Chapter 10: Ointments, Creams, and Gels Ointments, Creams, and Gels
Semisolid dosage forms for topical application Applied to the: skin, surface of the eye, nasally, vaginally or rectally Used for therapeutic effects of the agents they contain (emollients, protective barriers, and vehicles)
Topical Dermatological Products
Drugs delivered into the skin for treatment of dermal disorder For local effects Skin as the target organ
Transdermal Products
Drugs delivered through the skin absorption) to the general circulation For systemic effects Skin not the target organ
(percutaneous
Ointments
Semisolid preparations for external application to the skin or mucous membranes
Types of Ointments
Retained on the skin for prolong period of time Do not permit the escape of moisture of the skin to the atmosphere Difficult to wash: act as occlusive dressing They do not change noticeably upon aging Levigating agent: liquid petrolatum when powdered substance is incorporated into HC bases Petrolatum, USP (yellow petrolatum and petroleum jelly) Purified mixture of semisolid HCs obtained from petroleum Product: Vaseline (Chesebrough Ponds) White Petrolatum, USP (white petrolatum jelly) Wholly or nearly decolorized purified mixture of semisolid HCs from petrolatum Uses: diaper rash, dry skin Commercial product: White Vaseline (Chesebrough-Ponds) Yellow Ointment, USP (simple ointment) Purified wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera Has slightly greater viscosity than plain petrolatum White Ointment Consists of white wax and white petrolatum
Medicated For treatments of cutaneous (skin disease) For both local and systemic effects Systemic drug absorption considered since drugs: Enter the fetal blood supply Breast milk can be transferred to the fetus or nursing mother Examples: Sulfur Ointment, Zinc Oxide Ointment and Compound Resorcinol Non-medicated Referred to as “ointment bases” Use as for their physical effects: protectant, emollient or lubricating effect or use as vehicles in medicated ointments Example: White Ointment
Absorption Bases
Ointment Bases
Used for medicated ointments: Physical effects Vehicles Four general groups: Oleaginous bases Absorption bases Water-removable bases Water-soluble bases
Oleaginous or Hydrocarbon Bases
Uses: emollient effect Effective as occlusive dressing Remain on the skin for long periods without drying out Immiscibility with water (difficult to wash off) Characteristics
2 types those that: Permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in the formation of water in oil emulsions Examples: hydrophilic petrolatum and anhydrous lanolin Water in oil emulsions that permit the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions Examples: lanolin (as emollient) and cold cream Characteristics Not easily removed from the skin with water washing May possess some power of penetration into the deepest layers of the skin Therefore are used for “endodermic” ointment Uses As emollient but do not provide the degree of occlusion Incorporates aqueous solutions into oleaginous bases
Types of Absorption Bases
Hydrophilic petrolatum Composed of stearyl alcohol, white wax, cholesterol, and white petrolatum Characteristics: ability to absorb water with the formation of water in oil emulsion Commercial product: aquaphor (variation of hydrophillic petrolatum)
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Anhydrous lanolin, USP May contain no more than 0.25% water Characteristics: Insoluble in water but mixes without separation with about two times its weight in water o incorporation of water results in the formation of a water in oil emulsion Synonym: refined wool fat Lanolin, USP Obtained from wool of sheep (Ovis aries) Purified wax-like substance: cleaned, deodorized, and decolorized Processed to reduce contents of free lanolin alcohols, any detergent detergent and pesticide residues Characteristics: o Water in oil emulsion that contains between 25% to 30% water o Additional water may be incorporated by mixing Synonym: hydrous wool fat Cold cream, USP Semisolid white water in oil emulsion prepared with cetyl esters wax, white wax, mineral oil, sodium borate, and purified water Uses: emollient and base Examples: Eucerin cream: a water in oil emulsion of petrolatum, mineral oil, mineral wax, wool wax, alcohol and bronopol
Selection of the Appropriate Base Selection for use in the formulation of an ointment depends on a number of factors: Desired released rate of the drug substance from the ointment base Desirability of topical or percutaneous drug absorption Desirability of occlusion of moisture from the skin Stability of the drug in the ointment base Effect if any of the drug on the consistency or other features of the ointment base Desire for a base that is easily removed by washing off water Characteristic of the surface to which it is applied Selected: base that provides the best combination of the most desired attributes Preparation of Ointments: Incorporation Fusion Incorporation
Water-Removable Bases (Water Washable Bases) Oil in water emulsion resembling creams Aqueous external phase Easily washed from skin Can absorb serous discharges Characteristics: Resemble creams in their appearance May be diluted with water or with aqueous solution Can absorb serous discharges Certain medicinal agents may be better absorbed in the skin Types of Water-Removable Bases (Water Washable Bases)
Hydrophilic ointment Sodium lauryl sulfate (emulsifying agent) Stearyl alcohol and white petrolatum (oleaginous phase of the emulsion) Methylparaben and propylparaben (antimicrobial preservatives) USE: employed as water removable vehicle for medicinal substances
Water-Soluble Bases Do not contain oleaginous components Water washable, referred to as greaseless Soften greatly with water, large amount of aqueous solutions not effectively incorporated Used for incorporation of solid substances Polyethylene Glycol Ointment Polymer of ethylene oxide and water Combining PEG 3350 (solid) with PEG 400 (liquid), results in a very pliable semisolid ointment
Components mixed until a uniform preparation is attained On a small scale (extemporaneous compounding): components mixed using a mortar and pestle or spatula to rub the ingredients together on an ointment slab Non-absorbent parchment paper used to cover the working surface
Incorporation of Solid The particle size of a powder or crystalline material is reduced before incorporation into the ointment base for the final product not to be gritty Done by levigating (mineral oil) or mixing the solid material in a vehicle in which it is insoluble to make a smooth dispersion Incorporation of Liquids Small amounts of an aqueous solution may be incorporated into an oleaginous ointment Bases, even if hydrophilic have limits to retain liquids, beyond: become too soft and semiliquid Alcohol solution (small volume) may be added easily to oleaginous vehicle or emulsion bases Large scale: roller mills force coarsely formed ointments through stainless steel rollers to produce ointments that are uniform in composition and smooth in texture Small ointment mills: used also in product development laboratories and in small batch manufacture Ointment Roller Mill Suitable for grinding ointment, paste, paints, printer’s ink, etc. in the pharmaceutical plastic industry The machine is conducted on a closed sheet iron base, with in-built foot mounting, for floor positioning Fusion Method All or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being meted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed
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The heat labile substances and volatile constituents are added last when temperature is low enough not to cause decomposition Carried out: Small scale: porcelain dish or glass beaker Large scale: large steam-jacketed kettle Prepared by fusion: Medicated ointments and ointment bases (with beeswax, paraffin, stearyl alcohol, and high molecular weight PEG) Preparation of ointments with an emulsion base: manufacturing involves melting and emulsification
Stainless Steel Tank Creams and ointments in batch sizes up to 1500 kilos are manufactured in stainless steel tanks.
Compendial Requirements (USP Tests) for Ointments
Microbial content Topical applications are not required to be sterile (except ophthalmic preparations) Strict adherence to environment control and application of good manufacturing practices: to minimize the microorganisms in unstrerilized pharmaceutical products Antimicrobial preservatives in topical preparations: methylparaben, propylparaben, phenols, benzoic acid, sorbic acid amd quarternary ammonium salts Must meet the requirements of the test for absence of Stap. Aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa For rectal, urethral, vaginal use: tested for yeast and molds Minimum fill Determination of the net weight or volume of the contents of containers: to ensure proper contents compared with labeled amount Packaging, storage and labeling Packaging: Ointments and other semisolid preparation: large-mouth ointment jars, metal or plastic tubes Light-sensitive preparations: opaque of light resistant containers Storage Well-closed containers to product contamination Labeling (USP): Include the type of base used
Additional Standards USP requires manufacturer: examine semisolid preparation for viscosity and for in vitro drug release Creams
Semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved Dispersed either in W/O emulsion or O/W emulsion or in another type of water-washable base
Vanishing cream: O/W emulsions containing large percentages of water and stearic acid or other oleaginous components Primary application: Topical skin products used rectally and vaginally Easier to spread and remove, preferred than ointments
Examples of Ointments and Creams Anesthetics Benzocain: various Dibucaine: Nupercainal cream and o intment Astringent or protectant Zinc oxide: various Depigmenting agents Hydroquinone cream: Eldoopaque cream Scabicides Lindane: Kweel cream Sunscreen agent Dioxybenzone: Solvar cream and oxybenzone Gels
Semisolid system consisting of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly like by the addition of a gelling agent. Gelling agent used: Synthetic Macromolecules Sometimes called jellies Gelling agents: carbomer 934, cellulose derivatives (carboxymethyl-cellulose)) and natural gums (tragacanth) (carboxymethyl-cellulose
Single-Phase Gels Macromolecules uniformly distributed throughout a liquid Example: Na CMC and tragacanth gel Two-Phase Systems Gel mask consists of floccules o f small distinct particles Example: Milk of Magnesia (often referred as magma) Characteristics of Gels Thickens on standing, forming a thixotrope, shaken before use to liquefy the gel and enable pouring Remain fairly uniform upon standing and does not readily settle because of high degree of attraction between the dispersed phase and water medium Aluminum hydroxide gel Formulated to contain drug substance: Solvents (alcohol and/or propylene) Antimicrobial preservatives (methylparaben or chlorhexidine gluconate) Stabilizers (edentate disodium) Uses of Gels Lubricant for catheters Bases for patch testing Examples: NaCl gel for electrocardiography Floucinonide Gel for anti-inflammatory corticosteroid Na Fluoride & Phosphoric acid gel – dental care prophylactic Tretionoin Gel for treatment of acne Gels and Magmas
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Approriate Names (Colloidal Dispersion) SOLS: term to designate a dispersion of solid in either a liquid, solid or gas dispersion medium Prefix hydro: water as dispersion medium so called hydrosol Prefix alco: alcohol as the dispersion medium so called alcosol Aerosol: dispersion of solid or liquid in gaseous phase Preparation of Gels By freshly precipitating the disperse phase upon reaching an inorganic agent, a gelatinous precipitate results Example: Preparation of Al(OH)3 gel AlCl3 + Na2CO3 NaHCO3 By direct hydrating the inorganic material in water Al2O3 + H2O Al(OH)3 Examples: Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, Alugel, Amphogel, Ce-lu-gel, Cremalin, Hydroxal, Vanogel, Aluminum Phosphate Gel (Phosphagel): antacid Examples of Topical Gels Erythromycin and benzoyl peroxide topical gel: Benzamycin Clindamycin topical gel: Cleocin T Topical Gel Benzoyl peroxide gel: Desquam-X 10 Gel-acne vulgaris Hydroquinone gel: Solaquin Forte Gel: bleach for hyperpigmented skin Salicylic acid gel: Compound W Gel: keratolytic Desoximetasone gel: Topicort: anti-Inflammatory, antipruritic agent Miscellaneous Semi-solid Preparation Pastes Plasters Glycerogelatins Pastes
Considered colloidal dispersion since they contain particles of colloidal dimensions
Semisolid preparation for application to the skin, for its stiffness and impenetrability Remain in place after application and effectively employed to absorb serous secretions Not suited for application to hairy parts of the body Example: zinc oxide paste (Lassar’s Plain Zinc Paste)
Types of Paste Dermatologic paste Paste for injection Examples of Paste 1. Zinc oxide paste with acid: Lassar’s Paste: Salicylic acid 20g and ZnO paste q.s. to make 1000g 2. Zinc oxide paste: ZnO 250g, starch 250g, white petrolatum 500g to make 1000g 3. Triamicinolone acetonide dental paste
Medicated plaster: provide effects at the site of application (Salicylic acid plaster – removal of corns on toes by the keratolytic action)
Purposes of Plasters To afford protection and mechanical support To furnish an occlusive macerating action To bring medication into close contact with surface of skin Example of Plaster Modern plasters are practically all machine made and are available in colors such as flesh, striped, and others. Examples of Medicated Plasters Salicylic acid plaster Salonpas Back Plasters Made of heavy cotton or wool and cotton backing to provide warmth and support Used to backache, sore shoulder, sore arms, and other muscular aches Active constituents of back plasters is oleoresins of capsicum Examples: Chili Plaster, Hot Salonpas Cerates Unctouse preparations of such consistency that may be easily spread at ordinary temperature upon muslin cloth or similar material with spatula yet not soft to liquefy and run when applied to the skin Contents: oil, hard, petrolatum and beeswax Examples: Cantharides cerates, rosin cerate, camphor cerate, cerate of lead acetate, compound rosin cerate Cataplasm Viscous preparation intended for warm, external application to a body for purpose of reducing inflammation Soft semisolid, external applications which either stimulate a body surface or alleviate an inflamed area by supplying medication substance in the presence of heat and mixture. Example: numotizine Cements
Dental preparation employed primarily as temporary coverings for exposed pulps and also for holding medicinal agents in tooth cavities and rebasing of dentures
Glycerogelatins Plastic masses containing 15% gelatin, 40% glycerin, 35% water and 10% added medicinal substance (zinc oxide) For the long term application For treatment of varicose ulcers Official: zinc gelatin or zinc gelatin boot-form pressure bandage (treatment of varicose ulcers) Dressings
Plasters
Solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic Nonmedicated plaster: for protection and mechanical support (Adhesive Plaster)
External application resembling ointments in consistency, but remaining semisolid at body temperature, they liquefy at 50°C and remain pliable in thin films below 28°C
Classes of Dressing
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Primary wound dressing or now as wet dressing Absorbents: surgical cotton and gauze Bandages Adhesive tapes
Examples of Dressings Paraffin Dressing: formerly official in the NF VI and employed as an air-excluding, soft, pliable, analgesic, splint-like covering for surface denuded by burns Petrolatum Gauze, USP: absorbent gauzr saturated with white petrolatum Fruazone Gauza Pads-sterile: antibacterial dressings containing nitrofurazone Surgical dressing: any material used as covering, protective, or support for a diseased part: (1) Adhesive bandages, USP; (2) Gauze bandage Other Examples of Dressings Bandages Paper tapes Surgical tapes Packaging Semisolid Preparation Topical dermatologic products Packaged in either jars or tubes Ophthalmic Nasal, vaginal, and rectal semisolids products Packaged in tubes Aluminum or plastic Ophthalmic ointments Packaged in small aluminum or collapsible plastic tubes holding 3.5g Tubes: sterilizes before aseptically filled, fitted with narrow-gauge Plastic Tubes are made of: High or low-density polyethylene (HDPE or LDPE) or a blend of each Polypropylene (PP) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Various plastic, foil, and/paper laminates Special features and Advantages of Plastic LPDE: soft and resilient with good moisture barrier HPDE: with superior moisture barrier but less resilient PP: has high level of heat resistance PET: offers transparency and high degree of product chemical compatibility Laminates With excellent moisture barrier because of the foil content, high durability, and product compatibility Ointment jars Clear or opaque glass or plastics Amber-colored, some are porcelain Filling Ointment Jars Small scale pharmacy: weighted amount of ointment transferred into the jar with a spatula Filling and Crimping Machine
A small-scale fully automatic filling and crimping machine for collapsible metal tubes
Tube-filling Machine This machine automatically fills 125 tubes a minute with proper amount, tightens cap, and orients each tube by electric eye so that label faces forward then closes and crimps the end.
Filling Ointment Tubes Tubes filled from the open back end of the tube opposite from the cap end Manual filling of ointment tube requires: Prepare ointment on a wax or parchment: paper rolled into a cylindrical shape, inserted into the open end of the tube, pushed forward The spatula pressing against the lower portion of the tube and making a crease below the ointment full, the paper is slowly remove leaving the ointment in the tube The bottom of the tube is flattened, folded and sealed with a crimping tool or clip Features and Use Dermatologic Preparations Drug penetration into the skin depends on a number of factors: Physiochemical properties of the medicinal substance Characteristics of the pharmaceutical vehicle Condition of the skin itself Oleaginous bases Greater occlusion and emollient effects than hydrophilic or water-washable bases Pastes Greater occlusion and more effective than ointments at absorbing serous discharge Creams O/W emulsions, spread more easily than ointments and are easier to remove Water-soluble bases Non-greasy and are easily removed Features and Uses of Ophthalmic Ointments and Gels Ophthalmic ointments must meet the: USP sterility tests Test for metal particles in ophthalmic ointments Steam sterilization or ethylene oxide methods: not capable of penetrating the ointment Dry heat sterilization: can penetrate the ointment base, the high heat may pose a threat to the stability of the drug Antimicrobial preservatives: methylparaben, prophylparaben, combination of phenylmercuric acetate, chlorobutanol, benzalkonium chloride Strict methods of aseptic processing: drug and non-drug component is rendered sterile, aseptically weighed and incorporated in a final product Features and Use of Nasal Ointment and Gels Introduce into the nasal passage for local effects on the mucous membrane and underlying tissues Nasal route of administration: also for the systemic absorption of the numbers of drugs: Butorphanol tartrate (Stadol NS, Bristol Myers, Squibb)
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An analgesic Cyanocobalamine (Nascobat gel, Schwartz) A hematopoietic Narfaralin acetate (Synarel, Searle) For txt of endometriosis Nicotine (Nicotrol NS, McNeil) As an adjunct in smoking sensation
Features and Use of Rectal Preparation For anorectal conditions: ointments, gels, creams, and creamlike aerosol foams, solutions (for enema and irrigation) and suppositories Local condition of anorectal pruritus: inflammation, pain and discomfort associated with hemorrhoids Example: Prochlorperazine as suppositories Zinc oxide Bases used in anorectal ointments and creams Combinations of polyethylene glycol 300 and 3350 Emulsion cream bases using cetyl esters wax, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) Features and Use of Vaginal Preparations Treatment of Conditons and Disease of the vulvovaginal area: ointments, creams, cream-like foams, and gels Topical product to treat: Vulvovaginal infection, vaginitis, conditions of endometrial atrophy and for contraception with spermatocidal agents. Pathogenic organisms: o Trichomonas vaginalis o Candida (Monilia) albicans o Hemophilus vaginalis Anti-infective agents are: nystatin, chlotrimazole, miconazole, clindamycin, and sulfonamides Endometrial atrophy treated locally with: hormones dienestrol and progesterone Contraceptive preparations contained spermicidal agents such as: nonoxynol-9 and octoxynol with cervical diaphragm Vaginal gels are preserved with antimicrobial agents: E.g. Vulva (Mycelex-7 Vaginal Cream, Bayer)
Table 10.1: Dermatologic Ointments and Creams by Therapeutic Category Preparation Adrenocortical steroids Aclometasone dipropionate cream and ointment o Corresponding commercial product: Aclovate Cream and Ointment (GlaxoSmithKline) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 0.05% cream and ointment o Use: relief of inflammatory dermatoses Fluocinolone acetonide cream and ointment o Corresponding commercial product: Synalar Cream and Ointment (Roche)
Usual strength of active ingredient: 0.025% cream and ointment Use: relief of inflammatory o dermatoses Hydrocortisone acetate cream and ointment o Corresponding commercial product: Cortaid Cream and Ointment (Pharmacia & Upjohn) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 0.5% and 1% o Use: relief of inflammatory dermatoses Triamcinolone acetonide cream and ointment o Corresponding commercial product: Aristocort A Cream and Ointment (Fujisawa) o Usual strength of active: 0.01% ointment; 0.1%, 0.025%, 0.5% cream o Use: relief of inflammatory dermatoses Adrenocorticoid - antifungal combination Betamethasone, clotrimazole cream o Corresponding commercial product: Lotrisone Cream (Schering-Plough) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 1% betamethasone, 0.05% clotrimazole Use: relief, treatment of o inflammatory pruritic manifestations that may be complicated by fungal overgrowth Analgesic Capsaicin cream o Corresponding commercial product: Zostrix Cream (Medicis) Usual strength of active ingredient: o 0.025% o Use: relief of arthritic pain Antiacne Tretinoin cream o Corresponding commercial product: Retin-A (Ortho McNeil) McNeil) o Strength: 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% o Usual strength of active ingredient: derivative of Vitamin A for topical treatment of acne vulgaris Antianginal Nitroglycerin ointment o Corresponding commercial product: Nitro-Bid Ointment (Hoechst Marion Roussel) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 2% o Use: reduces workload of heart by smooth muscle relaxation of peripheral arteries and veins Antibacterial or anti-infectives Gentamicin sulfate cream, ointment Corresponding commercial product: o Garamycin Cream and Ointment (Schering-Plough) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 0.1% o
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Use: local treatment of skin infections by susceptible microorganisms Nystatin cream o Corresponding commercial product: Mycostatin Cream (Apothecon) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 0.5% 100,000 U/g o Use: local treatment of skin infections by susceptible microorganisms Polymyxin B sulfate, bacitracin zinc, neomycin ointment o Corresponding commercial product: Neosporin Ointment (GlaxoSmithKline) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 5,000 U/g polymyxin B, 400 U/g bacitracin zinc; 3.5 mg/g neomycin o Use: treatment of minor cuts, scrapes Antifungals Miconazole nitrate cream o Corresponding commercial product: Monistat-Derm Cream (Ortho McNeil) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 2% o Use: cutaneous candidiasis, tinea infections of Trichophyton spp. Tolnaftate cream o Corresponding commercial product: Tinactin Cream (Schering-Plough) Usual strength of active ingredient: o 1% o Use: topical treatment of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea manuum Antineoplastic Fluorouracil cream o Corresponding commercial product: Efudex Cream (Roche) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 5% o Use: treatment of multiple actinic, solar keratoses Antipruritic, analgesic Lidocaine ointment o Corresponding commercial product: Xylocaine Ointment (Astra) o Strength: 2.5% o Use: relief of pain, itching of minor skin irritation, insect bites Astringent, protectant Zinc oxide ointment o Corresponding commercial product: Desitin Ointment (Pfizer) Usual strength of active ingredient: o 40% o Use: topical astringent, protective in skin conditions such as diaper rash o
o
Use: temporary bleaching of skin with freckles, old age spots, chloasma
Scabicide Crotamiton cream o Corresponding commercial product: Eurax Cream (Westwood-Squibb) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 10% o Use: eradication of scabies, symptomatic treatment of pruritus
Depigmenting agents Hydroquinone cream o Corresponding commercial product: Eldopaque Cream (ICN) o Usual strength of active ingredient: 4%
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Table 10.2: Examples of Topical Gels Active Ingredient Acetic acid
Proprietary Product Aci-Jel (Ortho McNeil)
Gelling Agent Tragacanth, acacia
Becaplermin
Regranex Gel (Ortho McNeil)
Sodium, CMC
Benzoyl peroxide
Desquam-X Gel (WestwoodSquibb) Cleocin T Topical Gel (Pharmacia & Upjohn)
Carbomer 940
Route and Use Vaginal; restoration and maintenance of acidity Dermatologic; recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor; promotes healing of diabetic ulcers of lower extremity Dermatologic; acne vulgaris
Carbomer 934P
Dermatologic; acne vulgaris
Clindamycin
Clobetasol propionate
Temovate Gel (GlaxoSmithKline) (GlaxoSmithKline)
Carbomer 934P
Dermatologic; antipruritic
Cyanocobalamin
Nascobal (Schwartz Pharma)
Methylcellulose
Nasal; hematologic
Desoximetasone
Carbomer 940
Metronidazole
Topicort Gel (Medicis Dermatologics) Metro-Gel Vaginal (Galderma)
Carbomer 934P
Dermatologic; anti-inflammatory, antipruritic Vaginal; bacterial vaginosis
Podofilox
Condylox Gel (Oclassen)
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Rectal; anogenital warts
Progesterone
Crinone Gel (Serono)
Carbomer 934P
Timolol maleate
Timoptic-XE (Merck)
Gelrite gellan gum
Tretinoin
Retin-A Gel (Ortho McNeil)
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Vaginal; bioadhesive gel for progesterone supplementation and replacement Opthalmic gel-forming solution used in treatment of elevated intraocular pressure Dermatologic; acne vulgaris
Active Ingredient 1%
Category Antibacterial, antibiotic
Table 10.3: Examples of Ophthalmic Ointments Commercial Product Chloramphenicol ophthalmic Chloromycetin Opthalmic Ointment (Parke-Davis) o
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate ophthalmic
Decadron Phosphate Opthalmic Ointment (Merck)
0.05%
Anti-inflammatory, adrenocortical steroid
Gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic
Garamycin Opthalmic Ointment (Schering-Plough)
0.3%
Antibacterial, antibiotic
Isoflurophate ophthalmic
Floropryl Sterile Opthalmic Ointment (Merck)
0.025%
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Polymyxin B-bacitracin ophthalmic
Polysporin Opthalmic Ointment (Monarch)
Per gram: polymyxin B sulfate, 10,000 U; bacitracin zinc, 500 U
Antimicrobial
Polymyxin B-bacitracin-neomycin ophthalmic
Neosporin Opthalmic Ointment (Monarch)
Per gram: polymyxin B sulfate, 5,000 U; bacitracin zinc, 400 U; neomycin sulfate, 5 mg
Antimicrobial
Sulfacetamide sodium ophthalmic
Sodium Sulamyd Opthalmic Ointment (Schering-Plough) (Schering-Plough)
10%, 30%
Antibacterial
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Tobramycin ophthalmic
Tobrex Opthalmic Ointment (Alcon)
0.3%
Antibacterial, antibiotic
Vidarabine ophthalmic
Vira-A Opthalmic Ointment (Monarch)
3%
Antiviral
o
Table 10.4: Examples of Rectal and Vaginal Creams and Ointments Active Ingredient Product Type
Primary Use
Rectal Anusol (GlaxoSmithKline) (GlaxoSmithKline)
Starch
Ointment
Hemorrhoid treatment
Tronolane (Ross)
Pramoxine HCl
Cream
Hemorrhoidal, analgesic, antipruritic
Vaginal Mycelex-7 (Bayer)
Clotrimazole
Cream
Antifungal
AVC (Novavax)
Sulfanilamide
Cream
Vulvovaginitis (Candida albicans)
Cleocin (Pharmacia & Upjohn)
Clindamycin PO4
Cream
Bacterial vaginosis
Terazol 7 (Ortho McNeil)
Terconazole
Cream
Antifungal (Candida albicans)
Ogen (Pharmacia & Upjohn) Premarin (Wyeth-Ayerst)
Estropipate
Cream
Conjugated estrogens
Cream
Estrogenic for vulvar, vaginal atrophy Atrophic vaginitis, kraurosis vulvae
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