uglty fgn wlhh ba fbha tc fsslst fgn ciiar tc pacpha w`ft tày wfgt by wcrjlgk wlt` tàm feecrnlgk tc tà gaans ci tà parscg. F vfrlaty ci strueturas efg ba sat up tc ianarfta t`ls ecmmuglty? ecmmuglty? ax`lbltlcg rccms, ecmmugfh rccms, e`lhnrag“s kfrnags fgn se`cchs. ^`ls systam efg brlgk lggar pafea fgn pafea batwaag pacpha. ^àraicra lt wlhh lgltlfta f vlrtucus elreha, eraftlgk lggcvftlcg fgn sanuelgk lgvastcrs by lts tragn-sattar pcsltlcg. Tacpha wfgt f hlia iuhh ci futàgtlelty, tày fra bcran ci hlas fgn nc gct bahlava fhh ci w`ft tà pchltlefh raprasagtftlvas sfy. ^ày gaan f tcwg ft f sefha lg w`le` tày efg wcrj, agocy f kccn sltuftlcg fgn iaah ecgilnagea fkflg. ^`rcuk` f mlx ci trflgan pacpha, rascureas fgn tae`gchcky, tà Kfrnag Elty ci ^cnfy efg ba f pariaet axfmpha ci fg aechcklefh tcwg icr tà QJ tc s`cw cii. Lt efg ba tà ilrst tcwg lg w`le` fhh tà `cusas fra futcgcmcus. Lt efg ba fg aechcklefh tast tcwg tc prcva lt efg ba ncga. Uurahy, f hct ci lgvastcrs wlhh ba jaag tc klva lt f try. F ercwn icugnlgk strftaky efg fhsc ba astfbhlsàn tc ilgfgea t`ls prcoaet.

Ehcslgk stftamagt ^à flm ci t`ls elty ls fs mue` ramanlftlcg ci gfturfh systams fs lt ls ramanlftlcg ci pacpha fgn ecmmuglty. Aecgcmle prcsparlty ls fg axprasslcg cr rasuht ci @frmcgy - hlja lgtarast lg f bfgj feecugt w`le` ls japt lg eranlt. ^à bfgj bfhfgea ci pafeaiuh wahh-balgk ls àfht`y fgn prcsparcus. Aecgcmle prcsparlty efg ba raihaetan wlt` ilgfgelfh prcsparlty, pfrtleuhfrhy w`lhst aechcklefh fssats fra mfturlgk, sue` fs tà ecpplea fgn `frnwccn phfgtftlcgs. Fs iccn fgn blchcklefh mftarlfh-prcnuelgk systams mftura fgn krcw ― krcw ― fs fs tày baecma lgerafslgkhy astfbhlsàn, prcnuetlcg lge rafsas. ^à àfht` ci tà aecsystam lmprcvas fgn tà jgcej-cg jgcej -cg aiiaets fra lmprcvan ùmfg àfht` fgn lmprcvan prcsparlty. Lg cga raspaet tà Elty ls f phfea tc hlva, lg fgctàr lt ls f phfea tc wcrj: cvarfhh `cwavar, lt ls f phfea tc krcw. ^`ls Elty ls naslkgan fs f Kfrnag Elty: f elty t`ft ls fhsc f kfrnag kfr nag - t`ft efg krcw, ihcwar fgn irult.

9<



Blbhlckrfp`y Baggatt, F.I. (6<<0, 2445) Hlgjfkas lg tà Hfgnsefpa? ^à Rcha ci Ecrrlncrs fgn Ecggaetlvlty lg [lhnhlia Ecgsarvftlcg. LQEG, Khfgn, Uwltzarhfgn fgn Efmbrlnka, QJ xlv + 21>pp. Bcys, O. (246>) Nclgk Nlsfblhlty Nliiaragthy? Fg fhtargftlva `fgnbccj cg fre`ltaetura, nls/fblhlty fgn naslkglgk icr avarynfy hlia. Rcuthanka? ^fyhcr fgn Irfgels Krcup, Hcgncg. nag Bcar, T.O. (6<06) Cg tà survlvfh ci pcpuhftlcgs lg f àtarckagacus fgn vfrlfbha agvlrcgmagt. Caechcklf, Caechcklf, 14? 14? 5<-15. Nugglgk, O.B., Nfglahscg, B.O., Tuhhlfm, R. (6<<2) Aechcklefh prceassas t`ft fiiaet pcpuhftlcgs lg ecmphax hfgnsefpas. Cljcs, Cljcs, 91? 91? 69<-6;1. @fgsjl, L., Klhplg, M. (6<<6) Matfpcpuhftlcg nygfmles? brlai `lstcry fgn ecgeaptufh ncmflg. Blchcklefh Ocurgfh ci tà Hlggafg Ucelaty, >2? >2? Lssua 6-2 pp 5-69. @frmcg, [. [., Mfrjhay, C.[., (6<02) ^à E`fgklgk Lmfkas ci Mfg. Mfg. Tarkfmcg Trass? Cxicrn. ZTrlgtan lg QJ by F. [àftcg & Ec. Htn, Axatar] @amagwfy (2444) Kflf“s Kfrnag? F Kulna tc @cma-sefha Tarmfeuhtura. Tarmfeuhtura. Eàhsaf Kraag Tubhls`lgk Ecmpfgy, Y^, QUF. @R@, Trlgea E`frhas, Ouglpar, ^., Ujahhay, L. (2464) @frmcgy? F Gaw [fy ci Hccjlgk ft Cur [crhn . Bhua Nccr? @frparEchhlgsTubhlsàrs @frparEchhlgsTubhlsàrs,, Hcgncg. Mfrs, R. (2445) ^à Bfsles ci TarmfeuhturaNaslkg. T armfeuhturaNaslkg. Tarmfgagt Tarmfgagt Tubhleftlcgs? @fmps`lra, QJ. Mchhlscg, B. (244<) Tarmfeuhtura? F Naslkgar“s Mfgufh . ^fkfrl Tubhleftlcgs, ^fsmfglf, Fustrfhlf. ^fyhcr, T.N., If`rlk, H., @agalg, J., Marrlfm, K. (6<<5) Ecggaetlvlty ls f vltfh ahamagt c i hfgnsefpa struetura. Cljcs, Cljcs, 90? 90? 1;6-1;5. [algs, O.F. (6<;9) Tcpuhftlcg raspcgsas tc pfte`y agvlrcgmagts. Fggufh Fggufh Ravlaw ci Aechcky fgn Uystamftles, Uystamftles, ;? 06-624. [algs, O.F. (6<0<) Upftlfh sefhlgk lg aechcky.Iugetlcgfh aechcky. Iugetlcgfh Aechcky , 5? 501-5<;.

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Ucnlum lcg, krln-sefha agarky stcrfka systams.

www.blcpfe.ecm.fu

Blcnakrfnfbha, eahhuhcsa-bfsan phfstles fgn pfejfklgk.

www.blchcklenaslkg.ec.uj

[athfgn Aechcklefh ^raftmagt Uystams, aechcklefh sfgltftlcg.

www.afrt`s`lp.ecm

Afrt`s`lpBlctaetura: agarky, wftar, iccn, sawfka lgnapagnagt, utlhlty-iraatàrmfh `cuslgk mfna hfrkahy ircm raeyehan mftarlfhs.

www.ggiee.ec.uj

Gftlcgfh Gcg-Iccn Ercp Eagtra.

`ttp?//www.tàwcrhnkackrfp`y.ecm/2462/49/ugusufh-brlnkas-icr-fglmfhs-wlhnhlia.`tmhAecnuets. `ttp?//www.tàwcrhnkackrfp`y.ecm/2462/49/ugusufh-brlnkas-icr-fglmfhs-wlhnhlia.`tmh Aecnuets.

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Fppagnlx ^fbha 66? Hfgnsefpa _cgas: naserlptlcgs, fetlvltlas fgn usas.

_cga

Rcss Mfrs

^cby @amagwfy

Blhh Mchhlscg

^à Bfsles ci Tarmfeuhtura Naslkg

Kflf“s Kfrnag ― F Kulna tc

Tarmfeuhtura ― F Naslkgars Mfgufh

@cma-Uefha Tarmfeuhtura

4

@cusa cr ctàr ùmfg hlvlgk frafs.

@cusa.

6

YAKA^FBHA KFRNAGU? KFRNAGU? Lgtagslva sàatmuheàn iccn kfrnags, pcgn, s`fna `cusa, kraag`cusa, rflgwftar tfgj, tcch sàn. Ucma irult traas, sue` fs Hamcg. Hcw wlgnbrafj frcugn tà kfrnag

MCU^ YLULÂN: LGÂGULYA QUA FGN EFRA. EFRA. Utrueturas? kraag`cusa, trahhls, frbcur, naej, pftlc, blrn iaanars/bft`, `cusa`chn stcrfka, wcrjs`cp. Thfgts? àrbs, kraags, ihcwars, nwfri traas, hcw s`rubs, hfwg. Kfrnag âe`glquas? Lgtagslva waanlgk fgn muhe`lgk, nagsa phfgtlgk, aspfhlarlgk. [ftar Ucureas? rflg bfrrahs, smfhh pcgns, kray-wftar, `cusa`chn tfp. Fglmfhs? wlhn Fglmfhs? wlhn blrns, rfbblts, kulgaf plks, sclh crkfglsms, fgn bagailelfh lgsaets. @umfg Qsas? mcnliy `cusa mlercehlmfta, nflhy iccn fgn ihcwars, scelfh spfea.

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_cga 4(^à 4(^à `cusa cr tà vlhhfka) Lg t`ls zcga bahcgks kccn `cusa naslkg, fttfeàn kraag`cusa cr s`fna-`cusa, fgn tà lgtakrftlcg ci hlvlgk ecmpcgagts sue` fs scn rcci, vlgas, trahhls, pct phfgts, rcci kfrnags, fgn ecmpfglcg fglmfhs. Lg scma ehlmftas, mfgy ci tàsa strueturas fra icrman ci tà gfturfh agvlrcgmagt, fgn wlhh lg tlma raturg tc lt (bfmbcc fgn rfttfg, wfttha fgn nfub, t`fte`, fgn afrt`-ecvaran cr sàhtaran strueturas). _cga 6^`csa 6^`csa ecmpcgagts gaanlgk ecgtlgufh cbsarvftlcg, iraquagt vlslts, wcrj lgput, ecmphax tae`glquas (iuhhy-muheàn fgn prugan kfrnags, e`lejag hfylgk bcxas, pfrshay fgn euhlgfry àrbs) s`cuhn ba phfean vary ehcsa tc `fgn, cr wa wfsta f kraft nafh ci tlma fgn agarky vlsltlgk tàm. [lt`lg 9m (24it) cr sc ci f `cma, `cusa`chnars efg prcnuea mcst ci tà iccn gaeassfry tc axlstagea, wlt` scma mcnast trfna raqulramagts. Lg t`ls `cma kfrnag fra tà saanhlgks, ycugk traas icr cutar zcga phfeamagt, par`fps ‘mctàr phfgts” icr euttlgks, rfra fgn nahlefta spaelas, tà smfhh ncmastle fgn qulat fglmfhs sue` fs ils`, rfbblts, plkacgs, plkac gs, kulgaf plks, fgn tà euhlgfry àrbs usan lg iccn prapfrftlcg. Rflgwftar efte`magt tfgjs fra fhsc phfean àra. âe`glquas lgehuna ecmphata muhe`lgk, lgtagslva pruglgk ci traas, fggufhs wlt` ifst raphfeamagt ci ercp, iuhh hfgn usa, fgn gutrlagt raeyehlgk ci `cusa`chn wfstas. Lg t`ls zcga, wa frrfgka gftura tc sarva cur gaans.



2

CRE@FRNU FGN TCQH^R\? TCQH^R\? Kfrnag bans. Fglmfhs sue` fs e`lejags cr ctàr pcuhtry, afrt`-wcrm ifrm, rfbblts cr kulgaf plks. Fqufeuhtura tfgjs cr pcgns. @ankas fgn trahhlslgk utlhlsan icr anka aiiaets. Ecmpcst àfp. Umfhh cre`frn ci irult fgn gut traas.

UAML-LGÂGUAH\ EQH^LYFÂN. EQH^LYFÂN. Utrueturas? kraag`cusa bfrgs, tcch sàn, s`cp, wccn stcrfka. Thfgts? stfpha fgn efgglgk ercps, smfhh cre`frns, ilra ratfrnfgt phfgts. Kfrnag âe`glquas? spct âe`glquas? spct muhe`, ecvar ercps, safscgfh pruglgk. [ftar Ucureas? [ahh, pcgn, kray-wftar, lrrlkftlcg, swfhas. Fglmfhs? rfbblts, ils`, bfts, pcuhtry, sclh crkfglsms, bagailelfh lgsaets. @umfg Qsas? `cma iccn prcnuetlcg, scma mfrjat kfrnag ercps, phfgt prcpfkftlcg, wlhnhlia `fbltft.

5

ERCTU FGN TFU^QRA? TFU^QRA? Hfrkarsefha cre`frns fgn kaasa, hlvlgk muheàs, kcft pag, baa `lvas, icnnar phfgts, wlgnbrafjs icr `cusa, ilrabrafjs.

IFRM _CGA. _CGA. Utrueturas? iaan stcrfka, ilahn sàhtars. Thfgts? Efs` ercps, hfrka irult fgn gut traas, fglmfh icrfka, sàhtarbahts, saanhlgks icr krfitlgk. Kfrnag âe`glquas? Ecvar ercps, hlttha pruglgk, mcvafbha iageas. [ftar Ucureas? Hfrka pcgns, swfhas, stcrfka lg sclh. Fglmfhs? Ecws, `crsas, plks, sàap, kcfts, ctàr hfrka fglmfhs, sclh crkfglsms, bagailelfh lgsaets. @umfg Qsas? Efs` ercps, ilrawccn fgn humbar, pfstura.

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_cga 2^`ls 2^`ls zcga ls hass lgtagsahy mfgfkan wlt` spct-muheàn cre`frns, mflg-ecp bans, fgn rfgklgk ncmastle fglmfhs, w`csa sàhtar cr sàn mfy gavartàhass fnoclg _cga 6 cr, fs lg scma euhturas, ba lgtakrftan wlt` tà `cusa. Utrueturas sue` fs tarrfeas, smfhh pcgns, ànkas, fgn trahhls fra pfean lg t`ls zcga. [àra wlgtar icreas fhh pacpha fgn fglmfhs lgnccrs, oclgt feecmmcnftlcg uglts fra tà gcrmfhlty, but lg mlhnar ehlmftas, icrfka rfgkas icr sue` ncmastle stcej fs mlhj ecws, kcfts, cr pcuhtry efg ba phfean lg _cga 2. @cma cre`frns fra astfbhlsàn àra, fgn hass lgtagslva pruglgk cr efra frrfgkan. [ftar mfy ba plpan ircm _cga 5, cr ecgsarvan by spaelas sahaetlcg. _cga 5 ^`ls fraf ls tà ‘ifrm” zcga ci ecmmarelfh ercp fgn fglmfhs icr sfha cr bfrtar. Lt ls mfgfkan by kraag mfgurlgk, sprafnlgk mfgura ircm _cga 2, fgn sclh ecgnltlcglgk. Lt ecgtflgs gfturfh cr hlttha-prugan traas, brcfn sefha ifrmlgk systams, hfrka wftar stcrfkas, sclh fbscrptlcg ci wftar, iaan-stcra cr bfrgs, fgn ilahn sàhtars fs ànkarcws cr wlgnbrafj.


>

1

[CCNHCÛ FGN FKRCICRAU^R\ (hcgk-tarm navahcpmagt), nfms, fkrcicrastry (axtagslva traa euhtura), sàhtarbahts, wlgnmlhhs, ifrm stcej. Uwfhas, nrflgs, nfms fgn ctàr wftar `frvastlgk strftaklas. [LHNARGAUU, [LHNARGAUU, gfturfh icrast cr bus`. Efte`magt fraf fgn ihcrf fgn ifugf prasarvftlcg. [lhnhlia ecrrlncrs. Icrast ra-krcwt`. Raicrastftlcg.


MLGLMFH EFRA. EFRA. Utrueturas? Fglmfh iaanars. Thfgts? ilrawccn tlmbar, gftlva phfgts. Kfrnag âe`glquas? pfsturlgk, sahaetlva icrastry. [ftar Ucureas? Tcgns, Uwfhas. Fglmfhs? Hfrka fglmfhs, sclh crkfglsms, bagailelfh lgsaets. @umfg Qsas? @ugtlgk, kftàrlgk, krfzlgk.

_cga > ^`ls > ^`ls zcga ls fg fraf bcrnarlgk cg icrast cr wlhnargass, but stlhh mfgfkan icr wlhn kftàrlgk, icrast fgn iuah gaans ci tà `cusa`chn, pfstura cr rfgka, fgn ls phfgtan tc `frny, ugprugan, cr vchugtaar traas. [àra wftar ls stcran, lt mfy ba fs nfms cghy, wlt` plpan lgput tc ctàr zcgas7 [lgn agarky mfy ba usan tc hlit wftar tc ctàr frafs, cr ctàr napagnfbha tae`gchcky usan.

[LHN: QGMFGFKAN. QGMFGFKAN. Utrueturas? gcga. Thfgts? gftlva phfgts. Kfrnag âe`glquas? Qgmfgfkan. [ftar Ucureas? Tcgns, eraajs. Fglmfhs? gftlva fglmfhs, sclh crkfglsms, bagailelfh lgsaets. @umfg Qsas? Lgsplrftlcg, icrfklgk, manltftlcg.

_cga 1[a 1[a e`frfetarlsa t`ls zcga fs tà gfturfh, ugmfgfkan agvlrcgmagt usan icr ceefslcgfh icrfklgk, raeraftlcg, cr oust hat ba. ^`ls ls wàra wa hafrg tà ruhas t`ft wa try tc fpphy ahsawàra.

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Ucureas ci kacmatrle stuny?

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Ecpyrlk`t © Mfreus Busby, 2462

Axtrfpchftlcgs ci Abagazar @cwfrn“s Krcup ci Kfrnag Eltlas. Eltlas.

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,

r t l r

Hfgnsefpa _cgas lg f Kfrnag Makf-Elty

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Thafsa Uaa?

Tcugnbury? Lnafhlsan ^cwg Utruetura Tfka 25<, @R@ Trlgea ci [fhas, Ouglpar,T. &Ujahhay, L. (2464) @frmcgy? F Gaw [fy ci Hccjlgk ft Cur [crhn. Bhua Nccr Tubhleftlcgs?@frparEchhlgsTubhlsàrs Tubhleftlcgs?@frparEchhlgsTubhlsàrs Hcgncg. Hcgncg. LUBG <;0-4-44-;5>045-<

^à fbcva lmfka ls raiaragean fs f scurea ci raiaragea wlt` rakfrn tc balgk f scurea ci lgsplrftlcg ba`lgn t`ls wcrj. L wls` tc t`fgj @R@ Trlgea E`frhas icr wrltlgk sue` f ecmpraàgslva bccj icr @ls pacpha fgn @ls gftlcg fgn icr tà ùka ecgtrlbutlcg à `fs mfna tc tà trfgsltlcg fgn raturg tc aechcklefh fgn scelfh `frmcgy.

Fgctàr scurea ci kraft Lgsplrftlcg fra tà kacmatrle naslkgs ci Lshfmle frt. Icr f stugglgk pubhleftlcg fgn echhaetlcg ci axfmphas, raiar tc tà ichhcwlgk pubhleftlcg?

Arle Brcurk, (2465) Lshfmle Kacmatrle Naslkg. ^`fmas fgn @unscg Tubhlsàrs, Hcgncg LUBG <;0-4-144-169<1

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