長難句結構分析經典627句

长难句结构分析经典 627 句

该文档包括以下内容： ★长难句结构分析最新经典 100 句★ ★精彩TOEFL句子结构 100 句★ ★1995-2002 年考研长难句 24 句★ ★阅读难点关键句 200 句★ ★GRE难句分析经典 134 句★ ★胡敏长难句 69 句★ ★

精彩 TOEFL 句子结构 100 句★

1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。 2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century? 1986 年看见哈雷彗星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？ 3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。 4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。 5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。 6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。 7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。 8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。 9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。 10. The knee is the joints where’s the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。 11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。 12. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs. Billie Holiday’s 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。

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13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality. 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。 14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。 15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas swheres once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live. 受当代灌溉(技术设施)之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。 16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them. 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。 17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观 测结果是供他人核查的。 18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris. 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。 19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time. 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。 20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois. 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。 21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating. 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。 22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil. 一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。 23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率 24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid. 大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。 25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood. 大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。 26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art. 到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。 27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center. 伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。 28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff. Elizabeth Blackwell，美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊所。

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29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell 曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。 30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance. 采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。 31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. 骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。 32. That xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists. 科学家曾相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。 33. Researchsintosthe dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life. 对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失，避免人员伤亡。 34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed. 消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。 35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion. 未来主义，二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮。拒绝一切传统，试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。 36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades swheres wildlife is abundant and largely protected. Everglades 是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一，此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受(法律)保护。 37. Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States. Lucretia Mott’s 的影响巨大，所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。 38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer. 国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。 39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowingsintosthe Atlantic Ocean from those flowingsintosthe Pacific. 大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。 40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them. 对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。 41. The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined. 尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。 42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support. 墙花之所以叫墙花，是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长，以便有所依附。 43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology. 社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往，而不是他们各自生活中的事件。 44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational

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facilities for immigrants to the United States. 给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了 Elizabeth Williams 的热情。 45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to springsintosfull flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places. 典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀，凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起，飞离它们的躲藏地。 46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows. 根据人类学家的说法，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似，额头后倾，眉毛突出。 47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid. 直到 1866 年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。 48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology. John Crowe Ransom 在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。 49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence. 父母的教导如果坚定，始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满自信。 50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy. 北美远古的 Hopewell 人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物，但打猎和采集对他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要 的。 51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map. 使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息。 52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary. 无政府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信政府是有害的，没有必要的。 53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production. 恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利.福特。 54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning. 使用精心挑选的无意义词汇，可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定。 55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made. 油画历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成，其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画。 56. Perfectly matched pearls, strungsintosa necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually. 相互般配的珍珠，串成一条项链，就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱。 57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio. 十八世纪时，“小乌龟”是迈阿密部落的酋长，该部落的地盘就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。 58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours. 在竹子的近七百个品种中，有的全长成还不到一英尺，有的却能在二十四小时内长出三英尺。 59. Before staring on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions,

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and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter. 谨慎的航海员在出航前，会研究航向，记录的灯塔的位置，以便对各种可能出现的情况做到有备无患。 60. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been the least studied. 在所有的经济作物中，棕榈树得到的研究最少。 61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities. 购买者和销售者都应该留意技术的新发展，原因很简单，因为技术能够并且已经影响着营销活动。 62. The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter. 电脑储存和由于电子微处理机得以实现的电控运用成倍的增加了现代打字机的功能。 63. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments. 人类骨骼有二百多块骨头组成，住些骨头石油坚韧而相对缺乏弹性的，被称为韧带的结蒂组连在一起。 64. The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives. 珍珠的色泽受到作为其母体牡蛎种类及牡蛎生活水域的深度，温度和含盐度的制约 65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues. 尽管模仿鸟学很多种鸟的鸣叫声惟妙惟肖，但人类还是能够依其声音上的线索很快识别它们。 66. Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land. 鲇鱼不仅可以离开水存活，还可以在岸上短距离移动。 67. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible. 科学家不知道恐龙为何绝种了，但是一些理论推断是地理，气候和海平面的变化造成的。 68. The science of horticulture, in which the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes information derived from other sciences. 主要目的在于丰富和优质的农艺学利用了其他科学的知识。 69. Snow aids farmers by keeping heart in the lower ground levels, thereby saving the seeds from freezing. 雪对农民是一种帮助，因为它保持地层土壤的温度，使种子不致冻死。 70. Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant. 历代文学作品中的英雄本色虽各有千秋，但其昭世功力却是恒古不变的。 71. People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and claysintospower and then adding water. 史前的人们制造颜料是将植物和泥土等原料磨成粉末，然后加水。 72. Often very annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants and act as hosts to many insect pests. 黄菊花通常令人生厌，它挤走不那么顽强的植物，并找来很多害虫。 73. Starting around 7000 B.C., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere experienced temperatures warmer than at present. 大约从公元前七千年开始，在四千年当中，北半球的温度比现在高。 74. When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmers and clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous. 当亨利.福特最初制造汽车为寻求资金支持时，农民和一般职员也能拥有汽车的想法被认为是可笑的。

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75. Though once quite large, the population of the bald eagle across North America has drastically declined in the past forty years. 北美秃头鹰的数量一度很多，但在近四十年中全北美的秃头鹰数量急剧下降。 76. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. 水獭啃倒树木，以便取食物并获得造窝的材料。 77. Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets. 长卷毛狗曾被用作猎鸭时叼回猎物的猎犬，但是美国 Kennel Club 却不承认它们为猎犬，因为它们现在大 多数作为宠物饲养。 78. As a result of what is now known in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine. 物理学和化学的一个成果是使得科学家们能在生物学和医学上获得重大发现。 79. The practice of making excellent films based on rather obscure novels has been going on so long in the United States as to constitute a tradition. 根据默默无闻的小说制作优秀影片在美国由来已久，已经成为传统。 80. Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye. 因为顾客认为最好的水果应该看起来也是最漂亮的，所以种植者必须提供能满足挑剔眼光的产品。 81. Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is movingsintosa new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. 电视，这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为 成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。 82. Television is more than just an electronics; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. 电视不仅仅是一件电器；它是表达的手段和交流的载体并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。 83. Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism------that is the rate for rearrest------is more than 60 percent. 更让人吃惊的事实是监禁的数目和比例在过去的二十年中翻了一番还有余，以及累犯率——即再次拘押的 比例——为百分之六十强。 84. His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new university of Chicago, swhereshe remained officially for exactly a generation andswhereshis students in advanced composition found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences. 他的教书生涯始于麻省理工学院，但是 William Rainey Harper 把他吸引到了新成立的芝加哥大学。他在那 里正式任职长达整整一代人的时间。他的高级作文课上的学生觉得他在课上古板得可怕，但私下交流却富 有同情和理解。 85. The sloth pays such little attention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its mouldy hair. Its muscles are such that it is quits incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the swiftest movement it can make is a sweep of its hooked arm. 树獭即不讲究卫生，以至于它粗糙的毛发上生出绿苔，成群的寄生蛾生长在它的皮毛深处，变成毛毛虫， 并以它的脏毛为食。她的肌肉不能让他哪怕在很短的距离以内以每小时一公里的速度移动。它能做的最敏

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捷的动作就是挥一挥它弯曲的胳膊。 86. Artificial flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes. They are made from a variety of materials, such as way and glass, so skillfully that they can scarcely be distinguished from natural flowers. 人造花卉即可用于科学目的，也可用于装饰目的，它们可以用各种各样的材料制成，臂如蜡和玻璃；其制 作如此精巧，几乎可以以假乱真。 87. Three years of research at an abandoned coal mine in Argonne, Illinois, have resulted in findings that scientists believe can help reclaim thousands of mine disposal sites that scar the coal-richregions of the United States. 在伊利诺州 Angonne 市的一个废弃煤矿的三年研究取得了成果，科学家们相信这些成果可以帮助改造把美 国产煤区弄得伤痕累累的数千个旧煤场。 88. When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines. 当有关西部铁路的说服和规划工作终于完成后，真正艰难的任务还没有开始；即危险，吃力，需要伤筋动 骨和吵吵嚷嚷的建造这些铁路的实际工作。 89. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen is collections. 由于空间不足，艺术博物馆在考虑购买和接受捐赠的艺术品是越来越慎重，有些情况下放弃其进一步改善 收藏的机会。 90. The United States Constitution requires that President be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or older, who has lived in the United States for a minimum of fourteen years. 美国宪法要求总统是生于美国本土的公民，三十五岁以上，并且在美国居住了至少十四年。 91. Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert. .美国西部的不毛之地正成为玩耍的地方，对越来越多拥有摩托车或越野单车类车辆的，喜欢放纵于爬坡比 赛或开辟新的沙漠通道的寻欢作乐者具有不断增长的吸引力。 92. Stone does decay, and so tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the man who made them have disappeared without trace. 石头不会腐烂，所以以前的(石器)工具能保存下来，虽然它们的制造者已经消失的无影无踪 93. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. 昆虫就将会使我们无法在这个世界上居住；如果我们没有受到以昆虫为食的动物的保护，昆虫就会吞嚼掉 我们所有的庄稼并杀死我们饲养的禽兽。 94. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. 确实，他们在探险中遇到了极具威胁性的困难和危险，而他们的装备会让一个现代登山者想一想都会浑身 颤栗。不过他们并不是刻意去追求刺激的。 95. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is swheresthe rub is. 老人和年轻人之间只有一个区别：年轻人的前面有辉煌的未来，老年人灿烂的未来却已在它们身后。这也 许就是困难之所在。

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96. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. 我们位年强人振奋。它们带有自由的气息，他们不会为狭隘的野心和贪婪享受而孜孜以求。他们不是焦虑 的向上爬的人，他们不会对物质性的东西难舍难分。 97. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. 每次我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情，说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇 就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话，我都倍感诧异。 98. It is impossible to say simply for the fun and exercise: as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are around. 没有可能仅仅为了娱乐或锻炼而运动：一旦有了问题，一旦你觉得你输了你和你所属团体会有失体面时， 你最野蛮的好斗本能就会被激发出来。 99. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles------or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar. 人们已经发现，某些蝙蝠发出尖叫声并靠接受回响来锁定和避免障碍物——或者找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。 蝙蝠这种回响定位法常拿来和原理与之很相近似的雷达相比。 100. As the time and cost of making a clip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure. 随着芯片制造时间和费用降低到了几天和几百美元，工程师们可能很快可以任他们的想象驰骋而不会被昂 贵的失败所惩罚。 精彩 TOEFL 句子结构 100 句是俞敏洪老师从上百套真题中提炼而出。我当时拿到这一单页时是在 1998 年 4 月，一个北京的同学给我寄去的，远离北京，在南京拒绝抱托福班，所以北京朋友的一张单页来自新东 方，当时让我很激动，我也很重视，我将 100 句背的滚瓜烂熟，相融相通，托福的语法结构问题不再是我 的障碍。现在新东方的托福教材不断增加新内容，但我始终坚持精彩 TOEFL 句子结构 100 句，绝对精彩。 ★长难句结构分析最新经典 100 句★ 1. The American economic system is. organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. [参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上 通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。 2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文]因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大 化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。 3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

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[参考译文]另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供 的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。 4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or

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make a free contract with another private individual. [参考译文]在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如 确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位)自由签定合同的权利。 5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. [参考译文]同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员 人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。 6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. [参考译文]不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过 计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。 7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. [参考译文]残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能， 他 们的教育必须适应这些不同。 8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve

the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

[参考译文]在过去的 30 年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的 情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。 9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. [参考译文]它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固 的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。 10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. [参考译文]除去议会有 27 件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能 兑现其在广告中的承诺。 11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention. [参考译文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的， 因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以 至于没有人会关注它。 12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts. [参考译文]得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡 量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。

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13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. [参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流 动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。 14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming. [参考译文]现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他／她的特定问题相关的那一点信 息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招架。 15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. [参考译文]通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关 人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。 16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. [参考译文]现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争 的 A 类好像在某个方面要比他们 B 类的同辈更胜一筹。 17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. [参考译文]在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值 得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。 18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain. [参考译文]英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、 它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。 19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. [参考译文]这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观 众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。 20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms

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second and third generation after the energetic founders. [参考译文]这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止 了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会 毁掉那些家族公司的财富。 21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [参考译文]这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要

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性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而 且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。 22. Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [参考译文]像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒适"阶级提供居住场所。这 些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令 之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。 23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. [参考译文]这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳 资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。 24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. [参考译文]代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们也没有那种 熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对 他们的工人有这样的私人关系。 25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological. [参考译文]在许多形成因素当中，我将挑选出这些：这个国家优秀的小学教育：欢迎新技术的劳动者们： 奖励发明者的做法；而且最重要的是美国人在对那些技术性事物的非言语的、"空间性的"思考方面的天赋。 26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist". [参考译文]正如尤金·弗格森所指出的那样："一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成能被清楚的语言描述的 东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、非语言表述的过程宋处理的……设计者和发明者……能 够在他们的脑中装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。" 27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea". [参考译文]罗伯特·法欧特曾经这样写到："一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、轮子等等当中，就像一 个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把这些字母看成自己思想的展示，在这样的展示中，每种新的次序安排都 传达了--种新的思想。" 28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. [参考译文]在最后三章中，他脱下手套，将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的活动和战术，而且， 对于那些对神造论者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人来说，神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有 一种不快的诧异。 29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And

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so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. [参考译文]在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上，史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德写道："这本书本身就代表理性。"而它确 实是这样的--而且如果理性成为神造论／地化论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话，一切就都好办 了。 30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. [参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后 16 个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成了世界上第一 个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。 31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. [参考译文]一些机构终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医 学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定，不可逆转。 32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. [参考译文]在澳大利亚--人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度，这些因素都在发挥作用一一其 他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。 33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. [参考译文]当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的传者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并 不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这使得它值得被讨论一下。 34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. [参考译文]我们生活在一种药品(毒品)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里：一片用来止头痛的阿斯匹 林，一些用来社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用来定神的香烟。 35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. [参考译文]对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越 大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药症状的出现。 36. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?" [参考译文]上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们："难道这就是你们希望能够成就 的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，但是难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子们吗?" 37. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column', "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..." [参考译文]"对任何一个民主社会的考验，"他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中写到，"不在于它能够多 有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由，不管有时候这 种结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快…" 38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted

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that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. [参考译文]在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说："音乐不是社会问题的原因"，他 甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，并用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。 39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" ， makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. [参考译文]有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如"轻踩刹车"以"操纵经济软着陆"，使货币政策听起来像是 一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。 40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. [参考译文]经济学家们对英国和美国的有利的通货膨胀数据尤其感到惊讶，因为传统的计量方法显示两国 的经济，特别是美国的经济，几乎没有生产萧条的时候。 41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. [参考译文]很不幸，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已 经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。 42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. [参考译文]例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥 沃淤泥--这些换宋的就是这么个疾病滋生的水库，现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。 43. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training, [参考译文]企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了 一方面的贡献。这种经济还受许多其他因素的驱动，比如结合设备和机械上的投资、新技术，以及在教育 和培训上的投资。 44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. [参考译文]他的同事迈克尔·比尔说，有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公司内部的重新设计，在 没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力下削减了成本。 45. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason" , held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled last June near Buffalo. [参考译文]科学卫士们在会议上也表述了他们的关注，比如 1995 年在纽约市举行的 "逃离科学与理性"会 议，以及去年 6 月在布法罗附近召开的"(错误)信息时代的科学"会议。 46. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. [参考译文]一项关于 1996 年新闻报道的调查显示，反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其他团体身上，从提倡消 灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构，到鼓吹削减基础研究经费的共和党人(都被贴上了反科学的标签)。

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47. The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. [参考译文]环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗·厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、 臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。 48. This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting. [参考译文]这种发展--以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影响一一使得南部在全国人口 普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集的地区。 49. Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. [参考译文]他们常常选择--现在依然这样选择--居住在那些气候较为寒冷的地区， 比如俄勒冈、爱达荷， 还有阿拉斯加，为的是逃避烟雾、犯罪，以及"金州"(加利福尼亚)城市化进程中的其他问题。 50. As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. [参考译文]结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在 20 世纪 70 年代时下降到了 18.5％一稍高于 60 年代增长率 的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。 51. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. [参考译文]跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是，它们(热点)并不总是在由构成地球表面巨大漂流板块之间的边 界上出现；相反，它们中有许多位于一个板块较纵深的内部。 52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. [参考译文]携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是这些板块相对于另一些板块的 运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。 53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.

54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. [参考译文]尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告--许多警告还是按州 或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们)并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得 生产者和销售者豁免责任。 55. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. [参考译文]与此同时，美国法律研究所--由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成，他们的建议分量极重--发布了 新的民事伤害法令指导方针，宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他 们注意一些可能会出现的危险。 56. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push"

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information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. [参考译文]但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，使得公司可以直接将信息"推出"给顾客，直 接把营销讯息传递给目标顾客。 57. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. [参考译文]像 Virtual Vineyards，Amazon．com 这样的先驱网站表明，一个将交互性、热情服务和安全性 合理结合以销售同类商品的网址是可以吸引网上客户注意的。 58. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform. [参考译文]有些人为了学生的就业前景为教室里放置电脑而辩，有些人为教育的彻底改革中更为广泛的理 由为教室里放置电脑而辩，这两群人之间有一条无形的界线。 59. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. [参考译文]我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，这个公民人物如果不能很恰当地认识到自己的 生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响，那么其公民特征就是不完整的。 60. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. [参考译文]另外，在我们这么一个大国里，经济延展到这么多的州、涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按 照数量培养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的 61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. [参考译文]但是，对一个小部分学生来说，职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下， 技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。 62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. [参考译文]他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令．不准联邦政府基金用 于做此类试验--尽管还没有人建议这么做--他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得·夏皮罗为首的独立的专 家组在 90 天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning". 参考译文]在 5 月 17 日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中，夏皮罗提出，专家组已经达成广泛共 识，那就是"试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的"。 64. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. [参考译文]因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎(人类后裔在出生前的最早阶段)用于研究 或者有意地威胁胚胎的生命，NBAC 在胚胎研究上将保持沉默。 65. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science

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journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. [参考译文]如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话，那么对管理层来 说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。 66. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. [参考译文]审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收 银机，一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。 67. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team." [参考译文]如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一样，那么管理层就不该 因歧视研究者中的"思维与众不同的人"，喜欢其中较为传统的"善于团队合作"的思想者而受到指责了。 68. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe. [参考译文]当今人与人在很大程度上的平等--即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等，并且连子嗣的数目都一样 --意味着和在印度土著部落中的情况相比，印度中上层阶级中已丧失了 80％的自然选择中的优势。 69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. [参考译文]当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图， 因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。 70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature. [参考译文]然而就未来主义诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单了，因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么--就算承认它赖 以存在的理论基础都是正确的--这种形式也很难被归入文学。 71. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms." [参考译文]但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架 并双双掉进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185 公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静 以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。 72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. [参考译文]战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极 为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的 巨大的个人牺牲。 73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents". [参考译文]去年，当担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱

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了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品质"的时候，舆论哗然。 74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households. [参考译文]随着经济的增长，出现了集中化：全国 1.19 亿公民，其中整整 76％的人口定居城市：在这里， 原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。 75. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. [参考译文]如果野心的传统具有生命力，那么这传统必会为许多人分享；尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人 士的青睐，在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。 76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. [参考译文]当然，人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车-地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前。 77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. [参考译文]相反，我们被款待看到这样一些虚伪的壮观景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更供应充足： 美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三 餐；倡导在人生各个阶段的参与民主制的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。 78. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values. [参考译文]科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线：因为任何规则都有例外。然而， "业余"一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界，尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值。 79. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom. [参考译文]很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域表现最为明显，并且可以 英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。 80. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. [参考译文]将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位 的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。 81. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. [参考译文]这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊…卜发表文章就更难了，而被广泛使用 的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果，该种制度先是出现在 19 世纪的国家级刊物上，后又在 20 世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。 82. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies

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or to come together nationally in a different way. [参考译文]一个颇为相似的分化过程已经导致专业的地质学家走到一起组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社 团，而业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团，要么也以另一种方式组成全国性机构。 83. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. [参考译文]遗憾地讲，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些十分低层次的发现，比如新闻报道 中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误(和这些低层次发现)交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到 底想读些什么。 84. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. [参考译文]我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也就是促成全球化进程的那方基石：即降低 交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及大。幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足 消费者需求。 85. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family." [参考译文]一次侧面的不光明磊落的攻击伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我事业的发展， 使我不得不抛弃了那份 引人注目的工作，尽管表面上我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态，通过声称"我只不过是想多和家人 呆在一起"来掩盖我的退出。 86. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. [参考译文]或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后一样，我已经 发现，放弃那种"为生活忙碌"的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社 会地位。 87. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ' 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. [参考译文]在美国，这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的--那是在 80 年代末期裁员而引起大量的失 业之后一一现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关；而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追 求简约；生活的原因就多种多样了。 88. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the' 80s, down-shifting in the mid' 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations. [参考译文]对于我这一代曾在整个 80 年代为生活奔波的女人来说，90 年代中期出现的归隐恬退与其说是 我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活--用有机肥种；植蔬菜，并且自己放弃一切的风险--不如说是我们清醒地认 识到自身；能力是有限的这一事实。 89. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it' 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman' s notorious bad taste in ties.

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[参考译文]如果你是你讲话对象中的一员，那么你就身处一种(有利)位置宋了解对你们来说都很普遍的经历 和问题，而且你对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或老总臭名昭彰的领带品位进行随意评判也是合适的。 90. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone [参考译文]现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术这要比极具技巧的医生单 单用手精确得多。 91. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least' a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. [参考译文]但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且 还要能够自己作出至少几个决定--这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。 92. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. [参考译文]但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃 98％的不相关部分， 而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。 93. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of GDP. [参考译文]OECD 在其最近的《经济瞭望》中估计，如果石油价格与 1998 年的每桶 13 美元相比在一年中 平均为每 22 美元，这也只会给富裕的经济体的石油进口账单上增加 GDP 的 0.25％到 0.5％。 94. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. [参考译文]另外一个不应因油价上涨而失眠的原因是，这次不像 70 年代的那些次上涨，它并不是在普遍的 商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的。 95. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. [参考译文]尽管它裁决并没有宪法权利来支持医生帮助下的自杀行为，最高法院实际上支持了被称为"双重 效果"的医疗原则；这个已有几个世纪历史的道德原则认为一个可能有两个效果的行为--一个想要达到的好 的效果和一个已经预见到的有害的效果是被允许的，如果行为的实施者想要的只是好的效果的话。 96. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." [参考译文]Nancy Dubler，Montehore 医疗中心的主任，认为这一原则将会保护这样一些医生，他们到目 前为止还强烈坚持他们不能够给病人足量的镇痛剂来控制他们的疼痛，如果这么做会加速他们的死亡的话。 97. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted—suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. [参考译文]在另一个层面上，很多医疗界的人承认，关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论部分是因为病人的绝望 情绪，对他们来说，现代医学已经延长了死亡的身体痛苦。 98. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical

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procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end--of--life care. [参考译文]它把对疼痛的治疗不足和盲目积极使用"有可能延长死亡时间甚至让死亡过程蒙羞的无效并且 强迫性的医疗手段"视为生命临终医护的两个问题。 99. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new. [参考译文]换句话说，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着--套约定俗成的写作模式，为新闻报道提供了 主干框架以及可直接套用的叙述结构。若没有这些，新闻内容就会一团混乱，让人摸不着头脑。 100. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. [参考译文]如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目，这个项目现在还只 单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，而进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭 的各种记者。 全部摘自 94--02 年阅读真题，未做真题请勿看. ★1995-2002 年考研长难句 24 句★ 英语考研试卷中，阅读理解和翻译共有 50 分，占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说，把这两部分做 好，在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢？关键要通过大 量的练习，增强阅读英文句子，尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子，也 有一些其实结构并不复杂，但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多，但是常常大大增加我们 理解的难度，成为我们获取高分的“拦路虎”。 下面就近八年来（2003 年除外）考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来，分析它们的结 构，指出其中的考查难点，并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议，希望考生朋友能从中得到一些启发。 1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [句子主干] Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased … shareholders as a class, (which was) an element… [语法难点]本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和 of 结构限定，并且分 句是由两个 and 相连的 3 个部分组成的。分句 an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是 （which was）representing… ，另一个是(which was)detached…。 可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。 [句子翻译] 对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个 阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎 与责任管理相分离。 [翻译技巧] 实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原 来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从“这个 阶层”开始另起一句。 2．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [句子主干]Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who… [语法难点]1）有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由 who…,and

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who…两个并列结构组成。注意 like 并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是 sprang of。retire on 指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）”。 2）that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw 是收取的意思，dividend 指红利，that of sth 结构是名词性的， that of sth 相当于 which is 结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有 attending…是省略了 which were 的定语从句，把 of sth 结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考 生朋友们要注意分辨。 [句子翻译] 像 Bournemouth 和 Eastboune 这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入， 在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系，只是分取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，对管理人员 发号施令。 [翻译技巧]同样是为了避开定语从句，将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。 retire on 依靠……退休/have…relation…to 与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模 3．Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. " [句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…” [语法难点]有省略。1）like…分句是省略了 who 的主语从句中的分句，considering…分句是现在分词引导 的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾，较短的置 于句首，为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。 2）like 分句中出现了比较多的省略，补全以后是 who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从 句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。 [句子翻译]罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道，机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围，像诗人对待字母表中 的每个字母一样，把它们作为自己的思路展示，每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。 [翻译技巧]如果严格地翻译，like 分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”，原因是这个从句修饰 的是机械工，应该用诗人来对应，但这样一来，就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。 4．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. [句子主干]Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances… [语法难点]主语是 some of these causes，实际的主语就是 some，不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于 of 后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构，意为“属于”。 [句子翻译]在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我 加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。 [翻译技巧]这个翻译比较简单，注意 being to 的翻译即可。 5．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. [句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that… [语法难点]1）有套和从句。这个句子实际上是 This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在 分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干，关键是确定句子的主语和谓语，只有这样才不会被众多的修饰 成分所迷惑。 2）When 引导的是时间状语从句。第一个 that 引导的是修饰 conclusion 的定语从句，第二个 that 引导的 是修饰 demands 的定语从句，wants 前省略了 which，是引导的修饰 a government 的主语从句。 [句子翻译]这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构提 出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

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[翻译技巧]此句中短语较多。 come to the conclusion 形成某种结论/make of 提出/in detail 详细地 6．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. [句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but… [语法难点]注意 not…but 句型，意为“不是……而是……” [句子翻译]给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。 [翻译技巧]严格说来，not…but 结构应译为“不是……而是……”，但这样就显得罗嗦，所 以译为“与…… 无关”，但（另一些有关）。a amount of 指“数量达到……”。be related to 指“与……有关”。 7．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. [句子主干]However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects [语法难点]so made 指“如此构成”，so 和后面的 that 构成 so…that 结构，意为“如此……以至于……”。 be…(un)able to 指“可以（或不可以）……”。 [句子翻译]然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。 [翻译技巧]be so made that 意为“如…构成”，不符合汉语表达习惯，所以译为“就是如此”。 in principle 总的说来/deal with 应付…… 8．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. [句子主干]New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to… [语法难点]有并列从句。1)主语较为复杂，为并列结构，分别是 new forms 和 new subjects，中间用 as well as 连接。 2）as 在这里引导了一个介词结构（as they have in the past），have 的宾语省略了，其内容与本句主语一 致。 3)giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句，省略了 which are。 [句子翻译]同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。 [翻译技巧]as well as 和，以及/give rise to 给……以机会 9．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. [句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without… [语法难点]插入成分很多。此句实际上是个简单句，其核心结构为 Rights means…，只不过添加了诸多限 制结构使句子看起来很复杂。”For Lolyd Nicks”为主句的状语成分，“a 54－years old…cancer”为 Lolyd Nicks 的同位语。 [句子翻译]对于现年 54 岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去， 而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。 [翻译技巧]同位语从句在汉语中很少出现，对同位语从句的处理就把它当作定语从句即可。如此句中就将 同位语成分作为前置状语成分的主语的修饰成分即可。haunting fear 指“向看到鬼一样恐惧”，表示非常 恐惧。 10．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. [句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except… [语法难点]有省略现象。traveling 不是现在分词，而是引导修饰 someone 的定语从句。if 引导的从句中均 省略了“主语＋be 动词”的结构，这样显得句子简洁。

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[句子翻译]独自旅行时，如果没有了食物，受伤了或者生病了，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。 [翻译技巧]直译的话，应该说人们“没有其他地方，只有……”可得到帮助，但这样写的话显得冗长而且 费解，这里根据句意，译为“只能向……求助”就比较准确了。 “turn”的用法比较灵活，意思很多，这里 依据上下文，译为“向……求助”。< 11．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. [句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive… [语法难点]实际是简单句。此句句子虽长，但是结构并不复杂，可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时 候要有意识地把两部分分开，个个击破。in which 引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是 is 而不 是 are，是因为在这个从句中主语是 use，而不是 substances，这一点要注意分辨。 [句子翻译] 在我们生活的社会里，物质（药品）被广泛地运用于社交和医疗：服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼， 喝酒来应酬，早晨和咖啡来提神，吸烟镇定情绪等。 [翻译技巧]该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧，很有文学性，我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应，而应该 也是比较灵活。如 quiet 不是“安静”的意思，而是“镇静”的意思。 12．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. [句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by… [语法难点]有并列从句和省略。with 引导的是伴随结构作状语，修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and 引导的分句省略了谓语动词 marked ，所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句，而是与之并列的结构。 [句子翻译] 依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会产生不舒服的 症状。 [翻译技巧]有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了，其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。 13．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. [句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that… [语法难点]该句没有从句结构，而是由 and 连接的两个并列成分构成。用 would 是因为表达了某人的主观 态度和意愿。 [句子翻译] 但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可 能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准 [翻译技巧]虽然没有从句结构，但是由于句子太长，有众多的修饰成分，所以建议还是拆为两句较好。 14．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. [句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before [语法难点]有省略。close to 分句是非限定性定语从句，省略了 which was。Before 后面的成分是对全句的 补充说明，是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并无定规。之所以用 rising，是因为这里需 要一个名次性的结构 the inflation which was，这样显得简洁得多。 [句子翻译]七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了 2.3%，接近 30 年来最低水平，今年 7 月才小幅上涨 到 2.5%，比许多国家 70 年代和 80 年代两位数低了很多。 [翻译技巧]the big seven industrial economies 是指西方七大工业国。close to 是靠近的意思。fall to 是“跌 落至……”的意思。 15．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United

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States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. [句子主干]Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have … [语法难点]主句用现在完成时 have been…是因为经济学家长时间以来关注，现在也在关注，是一个从过去 持续到现在的动作。Since 引导的是表原因的状语从句。 [句子翻译] 特别让经济学家感到诧异的是，英美两国的通货膨胀带来的是良性的结果，因为传统的分析方 法表明，两国尤其是美国的经济生产几乎没有出现滑坡。 [翻译技巧]favorable 表示的是“非常好的”，不是“非常喜欢的”，与个人取向没有关系。productive slack 是“生产滑坡”的意思。 16．Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. [句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is… [语法难点]有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单，而 because 引导的原因状语从句中，又有一个 that 引导的宾语从句。这个从句中，主语 an agreed account of human rights 由一个 which 引导的飞行定 性定语从句修饰，而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句 the world does not have 来修饰 something。 [句子翻译] 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并 不存在。 [翻译技巧]agree 为“约定的”意思，agreed account 直译为“约定的看法”，意译为“共同的认识”。可见 翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights 不可译为“有同意的人 权记录”。此外，将不定代词具体化，也更符合汉语习惯。 17．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. [句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of… [语法难点]该句仍为主从复合句。that 引导的宾语从句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements 充当了补充语的角色。 [句子翻译] 有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。 [翻译技巧]要正确选择 contract 的词义，不要译成从此“收缩，缩小”。argue 不要译成“争论”，而要灵活 处理成“论证说”。 18．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. [句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with… [语法难点]有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分，后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部 分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。 that 引导的宾语从句中，主语是 animals，谓语是 should be treated，either… or…引导两个介词短语作状语，either 引导的介词短语中，humans extend to other humans 是一个省略引 导词 that 的定语从句。 [句子翻译] 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身 一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。 [翻译技巧]it 的所指要明确。leads the discussion to extremes 译成“将讨论引向两个极端”，at the outset 译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句，更合乎汉语习惯。 19．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. [句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this… [语法难点]有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语，作状语，里面又有一个 that 从句作 the view 的同

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位语，逗号后面的 that 从句是一个宾语从句。 [句子翻译] 这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 [翻译技巧]in every relevant respect 译成“各相关方面”，不要把 respect 译成“尊重”；extremists 为极端 主义者；let outside the area of moral choice 译成“不在道德范围内，不关乎道德”。 20．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. [句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be… [语法难点]以冒号为界，将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里，时间状语从句 when that happens 叙 述的是前一句 to see…的情形的出现。That 修饰这种行为，主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句 解释为什么。这里有一个 that 从句，作 instinct 的定语。 [句子翻译] 这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应 遭到嘲弄。 [翻译技巧]将 that，it 等代词具体化，使译文表达明确；reasoning 不能译成“原因”，而应译为“推理，推 论”；in action 不能译成“在行动中”，而译成“在起作用”，action 在此是“作用，性能”的意思；翻译被 动语态时，使用“得到”，“遭到”等，使译文流畅自然。 21．The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. [句子主干]The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but… [语法难点]有插入语。for example 是个插入结构，不是句子的主要成分。but 后面省略了 the Aswan Dam。 注意 so…that…结构，是“如此……以至于”的意思。 [句子翻译] 以阿斯旺大坝为例，它挡住了尼罗河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤，换回来 的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙，几乎不能用于发电了。 [翻译技巧]the Nile 是尼罗河。All in return 意思是“换回来的全部则是”。 22．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. [句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not … [语法难点]有套和从句。the trouble is that…是表语从句结构。后一个 that 引导的是修饰 rebound 的定语 从句。 [句子翻译] 问题在于，近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果，因此还不能得出经济已经 呈现复苏态势这一结论。 [翻译技巧]part of the recent acceleration 不可译为“一部分的最近的加速”，而是“最近加速部分是由于”。 business cycle 是指“商业周期”。 23．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. [句子主干]New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and… [语法难点]有插入语。两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构，可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as 后面的内容 是对 many other factors 的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看，除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。 [句子翻译] 组织工作场所的新方法——包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产 率提高的一项措施，还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高，比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对 教育培训投资等。 [翻译技巧]all that 译为“这一切包括”。overall productivity 译为“综合生产力水平”。Joint investment 译 为“联合投资”。Drive 译为“驱动”。

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24．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. [句子主干]His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving… [语法难点]有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前 一分句的整体意思。without 后面要跟现在分词 giving。 [句子翻译] 他的同时迈克尔·比尔说，为数众多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组，降低了成本，但 却未能充分考虑长期赢利。 [翻译技巧]far too many 译为“太多的（比实际需要）”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion 应译为“以 简单机械的方式”。chop out 译为“削减”。 ★

阅读难点关键句 200 句（以包括译文）★

1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. 2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. 3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a localdelivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. 4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to

the court that you have been excused from wearing it.

5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down. 6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. 7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect （智能）and emotion, and determine the human character. 8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds. 9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. 10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant. 11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you. 12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours. 13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them. 14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day. 15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less

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foreseen problem. 16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. 17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work. 18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. 19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. 20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. 21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. 22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. 23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. 24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has. 25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours. 26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. 27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. 28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling? 29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings. 30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement. 31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. 32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. 33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have out grown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t. 34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.

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35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos. 36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships. 37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it. 38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race. 39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist. 41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. 42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. 44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people. 45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. 46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view. 47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains. 48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion. 49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.

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50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us. 51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties. 52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader. 53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one. 54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes. 56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening. 57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets. 58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. 59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”. 60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo. 61. Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted. 62. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effect of the new demand for luxuries? 63. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. 64. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Grassy does not deny their frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in

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retrospect. 65. If we take the age-and sex-specific unemployment rates that existed in 1956 (when the overall unemployment rate was 4.1 percent) and weight them by the age- and sex-specific shares of the labor force that prevail currently, the overall unemployment rate becomes 5 percent. 66. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “ step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power. 67. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy’s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided. 68. However, when investment flows primarily in one direction, as it generally does from industrial to developing countries, the seemingly reciprocal source-based restrictions produce revenue sacrifices primarily by the state receiving most of the foreign investment and producing most of the income—namely ,the developing country partner. 69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks. 70. The defense lawyer relied on long-standing principles governing the conduct of prosecuting attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a party’s case through overzealous prosecution or to detract from the impartiality of courtroom atmosphere. 71. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only discord, antagonism, and wars could be expected. 72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal. 73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poet’s song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it. 74. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience. 75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government. 76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes’ massive march on Washington. 77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions. 78. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.

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79. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. 80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident. 81. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorical intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique. 82. When black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literacy history may result. 83. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. 84. But black poets were not battling over old or new rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride. 85. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions and in every reversal he overthrew the “ system”, the “ machine”, the externally ordained belief, the conventional behaviour in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought. 86. It was better covered by television and press than any event here since President Kennedy’s inauguration (就职) , and , since indifferent is almost as great a problem to the Negro as hostility, this was a plus. 87. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such lie in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Meredith’s work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any enthusiasm of response? 88. In this respect she resembled one of her favourite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have “ glided through the world unknown” than been suspected of literary airs—to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other! 89. From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images; and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things. 90. To proceed thus is to set up a fivefold hypothesis that enables you to gather from the innumerable items cast up by the sea of experience upon the shores of your observation only the limited number of relevant data—relevant, that is, to one or more of the five factors of your hypothesis. 91. As an author, I am naturally concerned that a surprisingly large percentage of the population of the United States is functionally illiterate; if they can’t read or cannot understand what they read, they won’t buy books, or this magazine. 92. They do not know those parts of the doctrine which explain and justify the remainder ; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.

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93. Quite apart from the logistic problems, there existed a well-established tradition in Britain which refused to repatriate against their will people who found themselves in British hands and the nature of whose reception by their own government was, to say the least, dubious. 94. An obsession with the exact privileges of a colonial legislature and the precise extent of Britain’s imperial power, the specifics of a state constitution and the absolute necessity of a federal one, all expressed this urge for a careful articulation as proof that the right relationship with external powers did indeed prevail. 95. One encyclopaedia tells us that intelligence is related to the ability to learn, to the speed with which things are learned, to how well and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability to understand those ideas and use them in problem-solving, and to creativity. 96. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M.I.T. ‘s founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the contrary’s need, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge. 97. Each departmental program consists, in part, of a grouping of subjects in the department’s areas of professional interest and, in part, of additional opportunities for students of their choice. 98. Alternatively, a student may use elective time to prepare for advanced study in some professional field, such as medicine or law, for graduate study in some area in which M. I. T. gives no undergraduate degree, such as meteorology or psychology, or for advanced study in an interdisciplinary field, such as astrophysics, communication science, or energy. 99.

While the undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor of Science degree, as listed by a

department, may have its own unique features, each program must be laid out in consultation with a departmental representative to assure that it is meaningful in structure and challenging in content. 100. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country. 101. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the scientific investigator shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well. 102. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior. 103. Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplace—pieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists. 104. “The biggest construction project of this century”, explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them. 105. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae(水藻) of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(浮游植物群落) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.106. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers (食草动物)in areas of high phytoPlankton(浮游植物群落)concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion , which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent(驱虫剂) that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.

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107. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible at wave lengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission(红外辐射) radiated from the Earth,s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 108. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism(超现实主义), does this technique provide a counter point to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? 109. Roseenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. 110. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation (薛定谔的方程式)forthe hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole (磁性偶极子), and relatiristic effects, and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations( 量子场论方程式). 111. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate( 强调) contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. 112. The hydrologic(水文地质的) cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation (降水(量)), thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration(散发). 113. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 114. In the early 1950’s historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite (精华) : the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates (要人) who had hitherto (迄今) usually filled history books. 115. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian(农民) discontent (不满) that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated (加速) by the closing of the internal frontier—that is , the depletion (枯竭) of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. 116. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beure’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel. 117. The best evidence for the layered mantle (地幔) thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes (地柱) arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle. 118. In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared

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to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. 119. But these beliefs about peptide hormones (肽激素) were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums(抗血清) to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus(下丘脑), indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present. 120 Proponents(支持者)of the so-called Golden Quadrangle (金四角)，which would link areas of Bruma, Laos, Thailand and China's Yunnan province, are seeking an Asian Development Bank feasibility study of joint development and business projects that could free the region's hinterlands(内地)from their notorious dependence on the heroin trade. 121. He enjoys the liberties hard won over centuries by the alliance of philosophic genius and political heroism, consecrated by the blood of martyrs (烈士) ; he is provided with comport and leisure by the most productive economy ever known to mankind; science has penetrated the secrets of nature in order to provide him with the marvellous, life like electronic sound and image reproductions he is enjoying. 122. Each highbrow did and does congratulate himself on being unique in his unlikeness to other men; and conversely each lowbrow now congratulate himself on being in some mystical way unique in his likeness—on being, so to say, outstandingly average and extraordinarily ordinary. 123. As for the lowbrows’ claim to be specially “human”, I for one have never been able to understand why it should be “inhuman” to use the faculties that distinguish us from pigs and geese and “human” to use those which we share with the lower animals. 124. There is no disputing, says the proverb, about taste—though, in fact, human beings spend at least half their leisure doing nothing else—and if highbrowism and lowbrowism were exclusively ( as it is certain that they are in great part) matters of individual taste, there would be no more to say about them than what I have said in the preceding lines. 125. Thus I desire a great deal less pleasure from jazz and thrillers than from the music, let us say, of Beethoven(贝多芬) or the novels, for example, of Dostoievsky; and the sex appeal of the girls on the covers of magazines seems to me less thrilling than the more complicated appeal to a great variety of feelings made by a Rubens, an EI Greco, a Constable, a Seurat. 126. One need only ask first-year university students what music they listen to , how much of it and what it means to them, in order to discover that the phenomenon is universal in America, that it begins in adolescence or a bit before and continues through the college years. 127. They start, like the pharisee in the parable , by thanking God that the are not as other men are, and proceed to paint a picture of those other men, hardly more flattering than that which Swift painted of the Yahoos. 128. Each time the dream was a promise out of our ancient articles of faith, phrases from the constitution, lines from the great anthem of the nation, guarantees from the Bill of Rights, all ending with a vision that they might one day all come true。 129. For many the day seemed an adventure, a long outing in the late summer sun—part liberation from home, part Sunday school picnic, part political convention, and part fish fry. 130. It may not “look to it” at once, since it is looking to so many things, but it will be a long time before it forgets the melodious(悦耳的) and melancholy (忧郁的) voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther Jr., crying out his dreams to the multitude(大众). 131. Above all , they got over Lincoln’s point that “ the necessity of being ready increase”, for they left no

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doubt that this was not the climax of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning, that they were going to stay in the streets until they could get equality in the schools, restaurants, houses and employment agencies of the nation, and that, as they demonstrated here today, they had found an effective way to demonstrate for changes in the laws without breaking the law themselves. 132. Although we apparently have a need for REM sleep, judging from the fact that our bodies automatically compensate for a loss of it, what REM sleep actually does for us is not clear. 133. Coming out while you were poised unsteadily on the icy, springy brush they made difficult shooting and I killed two, missed five, and started back pleased to have found a covey to the house and happy there were so many left to find on another day. 134. More important to them, though, is that it gives them some places where they can borrow money at a cost that is usually a good deal less than at the small-loan agency, or the installment house, or indeed most places. 135. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 136. Temporary shortages do occur, but Simon and other boomsters(兴旺论者) argue that as long as government doesn’t interfere—by mandating (指令) conservation or setting price controls (价格) — people will find alternative (代用品). 137. He seldom ignores that many potential votes, and it did not escape the notice of congressmen that these Negro organizations, some of which had almost as much trouble getting out a crowd as the Washington Senators several years ago, were now capable of organizing the largest demonstrating throng (群众) ever gathered at one spot in the District of Columbia.. 138. Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. 139. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media(宣传工具)on the one hand and by books and magazines for a specialized readership on the other. 140. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. 141. Though most dictionary have a system of making words as obsolete, or in use only as slang, many people, more especially if their use of a particular word has been challenged, are likely to conclude, if they find it in a dictionary, that it is accepted as being used by writers of established reputation. 142. People can be relatively rich only if others are relatively poor, and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor. 143. Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. 144. In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, Notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. 145. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by co-operation rather than by the “battle of the sexes.” 146. The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family, needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. 147. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of

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important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. 148. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. 149. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. 150. Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs, yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed. 151. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage –--a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed (畸形) children or even grandchildren. 152. In the end , only 7 out of 19 regular Cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all for trails. The diet-Cola drinkers did a little worse – only 7 of 27 identified all four sample correctly. 153. Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. 154. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. 155. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the orgainism and vice versa (反之亦然). 156. In the case of man, the difficulties with the environment concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者) of culture. 157. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. 158. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment. 159. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect. 160 Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generation phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today's young people, it natrually follows that today's English teachers cannot be doing their jobs. 161. With socialists demanding an end to‘wage slavery’anarchists singing the praises of the virtues of dynamite, middle-of-the-roaders like Samuel Gompers and McGuire. 162. The quick adoption of the scheme may have indicated less about the state lawmaker’s respect for working people than about a fear of risking their anger. 163. In the old days, children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. This is perhaps the first generation of American youngsters who have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member. 164. We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death. 165. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change through life. 166. This means that we fit out actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation.

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167. I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. 168. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words…” 169. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made to them by other people.” 170. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. 171. But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. 172. The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. 173. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software or by altering the architecture but that too will happen. 174. As the intelligence of robots increase to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers. 175. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power. 176. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. 177. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. 178. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading. 179. “In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours.” Says Isaac Stern. “children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music.” 180. What does the phrase ‘learning to use a computer’ mean? It sounds like ‘learning to drive a car’; that is , it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer. 181. The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched(草盖的) roof cottages around a church; a drive through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildings——these are still common sights in parts of England. 182. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected. 183. The function of teaching is to cerate the conations and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. 184. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading. 185. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones. 186. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.

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187. The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relation or PR. 188. The progress from a rattle used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. 189. Bent stripes, called chevrons painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down. 190. Therefore, the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west. 191. These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences. 192. Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition-a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives. 193. If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues. 194. While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states at least in getting people off welfare. 195. But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. 196. Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. 197. Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. 198. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support——financial aid, material resources, and needed services-that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 199. I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “factories” where they didn’t care if you have values or were flexible. 200. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 第一部分（1-20 句译文） 1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。 2、但是司机有责任确保 14 岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。 3、当然，如果有以下情况你可以不系安全带：你在倒车时，或者你用一种特殊交通工具进行当地的货物运 送、收集时，或者你有合法的医学证明你不能系安全带时。 4、注意你如果不这么做（系安全带）的话，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被处以罚款除非你能证明 你有不带安全带的理由。 5、Taiju Matsuzawa 教授想找出为什么日本北部的健康农民在相对年轻的年龄就显得开始失去思考与推理 的能力的原因以及怎样才能延缓老化过程。 6、在东京国立大学的同事们的帮助下，他开始对一千来自不同职业的人群进行了大脑体积的测量。 7、计算机技术帮助研究人员获得人脑前部和侧部的准确体积，这是与人的智能和情绪有关的部分，而且也 决定人的性格特点。

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8、有的人(大脑)前部和侧部的收缩——随着细胞的死亡——在三十多岁时就能被观察到了，但是也有些人 直到六七岁依然不明显。 9、研究结果表明在农村的人大脑收缩基本上比城市里的人要早。 10、在政府部门从事简单重复工作的白领也像农场工人、公共汽车司机和商店职员一样大脑细胞容易收缩。 11、我们知道你们很看重你们在大学里面教育的学习方法，而且我们的年轻人与你们生活的花费即使对于 你们来说也不便宜。 12、但是你们也要明白不同的民族看待事物有不同的方法，所以如果刚好我们的看法与你们的不一样的话， 你们也不应觉的被冒犯了。 13、当然，对于你们的盛情我们没有被逼迫的感觉，尽管我们拒绝接受。而且，为了表示我们的感谢，如 果维吉利亚洲的绅士们愿意派来一些他们的子弟的话，我们会尽全力教育他们，并把他们培养成为真正的 男人。 14、在这个像是计算机史前时代的时代，地球的战后时代，人们普遍担忧有一天计算机会取代人类控制世 界。 15、今天或者不到五十年后，计算机将越来越多的减轻人们的工作事务和日常琐事。我们也将面对一个没 有什么戏剧性和更不可预测的问题。 16、显然，如果你不得不检查计算机提供的所有答案的话，对它投资就没有任何意义了。但是当人们觉的 计算机确实出了一些问题的时候，应该靠自己内部的“计算机”来检查机器。 17、当然牛顿在他的作品中写到了一些理论方面的东西，但他不愿进行更加深刻的研究。 18、除了一些洲际旅行者和以大海为生的人，对于大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有什么必要提出太多 问题，更别说思考大海海底的东西了。 19、当铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报光缆的时候，出于商业动机，人们第一次不得不回答这个问题“海 底是什么东西”。 20、在早期的尝试中，光缆铺设失败，不得不取出来维修。这时人们发现上面覆盖有生物，这推翻了当时 科学界认为深海没有生命的理论。 第二部分（21-40 句译文） 21、学生们所学的每一门课程都有分数，而且要被记录存档，这可以用来提供给将来学生的雇主们。 22、所有这些给学生们施加了很大的压力，尽管如此，学生们还是积极参加学生活动。 23、而有效遵守纪律的学生们往往是那些经常给校方提建议的学生。 24、当丈夫们和妻子们认识到这种能量圈的意思以及各个家庭成员所处的圈之后，许多家庭争吵就结束了。 25、只要可能，在下午做那些程序化的工作，把需要更多能量的工作留到你效率最好的时候去做。 26、我们也很看重个人品德和社交技能，我们发现混合能力的教育对学习的各个方面都有帮助。 27、他们也要学习如何处理个人问题和怎样思考，怎样决策、分析和评估以及有效沟通。 28、问题是，怎样鼓励一个孩子在写作时自由自信的表达自己，而不被拼写的复杂所捆绕。 29、这可能是对学生在写作中的技术能力的尖锐批评，但也是老师的失败的悲哀反映——忽略了朗读文章， 这其中优美的表达可以激发孩子们的深刻感受。 30、老师注重错误没错，但是如果他更注重孩子的思想的话，他失望的表现会使孩子有提高的动力。 31、根据政府和私人雇主的性质来看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧视。 32、这种化合物通过碳的释放来实现循环，主要依靠喜氧和厌氧细菌以及一些菌类的活动。 33、一场激烈的争论在一个女孩和一位少校中展开了，前者说女人们已经不再“看到老鼠就从椅子上跳起 来”了，而后者说她们依然那样。 34、他们在尝试寻找是否我们教授孩子们语言的方法中有阻碍孩子们迅速学习语言的东西。 35、使用计算机来拷贝大脑工作方式的数学家们发现即使使用最先进的电子设备，他们也要建造一台超过 10，000 公斤的计算机。 36、既然不同的人们在他们的业余时间做不同的事情，我们可以列出一长串爱好列表，包括从收集火柴盒

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到养珍稀鱼类以及学习星学和制造航模等各种消遣。 37、他们知道在冰面下面游泳的海豹呼吸的热气会使冰面上出现洞口，于是他们就在洞旁守侯并捕杀海豹。 38、只要一个人没有属于其他人种的明显的特征，我们就可以判断他是否属于白色人种。 39、尽管在学校，企业和政府中不诚实的欺诈行为近年来比以往都要多，大那也许是因为我们在这些方面 加大了揭露的力度。 40、并不是与独立理论不一致，而是与其应用不相符合：爱情小说可以以任何一种形式展现或者根本没有 特殊的规律，他们没有累积效果，就象现代小说家的作品一样独立。 第三部分（41－60 句译文） 41、对于针对美国黑人的种族歧视，他的理论相对成立得较好，但是他将种族偏见如此定义： “在某一特定 区域内的种族竞争中被普遍接受的一个种族所受到的基于种族的负面偏见。”可以看作也包含有对象加州的 中国人以及中世纪的犹太人等少数民族的敌视。 42、加特曼确凿地说明黑人家庭的稳定鼓励了黑人文化遗产的传递和维护，这些遗产包括从一代传到另一 代的民间传说，音乐，和宗教表述，这些遗产使非洲和美洲的奴隶们特色显著。 43、即使社会系统的民间知识中像挣钱，花费，组织，婚嫁，政治活动的参与，以及战斗等等，都与从社 会科学中衍生出来更加精细的社会系统描述相差不多，尽管它是建立在一个不太完善的个人经验上的模型。 44、有几项措施可以采取，其中主要的是要所有宣布以保护动物利益为目标的组织都明确宣布他们对于人 类所受到的暴力袭击表决坚定的立场、 45、用其他方式来展示神经类型的细微差别也是可能的，然而，要证明脉冲质量和传导受到这些差别的影 响还缺乏证据，看起来这些差别影响的是神经单元的发展形成方式。 46、根据这一理论，不是由感觉神经脉冲的质量来决定他们产生的各种神经感觉的，而是由他们被发射到 大脑的哪一部位来决定的，对这一观点是有证据的。 47、磨擦的结果是，在叶面上服从正态分布的地方就会产生两种分布方式，顶点上主要是小块，其他的地 方是小块，其他的地方是大块的地方。 48、圣经没有告诉我们罗马的数据统计者们怎样达到我们今天的经济预测的可靠性的，我们进一步思考的 话，其中的意见上有很大的不同。 49、在英国进行的一项调查证实经常接受 X 光照射的脊椎关节炎患者癌症的百分比高得不正常。 50、然而，穿过太空的港湾，那里的意识对于我们的来说就像我们的意识比动物的意识一样，冷酷广博而 无情的智慧，用嫉妒的眼睛看作地球，慢慢地肯定会制定针对我们的计划。 51、即使是学术界被长时间认作必须“同盟卡”的博士学位，现在也因为仅仅为了学习本身和知识的累积 而学习，却不把知识应用到教授的教学职责中去而受到了严厉的批评。 52、尽管收集必要的信息对于两者来说都是需要的，但官员必须以中立和清晰的态度来提供事实的画面， 而艺术家从已设字的信息或者态度开始，并将其过用激发读者共鸣和情绪反应的词语描写的动用细节描述 出来。 53、流行期刊中甚至有文章批评国民生产总值，因为它并不是一个福利目录，一方面忽视了它从来就没有 这种倾向，另一方面的建议是通过正确的改变它才能被转化过来。 54、其他的实验揭示神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和连接的细微变化，但就神经关联而言，这些感觉区域 的相似性比那些细微的区别更有意义可言。 55、中国向农民和其它农村住户发放了宣传刊物，指导他们观察动物，以便每户人家都能参与帮助地震预 报。 56、星球大战防御系统的支持者们希望它不仅能保护一个遭受核攻击的国家，也希望它能成为使核攻击永 不发生的足够威胁。 57、它也不能防止轨道在地球大气层以内的洲际导弹和轰炸机命中目标。 58、人民活动家一直认为黑人和拉丁美人难以在生意上立足的原因是因为他们难以取得大公司的大宗定单 和分包合同。

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59、她认为十九世纪给家庭经济作出贡献的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改变了，今天提到那些没有挣取收 入的“无用”孩子，甚至还要花销很多，仍然在情感上被认为是无价的。 60、这种关于孩子的观点到 19 世纪时已在中上阶级中建立，并于 19 世纪末 20 世纪初在社会上广泛传播， 当时改革者们推行童工规定和义务教育法，部分来源于孩子的情感价值的假设，这都使得使用童工被禁止 了。 第四部分（61-80 句译文） 61、当然，对历史反应过度以致结论说关于扩张的问题大多数人都错了与重新形成对大陆漂浮建议理论的 反应一样，是危险的。将来对于这些关键问题的研究毫无疑问是必要的，然而不应该否定最近研究结论的 说服力，在 18 世纪的英格兰对于一些微不足道和有使用价值的商品和服务的需求，预示了我们今天的世界。 62、然而这种消费革命的情况还有疑问，三个关键的问题是：消费者是什么人？他们的动机是什么？对于 奢侈品的新型需求的效果是什么？ 63、尽管从生产厂商和服务行业认为他们的顾客需要并实际生产的产品或者提供的服务来推断他是可能的。 但只有对实际的消费者填写的个人资料的研究才能清楚地描述顾客的需求。 64、对于他们移民原因的细节，Grassy 并不否认他们经常提出的事实－17 世纪 30 年代的一些移民主要由 组织家和牧师组成，提出了要离开的宗教解释，但他发现只是以回顾的方式推定的基本情况。 65、如果我们将 1956 年（当时的平均失业率为 4、1％）的年龄和性别失业率分来用今天一般的劳动力中 年龄性别比来计算的话，平均失业率就是 5％了。 66、他很迷惑我并不想要明显的是所有美国人被教导长大后要追求的东西：金钱和权力。 67、除非生产力的增长出人意料的大，不然实际产出的扩大最终要开始减缓以适应经济的可持续发展，这 样才能避免价格的综合需求压力。 68、然而，当投资基本上流向一个方面时，就像一般从工业化到一般发展中国家一样，看起来是基于双方 资源的规定产生的收入损失主要由接收大量外国投资和创造大部分收益的国家来承担－即发展中国家一 方。 69、尽可能没有政府干预地追求个人利益被看作为通往人类幸福的道路和进步，而不是像希腊人强调的集 体社会中的公共义务与参与。 70、辩护律师依靠长期作用的准则来约束原告律师的行来：作为法庭的准司法人员，他们有责任不能过分 起诉来偏见性对待一方的案子或者破坏法庭的公正气氛。 71、没有一个谨慎的人能按如下的假设行事：当陆地确定以后，一个政府并不能包括全部；当这种巨大的 开销终于分裂为几个民族时，这看起来是不可避免的，人们就只能等待着争论，敌对和战争了。 72、如果他们认为人类进步的下一步必需是把普通人的智力水平和社会地位向着最受欢迎的方向提高的看 法正确的话，他们至少要比欧洲超前三代接近那个目标。 73、他认识到如果不是我们的“小贬”文明每时每刻地破坏事实内部的和谐的话，诗人的诗歌就该已经奉 献给了世界，而诗人也该被全人类关怀着，每个为大家做事的人都该被如此对待。 74、金钱购买给艺术的本能耻辱感如此强烈，以致可有时文人可以获得报酬却拒绝为其作品给予的报酬， Lord Byron 有时因为尊贵的自豪而这么做，而 Count Tolstoy 则出于贵族的良知而尽力这么做。 75、也许他认为他批评美国的外支政策就会使他从联帮政府那里获得的对人权和的支持受到威胁。 76、Abraham Lincoln 在 1963 年 8 月 28 日在他掌管的石头寺里解放了奴隶的孩子们，使用了正确的词语 来总统对待华盛顿的黑人群众游行。 77、在 Warren 法庭时代，选民们要求法庭通过有关选区的大小和形状的问题，一方面因为出于绝望－没 有什么其他的政府部门提供缓解的办法；一方面出于希望－法庭根据现代的生活条件来审视基本的宪法原 则,像其他地区一样重新审查在这一地区的旧的规定。 78、有些人甚至看似事理地认为这一弱点无可补救：在任何一个在物质财富方面追求更加富裕的社会中， 比如说资本主义社会，比例不均衡的回报肯定要流向那些在创造财富增长的过程中提供设备的人。 79、这一学说把十四修正案的应用扩大到了其他方面，由于一些法官拒绝用宪法来给除种族外的东西来进

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行法定分类予以否定，许多人觉得这一论点可以接受；至少有一些非种族的歧视，特别是性别歧视被怀疑 要受法庭的仔细审查。 80、但由于照相机变得越来越精细，越来越自动化了，一些摄影师禁不住开始解除他们的装备或者说他们 根本没什么装备，而倾向于运用那些非现代的照相技术，因为一架未成熟，力不大的机器被认为更加有趣 或者说更能有情绪结果，给人更多的创作空间。 第五部分（81-100 句译文） 81、两种小说家都使用一种讲故事的方法，来强调同一事件不同角度的讽刺差别和浅显戏剧与隐藏的权威 倾向的讽刺联系，我称之为明显的叙述技巧。 82、如果把黑人诗人当作一个群体来讨论的话，比如说，他们的作品反应的诗歌发展历史的程度不该被忘 记，可能会产生文学历史的一些改变。 83、这些不同包括了下一代人大胆直率的言辞和他们的技术发明性。 84、但是黑人诗人并不争论关于第的问题，一个有成就的黑人诗人总欢迎新人，不管他们的风格怎样，因 为真正重要的是种族自豪。 85、托尔斯泰推翻了所有预想，每一次他都抛弃了“系统”和“机械”的东西，外部规定的信念，情绪冲 动的生活和非系统的传统行为，内部激励和独立思考的解决方案。 86、这种冷谈正如对黑人的敌意一样是个大问题，而电视和报纸对肯尼迪总统就职典礼的报道胜过对其它 事件的报道，是一个意外的收获。 87、但是难道这不是关键问题的挑战和刺激而就其本身而言是存在于矛盾的态度里面。这样的态度让我们 认识到 Meredith’s 作品中智慧和卓越，然而与此同时，我们有了缺乏同情和不能有任何热情反应的经历。 88、在这方面，她很像所喜欢的同时代人中的一位 Mary Brunton 一样被回避着，和许多女性作家更多的来 掩饰其性别憎恶，和其它方面，Mary 是宁愿在无名的世界中悄然而去，也不愿被怀疑是在卖弄文艺。 89、我们在小场合或是粗鲁的场合听到的声音，不容易有强烈的印象或是令人愉悦的形象。对于那些生词， 无论什么时候出现，我们要把注意力放到传达意义上。 90、为了继续进行，要创立一种 5 重假设，使你能够从经验的海洋中搜集到无尽的细节，然后抛到观察的 海岸上，只有有限的相关数据，也就是说，在假设中的五个因素里面有一个或多个。 91、我作为一名作家，自然地要关心在美国人口中惊人比例的实用文盲，如果他们不能读或不能理解他们 所读内容，他们就不会买书或是杂志。 92、他们不知道那解释和点明其余部分合理的学说，那些表明似乎与其它相冲突的因素是可以协调一致的， 或者应该提出两个明显有力的原因中的一个而不是另一个。 93、除了逻辑推理问题之外，在英国存在一种悠久的拒绝遣送违反他们意志的人们的传统，这些人们发现 他们处于英国政府的掌握，而这种政府接受的本质却不确定的。 94、对于殖民立法的困扰和英国皇权的范围，州宪法的细节问题和绝对需要一个联邦法律。所有这些都表 达出迫切的需要谨慎的，具有外在力量的正确关系的证明确实盛行。 95、词源里告诉我们说智力是和学习能力有关，和所要学习的内容速度有关，和内容记得的好坏和时间的 长短有关，而且和有能力那些内容，使用它们来解决问题的能力，以及创造力相关。 96、这事件标志着由 William Barfon Rogers 的长期的努力的结束。William 是 MIT 的一创立者兼第一任主 席，他努力要开创一种新型和时代、国家需要相关的教育机构，在那里青年人可以获得知识性和实用性的 教育。 97、每个系的计划包括的一部分是系领域内的专业兴趣的科目，另一部分是学生们自己选择的额外机会。 98、可选性地，学生可以用选择性的时间来准备某些专业领域的高级课程，比如说医学或者法律，或者 M.I.T. 不授予本科学位的某些专业课程，比如说气象学和心理学，或者跨学科的领域，比如说天体物理学，交流 学或者能源学。 99、尽管开放式理学学士本科课程计划由系里列出，可以有一些自己独特的特点，但每个项目的列出必须 与系代表进行协商，以此来保证课程结构有意义，内容富有挑战性。

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100、以前的重心是诸如大坝、道路和桥梁等大型基础设施的建设，现在开始转换到能直接提高国家的基础 服务的项目上来了。 第六部分（101-120 句译文） 101、因此除了以上列出的走弯路的可能性外，科学研究者们和普通人一样，也有在我们刚才提到的思维方 式上犯错误的可能性，以及在一些其他的方面。 102、他掏了个洞往里瞥去，能看见珠宝，在透进去的光线之外的阴影里面，还有些堆成堆的其他东西。 103、阿雅特和罗索尔兄弟都不知道他们销售的大部分都是以前在市场上面没有人见过的东西——只被人们 猜想过它的存在，但从来没有考古学家真正发现过。 104、1986 年 1 月，法国总统弗兰西斯· 密特朗解释说： “这是本世纪最大的建设项目。”当时，他和英国 首相玛格丽特·撒切尔一起宣布两国将克服一直以来的争论和偏见，铺设一条横穿分隔两国的狭长海峡的 地下隧道。 105、也学是早期的许多研究只考虑了一种大小足以被浮游植物网采集的水藻，而这种做法忽略了更小的浮 游植物—现在我们知道食草动物很可能以它为生。这些事实和做法导致了在后面的研究中对食草动物的忽 视。 106、相反的观察，即在浮游植物群落高度集中的地方缺乏食草动物的现象，使哈笛提出了他的“动物排除” 理论，该理论假设浮游植物群落能产生一种驱虫剂赶走在浮游植物高度集中区域内的食草动物。 107、尽管这些分子能够透过可见光，阳光的大部分热量?都集中在这个波段，但是它们吸收长波，从地表 来的红外辐射，或者将有些辐射折射回空中。 108、此外，一些黑人小说的风格，像 Jean Toomer 的 Cane，就接近于表现主义或者超现实主义，这种巧 合是否给流行描述黑人主人公与命运对抗的主题提供了一个反衬点，或者经常被更加自然的表达模式所传 达的主题？ 109、Roseenblatt 的主题分析非常有客观性，他甚至明确地说他并不愿判断各种作品的价值—但他的说法 似乎有些不对头，特别是有时赞美的尝试可能产生有趣的结果。 110、这样，对于数学家们来说是非常惊诧的，例如，薛定谔方程式并不是氢原子的准确描述，而只是某种 程度上的近似值。它近似于另外一种描述磁性偶极子相对效果的方程，而这个方程本身又是一套不定量子 场论方程的近似值。 111、大喜剧家们认为真理需要各种启示，因此他们开始强调社会活动中的各种矛盾，而不是掩饰或者通过 非社会象征的神圣结局和喜剧目的、自然规律来超越它。 112、水文地质循环是这一科学里面的一个重要课题，它是水的完全循环过程。这一过程从水蒸汽开始中， 以降水量的形式成为液态或者固态水，这样就到了地表，最后又通过蒸发或者散发方式回到水蒸汽的状态。 113、我认为它的关键意识——它对于阶级和性的深远理解对人们的生活有着重要影响——很大程度上归功 于文化遗产，总的来说，当代的文艺批评家并未对此给予足够评价。 114、早在 20 世纪 50 年代，许多研究前工业时代欧洲（我们可将其粗略定义为 1300 年至 1800 年间的欧 洲）的历史学家们开始研究更多的欧洲人群，而不仅仅局在只占人口总数 2％到 3％的那些至今还充斥着历 史书籍的政治、社会、精英人物：国王、将军、法官、贵族主教和地方要人。 115、历史学家 Frederick J Tuner 在 19 世纪 90 年代写道：自 1870 年以来美国农民的不满一直在缓慢增长， 直到 1870 年关闭了内部前沿以后就被加速了——就是说，用于扩张农业系统的新土地资源已经枯竭了。 116、Fallois 提出 Proust 1908 年就开始写小说了，因为 Saint-Beure 对于写作的真实性质的忽视，他把小 说放置了。后来开始流行个人回忆录和科幻小说，这些东西和小说一起稳步地发展。 117、分层地幔的最好证据就是在海岛上发现的火山岩这一明显的事实。岛屿被认为是从低层地幔升起的地 柱形成的，它构成的基本成份与海中的山脊系统根本不同，许多地质学家认为它起源于上层地幔。 118、1838 年 10 月，我随便读了《马尔萨散人口论》，很欣赏书的到处都有的生存竞争，经过对动物和植 物生存习性的长期观察，我忽然想到这种环境下，有利于生存的变化被保留了，而不利于生存变化被消除 了。

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119、但是这些对于肽激素的信仿，被一个又一个的实验室质疑，他们发现抗血清被注入大脑后，并不在下 丘脑那里才凝固，显示出肽激素和与抗血清反作用的物质都不存在。 120、连接着缅甸、老挝、泰国和中国云南省的区域构成了所谓的金三角，它的支持者们正寻求亚洲发展银 行进行合作开发的可行性研究，以此来使其区域内地摆脱对臭名昭著的海洛因贸易的依靠。 第七部分（121-140 句译文） 121、他享受着数世纪来哲学天才和政治英雄们联合取得的自由，这是被烈士的鲜血神圣化了的自由；着人 类有史以来最发达的经济提供的舒适与休闲；科学解开了自然的奥秘，使他能享受神奇逼真的音响和影像 效果。 122、每个有学问的人庆幸着自己与其他人的不一般；反过来没有学问的人则正庆幸着自己说不清的与别人 的相似性——对于存在，这么说吧，杰出的大众化和非凡的普通。 123、对于没学问者自称特殊的“人类”，有一点我一直搞不明白，为什么是“非人类”去使用那些设施来 将我们和猪啊、鹅啊划分，而“人类”去使用那些我们与低等动物共享的东西。 124、谚语中说对于口味来说，是没有争议的——尽管在事实上，人类一—至少在一半的休闲时间里什么也 不做——并且如果阳春白雪和下里巴人对于个人口味的问题是排外（这一点在很大程度上是肯定的），那么 对于他们来说，除了我在前面讲的，就没什么说的了。 125、因此我从爵士乐和刺激性事物中找到的乐趣需比音乐里的少得多，比如说，贝多芬的或者是 Dostoievsky 的小说；杂志封面上的性感女郎比 Rubens，Greco，Constablet Seurat 所创造的精细复杂的情 感对于我来说要逊色得多。 126、只要问问大学一年级的学生他们听什么音乐，那对他们有多重要或者说意味着什么，就可以发现在美 国是个普遍现象，它开始于青春期或更早的时候但会延续整个大学时代。 127、像寓言中的古法利赛人一样，他们感谢上帝——他们与普通人不一样，去画那些人的图画，几乎比 Swift 画的人形兽还要好看。 128、每一次梦想都是来自于古老的忠诚的承诺，宪法中的词句，国歌中的歌词，人权法案所保证，都是以 希望有一天它能成为现实的期望来结束的。 129、对于许多人来说，这一天像冒险活动，在盛夏和阳光下长时间等着——有的是从家里出来轻松，有的 是学校周日野炊，有的是政治会议，有的烤鱼吃。 130、也许不能注意到它，因为在注意着许多事情，但是很长时间后也很难忘记 Rev、Dr、Martin、Luther.Jr., 用悦耳忧郁的声音向大众呼喊出他的梦想。 131、首先，他们明白了林肯的“准备增长的必需性”理论，因为他们一点也不怀疑他们争取平等的运动还 没有达到高潮，而仅仅是个开端，他们要继续在街上静坐直到他们在学校、饭店、室内和职业介绍机构得 到平等对待的权力。而且，就像他们现在展示的一样，他们已经找到了不触犯法律来引起法律的改变的有 效的方法。 132、从我们的身体能够自动地对损失作出补偿这个事来看，尽管我们明显地需要 REM Crapid eye movement 睡眠，但 REM 睡眠对我们的身体有什么作用还不清楚。 133、（我）出来的时候在冰冷多刺的灌木丛里不太安稳地待着，他们打得很困难，我打到了两只、跑了五 只，回来的时候我看到房子边还有一群，很高兴它们留下来的下次好打。 134、对于他们来说更重要的是，给他们提供了一个以一定代价借钱的地方，这比小型的借贷公司，分期付 款行或者其他地方要便宜得多。 135、能使个体拥有最多后代的性别比例被推崇，以便来使基因的数目也被传输下去。 136、当代短缺确实出现，但西蒙和其他兴旺论者认为只要政府不干预——通过消费指令或者价格控制—— 人们总能找到替代品。 137、他很少忽略许多潜在的选票，许多黑人组织也没有逃过议员们的眼睛，几年前还像高级议员一样很难 冲出人群的黑人组织现在已经能够组织哥伦比亚区最大的群众集会了。 138、直到这个世纪末还是有大量的这样的争论，书籍是否应该作为信息来认真对待，还是有些像报纸之类

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的阅读材料已经在精神上有某种程度地减弱了。 139、然而，不管它有什么优点，古老的共享文字文化已经过去了，一方面被印刷的大众媒体代替，另一方 面被给特定读都出版的书籍和杂志代替了。 140、到这个世纪末，学生们被介绍对书籍要采用“拿来主义”，阅读时也要采用技巧，可能的话，对于朗 读者来说是不太适合的。 第八部分（141-160 句译文） 141、尽管许多字典将有些词汇定义为“过时”或者说“只作口语用”，但许多人对某些词汇的用法不解时， 当他们查完字典，却往往发现许多知名作家也在作品中正式使用。 142、人们只能是相对富裕，而另一些人就相对贫穷了。既然权力是集中在富人的手中，公共政策就将继续 反应他们的利益而不是穷人的利益了。 143、社会变化在有多种人群汇集的社会里比仅有相似人群的社会里更容易发生。 144、如果一个家庭里面男女的角色不是明显地分开，家务事由双方分担的话，大男子主义就很难维持了。 145、在这样的家庭中长大的孩子们比他们的父母更容易参与到以合作为特征的社会中去，而不靠什么“性 别之争”。 146、家庭就像是一个合作式的企业一样，很难制定统一的规则，因为每个家庭都需要自己的独特的解决问 题的办法。 147、除了以英语为母语的人大量地使用英语外，很多重要的科学、技术文献也是由英语写成，而且作者不 仅仅是以英语为母语的人。 148、比起那些头脑不活跃的人来说，年轻时喜欢尽量从事更多工作的人年老后更有认识力。 149、完美主义者倾向于为了一点小事花费比事情本身更大的代价去完成。 150、人类自然地对于那些有明显特征的疾病有深刻的印象，然而他们最可怕的敌人往往在未被人注意时慢 慢接近他们。 151、问题是很难明确辐射的伤害—一个人可能感觉良好，但他（她）的性器官细胞可能受到损伤，而且有 些直到生下畸形儿甚至是畸形孙儿才会被发现。 152、最后，只有 7/19 的传统可乐爱好者正确地辨别出了他们的品牌，而低糖可乐爱好者水平更差—只有 7/27 的人辩出了四种混合的品牌。 153、口味是个非常主观的问题，所以对于食物我们一般不进行偏好测试。 154、区分周围的环境或者有机物体，以及分辨作用于有机物的影响力是生物内部的还是来自于外部环境的， 看起来非常简单。 155、但是在实际中这套系统在很多方面失败了，因为有机物和环境在不断相互作用，所以环境在不断被有 机物修改，反过来也是一样。 156、对于人类来说，环境概念的问题更加复杂。因为我们不得不把人类当为动物，又不得不把人当为文化 的持有者来对待。 157、如果我们将人类看作动物来尝试解释作用在有机物上的环境影响力的话，我们不得不处理像气候，土 壤，植物和一些对于所有生物环境来说共同的因素，但我们也发现， “文化”的影响也非常重大，它可以改 变物理和生物因素。 158、所以我们很容易在对待文化的问题上陷入困境，有时候，我们将其看作人类的一部分，有时候，又作 为环境的一部分。 159、因为不了解这些你那里他们的能力已经进步了，他们认为在这个方面新一代的年轻人肯定没有希望了。 160、既然这种关于英语语言的衰退的担忧并不被看作一个一代人的现象，而是特指对于今天的年轻人的一 种新现象，所以可以很自然地认为现在的英语老师工作做得不好。 第九部分（161-180 句译文） 161、社会主义者强烈要求结束“薪水奴隶制”，而无政府主义者高唱“炸药”的价值，像 Samuel 和 McGuire 这样的中间道路者显得相对温和。

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162、“劳动日”很快被采纳，更大程度上表明国家法律制定者害怕激起工人阶级的愤怒，并非体现对工人 阶级的尊重。 163、在过去，孩子们对出生和死亡非常熟悉，是他们生活的一部分。现在的孩子也许是从未目睹婴儿的降 生和亲人的死亡的第一代美国人。 164、我们发现那些被公开坦诚地对待的病人在对待死亡的临近和接受死亡的问题上处理得更好。 165、我们采取的身份是随着接触的人的不同而改变，且一生都在变化。 166、这意味着我们在不断判断和解释别人的行为的心理过程中进行自己的行为。 167、我要不断地将梦想付诸实际的测试—尽管这意味着不确定和对失败的恐惧。 168、一切尝试对多话的小孩的发展追踪从他们说的第一句话开始…… 169、这种自我模仿使他们故意模仿别人对他们说话的声音。 170、外部奖励，从热情洋溢的话语表扬到冷冰冰的现金，如何影响一个人的动机和创造力，对这一点，心 理学家们采取完全不同的观点。 171、但是如果对绩效差的业绩也进行奖励或者让人们对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易抹杀创造性的。 172、冰箱对环境的影响是显而易见的，而它对促进人们幸福的贡献却是微不足道的。 173、装载正确的软件来使它智能化可能要花费我们很长的时间，或者也可以改变它的结构，但同样的情况 也会发生。 174、由于机器人的智能增长到了人脑的程度，加上通过规模经济降低了生产成本，我们可以使用它们来拓 展前沿。 175、在将来，通过新一代人创造的财富和科技，建设一座可以容纳千百万人的人造大型太空站也是可以的。 176、后来，人们试着把建筑物从其基地上撑起来，在建筑物和地基间灌入橡胶和钢铁以减少地表震动的影 响。 177、如果他们对于自己吹捧的东西不认真对待也不去执行的话，他们的孩子将在糊里糊涂中长大，并且当 他们对自己进行一些思考的时候，他们会在情感上有不安全感并认为他们遭受了某种程度的欺骗。 178、因为所有这些原因，要进行有效读报的话，既要得到你需要的信息又不浪费时间，需要选择和应用良 好的阅读技能和自我了解。 179、 “在日本，是一个比我们更有纪律性和竞争性的社会。”Isaac Stern 说。 “孩子们每天都准备在各个领 域内冲刺极限，包括音乐。” 180、“学习使用计算机”这个短语是什么意思呢？听起来像是“学习驾驶汽车”也就是说，好象里面有一 套确定的技能，一旦获得，就会使用计算机了。 第十部分（181-200 句译文） 181、在英格兰的某些地方，依然能够见到狭谷中环绕着教堂的茅草屋组成的小村庄，驾车穿过村庄里狭窄 的街道时两旁是刷成了白色或者紫色的茅草小屋，从绵延的山顶上能看见美丽的茅草农场建筑。 182、竞争的价值不仅在其本身，通过竞争这种方式，其他的诸如个人自由，公平机会和勤奋劳动等美国价 值观得以实现。 183、教育的功能是创造学习的欲望和气氛，使孩子们能够设计出一种最有效的方式来自学阅读。 184、如果老师创造出一种环境，使孩子们能够通过阅读来解决阅读的问题的话，学习阅读就变的简单多了。 185、这种干扰的来源还没有被确定，专家们指出可能是由于各种移动电子设备引起的，例如笔记本电脑， 随身听和手机。 186、尽管有些航空公司禁止旅客在飞机起飞和降落的时候使用这些装备，考虑到许多旅客希望在飞行时工 作，大多数公司还是不愿意全面禁止。 187、跨国公司，全球市场营销，新兴通讯技术和文化融合的发展，使全球公共关系或者说 PR 得到了不平 行的发展。 188、公元前三千年的一个婴儿所发出的嘎嘎声到今天的婴儿的嘎嘎声的进步，并不能算是一种发明。 189、喷刷在马路上的弯曲的人字型条纹, 使司机们觉得他们驾驶的速度比实际的快, 因此司机会减速行驶

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190、因此, DDB Needham 的任务就是鼓励消费者考虑火车的其他好处来改变他们的态度,使西方乘坐火车 的可能性提高 191、这些广告被放置在面向家庭的与自然和美国有关的电视节目里面,以便最有效的接触到目标观众 192、为什么奶油比黄油坏的快呢?已有些研究者认为他们找到了答案,这与食物的结构有关,而不是它的化 学成分—这一发现使得有些化学处理保存食物的方法无效了。 193、研究者们认为：如果国际足球裁判组织 FIFA 想要在下一届世界杯比赛中提高评判水平的话，就应该 远距离观察比赛，而不是冲进球场光盯着足球。 194、还在初级阶段的时候，福利改革在很多国家就是一个成功了—至少它使许多人摆脱了对福利的依靠。 195、但是对许多人来说，穷人们在没有政府的援助下自己养活自己本身就是一个巨大的胜利。 196、美国人对于多元化和个人个性感到骄傲，因此他们更加喜欢和看重的不是制服，不管是一个电梯操作 员的制服还是五星上将的制服。 197、由于我们是社会动物，我们的生活质量在很大程度上取决于我们的人际关系。 198、最后，其他的人给我们提供物质性支持—经济援助，物质资料和必需服务—通过帮助我们处理问题来 减轻我们的压力。 199、我就上了这样的大学，自以为比那些在工程“工厂”里的学生有更大的优势，在那里根本每人管里是 否有价值观和灵活。 200、回收也能够通过创造就业机会来刺激本地经济，治理污染，通过给企业提供更加精练的原材料达到减 少能源消耗的目的。 ★Gre 难句分析经典 134 句★ 读者学习指导： 大原则：以实战的要求为目的。难句子不仅出现在阅读中，还出现在句子填空、逻辑但体中，因此，对难 句子得攻克变得相当重要。 原则一：迅速读懂 原则二：利用语法、不靠语法 即在 Gre 中，考生永远也不需要再考场上分析一句话的语法成分，也不要想这句话有没有语法错误，考生 的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章。然而在初期可以少量的运用语法，目的有二：一为初学者如果看不 懂句子得结构，往往会感到心情沮丧，或大脑混乱，根本就读不尽文章，因此引入语法能够给读者以信心； 二为运用语法，可以了解文章的语法结构，并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子，达到一遍就可以读懂句子得 效果。 原则三：学练结合，以连为主 训练的类别：1、难句阅读训练；2、阅读理解力训练；即“懂”3、阅读速度与阅读习惯训练，即“迅速”。 实际上，对于英语语法得学习，包括对英文单词的中文释意的记忆和对英语句子得中文翻译，都只是我们 学习英语的辅助工具；我们最终的目的，是为了提高对英语的实际使用能力。具体到 Gre 的考试的应用上， 就是看到英语句子时，正确的做法不应该是现场分析出其余法结构，再背出每个单词的中文释意，再把这 些中文单词串成句子，最后才根据翻译出来的中文来想这句话的意思是什么，而是读到每个单词、每一句 话的时候，大脑中的第一反映是其意思而不是中文释意。 同时，对于阅读习惯的培养相当重要，阅读过程中绝对不可以出声浪读，也不可以心读，而是意读，也不 能单单得对一个词进行死抠，要知道阅读考的是句子和文章。为此，建议如下： 要点一：在难巨资进行的阅读和训练中，只以在大脑中反映出所读英文的意思（不是中文释意）为唯一目 的。什么时候读者发现自己完全消除了在阅读过程中的在大脑中的中文释意和语法分析过程，此要求即达 到四种训练方式：a、意群训练；b、不回视训练；c、合理化原则推力训练；d、速度与理解力的平衡点训 练。 a、

意群训练：以几个相邻的表示同类意思的词为阅读的对象，而不是单个的单词。同时避免发声

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阅读，克服内心的声音和喉头与嘴唇的颤动，关键是： 要点二：眼睛在阅读材料上移动的速度要比自己在心中或喉头出生阅读的速度要快 b、

不回视训练：保证第一遍阅读时的高度注意力，避免回视，关键是：

要点三：在阅读文章时，都要注意整句的回视现象，坚持一遍就都下来 c、

合理化训练：根据文章中得上下文的逻辑推理，将不懂得地方进行合理推理。

要点四：凡遇到不懂得地方，就用合理化推理进行推理 d、 一、

速度与理解力的平衡点训练： 推出自己的速度与理解力的平衡点；二、在阅读中根据所读的内容的难度和重要性程度，调整

自己的现场阅读速度 要点五：贵在坚持，不可半途而废。 难句概论 GRE 阅读，包括数学和逻辑中的一些题干的一大特点，也就是一大难点，就是充斥着一些或很长、或很怪 异的句子，我们称之为 GRE 难句。句子，作为任何阅读文章最基本的阅读单位，其重要性不言而喻。换句 话说，句子读不懂，想要读懂文章，有如痴人说梦。可使 GRE 阅读中的句子之繁难，超出其他所有的英语 考试的范畴，其长度更立人瞠目，往往读到句末，已经忘了前面在说些什么，令很多初学者困惑不已，不 得不放弃真正读懂文章的想法。 然而，GRE 难句绝非不可攻克，只要训练方法得当，并且能更每天半小时左右进行练习，GRE 难句完全可 以在一个月甚至几周内被攻破，而做到这点，对我们 GRE 考生的意义是伟大的：第一，所有的长句子之读 一遍就懂，避免了反复阅读赵成的时间浪费，可以大大的提高大家的阅读速度；第二，可以顺利地作出机 考中的高分题，因为与难句对应的阅读题，包括数学和逻辑中读起来较难的题目，一定对应较高的分值； 第三，可以增加阅读文章时的理解力，提高对文章整体的把握能力；第四，可以增加我们的自信心，产生 一种阅读中的顺畅的愉快感，使我们在学习 GRE 中不再沉浸在一种烦躁的情绪之中，真正的与文章的内容 和作者的思路打交道。 GRE 难句的由来：我们知道，GRE 文章都摘自美国的科学杂志或学术论文。我曾经到网上去看过那些东西， 往往结构简单，句子流畅，绝不难读。然而经过 ETS 改编和压缩之后，GRE 句子变得句子冗长、结构复杂、 信息量大，赵成读者的困难；因此 GRE 的难句完全是人为的东西。 GRE 难句与文章内容的对应关系：我经过长期观察发现，GRE 的各种文章中，句子的难度与文章的内容右 移种对应关系，也就是文章的内容越简单，句子就越难；如生命科学和自然科学题材的文章，由于其内容 较难，细节较多，因此句子较短，较容易，以降低难度；而文学评论和社会科学的文章，引起内容较少， 作者态度较为明确，因而难句既多又难；我们很多考生因为无法读懂这些句子，反而认为这两种文章比生 物、物理文章更难。因此，对文学评论性文章比较害怕的同学们下一番功夫攻克 GRE 难句，就显得更为重 要了。 GRE 难句分析分为四大类： 第一类：复杂修饰成分 句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。1、从句（定语、状语、同位语从句等等）；2、介词短语修饰；3、分 词修饰；4、不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个。 例：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. 翻译：一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。读法：初级： 读出主谓宾来。分析：主语：The methods； 谓语：com into being；不定式 to 引导表示目的状语。高级： 直接读，见后。考查能力：考查考生的大脑容量。 第二类：大段的插入与或同位语，打断读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解的困难。我们称之为 “打岔”。 例：Moreover， I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations，rather than

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representations， of reality.（LSAT） 读法：初级：跳过插入语； 高级：直接读；查查能力：大脑容量+抗干扰能力 第三类：倒装：由于应该放在句首的成分太长，因此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。例：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 读法：需要经过训练后才能按正常语序读。 正常语序： That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that an individual will have and hence the sex ratio which maximize the number of gene copies transmitted will be favered。 高级读法：直接读，见后：考查能力：大脑的排序能力 第四类：省略：相对以上三种来讲比较简单，在短句中大家一般都可以看出。但是如果在长句中出现，特 别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现，也会给同学们带来很大的困难。如上例原句中的省略，在第 二个 the number of 前省略了"sex ration which maximizes". Gre 难句的典型结构 1、

长成分

1）、长从句做主语、宾语及其他成分 a、

主语从句

b、

宾语从句

2）、长状语 3）、层层修饰 4）、并列成分 2、

常见倒装搭配

（1）、及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中，经常出现倒装情况，如：bring A to B，写作：bring to B A 例：Yet Waltzer’s argument , however deficient , does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration. 类似的情况：throw over , insert into , import into , infer from, establish for , advocate as 等 （2）、及物动词加副词 例：make possible …(单词或者句子) 3、

省略的几种情况

（1）、重复的成分 （2）、让步转折的省略：如 although (but) （3）、定语从句引导词的省略 which（that ） （4）、定语从句的引导词和系动词同时省略，变成后置定语 如：qualities(such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth 4、

短语被分割：如：such as, so that , too to , more than , from A to B , between A and B

5、

多重否定：如：

Despite these vague categories , one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed . GRE 难句训练法: 训练方法：凡读过的 GRE 文章，凡有读一两遍不懂的句子，摘下或输入电脑：每天花半小时来读，读懂读 顺为止；开始越窄越多，直到 20 句以后，越窄越少，一个月后几乎没有了。这时可以达到高级读法：因为

49

大脑已经熟悉了这 4 种难句的结构，因此可以预判和自动整理语序，除了太长的插入语之外（3 行以上）， 均可以直接读下来。这里面的道理在于，人的大脑对于语言的处理方式是高度自动化的，一旦大脑熟悉了 某种语言的结构，他就会对以这样的结构出现的语句进行自动的处理，哪怕句子是语序到的，你也能在瞬 间知道其意思，绝无混乱之感。 最令人头疼的倒装为例，举一个中文的例子，比如“如之奈何”依据，学过古文的同学都知道这实际上是 “奈何如之”的倒装，意思是“如何来对付他？”然而读完“如之奈何”再把它恢复成正常语序“奈何如 之”，才能理解其含义。这是初学古文的人的做法，真正看古文书的人不会这么读的。因为他天天都读这种 语言，早已熟悉了这种结构，不管怎么看，他都知道这是在问怎么办的问题。你要问它为什么是这个意思， 语法结构是怎么回事，它还可能真说不明白。 其实语言本身就是为了表达含义的，只要你明白句子的意思，其语法结构不提也罢。我们训练 GRE 难句， 就是要达到上面所谈的这种高级读法的境界，直接读下来（除了 3 行以上的插入语），就知道句子的意思。 当然，这种读法必须以反复的、针对难句的训练为前提。而如果训练成功，ETS 所考察你的种种大脑的能 力也就通通无效了。GRE 学习的一大秘诀，就在于把考场上考察你的难点和需要你花大量时间思考的东西 兑换成考场下你的时间和努力。 注意：贵在坚持。GRE 学习，当然也包括 GRE 难句的训练，都好比逆水行舟，不进则退。想要读懂 GRE 难句，必须坚持每天读，把每一个你摘出来的句子彻底读通，读到这些句子就像是应该这样写、如果是你 来写这些句子，你也要写一样。特别提一下，经过我的调查，凡是能够真正坚持用这种方法训练的同学， 无一例外的都在数周之内，阅读能力和阅读速度都得到了大幅度的提高，兴奋地来找我，告诉我再没有完 全读不懂的文章了。而大多数同学只练了几天就放弃了，实在可惜。其实如果真的能够每天都能认真地读 上半小时，一个月之内，必有突破。而克服 GRE 难句，对于提高大家的逻辑单体、填空能力也至关重要。 可以毫不夸张地说，只有克服了 GRE 难句，你的 GRE 学习才算真正入了门。 为了节省同学们宝贵的学习时间，我在俞敏洪校长之鼓励下，将 GRE NO4-No9 21 套题 84 篇文章及 GRE 国内题（90-94）14 套 56 篇文章中的所有难句进行了摘录和分类，尽列于此。由于绝大多数同学对需要留 下最新 10 套模考，其句子没有收录，且由于最新题阅读难度下降，其句子收录价值也十分有限。余日夜兼 程，完工时惊觉所录难句恰 100 整。此数暗合 Tofel 语法之 100 难句，此天意也？ 1.

That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will

have and hence the number of gene copies

transmitted. （难度系数 5，下同）

那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后 代身上去的基因复制品的数量。 2.

（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the

desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略;（这是一种）照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不 会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准 确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 3.

Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these

divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. （3） 哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方 面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。 4.

Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has

regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states

of reverie and

vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5） 弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人

50

深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这 一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家， 所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。 5.

As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or

one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-）就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无 疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么； 然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德” 6.

With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the

large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+）随着爆发出来 的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有 氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成 糖原 。 7.

Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’

preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+） 虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶 买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制 （monogamy） 。 8.

Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission

of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4） 古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗 产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不 断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。 9.

This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules

governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+） 古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个 和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 10.

His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United

States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. （4+） 该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义— —即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍 认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族 群体的敌视态度。 11.

Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the

like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）

51

possible

类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面 上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足 道的。 12.

It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron

types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的 性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。 13.

Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine

was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4） 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛 弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统 中传播。 14.

Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，

arrangement，and

interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -） 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系 而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。 15.

Although some experiments show that ， as an object becomes familiar ， its internal

representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence

seems to support the serial hypothesis， at least for objects that are not notably

simple and familiar. （4+） 虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于 平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物 体来说。 16.

In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great

deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. （3+） 在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来 更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 Focus A on B; 17.

If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek

descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4) 如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊对于这种社会 的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实——真正的亚麻逊社会的——而是为了对于妇女在其社会中 的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。 18.

Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger

equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom ， but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite

52

set of

quantum field-theoretical equations. （5）

因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔（Schrodinger）的氢原 子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为 正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言 也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。 19.

The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is

convincing only if it

is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+） 物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据， 一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却 令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying assumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚 的。 20.

However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’

s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4-） 起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力， 她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然 无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。 21.

As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional

similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem， at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5） 随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异 印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。 22.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those

circumstances in ways other than ideological ， and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4） 虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说 和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。 23.

Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of

aesthetic？ （3） 这究竟是一种缺陷呢，还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种 与众不同的美学体系？ 24.

In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism

or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5） 不仅如此，有些黑人小说（比如 JT 的甘蔗）的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义；这种技巧是否为流行的 主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主 义的表现手法所表达的主题。 25.

Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some

fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon

Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

（4）注意：bring A to B ——〉bring to B A 《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作

53

品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James Weldon Johnson）的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》 （Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。 26.

Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of

sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，

infrared

emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) 虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻 挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared emission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。 27.

The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human

behavior but one

of imposing constraints—ways of

feeling，thinking，and acting that

"come

naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4） 这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类—— 即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。 28.

Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology

for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? （5） 以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之 间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？ 29.

A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not

prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. （3+） 在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出——但没能证明——食草动物已吞噬了大 部分水藻。 30.

Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be

collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. （5） 可能这样一个事实，那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻，这样一 个忽视了更小的浮游生物（而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，导致了在接下来 的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。 31.

Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring

feeding rates of

individual zooplankton species in the

laboratory and then computing community

grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. （5） 由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手 段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实 地状况下的群落捕食速率。 32.

In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，

Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor

lakes and bog lakes，

respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+） 在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率， 对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的 6.6%和 114%. 33.

The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through

which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. （4）

54

水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程， 开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着 地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。 34.

Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it

the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（4） 只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候，才有可能把整 个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。 35.

The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been

developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the

closing of the

internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. （4） 史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自 18 世纪 70 年代 以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即 是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。 36.

In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here

as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4） 二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自 1300 年至 1800 年这一时期 的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量的数据），开始调查前工业化时代欧洲 人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵 族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。 37.

Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case

histories， which

have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not

confined

to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+） 象勒罗伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history） 来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是 如何执行审判的。 38.

It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per

thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5） 从文章中可以推断出来，一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率与另外 一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的帮助？ 39.

My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender

as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4） 我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解——在 很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够 重视。 40.

Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host

tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5）

55

即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能够通过从研究 组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。 41.

But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and

nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4） 但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子 控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。 42.

Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of

course，a

considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as

subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of

possible legal phenomena. （5）

伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象——毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法 规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处——以致于对 它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。 43.

（Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there

is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. （5） 尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被 征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》 （Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹 太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。 44.

Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that

preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic

Arabia and numerous legal elements

taken over from the non-Arab peoples

of the

conquered territories. （4） 另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法 是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上 是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿 拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。 (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。 45.

One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes

that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution ： specifically ， the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. （5） 此句最好能够熟读，更好的是背诵下来。（复杂修饰+插入+省略+倒装） 这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的 那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨 识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆 科植物的研究日趋深入。 46.

It is one of nature’s great ironies that the

availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets

an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves

are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）

下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，

56

虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。 47.

Unless they succeed，the

genes in

legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers

and isolated，and even if

yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the are identified

the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.

（4） 除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些 植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体 （gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。 48.

Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is

"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，

diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad， however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers

are asked to identify with the mind of

Achilles，

whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5） 其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”，因为读 者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；然 而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles） 的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。 （从分号后的语句推理出 前面的意思） 注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的 49.

Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement：

before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+） 在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在 成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。 50.

A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s

suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .（4） 一个对于 H 的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在 17 世纪 60 年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批评显示，关于 奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查，而且显示出，对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同 处理的解释应当被扩展。 51.

The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks

found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle， are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most

geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -）

对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于 由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统 的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。 52.

Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle

that the mantle is

xenoliths， argue

not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements"

（ elements tending toward

liquid rather than solid state ） percolating upward and transforming

portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+） 但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相 反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自 下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

57

53.

Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be

a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -） F 认为，P 在 1908 年试图开始写一部小说，又为了写一部批判 S-B 的 伟大作品的真正本质的视而不见的 长篇的证明而放弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌生，使得后者取 而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。 54.

The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and

rearranging themselves

on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it

difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5） 各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列； 正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。 55.

But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s

correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4) 但是我们当中的那些希望（也算上 K 本人）K 新出版的 P1909 年书信的全集能够更加详细的记录下这一过 程的人都大失所望。 56.

Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing

from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. （5 -） 现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化，我们的经历是从一个主权的民族变成 了新来的定居者的同胞，在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族——在我们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。 57.

It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular

probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to

these mRNA’s，but

should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4） 科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补 DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe）， 探觅出肽激素的信使 RNA’s（mRNA’s）。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使 RNA’ s.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补 cDNA’s 应仍然和这些 信使 mDNA’s 粘结的程度。含有这些 mRNA’s 的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使 RNA’ s 进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽 激素。 58.

The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be

much faster than the immunological method because it can

take years of tedious purifications

to

isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4） 采用 cDNA 探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免 疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。 59.

Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less

fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. （3+） 然而，研究 P 时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们 来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。 60.

This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to

glacial and interglacial periods，rather

than on the more usual modern method of studying biological

58

remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4） 这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地 质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而 这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。 61.

There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social

relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or

between those already satiated and those who appear to be

shamelessly gorging.（5） 人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一 身体需要之满足的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相 称的社会关系。 62.

Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint

that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5） 研究艾米丽。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小说《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）的许多文学评论家，将小说 的第二部分视作一种对比物，即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话，也是在对第一部分作出一种诠释评判， 而在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确证。 63. novelistic

Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an

authorial awareness of

construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage

attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. （4+） 诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那种意识 相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服 的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course. 64.

This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in

any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. (5) 这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题（尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中，僵化死板 总是一种危险），而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于 一个囊括无遗的解释中。 65.

The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to

another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate

virtually

uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4) 铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差； 而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。 66.

More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to

feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent

excretion of the seeds. （3+）

更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即 由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。 67.

A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that

England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+） 一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在 1763 年以前对于这些殖民地

59

的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目 标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。 68.

It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of

silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；

but

when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4） 现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类 物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服 力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。 69.

Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed

in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+） 即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种 批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人 作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。 70.

They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes

are not constrained

in the same way，and which can be detected. （3）

它们被称为“虚粒子” （virtual particle），以便与实粒子（real particle）区分开来，而实粒子则不会以这种 方式受到制约，并且其存在可得以测定。 71.

Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United

Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable . （4+） 公开对妇女压迫的存在的承认对于 50 年代的美国而言有些过分激进，而且 B 的结论，即妇女经济状况的 变化，经管它本身不是一个充分的因素，但是“仍然是提高妇女地位的根本因素”的观点，尤其无法令人 接受。 72.

Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the

Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core. （4） 其他的理论家提出，在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后，由于地球与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞，月亮便 从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。 Rip:撕开；拨去；在本文是撕开的意思。 73.

However , recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England

culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. （4） 然而，进来的学术研究强烈的显示那些看来最为明确的请教徒的早期新英格兰文化的一些方面，比如强烈 的宗教导向和团体意识，就整体而言却不是新英格兰的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只局限与马萨诸赛和 康涅狄格两个州。 74.

Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern—

acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically English than the cultural

patterns exhibited by Puritan

Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic

of most other early modern

British

colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. （4）

因此，那些与（北方）清教殖民地形成鲜明对比、并在戴维斯教授的心目中显得具有特殊南方色彩的特征

60

——占有欲、对政治和法律的浓厚兴趣、以及培养大都市文化模式的倾向——不仅仅要比清教的马萨诸塞 州和康乃涅克州所展现出来的文化模式更具有典型的英国色彩，并且几乎毫无疑问地构成了绝大多数其它 早期近代英国殖民地的特征，从巴巴多斯北至罗得岛和新罕布什尔州。 75.

Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early

childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.（5） 一些描述，关于他从小就记得的北卡罗来纳州的 M 县的人民、关于他在 H 的日子里的爵士乐手和公寓的房 顶、关于匹兹堡的钢铁工人的描述和他的假借古代 B 国对古希腊神话得宠俗，都表现了这一点。In the guise of :”假借、在…的幌子下，假装”。 76.

A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian

who lives in a walnut-sized （or smaller） balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. （4） 浮游动物体内一种极特殊的进食适应性变化是蝌蚪状的尾海鞘纲动物（appendicularian）的那种适应性变 化，而尾海鞘纲动物则存活于核桃大小（或更小）的黏液球囊内，装备有过滤器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植 物。 77.

These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist

ideas and activities during the same period. （3+） 但是，这些史学家还不曾充分地分析同一时期中那些具体的女权主义思想和活动的发展。 78.

Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below

the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. (5) 显然，大多数的巨星能够失去足够多的物质以至于在燃尽其核燃料以前他们的质量下降到关键值 1.4M 以 下。难在：sufficient …that… = so much (many ) … that… 79.

This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward

occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.（5） 即使是武装部队是在一种趋向职业平等的制度变迁的风气中运作的时候，而且即使部队是在联邦政府的同 工同酬的约束下运行的时候，情况仍然是这样。 80.

When the core of a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4 times the present mass of our Sun （M

⊙）exhausts its nuclear fuel，it is unable to support its own weight and collapses into a tiny neutron star. （4） 当一颗质量超过我们的太阳目前质量（M☉）1.4 倍的巨星的内核耗竭其核燃料时，它便无法支撑自身的重 量，并收缩成为一颗小型中子星（neutron star）。 81.

An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an

Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. （5） 一个能够把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉轨道的碰撞发生的可能性甚至小于这种事件在月亮上发生的可能 性，考虑到月亮更小的尺寸及其与地球接近的程度。 注：in view of :考虑到、由于=because of； 82.

Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific

unresponsiveness in

which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin，from that

donor

are accepted permanently. （4） 但是，我们已经发现，在许多种老鼠之间，这些移植法的“常规”并没有被肝脏移植物所遵循。肝脏移植 物非但从没遭到过排斥，甚至还诱发了一种供者特异性无应答状态（donor-specific unresponsiveness）， 在此状态中，随后来自那个供者其它器官的移植物，如皮肤，会永久地被接受。

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83.

As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered （by seismic waves）

generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. （4） 当岩石界面被穿过的时候，震波所遇到的弹性性质通常会发生突然的变化，这就使得一部分能量被反射回 地面，在地面反射回来的波被震波纪录仪记录下来。 84.

While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the

specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the

Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the date once

more into utter confusion.

（4） 数据资料已被统计出来，或被重新统计出来，以便证明在文体学这方面， 《乞援衰女》实际上确实在《波斯 人》和《七雄攻忒拜》 （后两者现在则变成了“原始”的剧作）之后以及在轴残片却唤起了一种幽灵似的疑 虑，即另一块残片有可能再度被挖掘出来，并证明，比如说， 《乞援衰女》是作者藉以击败索福克勒斯的《达 那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，从而将创作年代再度置于极度的混乱之中. 注：best:击败,=defeat, overcome, outdo 85.

The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve

aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3+) 一个社会所创造出来藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成产生，以保存在这个社会看来具有 本质意义的文化遗产的各个方面。 86.

Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random

events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. （4） 传统上，风媒传粉被看成是这样的繁殖过程：其特征就是由一些随即事件的发生，在这些随机事件里，风 的反复无常被大量的产生花粉所补偿，以至于新种子的最终产生被保证了，其代价是产生远远多于实际使 用量的花粉。 87.

Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long

distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the

ensuing

loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. （5） 由于花粉粒在其长距离的运输过程中所要面临的潜在危险是巨大的，按上述观点来看，由风授粉的植物补 偿了通过偶发事件而伴随造成的花粉损失。其途径是，制造出大于昆虫授粉的植物种类所产生的花粉量的 一至三个数量级的花粉量。 88.

For example，the spiral arrangement of

scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，

where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. （5） 例如，带有胚珠的松球的鳞苞综合体的螺旋状安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，对于气流模 式的形成与产生殊为重要，而这些气流模式在松球的表现盘旋上升，从而把在空气中飞行的花粉从一个鳞 苞传播至下一个鳞苞。 89.

Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and

economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. （3+） FE,却预测妇女们将被从家庭的“社会、法律和经济压迫”中解放出来，只是通过使得征召“整个女性阶层

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进入公共的工业中去”成为可能的技术进步的方式做到的。 90.

It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，

previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative

work that in the

1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work." （5）十九 世纪八十年代，产生了新的一类“没前途”的职业，这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改变，而是由于秘书 工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练——与行政工作的分离。自此以后，这类“没 前途”的职业便被视作是“女人的工作。” 注：本文难度再分不清 separation … from 的搭配关系 91.

The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth

century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire. （5） 二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间的增加并无多 大联系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减， 而在此之前的许多情形中，单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯一—一类妇女。 The pool of 如果后面跟着 一群人，则表示劳动力资源 92.

For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.

（5）难句类型：正话反说 请思考：如果文中说这句话的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者 说上面的这句话有什么用意。 93.

In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we may think of the

density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. （5） 为了能理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质，我们可以把那些作用于增长参数的密度依赖效应视作生态学 家们力图将其分离并予以解释的“信号”，正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增，或从相对较 高的数值递减；而与此同时，那些密度独立效应起到的作用则构成了种群动态变化中的“噪音”。 94.

But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more

"contradictory" than Du Bois’ famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness

coexisting with

human unity，or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. （5） 但该剧有关黑人自尊可与人类团结相融合这一复杂观点，丝毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法侬 （Fanon）的强调来得更为“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟虑的理想是，民族的自觉可以和人类 大同共存；法侬则对理想的国际主义进行了强调，而这一理想的国际主义同样也能兼容民族身份与角色。 No more … than :一样不 注：view Black self-esteem and human solidarity ideal ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity emphasis national identities and roles accommodates internationalism 95.

In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses

such as Isaacs’ to Raisin in the Sun？题干圈套 （5） 在以下哪一个选项中，文章的作者加强了她对类似这样的对于《》做出的反应的批判呢？ 96.

Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as

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Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. （3+） 作为二十世纪早期“进步派”史学家（如 Beard 和 Becker）等人某些观点的继承者，这些近期的史学家所 提出的观点值得我们予以评价。 97.

Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between

recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. （5） 尽管存在这些模糊范畴，但我们不应该断然声称，在各个易于辨认出的阶层之间所存在的敌对态度就无法 被合理地观察到。 98.

Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully

understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. （5+） 然而，有些史学家强调在殖民者之间曾出现过一种普遍的一致意见。这些史学家如果不认识到各种矛盾的 存在，就无法充分地理解这种一致意见，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或压制之后才有可能获得那种一致 意见。 It 指代：general consensus 99.

It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of

the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？（5）插入语多 从文章中可以推断出来，作者最有可能同意以下哪一个关于在美国革命战争中的社会经济各阶层及其对叛 党和保王党的支持的陈述？ 100.

She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance

forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.（5） 她希望抛弃传统的方法和像芭蕾舞这样已经确立的舞蹈语言，而希望探索人类表现力的内在源泉。 101.

Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what

manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. （5） 尽管有可能从实际制造的商品和服务中可推知制造商和服务业认为他们的顾客所需要的是什么，但只有对 由实际顾客撰写的相关的个人文件进行一番研究，方能提供一幅精确的图画，藉以说明“什么样的人”需 要什么样的东西。 102.

With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly

restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.（4） 关于这个最后的问题，我们可以顺便指出，T 尽管正确的使劳动人民重返十八世纪英国的历史舞台，但是 她又可能吹嘘了这些人对于资本主义消费观在普遍意义上的敌视态度；比如说，十八世纪的英国劳动人民 就很容易从家酿的啤酒转而引用由大型的、资本密集的城市酿酒厂生产的标准啤酒。In passing:顺便的、 随便的、偶然的 103.

The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether

changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.（4+） 当然二氧化碳与大气温度之间的相互联系并不能确定到底是大气成分的变化引起了气候的变暖和变冷的趋 势，还是大气成分的变化是由气候的冷暖变化造成的。 104.

Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of

human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. （5 -） 他们相信，诸如灵与肉的问题，或更普遍而言，人类知识的性质等此类哲学关注，均是一些基本的人类问

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题，其探索性的哲学答案已构成一个必要的基础，其它所有的智力思辩均赖以建立其上。 105.

The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in

judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin. （4） 细作审视，我们便不难发现，一种被称为“哲学”的独立学科——既有别于神学和科学诸般学科，并高高 在上地对其予以评判——的思想，其渊源却是甚为近期的事。 注：sit in judgment on :审视，做出判断；pursuit:不是追求，而是指被从事的事业=occupation, career, interest, etc. 106.

turn out:被证明是，实际是

They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to

liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.（5-）他们战斗着，尽管是谨慎的， 来为学术界打开新科学的大门，而且去把学术生活从宗教哲学中解脱出来，而且他们把自己的工作看成是 对科学和物理学而不是对哲学成长做出了贡献。 107.

But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all

three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. （4） 但是，最近在所有这三类动物身上，对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱这样一种企图， 即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。而所谓的趋同进化（convergent evolution）， 是指在互不相关的生物群体之间，作为对类似的环境压力作出的反应，彼此独立的发展形成某些相同特征。 108.

Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain

each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. （5） 人类因基所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就连去具体规定人类 1011 的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据 大脑的哪个半脑都无法做到，更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。 109.

For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus

objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5） 对于一个从事女权主义文学评论的妇女来说，主观性还是客观性，或者说评论家应该做艺术家还是作科学 家的争论有着特殊的重要性；对她来说，此问题不仅仅是学术上的，而且还是政治上的，并且她所给出的 定义，不管有利于问题的哪一方面，都会招致特殊的风险。 110.

If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific – a valid, verifiable, intellectual

method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform – the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.（4） 假如她把女权主义文学评论定义为客观的和科学性的——一个有效的、可证实的、理性的、无论男女都可 以使用的方法——那么，这个定义不仅将排挤掉批评家作为艺术家的方法，而且可能会阻碍那些寻求改变 学术界的现状的及其思维，特别是有关性别角色的思维的人们的实用主义的政治目标的成就。 111.

These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an

exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our

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society. （5+） 这些问题之所以带有政治性质，因为不可避免地，围绕这些问题展开的争论与其说是一种在客观冷静科研 精神指导下对抽象问题的探索，倒不如说是一种学术上的权力斗争。在此斗争中，许多女学者中——只是 在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头，与她们相 伴随的是对人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇，这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存在的性别主 义的一股重要影响。 112.

Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering

the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.（4-） 他有可能相信，他不能够即批评美国的对外政策，同时又不危及到他从联邦政府那里已经获得的对民权运 动的支持。 113.

However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly

sinistral broods, the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high.（5） 可是，一些窝中会有一些相反旋向的蜗牛，而且在主要是左旋的窝种，出现右旋的几率是令人惊奇的高。 114.

In experiments，an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral

eggs，but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs. 在实验中，用取自右旋卵子的细胞质进行的注射，可改变左旋卵子的模式；用取自左旋卵子的细胞质进行 的注射却不能影响到右旋卵子。 115.

Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on Earth and long believed to

have a Martian origin might actually have been blasted free of Mars’s gravity by the impact on

Mars of

other meteorites. （4+） 最近，某些科学家得出结论认为，那些在地球上发现的并一直被相信源自火星的陨石（meteorite），实际 上有可能是由于其它的陨石撞击火星而致使其被震离火星的重力作用范围。 116.

Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from

the status of being regarded as of questionable worth （because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action）to the status of being wholly condemned. （4） 在这种观点的力量作用下，一件或许是不可避免的事情发生了：修辞艺术竟然从被视和具有让人怀疑的价 值这样一种地位（因为尽管它有可能既构成一种歪曲真理的手段和误导行为的来源）转变到彻底遭谴责的 地位。 117.

None of these translations to screen and stage，however，dramatize the anarchy at the

conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee，which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan’s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century，where he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements. （4） 然则，在所有这些被搬上银幕和舞台的改编作品中，没有任何一部作品能生动地再现《康乃涅克州的美国 佬》结尾处的无政府状态。而在原作结尾处所描述的情节是，摩根历时三年之久苦心经营的进步事业被暴 力推翻，他又重返于十九世纪，在由于他的那些有关吊桥和城垛的语无伦次的唠叨而被列为疯子之后，显 然自杀身亡。 118.

Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal

component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid，such as alloys of palladium and silicon，or alloys consisting of iron，phosphorus，and carbon，although small discrepancies remained. （5） 以伯纳尔所建立的旨在研究合金中金属成分的那类模型为基础，研究人员对合金密度进行了计算，这些计 算相当程度上与某些合金测量中通过实验确定的数据趋于一致，尽管一些细小的差异依然存在。实验中测 量的那类合金由一贵金属和一准金属构成，例如，钯和硅的合金，或由铁、磷、和碳组成的合金。

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119.

And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine

equality “the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere”.（4） 而起，W 倡议把“在金钱的圈子之外废除金钱的力量”作为笑出这种暴政并且重新获得真正的平等的方法。 120.

It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than

was hitherto thought. 现在，这已成为一个不争的事实：银河系要比迄今为止所想象的要来得远为浩瀚广阔，并具有远高得多的 质量。 121.

Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in “sensitivity” or “the

ability to express compassion” merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth? （5） 按照 P 的观点，坚持那些在“敏感性”或“表达同情心的能力”上突出的人应该与那些在对赚钱很重要的 能力（比如“刻苦工作的能力”）上突出的人得到同样的财富，难道这种做法就不是暴政么？ 122.

Yet Waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak-

nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those

other qualities that evoke

affection or admiration. （5） 然则，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最严重的一个弱点，即它将 某一类人置于社会中的显赫地位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的方式获得了其物质报偿，却常常缺乏其它那 些能唤起他人受戴和钦佩的品质。 123.

The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited，hampered by

poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.（4 - ） 对美国印第安人传统口头文学的欣赏，一直被质量低劣的翻译所限制和妨碍，并且即使是那种不可多得的 既体现着文化敏感性，又在美学上令人满意的译作，也难以完全传递出原作的诗体结构、语调和句法。 注：the difficulty (….) of：括号中的是插入语 124.

Mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were

developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. （4+） “风俗习惯”，体现了每一文化制约每个公民的理想准则，它是在这种信仰中发展而来的，即一个社会的基 础在于个人能力的培养，并将这些个人能力置于对社会的服务之中。 125.

Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants

that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. （5） 唯独在二月革命（the February Revolution）这一情形中，我们缺乏一种有用的有关参加者的描述，而这一 描述则有可能按照社会历史有关革命动员过程所教给我们的内容来勾画出这场革命的性质。 126.

As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a

comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.（5） 作为一个结果，有两件事就变得很困难或者根本不可能，1、为一次成功的革命建立起一个详尽的并可信的 关于参加者的描述；2、回答人们会问的、关于起义者的社会背景的甚至是最为基本的问题。 127.

Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the

cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups. （4）

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当人类学家和其他人试图去描述一个小规模的同一性质（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化标准时，他们 处在一种要坚实得多的基础上。相对而言，当他们着手从事这样一个艰巨的任务，即去揭示存在于一个复 杂的、由许多彼此间毫无联系的群体所构成的现代单一民族的独立国家（nation-state）时，他们就具备一 个同样坚实的基础。 128.

The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas

themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in Spain.（4+） 不管 V 的直接来源是什么，意大利的影响都有可能存在：墨西哥的 C 戏剧本身就被认为来自于 16 世纪的 西班牙作家的戏剧作品，而那些作家的灵感来自与他们与在西班牙巡回演出的意大利 cd 剧团的遭遇。 129.

It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these Chicano

writers，whose English language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their Spanish-language works. 因此，一般而言，正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调，这些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感 ——才得以发展一种强有力的和富于吸引力的语言，并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。 130.

To measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at

intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months. 为了恰当地测量它们，监测设备必须被设置在一网络上，彼此的间距最多为五十公里，位于每个网点的感 应器沉放至海洋深处，并在许多个月中一直固定在那里。 131.

This declaration，which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment，was designed

primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. （3） 这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的宣言，主要是旨在对抗最高法院在“Dred Scott 诉 Sandford”一 案中的判决，此判决裁定，在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。 132.

The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to

write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. （4） 第十四条修正案的宽泛笼统的语言强烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲载入宪法的不是一张具体民法的细目清单， 而是一种平等公民权的原则，这一原则禁止有组织的社会将任何一个个人作为劣等阶层的成员来对待。 133.

This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other，nonracial

forms of discrimination，for while some justices have refused to find，any legislative

classification other

than race to be constitutionally disfavored，most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations. sexual Discrimination in particular, are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. （5） 所谓“怀疑分类”，意指那种在有可能被理解成以种族为基础，针对某一群体进行的歧视这一信条扩展了第 十四条修正案的适用范围，使其同样也适用于其它的、非种族形式的歧视。因为虽然某些法官拒不将除种 族以外的立法分类裁定为非法的，但绝大多数法官已经接受了这样一个论点，即至少某些非种族性质的歧 视，尤其是性别歧视，是“值得怀疑的”，并理应接受法庭这种更高程度上的审视。 134.

Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate

the water

within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. 只有当某一地质系统拥有自然的或人工的界限，将该系统内的水与水文循环起来，这整个系统方能被恰当 地称为与水文地质学相关。

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胡敏长难句 69 句★

★

1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of

descendants an individual will have and

hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数 5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传 递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。 难句类型：倒装、省略 本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语 That sex ratio 之后的以 which 引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的 从句倒装成谓语 will be favored 之后。 在 which 引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在 maximize 的第一个宾语 the number of descendants that an individuall will have 中，

an individuall will have 是修饰 descendants 的定语从句，

但是，因为在从句中作 have 的宾语，所以引导词 that 可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个 the number of 之 前，省略了与前面一样的成分 that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence 在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最 大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies

transmitted.

2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)（这是一种） 译文：照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解 为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 复杂+倒装+省略; 解释：本句子的难度在一切 GRE、GMAT 包括 LSAT 考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲， 类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不 读。 A、 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了 this is 。这种用 一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从 未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、 desire 后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是 to throw over reality a light，其中的 a light 是被倒装 到了 overreality 之后，正常应是 throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与 throw 距离不远，读者看得 还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从 that 开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的 light 的，而是修饰一开始的 desire 的。 C、 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调 never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句 中的倒装：正常语序应该是 that might never be given away，倒装后系动词 was 被提前，given 因为在情 态动词 might 之后所以变成了原型 give。A give way to B，是 A 让位于 B，而 A be given way to B，

则

是 A 取代 B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的 desire，what 引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名 词。What 从句中的不定式 to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower 中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是 to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。 D、 就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的冲动 是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的 欲望（新冲动），前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。

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意群训练： （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . 3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. （3） 译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来； 另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。 解释：介词 from 的宾语有两个并列的部分，由 and 所连接，在 and 之后的第二个 from 前，省略了前面 一样的谓语动词 derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是 derived from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一 下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。 意群训练：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones. 4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been

ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the

traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states

of reverie and vision and

with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5）译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf） 译文：在创作《黛洛维夫人》 （Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯 为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性” 小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非 和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词 解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since 引导的原因状语从句较 难。 A、 since 之后的 it 指前面的 statement，highlight 的宾语 an aspect 之后有两个修饰成分，一个是 of her literary interests， 另一个是以 that 引导的定语从句 that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰 an aspect 的。Novelist 后面又有由 and 连接的两个介词结构 concerned with doing 修饰 novelist. B、 句中有两处省略，一是在 her literary interests that is very different from 当中，修饰 interests 的定语 从句中引导词＋be that is 一起省略了。第二处在 and 之后，由于 concerned with 与前面的 concerned with 重复，所以 concerned 被省略。 C、 本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。 意群训练：Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states

of reverie and

vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-） 译文：就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样， “尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来， 也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们

70

身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德” 抽象词、抽象词组、比喻 这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或 政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .” 6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+） 译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状 态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传 送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词 解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还 好理解，从 leaving 开始句子变难；leaving 引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又包含了 三个状语，其中的两个 via oxidative metabolism by the liver 又起到了插入语的作用，把 be converted into 拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的 body fluids, oxidative 和 resynthesis 通过 字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism 和 muscle 这三个词 在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而 glycogen 这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但 是请记住，GRE 和 GMAT 文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至 的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。 意群训练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . 7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+） 译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱--在那些 奴 隶 买 卖 并 不 频 繁 的 种 植 园 上 被 最 为 显 著 地 揭 示 出 来 -- 在 很 大 程 度 上 侧 重 于 稳 定 的 一 夫 一 妻 制 （monogamy） 。 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句中插入语的使用 revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中 的主语 that slaves' preference 与系动词 was 离得太远，造成阅读的困难。 意群训练：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4） 译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人

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文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑 奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：由 that 引导的宾语从句中，encouraged 的宾语 the transmission of the Black heritage 被同时表示 并列和转折的 and so 分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面 的 black 的同位语。 意群训练：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged thetransmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from

West African rules governing

marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+） 译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定 在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语 Gutman suggests 割裂了主句的主语和谓语。West African rules 后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰(governing marriage), 第二个是以 which 引导的非限定性定语从 句，从句中出现了第二个插入语 though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了从句引 导词与谓语之间的联系 意群训练：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from

West African rules

governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. （4+） 译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的 定义--即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被 普遍认作一种族”--可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种 族群体的敌视态度。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的后半个分钟中， 长长的插入语 as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition 作为主语 his definition of racial prejudice 的同位语，使分句中的主谓相 隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读 懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but 之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转 折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。 意群训练：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval

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Europe. 11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any

possible

correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5） 译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似 的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是 微不足道的。 难免类型：复杂修饰 解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉 such thing as something 这样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西 thing 居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的 as 及其后的 something 到 底为哪方神圣。再加上以 such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词 remain 太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者 反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是 such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense. 意群训练：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience. 12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的 性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。 难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack 从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是 lacking, 意思是缺乏的、不足的。本句的在 however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装， 正常语序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however 后面是个大倒装，lacking 之后的 that 引导的同位语人名是修饰主语 proof 的，但是因为它太长， 所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到 lacking 之后，正常的语序应该是 proof that the quality of ..was lacking 意群训练：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. 13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4） 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛 弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统 中传播。 难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定 解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂 的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上很别 扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重 否定与中文表达是一样的，表示肯定；如 not unlimited 就等于 limited。但是值得读者注意的是在 GRE 和

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GMAT 这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是 dichotomous(即 二分法的词汇，比如上面例子中的 limited 和 unlimited)，则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的 not disprove, 不能理解为 agree， 不反对者中，的确有人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如 此，大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的 be never rigidly disproved，没 有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双 重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法，就是通过多读、多练来熟悉 其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态 是一个仍未消失的状态；这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。运用前面所说的用合理化原则中 的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这 个分句中的 something be abandoned in favor of something else 这种语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为 喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说得通，但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor of 强调的是这两 种动作的同时性；抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely 之后的内容是前面的 opposing view 的同位语。 意群训练：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system 14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size ， number ，

arrangement ， and

interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -） 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系 而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语 as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的 分句中，主语 the obvious similarities 之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的 more remarkable than 时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。 意 群 训 练 ： Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and evidence

the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of

seems to support the serial hypothesis，

at least for objects that are not notably simple and

familiar. （4+） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：在 Although 引导的分句中，谓语 shows 后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句，从句中先出现一个插入语 as an object becomes familiar,之后的内容是由 and 连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实 and 前后就是两个句 子，只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词 that 和谓语 become。 句子中有一个生词 holistic，其实即使不认识，也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面 serial 的反义词、parallel 的同义词，大约是统一、完整或同时的意思；其实只要能理解到其是与 serial 相反的意思即可。 意 群 训 练 ： Although some experiments show that ， as an object becomes familiar ， its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the

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weight of evidence

seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably

simple and familiar. 虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于 平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serialhypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体 来说。 16. In large part as a consequence of

the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of

attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in

various periods. （3+）

难句类型：倒装 解释：focus A on B 指把 A 集中于 B，本句中介词 on 的宾语 determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods 中有一个小倒装，正常语序应该是 determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。 意群训练：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. 在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来 更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact -real Amazonian societies - but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4) 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：有两个词汇需要先解释一下：something be meant to represent 是 use something to mean 的被动 语态。mean 在这里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表达的目的、意图，其英文释义 为：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的结构为：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把 be meant to 和 not rather 的两个固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是为了...而是 为了... 另外，suppose 的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思，也有预期的意思，还有表示 贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。本句的 supposed 用法极其特殊，在此处的意思，用以上任何一个释义来 理解居然都可以成立，既是在说一个预期的社会状态，又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态， 其用法类似于中文中的一语双关，是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。 如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊对于这种社会 的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实--真正的亚麻逊社会的--而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统 治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。 意群训练：If obegins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society. 18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected

equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of

field-theoretical equations. （5）

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quantum

因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔（Schrodinger）的氢原 子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为 正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言 也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：读到此句时，数学家不见得震惊，晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂，而且罗列了大量 的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲，在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这 些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要，GRE 考试的出题者也不见 得知道它；关键是要读懂句子的主要意思；数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中， 出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的，所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。主句中的主语 it 是一个开工主语， 其具体的内容应该是从 to learn 开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式，但是此不定式实在太长，如果 放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn 后面带着两个以 that 引导的宾语从句，中间以分号和 and 分开，可以把 分号以后的句子看成是 and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that 的省略形式。 意群训练：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. 19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+） 物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据， 一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却 令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying assumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚 的。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句在文章中就是一个自然段，虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达 10 行的例子，但是难 度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩，连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说，由 whereas 连接了两个大句子，whereas 后面的句子中的主语 an augument 之后又跟了一个定语从句 that is convincing though imprecise， 修饰 augument。whereas 前面共有六个句子，由 the physicist 作主语的主句；由 since 引导的原因状语从句，修饰 since 从句中主语 an augument 的由 that 引导的定语从句，此定语从句中的条 件状语从句 only if it is precise; since 从句中的条件状语从句 if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语 assumptions 的定语从句 on which it is based 一共八个句子，从 句套从句，实在令人叹为观止。然而，在考试现场去数句子的数目，是只有呆子才会干的事，读者们惟一 要干的事就是反复阅读这句话，什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂，才算初步掌握； 再进一步把它读顺，直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方，看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。 意群训练：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group

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and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4-） 起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力， 她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然 无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句读到表示并列的连词 and 开始变难。and 之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的，to 的前面省 略了一个与前面一样的谓语 came。 lacking 之后的分词作定语修饰 a sense of female solidarity 其后的由 who 引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的 salonnieres 此从句中又有一个定语从句 that each salonniere held in her own salon 修饰其前的 primacy,但是由于引导词 that 在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。 意群训练：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon 21. As my own studies have advanced ， I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem， at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5） 随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异 印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：本句子的中间一段 impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences 容易令人看晕，其中的 insect and vertebrate societies and less so with 由两个 and 连接了三个部分，然而它们其实不是同一层次的并列，第一个 and 实际上是 between insect societies and vertebrate societies 的一部分，是并列的，而 and 之后的 less so with 其实是对于一个 完整的表达方式 I have been increasingly less impressed with 的省略形式，去掉了与前面重复的成分。 后 面修饰的 structural differences 的定语从句 that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them 中，又出现了一个别扭的插入语 at first glance，把应该连在一起的 seem to 粗暴地分开， 令人不熟悉此类难句的人倍感不适。 意群训练：As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constiture such an immense gulf between them. 22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances ， its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological ， and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4） 虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说 和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句从句子的结构上来讲，惟一的难度在于 and 之后的句子的主语 talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology 太长，以至于看到谓语 circumvent 的时候已经搞不清楚主谓了。更大 的难度恐怕还在于对两个词汇的理解 circumvent 和 enterprise。我们以前所背过的 circumvent 有两个词义， 一个是规避，一是以计谋战胜，但是这两种意思放到此处都显然不通；其实 circumvent 有一个我们没有背 过的最常用的意思是包围、限制或陷害；至于 enterprise 常用的意思是企业，这里的指事业。 意群训练：Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those

77

circumstances in ways other than ideological ， and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？ （3） 这究竟是一种缺陷呢，还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种 与众不同的美学体系？ 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句的句子既短，意思也不难理解，但插入语(or trying to forge)的干扰作用却极强。 意群训练：Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? 24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5） 不仅如此，有些黑人小说（比如 JT 的甘蔗）的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义；这种技巧是否为流行的 主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主 义的表现手法所表达的主题。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：在本句中有三个词需要先解释一番：verge on 这个词组是接近于、濒于的意思，hero 在文学作品中 是主人公的意思，pit 作动词时，除了挖坑、窖藏之外，还有使竞争、使斗争的意思，其英文释义为：to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在 此用的是后一种语义的被动语态 fate againt which Black heros are pitted.如果用主动语态则是：pit black heros againt fate。另外本句的结构复杂，分号之后是一个一般疑问句，但是由于修饰成分过多，过长，使 得读者看不清楚这个句子在问什么。其实如果没有最后的那个 prevalent theme 的同位语 a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression，本句会易懂得多。 意群训练：In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism； does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? 25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon

process some

Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-

Colored

Man. （4） 注意：bring A to B --〉bring to B A 《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意 到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James Weldon Johnson）的《一个 曾经是有色人的自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。 难句类型：倒装 解释：在以 bringing 开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装，bring A to B 被倒装为 bring to B A,其倒装的原因 仍是为了避免头重脚轻，正常的语序应该如下：bringing some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man to our attention in the process. 意群训练：Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels， bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. 26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of

78

sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，

infrared

emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) 虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射--阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此--不受阻挡地穿 透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared emission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语，但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配 allow something to do somthing 中间，将 allow 和 to 分得很远，所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。后面的分句中的最后一行 radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space 是其前面的 infrared emissions 的同位语。 其中的 otherwise 是副词作状语，表示如果后面的分句所说的 they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions 不发生时的后果。 意群训练：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated， to pass through， they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface， radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space 27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one

of imposing constraints-ways of

feeling，thinking，and acting that

"come naturally" in

archetypal situations in any culture. （4） 这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类--即 在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略 解释：尽管我们很熟悉 the role of something 的这种表达，但本句中 the role of 被作者胜利很活。首先， 在 role 后面有一个省略了引导词 that 的定语从句(因为 role 在从句中作 ascribe 的宾语)，这样就把 role 和 系动词 is 隔得很远。其次，but 前面的句子的主要结构 The role is not of doing something 其实是 The role is not the role of doing something 的省略形式，因为后面的 the role 与前面的完全重复，如果不把它省略 掉，谁看到都要觉得啰嗦。因为同样的道理，but 之后的 one of imposing constraints 实际上是 is one role of imposing constraints 的省略形式。 意群训练：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating behavior but one

of imposing constraints- ways of

the details of human

feeling， thinking，and acting that

"come

naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? （5) 以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之 间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？ 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句子在所有 GRE 或 GMAT 阅读题的题干中是最难读懂的题干之一。本句不但结构复杂，而且用词 抽象，使得读者如果想根据语义来搞清楚谁修饰谁，也变得极为困难。分析如下：本句的主干是 Which of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction?. Versus 是一个介词，等于 against，即体育比赛中的 VS。其他的所有成分均是一些修饰成分。其中一个对答题最重要的限制条件是 from human morphology，

说明这种类比的比较双方所比的必须是人类形态上的特征。

意群训练：Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology

79

for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers

had removed most of the algae. （3+）

在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出--但没能证明--食草动物已吞噬了大部分水 藻。 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句主语很长，而且谓语 suggested 与 that 引导的宾语从句间被插入语 but did not prove 隔开，造 成阅读障碍。当 suggest 与 but did not prove 连在一起使用的时候，其意思不是建议，而是指一种基于主 观臆测的推理，中文翻译成“暗示”。其英文释义为：to call to mind by though or association the explosion suggested sabotage。GRE、GMAT 及 LSAT 文章中，常用 suggest，but do not prove 来描述一种没有真凭 实据、可能有问题的理论，然后在后面的叙述中把它否定掉。 意群训练：A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. 30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. （5） 可能这样一个事实，那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻，这样一 个忽视了更小的浮游生物（而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，导致了在接下来 的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：句子的结构繁杂。句子的主语令人吃惊地长，在最后一个逗号后的 led 以前，全是主语！其实句子 的主干简单，就是 the fact led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers。但是本句的主语 the fact 后面的修 饰成分长得吓人，先是个定语从句；定语从句中又套了一个定语从句。然后逗号后面的 a practice 引导的 部分是前面的主语的同位语兼任插入语，practice 后面的修饰它的一大堆东西又是定语从句套着定语从句。 本句是典型的层层修饰结构。 意群训练：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research 31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of

individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for

field conditions using the known population density of grazers. （5） 由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手 段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实 地状况下的群落捕食速率。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句对阅读者的阅读能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求读者读清楚句子的复杂的结构，而且对读者 的词汇能力也提出了更高的要求。By 以前结构无需解释，by 以后有两个作介词宾语短语的动名词结构， measuring 和后面表示并列和顺接的 and then 之后的 computing，说的是计算方法；前一个 measuring 说 的是先算出实验室中浮游动物品种的单位捕食速率，后面的 computing 前其实省略了一个 by，而且在这个 动名词结构中还包括一个分词结构 using the known population density of grazers，用已知的捕食者的种群

80

密度计算出其野外的群体捕食速率。整个的 by 以后的计算过程简单了就是：实验室单位速率×野外密度＝ 野外群体速率另外本句中的词汇也颇有迷惑性；虽然没有太难的单词，但是很多单词都是同义词和反义词， 容易让人读混；（斜线分隔同义词，冒号分隔反义词） estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall 意群训练：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of

individual zooplankton species in the

laboratory and then computing community

grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor

lakes and bog lakes，

respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+） 在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率， 对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的 6.6%和 114%. 难句类型：插入语 解释：句中有两组插入语，每组两个插入语，尤其是第二组，把 rate of 从中间劈开。不过因为句义尚好理 解，所以本句只是有一点别扭，但不算太难。 意群训练：In the periods

of

peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the

summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor

lakes and bog

lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation， thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. （4） 水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程， 开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着 地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解 释 ： beginning 开 始 的 一 系 列 分 词 都 是 修 饰 主 语 The hydrologic cycle 的 ， 分 别 是 beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along and into the grund surfacee 是 thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee 的省略形式，但是看上去意思却很清楚。类似这样的 省略，是出题者合理地利用了省略来达到改编学术论文时压缩文章篇幅的目的。 意群训练：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（4） 只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候，才有可能把整 个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：only 放在句首时，主句的情态动词 may 倒装，这是我们高中就已经学过的东西。然而句首的 only 与倒装的 may 距离如此之远，这在以前却没有见过，所以读上去让人不习惯。另外一个难点在于，前面的

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由 when 所引导的时间状语从句中，宾语 boundaries 后面跟了一个定语从句，that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且从句中的 associate with 又被 water within it 所分开，读者还要分神去考虑 it 所指的是什么，所以读到后面倒装的 may 的时候，难免不知所云。 意群训练：Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. 35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land

closing of the

needed for further expansion of the

American farming system. （4） 史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自 18 世纪 70 年代 以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧--亦即是说， 美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：典型的句子套句子。主句是 F.J.T. wrote that，宾语从句中主干是 the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在从句的主语 the agrarian discontent 后面又来了一个 定语从句。 意群训练：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States

since about 1870 had been precipitated by the

closing of

the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system 36. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自 1300 年至 1800 年这 一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量的数据），开始调查前工业化时 代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法 官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。 解释：句子中有两个插入语，一个是跟在 preindustrial Europe 之后的 which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,这个插入语的直接作用是解释前面的 preindustrial Europe 的年 代，而起到的客观作用则是把主句中的主语和谓语分割得很远；第二个插入语是在 began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate 中间，把一个好好的 began to 斩为两段。 这句话另外一个难以理解的 地方是 more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工业化以前的 欧洲人口中超过了那 2%到 3%的人，亦即占 97%到 98%的人民群众。 意群训练：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

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37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not

confined to，

attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+ ) 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：象勒罗伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示 出当局是如何执行审判的。 解释：逗号以后的内容都是修饰逗号以前的 case history 的。在 which 引导的非限定性定语从句中有一个 插入语(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我们可 以看到这个插入语中又套了一个插入语 but not confined to。 意群训练：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case

histories， which

have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not

confined

to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5） 难句类型：复杂修饰 译文：从文章中可以推断出来，一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率 与另外一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的帮助？ 解释：句首的 it 是形式主语，其具体内容是从 that 开始到句子结束的全部内容。That 从句中，主语 a historyian 之后修饰它的超长的定语从句是这个句子难以读懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates 中间被 修饰第一个 crime rates 的两个修饰成分 perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century 分隔得很远。在 with 之后的第二个 crime rates 后面，省略了与前面重复的 per thousand in a European city。 意群训练：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? 39. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender

as

shaping influences on people’s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：我的论点是，其作品的中心意识--它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解-在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足 够重视。 解释：宾语从句中的主语和谓语被长插入语分开，造成阅读障碍。插入语中有一个固定搭配 understanding of A as B，是把 A 理解成 B 的意思。不过本句中 as 的宾语不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s lives 可以理解成“形成了对人们生活的影响”也可以理解成“对人们生活的塑造性(决定性)影响”。当然后面的 理解是正确的，然而在阅读现场想要在瞬间做出正确判断，还有赖于考生的阅读理解力和词汇功底的深浅。 插入语后面还有一个固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多东西是来自于后者，得益于后者的。 意群训练：My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

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40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5） 即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能够通过从研究 组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、专有名词、固定搭配 解释：主语 the requirement 后面带着一个长长的修饰主语的同位语；由于 requirement 的同位语中要求使 用虚拟语气，所以其中的系动词成了原型(should be 省略了 should)。如此之长的修饰成分过后，谓语 can be met 与主语的关系已经很难理清了。从 by 开始的状语结构更为复杂；修饰 techniques 的后置的定语 derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants 实际上是由 or 所连接的两个固定搭配 the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个 derive from 中还套了另外一个固定搭配 the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个 derive from 则干脆把 derive 给省略了。此外，本句的专有名词奇多，这使得阅读的难度非常高。 意群训练：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants 41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4） 但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子 控制着细胞彼此间的结合--而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句这样的复杂修饰和插入语的作用差不多；主语 achieving necessary matches 之后的修饰成分 in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter 把主语和谓语 requires 分开。值 得注意的是修饰宾主的 of which molecules 中的 which 在此不是定语从句的引导词，而是一个形容词，意 思是哪个。 意群训练：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other

of them as far as subject

matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. （5） 伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象--毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规 而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处--以致于对它进 行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：这是一个被 GRE 考生尊称为 No.题三大难文章之一的伊斯兰法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入语前 后都不难，关键是如何对待这段插入语。首先，插入语很长，在原文中有四行。笔者在前面不只一次提醒 读者，三行心目的插入语必须跳过，看懂前后的内容再回头来看插入语。插入语难懂的第一个原因是其中 混有大量的抽象词和法律术语；还有一个重要原因，那就是它其实不是一个完整的句子。把插入语中所有 的修饰成分扒光，只剩下一个单词：coinsidences，而主语和谓语 it has 则被作者省略。不管从哪个角度上

84

来看，这句话中的那个插入语都极像是 ETS 布下的一个陷阱：首先，插入语的内容对理解文章毫无作用； 其次，考试中对插入语也出题；第三，其实这句话中的插入语根本不必读。也可以根据插入语前后的内容 用合理化原则的取非读法猜出其意思。插入语前后的内容是伊斯兰法与其他法律不同，插入部分以 notwithstanding 开关，又有 of course,可见插入部分一定是让步证据，因此可以对前后的内容取非，猜出 插入部分一定是在说伊斯兰法与其他法律有相同之处。句末的 in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena 中，包含一个倒装；正常语序的 appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately 中的副词 adequately 被提到 appreciate 的宾语之前。 意群训练 slamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. （5） 尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被 征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》 （Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹 太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、专有名词 解释：本句与上一句同来自于同一篇文章，本文的主题是伊斯兰法，但作者反复用犹太法来吓唬读者，同 样 ETS 也未就此句话出题。这句话难读是因为两个原因：第一、作者在 between

Jewish law of the

sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 一句中的 and 之后省略了 Jewish law,使人看到 of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 一句中的 and 之后省略了 jewish law，使人看到 of the Diaspora 时搞不清楚在什么与什么之间；第二个难懂的原因，是文中出现了大量的专有名词、法律术语和历史背景。 其实读者除了 Israel 和 Jewish 两个单词有必要也有可能认识之外，其他单词既不需要了解也无法了解，像 什么 Diaspora(大流散时期)、Old Testament(旧约全书)、Talmud(犹太教法典)等奇怪名词，在非宗教国家 的考生的大脑中，一点概念都没有，更不要说其英语的表达了。那么 ETS 的出题者在阅读文章中搞出这种 东西来，不是有意违背公平出题原则之嫌了吗？其实出题者也并没有要求读者把这些内容搞清，只需知道 前面那句话是一个判断句，说犹太法和伊斯兰法一致，后面这句话是对上面一句话的解释，因此肯定也在 说它一致。再看第二句话的结构，上来就是一个用 though 表示的让步语气，我们可以看出在一个 break between，那么逗号后就应该是省略了 but 的转折语气，该说没有 break between，果然我们看到了 very close to 的字样。我们也知道，既有让步又有转折时，作者强调转折之后的内容。所以这句话仍是在说犹太法一 致。 意群训练:043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law（这是作者加的便于理解 的话）. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. 44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it； Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter

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that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements

taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. （4）

另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法 是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上 是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿 拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。 (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：这句话是接着上面的那句话写下来的，是在说伊斯兰法的不一致。句中有三个插入语，都起到了一 定的干扰作用。第一个是 on the other hand，隔开了主语和谓语。第二个是 from a religious angle，分开 了 examination of ，第三个 as it did， 根本就是句废话，分断了动词 comprise 和动词的宾语 the various components。 意群训练：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories 45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into

nonleguminous

plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. （5）， 此句最好能够熟读，更好的是背诵下来。（复杂修饰+插入+省略+倒装）这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在 植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言， 这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因 业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、省略 解释：本句的难度以倒装为主，复杂为辅；然而二者相互借力，难度更大，而且本句中有两个省略，就更 令读者头痛。句子一开始的 One such novel idea is that of 之中的 that of, 是 that idea of 的省略形式。 此外容易理解，后面开始变难。Inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因，是作者在此用了一个便装；正常语序应该是： inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants， 即把非此植物的 genes 插入到该植物中。之所以倒装，是因为 discrete genes 加上复杂修饰的成 分以后太长之故。同样，后面的 the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria 一句，正常 的语序也是 the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成为固氮菌的寄主 的基因（如果它们能够被找到并分离出来的话）插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。这一回。Genes 之后不但 有定语从句的复杂修饰，而且在 genes 和 that 从句之间还有一个不短的插入语，增加了阅读难度。最后的 一句话，Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其实也不是一句话，只是一个词：research。作者 省略了 there is ，其实引处即便看不清语法结构，作者的意思还是可以懂的。因此，笔者在前面强调的“如 果可以看懂意思，不必去分析语法”，在实战的应用中有其意义；GRE 和 GMAT 中很多表达其实不严格遵 守语法，或者有考生不懂的语法，读者处心积虑地研究它们，不但没有实战意义，而且还令读者徒增烦恼。 本句是 GRE 和 GMAT 考试中集各种语言现象之大成者，包括了几乎所有的难句类型，希望读者一定把这句 话读熟；有心者最好能把它背熟，一定对提高你的阅读能力有好处。 意群训练：One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes

86

that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution ： specifically ， the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. 46. It is

one of nature’s great ironies that the

availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an

upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves

are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）

下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限， 虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：It 是形式主语，其真正的内容是 that 之后的由 even though 连接的两个句子。其实本句的真正难度 倒不在于句子的结构，而是对于其意思的理解：尤其是文科同学，可能缺乏必要的背景知识，就更不容易 读懂。句中的 set an upper limit on plant growth 直译为”给植物的生成设立一个上限”，其真正的意思是 “限制了植物的生长”；因此 the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth 之中的 availability 一定指的是氮的供给之少。整句话的意思是，土壤中的氮植物能够利用，却太少； 而空气中虽有大量的氮，植物却不能利用，这岂不是自然界开的一个大玩笑。 意群训练：It is

one of nature’s great ironies that the

availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets

an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if

the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. （4）

除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些 植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体 （gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：主句比较简单，而后面跟着的由 and 连接的两个表示让步的条件状语从句就相对复杂，第一个从句 是用一个修饰主语的定语从句 that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers 把主 谓隔开；第二个从句则运用了插入语 once they are found 把主谓隔开。 意群训练：Unless they succeed，the genes in

yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the

legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers

and isolated，and even if

are identified

the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.

48. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers，

diverted

by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however， presents "life-as-experience"：readers

are asked to identify with the mind of

Achilles，whose

motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5） 其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”，因为读 者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；然 而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles） 的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。 （从分号后的语句推理出前 面的意思） 注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的 难句类型；复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词、熟词僻义 请思考：如果看不懂分号前的 without 的意思，是否可以用合理化原则根据分号后的那句话推理出其意思？ 解释：本句中尽管也存在一些复杂修饰和插入的内容，但是本句话之所以难懂，与其说是因为这些东西的

87

影响，倒不如说是因为用词的抽象和语义的难以理解。作为一篇文学评论型的文章，文章中充斥着一些很 抽象的词汇；本句话中就有等。背过这些单词的中文释义，并不意味着在阅读中能够清楚地理解其真正含 义。对于抽象词的训练方法，请参见附录中＜阅读抽象词提速法＞。这里仅解释几个对于这句话最重要的 单词：hero:在此不是指英雄，在文学评论型的文章当中，此单词的意思是主人公。 Without:在此处是一 个熟词僻义，意思是外部，等于 outside。 Likable:不可望文生义，它不是像什么东西的意思，而是有吸引 力的意思，其同义词有 pleasant 或 attractive. 本句中，对于理解全句起到最大影响的，就是能否正确理解 without 这个单词，然而问题在于，如果不认识 without 的熟词僻义，是否可用合理化原则根据分号后的那 句话推理出其意思？根据紧跟着分别的 however，我们可以推断出分号前后的两句话所说的内容截然相反， 因此可以从 I 戏剧的描述中推出，without 的意思应该是不去认同其主人公的内心世界。 意群训练：Its subject （to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is

"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，

diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad， however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers

are asked to identify with the mind of

Achilles，

whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+） 在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在 成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。 难句类型：倒装、省略 解释：本句的倒装本质上与我们早就的一种倒装结构是一样的，即形容词放在句首时，主语和谓语倒装。 本句的主干的正常语序应该是：Eye placement is most striking;倒装后成了 Most striking is eye placement。 但是这种倒装在 GRE 考试中出现，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的 Most striking 被长长的状语 among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish 与后面的主语和表语分开，造成阅读困难。 意群训练：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head 50. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . （4） 一个对于 H 的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在 17 世纪 60 年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批评显示，关于 奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查，而且显示出，对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同 处理的解释应当被扩展。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略 解释：句子的主干清楚：A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但 是因为句子的结构复杂、修饰成分多，再加上后面的 and 之后的 suggests 被省略，所以句子的结构很难 被读出来的。 本句的 suggest 不再是暗示，而是显示、说明的意思，其同义词有 point,indicate,imply。本 句的两个 suggest 之后的宾语从句都根据语法要求使用了虚拟语气。 意群训练：A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are

88

composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source， most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -） 对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿--这些岛屿据信是源于由 下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）--上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物 质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即 the evidence is the fact that,难就难在 fact 之后说明 fact 的同位语从 句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是 volcanic rocks，主语后面的 found on oceanic islands 是分词修饰 volcanic rocks 的；islands 后面又有一个说明 islands 的同位语 islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同 位语的作用。其后是谓语动词 are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文 章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的 layered mantle thesis 就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大 致意思，看到 layered mantle thesisr 最有力证据就是其材料 fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。 意群训练：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle， are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most

geologists contend，is the upper mantle.

52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle the mantle is

xenoliths， argue that

not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements"

（ elements tending toward

liquid rather than solid state ） percolating upward and transforming

portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+） 但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相 反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自 下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语 however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, 割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在 that 引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由 but 所连接的两个句子，一起 延续到句末。首选是 rich in incompatible elements 修饰 fluids；后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都 是修饰 incompatible elements 的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。 意群训练：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle that the mantle is

xenoliths， argue

not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements"

（ elements tending toward

liquid rather than solid state ） percolating upward and transforming

portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. 53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -） F 认为，P 在 1908 年试图开始写一部小说，又为了写一部批判 S-B 的伟大作品的真正本质的视而不见的长 篇的证明而放弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌生，使得后者取而 代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。

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难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句来自历来被 GRE 考生尊称为所有 GRE 文科文章中难度第一的普鲁斯特的追忆似水年华，这篇 文章的难度远远高于现在计算机考试的题目。普鲁斯特是公认的意识流小说的先驱，据笔者推测，本文的 原作者必定是研究普鲁斯特的大家，因此其文章必然带有思维的跳跃，、不连贯性、时空颠倒等意识流手法： 经过 ETS 的改编后，虽然可读性略有啬，然积重难返、无法救药，于是堕落成一篇流水帐文章。从本句的 结构来看，也可以表现作者的这种叙事风格：本句从 that 引导的宾语从句开始，实际上是以普鲁斯特的意 识流向为线索，以列举的方式描述其动机的变化，从一开始的写别的小说，其英文为 Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因为 abandoned 之后的状语 for…的结构复杂、用词抽象，所以 这个结构不太容易被看出来。Blindness 在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨认能力 difficult to discern, make out,or discover,视而不见。Give rise to 这个词组的意思是引起，使发生。 意群训练：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel. 54. The very richness and complexity of the rearranging themselves

meaningful relationships that kept

presenting and

on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it

difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5） 各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列； 正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：请原谅笔者在此所做中文翻译的艰涩难懂，为了让读者能够更好地理解句子的结构，本书尽量把中 文翻译与英文原文的语序相对应，而且尽可能的不用意译。为了达到这个目的，可以说绞尽脑汁，但本句 之难懂也全非笔者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象词。本句仍然来自于上面说过的这篇关于普鲁斯特的 文章。句中的主语是 The very richness and complexity,其后的修饰成分长达三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中还夹杂着插入语，有效地分开了主语和谓语。其实本句虽然结构也比较复杂， 但是不见得比前面的句子复杂得多，其真正的难点，还在于句子中大量的抽象词的使用。由于笔者在附录 中所提到的原因，抽象词可以严重地占据大脑资源，因此带有大量的抽象词的结构复杂的句子就更为难懂， 比如本句就是一个很好的例子，复杂修饰与抽象词狼狈为奸，句意另人难以理解。 意群训练：The very richness and complexity of the rearranging themselves

meaningful relationships that kept presenting and

on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it

difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4) 但是我们当中的那些希望（也算上 K 本人）K 新出版的 P1909 年书信的全集能够更加详细的记录下这一过 程的人都大失所望。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句中从句套从句，致使主语 those of us 与谓语的距离很远，而且中间的成分又极多，使得句子很 难读懂。修饰主语 those of us 的定语从句 who hoped 之中又套了一个宾语从句，宾语从句的主语 complete edition 又被一前一后的两个定语所修饰，之后才依次是宾语从句的谓语、宾语：主句的系动词、表语。 意群训练：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed

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56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. （5 -） 现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化，我们的经历是从一个主权的民族变成 了新来的定居者的同胞，在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族--在我们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、固定搭配 解释：主句中的 as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是 examine 的状语，说明审视的角度；后 面直至句尾的分词结构又是 experience 的状语，详述了经历的具体过程。就是这个分词有些难懂，因为我 们熟知的结构是 from…to…没有见过，也没有想到过后面居然还有一个 to,因此看到这个套了一个插入语的 newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people 的时候头脑发生混乱，不明所以、不知所措。这里 的 to 还是与前面的 from 搭配的，也就是说，原文的结构是 from…to…to… 意群训练：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. 57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to

these mRNA’s，but should not bind

as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4） 科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补 DNA’s（cDNA’s） ，以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅 出肽激素的信使 RNA’s（mRNA’s）。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使 RNA’s.假若细胞 所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补 cDNA’s 应仍然和这些信使 mDNA’s 粘结的程度。含有这些 mRNA’s 的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使 RNA’s 进行解码，以 确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。 难句类型：易混词 解释：与其他的难句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。笔者之所以在本句中不设标志和翻译，是因为这三 句话从结构和意思上来说并不难。然而很少有人能够真正的一次把这段话读清楚，原因在于两个容易混淆 的单词 cDNA’s 和 mRNA’s 在文中交替出现，而且相互作用；再加上 brain cell 和 hormones 从中捣乱， 更难读清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用 cDNA’s 来探测 mRNA’s。如果脑细胞产生了荷 尔蒙，则其中必有 mRNA’s 意味着可用 cDNA 探测荷尔蒙。如果脑细胞制造的不是真荷尔蒙，则可以用 cDNA’s 与其中的 mRNA’s 附着的情况来确定此荷尔蒙的真假。 意群训练：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. 58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4） 采用 cDNA 探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免 疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。

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难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代 解释：主语后的修饰成分同样隔开了主语和谓语，但本句的难度主要在 because 从句中。按照一般的习惯， 作为从句主语的 it 应该指主句的主语，但本句的主句是一个比较结构，A should be faster than B because it…,此处 it 也可以指 B。但是因为这种指代不符合和我们以前所形成的习惯，所以阅读现场不得不边读边 根据句意来判断，这就增加了阅读理解的难度。现场阅读时，类似 antiserums 的这种专有名词不必理会， 仅需从词头 anti 推出这是一个反 p 荷尔蒙的东西即可。 意群训练：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can

take years of tedious purifications

to

isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+） 然而，研究 P 时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们 来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、修辞 解释：句末的由 how 引导的名词性从句中包括了双重的倒装，正常的语序本来是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于 arrange 的方式 被提前，就造成了 arrange 的动作执行者也要提前，前面的 if they had been 则必须后置；这样一来又造 成了 if 被省略，成为 had they been 的倒装结构。 另外，作者为了表达其对于这些研究者的模型的负态度， 并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虚拟语气，并使用了 fanciful 这个词以表示这些研究的不负责任、异想 天开的幼童心理。 意群训练：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. 60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather

than on the more usual modern method of studying biological

remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4） 这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地 质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而 这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代 解释：句子中的 rather than 之后省略了与前面重复的 being based,直接加上了介词 on。Modern method 后面的部分都是修饰 method 的。其中的 remains 既可以作动词也可以作名词，此处是名词的用法， biological remains 指的是类似于动物化石之类的遗迹。读到这里我们看到了句子的难点，themselves 既可以指前面 离得很远的 modern method(当然，在语法上来讲单复数不一致)，也可以指前面离得较远的 biological remains，亦可以指紧挨着的 interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一个，只有通过理解句意，才能确定在此处 指 biological remains。 意群训练：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather

than on the more usual modern method of studying biological

remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits 61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social

relationships

either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

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（5） 人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一 身体需要之满足的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相 称的社会关系。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略 解释：前面的主架构 There have been attempts to explain these taboos 很简单，从 in terms of inappropriate social relationships 开始句子变难，ralationship 后面跟着一个一直延续到句末的长长的修饰成分，其中有 两个固定搭配，either…or…和 between…and…，不但如此，原文把这两个搭配又套在一起，变成了 either between…and…,or between…and…;再加上每一个 between…and 之后都是 those who 这样的结构，就愈 发令人眼花缭乱了。 意 群 训 练 ： There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or

between those already satiated and those who appear to be

shamelessly gorging. 62. Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5） 研究艾米丽。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小说《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）的许多文学评论家，将小 说的第二部分视作一种对比物，即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话，也是在对第一部分作出一种诠释评判， 而在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确证。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：上面的翻译中为了符合中文习惯不得不把修饰 the first part 的 where 引导的定语从句翻译到中括号 以外。本句主要难在两个地方，一个是插入语 if it does not reverse 如何理解，另一个是 counterpoint 的 意思是什么。产生，插入语的位置比较讨厌，把 comments on the first part 这样一个连贯的说法割成两段， 增加了阅读的难度。而且它的意思容易理解错；if 既可以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。 如果理解成即使的意思，则上下文的意思则要理解成即使不反对第一部分，也要给予第一部分一个负面的 评论。然而此处不能这样理解，因为 that 之前的 counterpoint 的意思不是相反、对立，而是指和谐的组成 部分的意思。这个词来源于一个音乐术语，指音乐中的对位法、旋律配合，引伸为形容两个不同的东西彼 此和谐一致，同义词是 harmony。因此文中的 if it does not reverse 的意思是假如不反对第一部分，则是 与第一部分和谐一致的评论的意思。这种情况下，插入语纯属废话。 意群训练：Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. 63. Granted that the presence

of these elements need not argue an

authorial awareness of novelistic

construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s

heterogeneous parts. （4+）

诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那种意识 相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服 的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course. 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句的结构固然复杂，但造成最大的阅读难度的，主要还是对一些抽象词的理解。正面是对一些关 键词汇的解释：Granted that 出现在句首，其意思是大家都同意、当然，实际上是一种让步语气，等于

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admitted,of course。Need not argue 中的 argue 在此不是表示常用的那个辩论、争论的意思，而是表示意 味着或证实的意思，其同义词是 maintain 或 prove。Camparable 的词义有两个，除了读者熟悉的 that can be compared 之外，还有一个意思是 worthy of comparison，其同义词是 as good as。本文中用的是后面 的那个意思，对于这个词义的理解，后面的第 18 题考到了。 意群训练：Granted that the presence novelistic

of these elements need not argue an

authorial awareness of

construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage

attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. 64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. (5) 这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题（尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中，僵化死板 总是一种危险），而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于 一个囊括无遗的解释中。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：本句的两个插入语虽然有一些干扰性，但是最为主要的难点在于成批出现的抽象词，如…等。据笔 者估测，对于初学 GRE 或 GMAT 的学习者而言，在一句话中出现了三个心上的抽象词就会使阅读理解造成 障碍，而这句话中出现了十三个这样的单词，读不懂也不足为怪。 训练：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. 65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4) 铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差； 而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专业抽象词 解释：本句是一个怪异的现象的典型例子：句子的结构谈不上复杂，所用单词也不难，但是除非读者有理 工科的科研（最好是材料科学的科研）背景，否则句子虽然能够得读下来，但是却搞不清句子说的是什么 意思。首先，句子中出现的一些词汇虽然也都比较常见，但是在理科文章中出现，就有了专有名词的意味， 同 时 还 带 有 很 抽 象 的 学 术 含 义 ， 笔 者 称 之 为 专 业 抽 象 词 ， 如

isotopic

composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study 等。认识这些单词，并不意味着懂得 它们在文章的意义和作用。比如说 measurement error，大家都可以望文生义地理解成测量错误、测量误 差，但是在对文章的阅读中这种字面上的理解是远远不够的。其实此处强调的并不是测量中出现的错误和 毛病，而是指那些每次测量都会发生的、永远也无法避免的、在测量值和实际值之间的正常的差异。因此， 本句话的真实含义也难以理解。句子只是罗列了一堆事实，而作者真正想说的意思是什么呢？其实 variations exceeding the measurement error 的言外之意是这些不同 variations 是真正有意义的不同，而不 是试验的误差；那么不同矿源的铜矿的铅同位素成分真的不同，相同的矿源的铅同位素几乎相同，就意味 着我们可以通过测量铅同位素的成分来确定铜矿的矿源(挖掘地)。 意群训练：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source

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virtually

66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers， or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. （3+） 更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即 由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装 解释：句首有一个倒装，正常语序是 bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的频繁 出现使句子显得十分凌乱。 意群训练：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent

excretion of the seeds.

67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+） 一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在 1763 年以前对于这些殖民地 的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变--为扩张主义的军事目标 所左右--产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：主架构简单，可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主语 A long-held view 之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系动词 has been 之后所接的表语从句其实不止一个，其实原句是用了 and 来连接两个并列的表语从句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的 has been 照例被省略。 意群训练：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . 68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in

inclusions of silicates

such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4） 现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类 物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服 力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句的句子既长，专有名词又多，从句层出不穷，故而难懂。在本句中出现的专有名词中，除了 silicates 硅酸盐这个单词常常出现于理科文章中，需要记忆之外，其他单词阅读现场简单处理一番既可：inclusions 可以猜出是被包含的物质；garnet 作首字母提炼叫 g:crystallography 只要能从词头推出这个单词与晶体有 关即可。 意群训练：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in

inclusions of

silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；

but

when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

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69. Even the "radical" critiques

of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in

Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+） 即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种 批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人 作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词 解释：本句实际上是由 and 连接的两个句子，阅读的一个难度在于，and 之后省略了 they(此处指前面的主 语 the radical critiques，)而 are thus able to 又与前面离得太远，使读者难以找到主语。另外，句中的固 定搭配 attach A to B 和 illuminate C as D 当中的 A、B、C，全部既长又抽象，理解起来较为困难。 意群训练：Even the "radical" critiques

of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed

in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority。

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