1 Pengertian Logging
Logging merupakan metode pengukuran besaran-besaran fisik batuan reservoir terhadap kedalaman lubang bor. Loging sumur (well (well logging ) juga dikenal dengan borehole logging adalah cara untuk mendapatkan rekaman log yang detail mengenai formasi geologi yang terpenetrasi dalam lubang bor. Log dapat berupa pengamatan visual sampel yang diambil dari lubang bor ( geological geological log ), ), atau dalam pengukuran fisika yang dieroleh dari respon piranti instrumen yang di pasang didalam sumur ( geohysical geohysical log ). ). Well Well loging dapat digunakan dalam bidang eksplorasi minyak dan gas, batubara, air bawah tanah dan geoteknik. Logging sumur adalah pengukuran dalam lubang sumur menggunakan instrumen yang ditempatkan pada ujung kabel wireline dalam lubang bor. ensor yang terletak diujung kabel wireline akan mendeteksi keadaan dalm sumur. Loging sumur dilakukan setelah drill string dikeluarkan dari sumur. !erdapat !erdapat dua kabel yang terkoneksi dengan permukaan, kedalaman sumur direkam ketika sensor turun dan diangkat kembali untuk memulai pendeteksian. ubset kecil dari data pengukuran dapat ditransmisikan ke permukaan real time menggunakan pressure pulses dalam wells mud fluid colomn. colomn. "ata telemetri dari dalam tanah mempunyai bandwidth yang kecil kurang dari #$$bit per detik, sehingga informasi dapat didapat real time dengan bandwidth yang kecil. 2 Konsep Dasar Logging
eiring dengan meningkatnya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi maka hadirlah survey geofisika tahanan jenis yang merupakan suatu metode yang dapat memberikan gambaran susunan dan kedalaman lapisan batuan dengan mengukur sifat kelistrikan batuan. Loke (#%%%) mengungkapkan bahwa survey geofisika tahanan jenis dapat menghasilkan informasi perubahan variasi harga resistivitas baik arah lateral maupun arah vertical. &etode ini memberikan injeksi listrik ke dalam bumi, dari injeksi tersebut maka akan meng akibatkan medan potensial sehingga yang terukur adalah besarnya kuat arus (') dan potensial (), dengan menggunakan survey ini maka dapat memudahkan para geologist dalam melakukan interpretasi keberadaan cebakancebakan batubara dengan biaya eksplorasi yang relatif murah. Logging geofisik untuk eksplorasi batubara dirancang tidak hanya untuk mendapatkan informasi geologi, tetapi untuk memperoleh berbagai data lain, seperti kedalaman, ketebalan dan kualitas lapisn batubara, dan sifat geomekanik batuan yang menyertai penambahan batubara. "an juga mengkompensasi berbagai masalah yang tidak terhindar apabila hanya dilakukan pengeboran, yaitu pengecekan kedalaman sesungguhnya dari lapisan penting, terutama lapisan batubara atau se*uence rinci dari lapisan batubara termasuk parting dan lain-lain. 2.1 Log Sinar Gamma
Log inar +amma adalah log yang digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat radioaktivitas suatu batuan. adioaktivitas tersebut disebabkan karena adanya unsur raniun, !horium, alium pada batuan. etiga elemen ini secara terus menerus memancarkan gamma ray yang memiliki energi radiasi yang tinggi. ekuatan radiasi sinar gamma yang paling kuat dipancarkan oleh mudstone
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dan yang paling lemah dipancarkan batubara. !erutama yang dari mudstone laut menunjukan nilai yang ekstra tinggi, sedangkan radiasi dari lapisan sandstone lebih tinggi disbanding batubara. Log sinar gamma dikombinasikan dengan log utama, seperti log densitas, netron dan gelombang bunyi, digunakan untuk memastikan batas antara lapisan penting, seperti antara lapisan batubara dengan langit-langit atau lantai. kala log gamma ray dalam satuan /0' unit (/0'). Log gamma ray biasanya ditampilkan pada kolom pertama, bersama 1 sama dengan kurva 0 dan aliper. kala log gamma ray dari kiri ke kanan biasanya $ 1 #$$ atau $ 1 #2$ /0'. Walaupun Walaupun terdapat juga suatu kasus dengan nilai gamma ray sampai 3$$ /0' untuk jenis organic rich shale. Log gamma ray sangat efektif dalam menentukan zona permeable , dengan dasar bahwa elemen radioaktif banyak terkonsentrasi pada shale yang impermeable, dan hanya sedikit pada batuan yang permeable. 0ada formasi yang impermeable kurva gamma ray akan menyimpang ke kanan, dan pada formasi yang permeable kurva gamma ray akan menyimpang ke kiri. Log gamma ray memiliki jangkauan pengukuran 4 1 #3 in. "engan ketebalan pengukuran sekitar 5 ft. 0engukuran dilakukan dengan jalan memasukkan alat detektor ke dalam lubang bor. 6leh karena sinar gamma dapat menembus logam dan semen, maka logging gamma ray dapat dilakukan pada lubang bor yang telah dipasang casing ataupun telah dilakukan cementing. Walaupun terjadi atenuasi sinar gamma karena casing dan semen, akan tetapi energinya masih cukup kuat untuk mengukur sifat radiasi gamma pada formasi batuan disampingnya. 7ormasi yang mengandung unsur-unsur radioaktif akan memancarkan radiasi radioaktif dimana intensitasnya akan di terima oleh detektor dan di catat di permukaan. ntuk memisahkan jenis-jenis bahan radioaktif yang berpengaruh pada bacaan gamma ray dilakukan gamma ray spectroscopy. arena pada hakikatnya besarnya energy dan intensitas setiap material radioaktif tersebut berbeda-beda. pectroscopy ini penting dilakukan ketika kita berhadapan dengan batuan non-shale yang memungkinkan untuk memiliki unsur radioaktif, seperti mineralisasi uranium pada sandstone, potassium feldsfar atau uranium yang mungkin terdapat pada coal dan dolomite. 8eberapa jenis batuan dapat dikenal dari variasi kandungan fraksi lempungnya, misalnya batu lempung hamper seluruh terdiri dari mineral lempung, batu p asir kwarsa sangat sedikit mengandung mineral lempung, batu lanau cukup banyak mengandung mineral lempung dan sebagainya. 6leh karena itu respo gamma dapat digunakan untuk menafsirkan jenis litologinya. 8eberapa contoh batuan sesuai sifat radioaktifnya adalah sebagai berikut9
•
adioaktifnya sangat rendah
/nhidrid, garam, batubara dan nodule nod ule silica. ilica yang berlapis mengandung radioaktif lebih tinggi dari berbentuk nodule.
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8atu gamping murni, dolomite dan batu pasir. 8atu gamping dan dolomite yang berwarna gelap lebih tinggi radioaktifnya daripada yang berwarna terang.
•
adioaktif menengah
/rkosa, pelapukan granit, batu lanau, batu gamping lempunagn dan napal. 8atu yang berwarna gelap lebih tinggi radioaktifnya daripada yang berwarna terang.
•
adioaktif sangat tinggi
erpih, batu lempung dan abu gunung api. !abel !abel 5.#. arakteristik espon inar +amma
adioaktif sangat rendah
adioaktif rendah
adioaktif menengah
adioaktif sangat tinggi
(4$ 1 #$$ /0')
(:#$$ /0')
(53,2 1 4$ /0') ($ 1 53,2 /0') /nhidritalt
8atupasir8atugampin /rkose8atuan g granit
8atuan serpih/bu vulkanik
"olomit
bentonit
8atubara Lempungan 0asiran gamping
;ara membaca repon gamma untuk mendapatkan batas litologi adalah dengan cara mengambil sepertiga antara respon maksimal dan respon minimal. ;ara ini merupakan aturan yang ditararatakan untuk mendapat ketelitian batas litologi. 8iasanya a turan demikian cukup teliti untuk lapisan batubara yang tidak banyak mengandung lapisan pemisah parting (parting ) di dalamnya. uatu hal yang perlu diperhatikan untuk dapat mengkorelasi respon gamma dari beberapa lubang bor adalah panjang probe selama pengukuran harus tetap dan kecepatan penaik an probe ari dalam lubang harus tetap. elain itu perlu pula ditinjau pengarh chasing walaupun kecil akan tetap ada. ebelum bekerja dengan alat pngukur radiasi gamma harus diadakan kalibrasi alat tersebut
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waktu tersebut terlalu lambat perbedaan yang kecil terekam pada respon sehingga perbedaan besar sukar terlihat. 2.2 Log Densitas
/walnya /walnya penggunaan log ini dipakai dalam industri e
probe> dengan jarak satu sama lain diatur sedemikan sede mikan rupa. edua detector > short short > dan =long =long space> space> diamankan dari pengaruh sinar g yang yan g datang langsung dari sumber radiasi. ehingga yang terekam oleh kedua detector hanya sinar yang telah melewati formasi saja. "alam hal ini efek pemendaran sinar radiasi seperti ditentukan dalam efek pemendaran ;ompton. inar gamma dari sumber radioaktif dipancar oleh tumbukan dengan elektron di dalam lapisan tanah dan energi sinar gamma akan hilang kepada elektron untuk setiap tumbukan (efek (efek compton). compton). "ensitas elektron di dalam material sebanding dengan densitas curahan atau massa (bulk or mass density) density) material. Logging densitas dilakukan untuk mengukur densitas batuan disepanjang lubang bor. "ensitas yang diukur adalah densitas keseluruhan dari matriks batuan dan fluida yang terdapat pada pori. 0rinsip kerja alatnya adalah dengan emisi sumber radioaktif. emakin padat batuan semakin sulit sinar radioaktif tersebut ter-emisi dan semakin sedikit emisi radioaktif yang terhitung oleh penerima (counter). "ensity Log menunjukkan besarnya densitas lapisan yang ditembus oleh lubang bor sehingga berhubungan dengan porositas batuan. 8esar kecilnya density juga dipengaruhi oleh kekompakan batuan dengan derajat kekompakan yang variatif, dimana semakin kompak batuan maka porositas batuan tersebut akan semakin kecil. 0ada batuan yang sangat kompak, harga porositasnya mendekati harga nol sehingga densitasnya mendekati densitas matrik. Log density adalah kurva yang menunjukkan besarnya densitas ?bulk ?bulk density (rb)@ density (rb)@ dari batuan yang ditembus oleh lubang bor. Log densitas digunakan untuk mengukur densitas semu formasi menggunakan sumber radioaktif yang ditembakkan ke formasi dengan sinar gamma sinar gamma yang yang tinggi dan mengukur jumlah sinar gamma sinar gamma rendah rendah yang kembali ke detektor.
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•
onglomerat mempunyai densitas menegah (3,32 grBcc)
•
&udstone, batupasir, batugamping mempunyai densitas menengah sampai tinggi (3,42 1 3,C# grBcc)
•
8atuan vulkanik basa dan batuan vulkanik non basa mempunyai densitas tinggi (3,C 1 3,A2 grBcc)
!abel !abel 5.3. Dilai apat &assa 8atuan
Eenis batuan
apat massa sebenarnya (grBcc)
apat massa saat logging (grBcc)
andstone
3,42$
3,4AF
Limestone
3,C#$
3,C#$
"olomites
3,AC$
3,AC4
/nhidrid
3,%4$
3,%CC
/ntrasite coal
#,F$$-#,A$$
#,522-#,C%4
8ituminous coal
#,3$$-#,2$$
#,#C5-#,2#F
3 Perekaman Data Logging
0erekaman data logging menggunakan software WellCad . "ata logging yang telah diperoleh kemudian dicetak dalam lembaran data logging dimana terdapat nama perusahaan, nomor lubang bor, lokasi pengeboran, jenis log, kedalaman pengeboran, kedalaman alat logging, batas atas logging mulai dieksekusi, batas bawah logging selesai dieksekusi, nama perekam log, nama geologist penanggung jawab serta kedalaman penggunaan chasing. elain itu lembar data logging juga memuat informasi mengenai grafik hasil pembacaan log gamma dan log densitas yag kemudian dilakukan interpretasi jenis lapisan batuan beserta kedalaman dan ketebalannya. 4 Interpretasi Data Logging
'nterpretasi didefenisikan sebagai suatu kegiatan untuk menjelaskan arti dari sesuatu. edangkan interpretasi log merupakan suatu kegiatan untuk menjelaskan hasi perekaman mengenai berat jenis elektron. 'nterpretasi log dapat menyediakan jawaban mengenai ketebalan lapisan batubara, kedalamannya, korelasi lapisan batubara, jenis batuan roof (3$ (3$ cm di atas lapisan batubara), jenis floor (3$ cm di bawah lapisan batubara), mengetahui kondisilubang bor dan sebagainya. Log gamma digunakan bersamaan dengan log densitas yang merupakan log geofisika yang utama dalam eksplorasi batubara.
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Searah "ellloging
#eofsika well logging pertama kali dikembangkan untuk industri min$ak bumi oleh %arcel dan &onrard Schlumberger pada tahun 192'.
Schlumberger bersaudara ini mengembangkan alat (esisti)itas untuk mendeteksi perbedaa perbedaan n dalam dalam porosita porositas s dari batupasi batupasirr untuk untuk lapangan lapangan min$ak min$ak di %erkwiller %erkwiller-*echelbronn+ di *erancis bagian ,imur.
nstrumen $ang digunakan untuk well logging ini disebut sonde. Sonde ini diberhentikan dalam lubang bor pada inter)al periodik tertentu dan resisti)itasn$a langsung dicatat di dalam kertas grafk. *ada tahun 1929 log resisti)itas elektrik dikenalkan pada skala komersial di eneuela+ merika Serikat dan (usia. alam perkembangan selanutn$a well logging digunakan untuk korelasi dan identifkasi
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Seak log pertama dialankan+ dialankan+ geofsika well logging logging telah telah mengalam mengalamii perkemban perkembangan gan hingga hingga satu miliar miliar dolar dolar pada industri industri global global $ang mela$ani mela$ani berbagai berbagai kegiata kegiatan n industri industri dan penelitia penelitian. n. #eofsika #eofsika well logging adalah teknologi kunci dalam industri min$ak bumi. alam industri mineral+ merupaka merupakan n metode metode $ang ban$ak ban$ak digunak digunakan an baik untuk kegiatan kegiatan eksplorasi eksplorasi dan untuk untuk meman memantau tau kera era dalam dalam pertam pertamba banga ngan. n. alam alam eksplo eksploras rasii dan dan penil penilaia aian n airtanah airtanah uga dapat dapat digunaka digunakan n untuk untuk penggamba penggambaran ran ona aki8er aki8er dan produks produksi. i. alam studi regolith+ geofsika well logging dapat memberikan wawasan $ang unik ke dalam dalam kompos komposisi+ isi+ struktur+ struktur+ dan )ariabil )ariabilitas itas dari bawah bawah permuka permukaan+ an+ dan uga ban$ak digunakan untuk koreksi kumpulan data geofsika airbone+ seperti airbone elektromagnetik. alam geofsika well logging+ ban$ak si8at-si8at fsik berbeda $ang dapat diidentifkasi untuk ciri geologi $ang mengelilingi sumur. 6emampuan untuk mengident mengidentifka ifkasi si berbagai berbagai si8at si8at adalah adalah kemampua kemampuan n terbaik terbaik dalam dalam geofsika geofsika well logging. erbagai enis in8ormasi $ang diperoleh diperoleh mereeksikan aspek $ang berbeda dari geologi dan sering saling melengkapi di alam.
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bentuk $ang membai dari sedimen bukan batubara $ang kemudian membentuk dua lapisan batubara $ang terpisah dan di sebut autosedimentational split. alam lapisa lapisan n batuba batubara ra kemun kemungki gkinan nan kehad kehadira iran n lapisa lapisan n bukan bukan batuba batubara+ ra+ lapisa lapisan n ini ini dikenal dikenal dengan dengan istilah istilah ? partings partings@. @. Setelah Setelah mengetahu mengetahuii seberapa seberapa besar besar partings partings $ang ada maka dapat mengetahui perhitungan cadangan $ang akurat. erdasarkan penelasan di atas+ maka sangat elas bahwa "ell logging merupakan metode $ang sangat tepat untuk menentukan tebal lapisan batubara+ karena well logging memberikan data $ang di perlukan untuk menge)aluasi secara kuantitas ban$ak ban$akn$a n$a batuba batubara ra di lapisa lapisan n pada pada saat saat situa situasi si dan kond kondisi isi sesun sesunggu gguhn hn$a $a . Selanutn$a akan memberikan kepastian terhadap hasil estimasi sumberda$a dan cadangan. Aleh karena itu+ penggunaan well logging di dalam eksplorasi batubara adal adalah ah pent pentin ing g dan dan perl perlu+ u+ teru teruta tama ma di dala dalam m pene penent ntua uan n teba teball dan dan esti estima masi si sumberda$a atau cadangan. http://oonisasi.blogspot.c http://oonisas i.blogspot.com/2011/07/searah-w om/2011/07/searah-wellloging.html ellloging.html
TAHAPAHAP-T TAHAP METODE PELAKSANAAN PE LAKSANAAN PEKERJAAN PEMBUAT PEMBUATAN AN SUMUR SUMU R DALAM
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. ,<* *;(S* alam pelaksanaan pekeraan pemboran tahap pekeraan persiapan meliputi : 1. *ekeraan %obilisasi Sebelum pekeraan lapangan dimulai+ dilakukan mobilisasi atau mendatangkan peralatan dan bahan-bahan pemboran beserta personeln$a ke lokasi pemboran. ,ahap ,ahap mobilisasi mobilisasi ini dilakukan dilakukan secara secara bertahap bertahap sesuai dengan dengan kebutuhan kebutuhan lapangan. lapangan. 2. *ekeraan *ersiapan 4okasi *ada tahap pekeraan ini meliputi : a. *embersihan+ perataan dan pengerasan lokasi untuk posisi tumpuan mesin bor. b. *embuatan bak 4umpur+ bak control dan selokan untuk sirkulasi 4umpur bor. c. *enanaman casing pengaman sedalam 1-2 m pada posisi titik bor apabila 8ormasi lapisan tanah paling atas $ang akan dibor merupakan lapisan 8ormasi $ang mudah runtu. d. *en$etelan BsettingC mesin bor beserta menara BrigC+ pen$etelan BsettingC pompa 4umpur beserta selang-selangn$a. selang-selangn$a. e. *en$edian air serta pengadukan 4umpur bor untuk sirkulasi pemboran. . ,<* *;%A( "4 Sistem pemboran $ang diterangkan disini adalah menggunakan s$stem bor putar Brotar$ drillingC dan tekanan bawah Bpull down pressureC $ang dibarengi dengan sirkulasi 4umpur bor Bmud ushC kedalam lubang bor. *emboran pilot hole adalah pekeraan pemboran tahap awal dengan diameter lobang kecil sampai kedalaman $ang dikehendaki+ diameter pilot hole biasan$a
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pendukung hasil electrical logging untuk menentukan posisi kedalaman sumber air Bakui8erC . ,<* ;4;&,(&4 4A## ;lectrical 4oging tuuann$a adalah untuk mengetahui letak BposisiC akui8er air+ tahap pekeraan ini sebagai penentu konstruksi saringan BscreenC. ;lectrical 4oging dilakukan dengan menggunakan suatu alat+ dimana alat tersebut menggunakan konfgurasi titik tunggal dimana eletroda arus dimasukakan kedalam lubang bor dan elektroda $ang lain ditanam dipermukaan. rus dimasukkan kedalam lubang elektroda $ng kemudian men$ebar kedalam 8ormasi disekitar lubang bor. Sebagian arus kembali ke elektroda di permukaan dengan arus $ang telah mengalami penurunan. *enurunan inilah $ang diukur. . ,<* *;%;(S< 4# A( B(;%#
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dinding lubang bor. . ,<* *;&& *;%;(S< B";44 ;;4A*%;,C ,ahap ,ahap pekeraan pekeraan pencucian pencucian dan pembersihan pembersihan sumur dalam dilakukan dilakukan dengan dengan maksud untuk dapat membersihkan dinding ona in)asi akui8er erta kerikil pembalut dari partikel hlus+ agar seluruh bukaan pori atau celah akui8er dapat terbuka penuh sehinga ar tanah dapat mengalir kedalam lubang saringan BscreenC dengan sempurna. %an8aat dari tahap "ell e)elopment ini adalah :
%enghilangkan atau mengurangi pen$umbatan BcloggingC akui8er pada dinding lobang bor. bor. %eningkatkan porositas dan permeabilitas akui8er disekeliling sumur dalam. %enstabilakan 8ormasi lapisan pasir disekeliling saringan+ sehingga pemompaan bebas dari kandungan pasir. *elaksanaan tahap "ell e)elopment dilakukan dengan cara : 1. "ater Fetting *eralatan $ang digunakan disebut Fetting ,ool+ $aitu suatu alat dari pipa $ang mempun$ai 7 lobang BdoleC. lat ini dimasukkan kedalam sumur dalam pada tiaptiap inter)al saringan secara berurutan dari bawah keatas dengan penghantar pipa bor $ang dihubungkan dengan pompa $ang dihubungkan dengan pompa tekan $ang memompakan air bersih kedalam sumur dalam. *ada pengoperasiann$a+ alat ini digerakkan berputar-putar atau dengan memutarmutar pipa penghantarn$a dan naik turun sepanang saringan BscreenC.
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- ntuk menutup BmencegahC masukn$a air permukaan Bair atasC kedalam pipa casing melalui saringan BscreenC. G. ,<* F *;%A%* B*%*# ,;S,C %aksud dan tuuan ui pemompaan Bpumping testC ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi akui8er dan kapasitas enis sumur dalam+ sehingga dapat untuk memilih enis serta kapasitas pompa pompa ang sesuai sesuai $ang akan akan dipasang disumur dalam dalam tersebut. ata-data $ang dicat dalam ui pemompaan adalah : a. %uka air tanah awal BpiometrikawalC b. ebit pemompaan c. *enurunan muka air tanah selama pemompaan Bdraw-downC d. "aktu seak dimulai pemompaan e. 6enaikan muka air tanah setelah pompa dimatikan 8. "aktu setelah pompa dimatikan i pemompaan dilakukan melalui 2 tahap : 1C i pemompaan bertahap Bstep draw-doen testC i pemompaan $ang dilakukan 3 step+ masing-masing selama 2 am dengan )ariasi
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tanah+ pembuatan apron apabila well head posisin$a diatas le)el tanah. o *embuatan instalasi perpipaan+ asesoris serta "ell &o)er. o *embersihan dan perapihan lokasi. http://arsipteknikpertambangan.blogspot.com/201 http://arsipteknikpertambangan.b logspot.com/2010/0/tahap-tahap-metod 0/0/tahap-tahap-metodeepelaksanaan.html
,;A( S( S( 4A### ,;A( S( S( 4A###
4ogging merupakan metode pengukuran besaran-besaran fsik batuan reser)oir terhadap kedalaman lubang bor. Sesuai dengan tuuan logging $aitu menentukan besaran-besaran fsik batuan reser)oir Bporositas+ saturasi air 8ormasi+ ketebalan 8ormasi produkti8+ lithologi batuanC maka dasar dari logging itu sendiri adalah si8atsi8at fsik atau petrofsik dari batuan reser)oir itu sendiri+ $aitu si8at listrik+ si8at radioakti8+ dan si8at rambat suara BgelombangC elastis dari batuan reser)oir. 3.1. Fenis-Fenis 4ogging erdasarkan kemampuan+ kegunaan+ dan prinsip kera maka enis logging ini dibagi menadi log listrik+ log radioakti8+ log sonic+ dan log caliper.
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= I 8aktor 8ormasi L I porositas (esisti)it$ ndeH BC adalah perbandingan antara tahanan listrik batuan sebenarn$a B(tC dengan tahanan $ang dienuhi air 8ormasi 100 K B(oC+ $aitu sesuai dengan persamaan berikut : JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. B3-7C dimana : n I eksponen saturasi+ untuk batupasir besarn$a sama dengan 2. ntuk 8ormasi clean sand+ terdapat hubungan antara saturasi air 8ormasi BSwC+ porositas BLC+ tahanan 8ormasi sebenarn$a B(tC+ tahanan air 8ormasi B(wC serta eksponen saturasi BnC. Secara matematis hubungan ini dapat din$atakan sebagai berikut : JJJJJJJJJ.JJ B3-5C *ada umumn$a log listrik dapat dibedakan menadi dua enis: Spontaneous *otensial 4og BS* 4ogC ¬ (esisti)it$ 4og ¬ 3.1.1.1. Spontaneous *otensial 4og BS* 4ogC 6ur)a spontaneous potensial BS*C merupakan hasil pencatatan alat logging karena adan$a perbedaan potensial antara elektroda $ang bergerak dalam lubang sumur dengan elektroda tetap di permukaan terhadap kedalaman lubang sumur. Spontaneous potensial ini merupakan sirkuit sederhana $ang terdiri dari dua buah elektroda dan sebuah gal)anometer. Sebuah elektroda B%C diturunkan kedalam
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lapisan shale memisahkan dua larutan $ang mempun$ai perbedaan konsentrasi a&l+ maka kation aM bergerak menembus shale dari larutan $ang mempun$ai konsentrasi tinggi ke larutan $ang mempun$ai konsentrasi rendah+ sehingga teradi suatu potensial. 4iNuid Function *otential+ teradi karena adan$a perbedaan salinitas ¬ antara air fltrat dengan air 8ormasi+ sehingga kation aM dan ion &l- dapat saling berpindah selama ion &l- mempun$ai mobilitas $ang lebih besar dari aM+ maka teradi aliran muatan negati8 &l- dari larutan $ang berkonsentrasi tinggi ke larutan $ang berkonsentrasi rendah. . ;lektrokinetik ;lektrokinetik *otensial elektrokinetik merupakan hasil suatu aliran elektrolit $ang melewati unsure-unsur dalam media berpori. esarn$a elektrokinetik ini tergantung dari perbedaan tekanan $ang menghasilkan aliran dan tahanan dari elektrolit pada suatu media porous. *otensial elektrolit disini dapat diabaikan karena pada umumn$a perbadaan tekanan hidrostatik lumpur dengan tekanan 8ormasi tidak begitu besar dan untuk lapisan shale pengaruh fltrasi dari alir lumpur kecil. Fika pengaruh pengaruh S* log melalui melalui lapisan cukup tebal dan kondisin$a kondisin$a bersih dari cla$+ maka deeksi kur)a S* akan mencapai maksimum. eeksi S* $ang demikian disebut statik S* atau SS*+ $ang dapat dituliskan dalam persamaan sebagai berikut: JJJJJ..JJJJJJJJJJJJJ B3-C dimana : SS* I statik spontaneous potensial+ m)
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B(mC+ diameter in)asi air fltrat 4umpur BiC+ tahanan one in)aded B(iC dan unin)aded B(tC+ tahanan lapisan batuan diatas dan dibawahn$a B(sC. *embacaan $ang baik didapatkan dalam lapisan tebal dengan resisti)it$ relati)e tinggi. 4og ini digunakan secara optimal di dalam susunan sand dan shale $ang tebal dengan ketebalan ketebalan dari 10 8t dan range resisti)it$ optimum setara 1-500 ohm-m.
#ambar 3.3. Skema (angkaian asar ormal 4og B@(esisti)it$ %easurement ,ools@+ Schlumberger+ Actober 19E7C
#ambar 3.7. Skema (angkaian asar 4ateral 4og B@(esisti)it$ %easurement ,ools@+ Schlumberger+ Actober 19E7C
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induction log akan kurang memberikan hasil $ang memuaskan. nduction log tidak sensiti8 terhadap perubahan (t bila resisti)it$n$a tinggi. *erbedaan resisti)it$ sekitar 700-500 ohm-m tidak dapat dideteksi. 6ondisi 6ondisi $ang baik untuk operasi induction log ini adalah menggunakan lumpur $ang tidak ban$ak mengandung garam B(m8 P (wC serta pada 8ormasi dengan (t kurang dari 100 ohm-m tapi akan lebih baik lagi ika kurang dari 50 ohm-m. nduction log ini mempun$ai beberapa kelebihan dari log-log sebelumn$a+ antara lain : 1. atas lapisan dapat dideliniasikan dengan baik dan resisti)it$ $ang diukur tidak dipengaruhi dipengaruhi oleh batas tersebut. 2. alam 8resh mud+ pengukuran (t han$a memerlukan koreksi $ang sederhana atau tidak memerlukan sama sekali. 3. apat dikombinasikan dengan S* log dan 6ur)a ormal sehingga dapat
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cake BhmcC. 6etebalan dari mud cake dapat dideteksi dari besar keciln$a diameter lubang bor $ang direkam oleh caliper log. lat microresisti)it$ log $ang sering digunakan+ $aitu: %icrolog B%4C+ %icrolaterolog B%44C+ *roHimit$ 4og B*4C+ %icroSpherical =ocused 4og B%S=4C. %icrolog B%4C ¬ %icrolog dirancang untuk mengukur secara tepat lapisan tipis dan permeabel+ karena dengan pengukuran ini dapat ditentukan secara tepat net pa$ dalam suatu inter)al total. *ada prinsipn$a microlog menggunakan tiga electrode dengan ukuran kecil $ang dipasang didalam lempeng BpadC karet+ dengan tuuan agar tetap dapat mengikuti )ariasi bentuk lubang bor. lat ini mempun$ai tiga electrode $ang mempun$ai arak 1 inch. ;lektrode-elektrode ;lektrode-elektrode tersebut $aitu 0+ %1+ dan %2 $ang dipasang pada salah satu baris pada rubber Blihat gambar 3.'.C
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6riteria $ang harus dipertimbangkan agar pengukuran microlog optimum $ang pertama sebagai indikator lapisan porous permeabel didalam susunan sand-shale dengan range tahanan batuan 8ormasi 1 > 200 ohm-m+ porositas batuan lebih besar dari 15 K+ (Ho/(mc lebih kecil dari 15+ ketebalan mud cake kurang dari R inch dan kedalaman kedalaman in)asi lumpur lebih besar atau sama dengan 7 inch. %icrolog uga berman8aat dalam memperkirakan porositas+ menghitung 8aktor 8ormasi B=C+ melokasikan lapisan permeable dan memperkirakan water-oil contact dibawah kondisi tertentu. an uga mencarikan batasan $ang akurat dari batas lapisan dan deliniasi dari one produkti8 dan one non produkti8. %icrolaterolog B%44C ¬ lat ini digunakan untuk menentukan (Ho pada batuan $ang keras+ dimana lumpur $ang digunakan mempun$ai kadar garam $ang tinggi. Sehingga dengan mengetahui (Ho maka harga = bisa ditentukan berdasarkan = I (Ho/(m8 sehingga selanutn$a besarn$a porositas porositas e8ekti8 dapat ditentukan. %44 han$a merekam satu kur)a $aitu
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pendekatan+ ika i P 70 inch harga F mendekati 1 BsatuC. Fika i 70 inch maka harga (*4 berada diantara (Ho dan (t+ biasan$a lebih mendekati harga (Ho. *4 akan mengukur (t ika in)asi fltrat lumpur sangat dangkal+ sehingga secara praktis harga (*4 I (t. Aperasi pengukuran dengan alat ini akan memperoleh hasil $ang optimum pada kondisi batuan in)aded karbonat atau sand+ range tahanan batuann$a 0.5 > 100 ohm-m+ in)asi lumpur dalam+ dan ketebalan mud cake lebih kecil dari T inch. %icroSpherical =ocused 4og B%S=4C ¬ %S=4 biasan$a di-run bersama dengan alat log induksi atau laterolog. Serupa dengan alat microlog+ pengukuran terhadap %S=4 dibuat dengan sebuah bantalan elektroda khusus $ang ditekan ke dinding lubang bor dengan batuan sebuah kaliper. *ada bantalan tersebut dipasang suatu rangkaian bingkai logam $ang konsentrik Blihat gambar 3.9.C disebut elektroda $ag mempun$ai 8ungsi memancarkan+ memancarkan+
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sehingga harga sinar gamma akan tinggi. engan adan$a perbedaan si8at radioakti8 dari setiap batuan+ maka dapat digunakan untuk membedakan enis batuan $ang terdapat pada suatu 8ormasi. Selain itu pada 8ormasi shal$ sand+ si8at radioakti8 ini dapat digunakan untuk menge)aluasi kadar kandungan cla$ $ang dapat berkaitan dengan penilaian
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#ambar 3.10. (espon #amma (a$ pada Suatu =ormasi
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menentukan densitas hidrokarbon BUhC dan membantu didalam e)aluasi lapisan shal$.
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operasi penurunan peralatan kedalam lubang bor dilakukan secara perlahan agar alat tetap menempel pada dinding bor+ sehingga pada rangkaian tersebut biasan$a dilengkapi dengan spring.
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,abel ,abel -2. ,ransite ,ransite ,ime ,ime %atrik untuk eberapa eberapa Fenis atuan Bdi
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