Domestication and Foreignization in Translating Culture-Specific References of an English Text Into Arabic

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Domestication and Foreig Foreigniza nization in in Tran TranslatingC ngCulture-Sp ulture-Specific ecific Referencesof an Eng English Tex Text into Ara Arabic [PP: 23-36] Mariam riamHassanMansour Department of English L anguag uage and and T ranslation ranslation Studies Faculty of Arts, Arts, SebhaUniv niversity Sebha, Libya

ARTICLE INFO Article Article H isto istorr

Th T he paper received on: 30/03/2014 Accepted ccepted after peer-review on: 24/05/2014 Published on: 01/06/2014 K eywo eywords rds

Domestication, stication, Foreignization, Tra T ranslating ingCult Cultu ureSpecific References, U SA-L SA-Libya ibyaresumption umption of ties, T ransla ranslation tion Strategies, SkoposT heory heory

ABSTRACT Th T his study aimed to apply strategies ies of domestica ication ion and foreignization in translating culture-specific references of an English text into Arabic, A rabic, where the transl translator ha has to make his\her his\her decisio decision n on the basis of specifi cific c factors such as as the background round of the readership, the goal of the target text, text, the messa ssage of the source source text text and and the the cli client’s urglarr W ho Liked to purpose purpose in translati translating the sour source ce tex text. As A s “T he B urgla Q uote uote K ipling ”, which hich has enjoye njoyed tra translation nslation into into a wi wide range of internati nternational la languag uages, ha has not been been translated into into Arabic, A rabic, the topic’s topic’s choice choice was intentiona ntentional. The T he ques questi tionon- whether the forei foreig gniza nization tion and and domestication strategies are applicable in translating English literary work, and if so, which one is the most appropriate in this context motivated the study. study. T he exa examples ples provided provided and and the points points of disc discuss ussiion have have exa examined this iss issue ue in the context context of a specifi pecific translatio translation n brief. brief. I t is hard, hard, as I conclude conclude from from this study, study, to adhere to one stra strateg tegy and fol folllow it blindly, as our wish in translating such a piece is to inform, amuse and preserve our culture and norms.

Suggested Ci Citatio ion: M aria riam, H. H. M. M . (2014) Dome Domesti stication and Foreig oreigniza nization in in Trans T ranslating lating Culture-Spe ulture-Specif cific ic Refe Reference rences s of an I nternational Journ J ourna a l of o f Eng E ngli lis s h L anguag ang uage e & T ranslation rans lation S tudies English lish T ext ext into Arab Arabic. ic. . 2(2), 23-36 Retrieved from http://www.eltsjournal.org

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1. Int Introduction Th T he present st study, tr translating ing Eng Englis lish Burglarr W ho Lik ed T o Quote text T he Burgla Kipling into English using domestication and forei foreig gniza nization tion strateg strategies is a part of of the proj project ect which hich was was undertaken undertaken at the reque request st of the Am American Embassy in Tri T ripol polii as a fulfillment of the requirements of American cultural cultural week, which hich was the first first in in a seri series es of joint-cul oint-cultural tural weeks weeks betwee een n Li L ibyaand the United nited Sta States to celebrate the resumption resumption of diplomatic and public relations between the two countries countries. T he translati nslation of L awrence Burglarr W ho Block’s lock’s crime nove novel, T he Burgla L iked To Q uote K ipling, ipling, is one example of the pieces of Ame A merica rican li literature terature selected selected to be introduced to the Li Libya byan Arab A rab readershi dership p in general and to those who are interested interested in reading reading witty and interesti interesting ng detective literature in particular. Block is a prominent and very succes successful sful America erican novelist novelist in this this genre and has won the the Edga Edgar and Sham Shamus awards [cri [crime fictio fiction n aw awards] four four time times and the Jap Japanese Malt Malte ese Falco lcon award twice ice, as well as the the Nero Wolf W olfe e and Phili Philip p Ma Marlow rlowe awards, a Li Lifetime fetime Achiev chievement Aw Award fro from m the Priv rivate Eye Wri Write ters rs of Am A merica, and, most recently, the Ca Cartier rtier Di Diamond Da Dagger for L ife Achiev Achievem ement from from the Crim rime W rite riters rs Associa Association tion (UK (UK ). He H e has writt ritten en four different series of crime novels and each has has a diff different erent protag protagonist. onist. The T he readers’ enthusiasm for Block’s work has not been restricte restricted d to the Unite nited d States or the Eng English– spea speaking king worl orld; hi his books books have have also been transla translated for many other audiences. audiences. Nevertheless ertheless, after meeti meeting ng the major protagonist in the novel, Bernie Rhodenbarr, a question question arises arises: “why this this novel novel has been been selected for translation for this brief?” Th T he answer isis- Ber Bernie is clever, wit wittty, educated and a gentlem entleman. T hus, the

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selection of Bernie Rhodenbarr as a noble prota protagonist onist offer offered ed to the Arabic readershi readership p does does not emerge from a vacuum, cuum, but but has a solid correlation with the Arabic taste in literature and clear consideration of Arabic morals and ethics, which stipulate honesty and fr frankness nkness even in in the darkest careers: careers: crim crime and theft. theft. For example, Arabic literature has similar characters who steal from rich people to feed the poor, and who, despite their involvement in crime and theft, have their own philosophy in serving others and protecti protecting ng the weak. A good example example of such a character is is Uraw Urawa bin bin al ward, the the pre-Isla pre-I slam mic poet (Asm (Asma Abu Ba Baker, 1998), 1998), who enjoys a very similar personality to Bernie: ernie: an an educated thief. U rawa was one of the most most sophisticat sophisticated ed of Arab poets and a bra brave knig knight, as he wa was also one of of the few noble robbers in Arabic history, “Saaleek”, who used to invade other rich tribes to feed and help poor people (Alasfahani, cited in Abu Ba Baker, 1998:9-10 98:9-10). ). M oreov oreover, er, the wi witty and aff affa able ble personality of Bernie increases his chance of acceptance among the Arabi Arabic c readershi readership, p, and cultural features such as his love of books books and and reading reading, his his gentlem entlemanly nly approach pproach towards women and his decision to not indulge in alcoholic drink draw readers towa towards this this virtuous rtuous character. I t merits erits attention that Bernie’s characteristics have their counterparts counterparts in the Arabic reader’s reader’s imaginati nation on and have deep roots roots in in Arabic Arabic culture and folklore; for example, the comic persona personallities of J oha “the mytholog thological ical Arabi rabic fig figure to whom whom most of the Arab Arab jok jokes and hu humorous stories ies are attribu ibuted” (Al (Al-Ja -J awzi,50 zi,504:5 4:54) 4) and AlAl- J ahiz, hiz, who who “wa “was one of of the greatest Arab Arab autho authors rs and used to rent the shops of manuscript copyists/ booksellers (al –warr aqun ) in order to read and examine the books” books” (D (Dougl ouglas, 1985 1985:18 :183). 3). I n a nutshell nutshell,, all of the

M aria , H . M. M . (2014 (2014) Dom Dome estica tication and Foreignization in T rans ranslating lating Cultur -Spe -Specific Cite this article rticle as: Ma References Referencesof an Eng English lish Te Text into Arabic. Arabic. I nternational Journ . 2(2), 23Journ al of English English L anguag anguage e & T ranslation ranslation Studies 36 Retr Retrieved ieved from from http://ww http://www.eltsjournal. .eltsjournal.or org g Page | 24

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aforementioned factors have contributed to the appropriateness of this novel for translation in this context. 2. Li Literature Review 2.1 Defining DefiningT Translation Tr T ranslation ion is not jus just rendering ing meaning aning from from one la language into into another, another, but but is rather an an integ integral process process by which hich the translator makes his/her decision to impose his/ his/her her ow own la language conventions conventions or convey faithfully the conventions of the foreign language of the source source as they are, assuming assuming that the the rea readers ders of the targ target lang language may reli relish reading ding forei foreig gn cultural cultural references references and commi committing tting themselves to a new model, rather rather than than consuming consuming their own model model without thout any challeng challenge posed by a completely completely forei oreig gn paradigm. Sham Shamma (2005:66) defi defines transl translation tion as “the outcome of a complex plexity of cir circumstances that compri prise the interventi ntervention on of the translat translator or and the choices choices that he or she makes in in the la large context of reception and the relation of the translated text to other texts in its its natural environme ronment”, while it is defined by Newmark as “rendering the meaning ning of a text into into another language in in the way that that author intended the text” (1988:5). (1988:5). T he tw two defi defini niti tions ons above contradict each other in defining the transl translator’s tor’s role: role: Shamma hig highli hlights the translator’s vision and his/her own apprecia ppreciation tion of the text, whi whille N New ewmark limits the translator’s role to faithfully following the vision of the author of the source source text. 2.2 The The Concep Conceptsof Forei Foreig gniza nization and Domestication tion L anguag uages diff differ, er, and their their cultural cultural content also differs. “Since no two languages are identical identical [... [...]] it it stands to reason reason that there can be no absolute bsolute correspon correspondence dence between languages. Hence H ence there can be no ful fullly exact

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translat translatiion” (Ni (Nida, 2004, 2004, p.153). In I n the prese present paper, paper, I do not not see seek to inve investi stig gate such iss issues, ues, which hich are constantly constantly debate debated among transl translating ting circl circles es.. How H owever, if if this this is widely applicable among European languages, which hich have have a lot in in common either either culturally or linguistically, then translating a literary English text– in this case, chapters of T he burgla burglarr who li ked to quote K ipling - into Arabi rabic, which is is part of a very di differe fferent nt cultur cultura al context, can be seen seen as a major jor chal challenge for any transl translator. T he challenge arises rises when the literary transla translator endeavours ours to “g “give his his reader the the same image and the the same delig delight whi which ch the reader reader of the work ork in in the ori original nal languag uage woul would d affor afford d any reader educated in in such a way that we we call him, him, in in the better better sense of the word, ord, the the love lover and the expert, the type of reader reader who is is familiar with the the for forei eig gn la language whil hile it it yet yet always remains foreign to him, but he is still conscious conscious of the diff difference erence between that language and hi his mother other tongue, tongue, even where here he enjoys the beauty of the foreign foreign work ork in in total total peace” (Lefev (L efevere, 1992: 152 152 ). Th T he co concepts of of “foreigniza ization ion” an and “domestication” “domestication” were were fir first discuss discussed by th Schleierma Schleiermacher cher in in the early rly 19 19 century century when he ar argued that there were were onl only two possibl possible e appli pplicable ble strategies for for translation: translation: “either the tra transla nslator leaves the autho authorr in peace as much as possibl possible e and moves the rea reader toward him; him; or he lea leaves the reader in in peace as much as possible possible and moves the writer riter toward him him” (V (Venuti enuti, 2004 2004:49 :49). ). T he terms terms “domesticat “domesticatiion” and “foreignizat “foreignizatiion” per se were coined coined by Venuti, Venuti, who was one of the first advocates of the latter, insisting that forei foreig gniza nization tion “entails choosing a forei foreig gn text text and devel developing oping a transla translation tion method along along lines which are excluded by dominant cultur cultura al values in in the the target target language” (Venut (Venutii, 1995, cite cited in in Munda M unday, 2008:145). 45). W hil hile domestica tication tion ai aims to reduce the


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impact of forei oreig gnness in the the target text due to ethnocentric trends that stimulate the transl translator to elevate his own cultura cultural reference references and kee keep them intact from from other alien ones, “Venuti “Venuti bemoans bemoans the phenomenon of domestication since it involves an ethnocentric reduction of the forei oreig gn text to target– target–llanguage cultur ultura al values” ues” (Munday (M unday, 2008:144). 2008:144). I n the context context of translating this ST, ST , Ven V enuti’s uti’s defi definiti nitions ons of domestication and foreignization seem generali eneralized zed and suffer suffer from from a lack of exceptions ptions where where texts differ differ and vary, and are therefore therefore not not appl appliicable ble for the sa same rules rules and criteri criteria a. On O n the importance mportance of texts, H atim tim (1997:35) concludes concludes that texts are “carriers of ideological meaning and vulnerable to changing socio-cul socio-cultural tural norm norms.” Some novels novels belong belong to the so-called so-called “belles- lettres ” written in a purely literary style; Vermeer ermeer (1996:37) states that “a literary literary text must be translated ‘faithfully’ because the purpose of such translation is to provide an approach for the target–culture recipients to a foreign author and his work, his intentions and style.” style.” Li L iterature, terature, li like national tional costume, is unique unique and must be respected cted by li literary terary translators if their ultimate purpose is to produce an x literature with its x stamp. Th T hus, the aim of translating ing a lit literary work is also differentiated. I n res respe pect ct of such a purpose purpose,, “‘Skopos’ “‘Skopos’ is a Greek word meaning ‘purpose, aim, goal, finality, objective; intention’. Skopos theory (Vermeer, 1978 et passim ) defends defends a functional approach to translating” (Vermeer, 1996:4). Anthony Pym’s (2010:46) defini definition tion outli outlines this this theor theory y as “a set set of proposi propositi tions ons based on the idea idea that the target-si rget-side de Skopos Skopos or purpose has priority in the translator’s decisions.” For Vermeer (ibid: 15), each transi transitional tional act has has its its own Skopos Skopos and different Skopos lead to different translations of the sa same source. source. Moreove M oreover, r, he points points out

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that that neither neither the source text nor its surf surfa ace structure structure determines determines the target text or its surfa surface, but the ulti ultim mate Skopos of the translat translator or does so. “The “T he ma main rul rule e for any translation is thus the ‘Skopos rule’, which says a transla translational tional action ction is is determined rmined by the skopos; that is, ‘the end justifies the means’ ans’” (Rei (Reiss ss and Vermee Vermeer, r, 1984:101). I n the translat translatiion of the data, in the case of the present present study, the the end was produci producing ng a repli replica of the Ame America rican source text text.. T herefor herefore, e, the purpose purpose of the T T translation is dual: entertaining and informative. Such duality reflects the basic idea around which the Skopos theory revolves, which is that “the translator should work in order to achieve the Skopos, the communicative purpose of the translation, rather rather than just just foll follow the sour source ce tex text” t” (Pym (Pym, 2010:44). Mor Moreov eover, this this dual duality of purposes purposes also assures one of the the frequent frequent claims claims that the transla translation tion of of one one sour source ce text can be done in different ways to achieve different purposes purposes (ibid, (ibid, 2010 2010:44). :44). In I n additi addition, on, the pre-purposes of writing a literary work, or, in this this case, se, of transl translating ting it, contra contradict dict and refute refute one of the cri critici ticism sms ma made by schola scholars against Skopo Skopos s theor theory y and discuss discussed ed by Nord ord and Schaffner: that the theory is applicable only only to non-li non-literary terary texts texts (Munday (M unday, 2006:80). 2006:80). Th T his is because lit literary works have no goals or aims, in in their view, while while here, here, by setting tting the aforementioned purposes for translating the novel novel, Vermee Vermeer’ r’s s idea that “goals, oals, purposes, functions and intentions are attributed to actions” (Vermeer, cited in M unday, 2006 2006:80) :80) is widely understood. I n such trans transllation, the Skopos faithfully offers an American cultural aspect to the L ibyan readership readership throug through h this this novel novel and shows shows different different exoti exotic c Ame America rican paradig radigms in terms of food, food, dri drink and famous literary works mentioned within the ori original nal novel. Any attempt ttempt to domesticate sticate


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them would ould affect the ma main Skopos Skopos of the transla translator, tor, althoug though in in some cases she has been obliged to do so in order to meet certa certaiin req requi uirem rements ents in tra translation. nslation. O n this this basis, both the theories- i.e. Foreignization & Domesticati stication and SkoposSkopos- interse intersect at at a point to serve the interest of the ultimate translation. 2.3 Some Ki Kindsof Dom Domestication and Foreignization Strategies Stra Strategies of domesticat ticating or forei oreig gnizi nizing ng a target text text vary vary among among translators, depending on the translator’s aim, the cli client’s purpose purpose, the genre of the text text and its nature, nature, but the judgment and visio vision n of the transla translator tor are sti still prim primary factors. factors. Ai A ixela (1996:52), in his article “Culture-specific ”, ”, has grouped rouped those I tems in T ranslation ranslation strategies into two categori ories for the sake of methodological efficacy, according to their nature: nature: conserva conservative tive and substi substitutive. tutive. I t is noteworthy that, in in TT T T , the transl translator did did not apply pply this this str stra ategy, as it appli pplies more to domestication domestication – a matter whi which ch contra contradicts dicts the Skopos of the produced translation per se, i.e. i.e. offeri offering ng the Li Libya byan readers readershi hip p a ticket to travel into into a pure Am America erican drama drama. Pro Proper per names in in such cases are a genui genuine ne part of any society’s identity. 2.3. 3.1 Co Conservativ ivecategory ry Th T he main strategy that falls lls with ithin the repetition, in which conserva conservative tive category ory is is repetition, the transl translator sticks sticks close closelly to the source tex textt and prese preserves some of the orig original refer references ences from the original work (Aixela, 1996:61). Although though Ai Aixela (1996) (1996) points points out that such such manipulation may add exotic and archaic character to culturally-specific references in the target text, transl translators fi find a resort in in retention. retention. Da D avies (2003:72-7 (2003:72-73) 3) defines defines this this translating option under the label “preservation” as a decision of the translator to maintai ntain the source source text text term term in in the transl translation tion when he/she he/she is fa faced with a

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reference reference to an entity ntity that has no close close equivalent in the target la languag uage. In I n the T T , the translator’s repetition of terms such as ‘khaki’ ‘khaki’ ST (p.57) TT T T (p.25 (p.25), ‘platinum ‘platinum’ ST (p.64) (p.64) TT TT (p.37 (p.37) and and ‘short’ ‘short’ ST ST (p.58) (p.58) TT TT (p.27) (inst (instea ead of thei their Arabi rabic transla translations) tions) serve as good ood examples ples of the above category. ory. Mor M oreov eover, regarding rding the translator’ translator’s s choice to follow Block’s use of puns (frig (frigate/frig frig it) ST (p.62), (p.62), the Arabic rabic pun ( \ ) TT T T (p. (p.34) can be conside idered to be a sort of repetition. I n anothe anotherr manipulation, nipulation, “orthographic “orthographic adaption” n” (Aixela, ibid: 61), translators opt to alter the cultural references according to the target lang language. T he best example mple is is the orthog orthographi raphica cal translation of name names, such as the names of prophets prophets:: Moses M oses, Jes J esus and and Jac Jacob. T his procedure is adopted because of the availabil bility of an equivalent to the source noun, noun, such as measurement surement units, units, or due to the difficulty of pronunciation in the sounds of the target la language. I n this this translated work, the obvious orthographic adaption can be noticed in the Arabic translations of certain names such such as: ‘Morocco’ ‘Morocco’ ST (p.57) (p.57) TT TT (p.26), ‘champagne’ ST (p.64) TT T T (p.37) and ‘lime ‘lime’ ST (p.67 (p.67) TT T T (p.42 (p.42). Another conserva conservative option, which hich can be adopted adopted by transla translators, tors, is is “e “extratexual gloss” (ibid), where an additional explanation is offered in the target text to clarify the meaning ning for the reader. reader. Such explanations tions usually usually appear ppear as footnotes, footnotes, glossa glossary item items or deta detailed explanations in in bra brackets. ckets. I n the T T , the transl translator delibera deliberately tely used used adaptation tion in a few cases, as in the the footno footnote te expl expla aining ning the term term “gable” ST (p.72) TT T T (p.51), so as as not to interrupt the reader’s enjoyment. According to Hi Hickey, cited in Da Davies (2003:77), such additional explanations may hold up the narrative or burden the reader with irr irriitating ting details; Hi H ickey stresse stresses the the importance mportance of not not al allowing such explana explanations tions


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to lea lead to dive divergence from from the styl style of the ori original message. A simila similar manipulation nipulation can be applied pplied to cla clarify rify ambig biguiti uities es in the translate translated d text: text: “intrate “intratextual gloss” (ibi (ibid), d), where the additional explanation is added smoothly, without disturba disturbance nce of the rea reader’s enjoyment. ent. T his his gives a clear clear introduction to any unfa unfamili miliar name or thing thing. In I n contrast to the lilimited use of extratexual extratexual gl gloss, the application of intratexual gloss has the lion’s share in in the the target text because of the transl translator’s tor’s desir desire e to avoid any distracti distraction to the readership such as periodic stops to look for further explanation in the form of a glossa ossary or footnote footnotes. s. As As a result, ult, the T T is replete with additional explanations to clarify any confusion that might occur. Th T he other major category that features forei foreig gniza nization tion and domestica tication tion strateg strategies is substitution; substitution; genera generallly speaking king, there there are six strategies listed under this category (ibid). From rom a sty styllistic basis, “synonymy” nonymy” occurs as one of the usual strategies to which which translators resort, and involves avoiding foreignization and repeating the source language’s refer references ences in the target text by using using synonyms nonyms or parallel parallel reference references. s. Thus, T hus, this this strateg strategy aims to dome domestica sticate cultur cultura al references references and kee keep the reader adher adherent ent to his/her own cultural norms. 2.3.2 Li Limited unive universalization Seeking king to rem remain as faithful faithful as possible to the source text, the translator using using this this strateg strategy repla replaces a cultur cultural al reference reference item item with another fro from m the same source source language, mainly nly when the ori original item is obscure obscure to the target readership. dership. T his his will maintain credibility and avoid deleting or deviating from the presence of the cultural norms norms that the author uthor wants to appear in his/her writing (Aixela, 1997:63). For the same strateg strategy, Dav Davies (2003: 82) ado adopts pts the term “globalization” instead of

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universalization, as he finds the latter more extreme, extreme, and the term “globali obalization” may suggest a conti continuu nuum m rather than separ separating ating the term into into two separate parate classes: li limited and absolute. bsolute. 2.3.3 Abs Absolute oluteuniversalization Th T his strategy is ide identica ical to lim limite ited universalization, but the lack of a convenient equivalent or the desire to delete the foreign item obliges the translator to choose a neutral replacement. 2.3.4Autonom Autonomouscreation Tr T ranslators rarely resort to this strateg strategy, in in which familiar proper proper names names are invented to avoid oid exposing exposing the readers readers to unfamiliar foreign names. For example, “in the publishe published d transl translations, tions, many of the Ha Harry rry Potter translators have resorted to altering the original name in order to create the required pun” (Ha (H atim & Munda M unday, 2004 2004:: 11), but sometime sometimes transl translator ators s exaggerate an autonomous utonomous creation creation and and “take pains to ensure that the resulti resulting ng name stil till bears an English fla flavour” (Da (D avies, es, 2003 2003:88 :88). ). I t is noteworthy that, in the translation of ‘The Burglar who liked to Quote Kipling’, the translator did not apply this strategy, as it appli pplies more ore to domesti domestica cation tion – a matter which contradicts the Skopos of the produced translation per se, i.e. offering the L ibyan readershi readership p a ticket ticket to travel into a pure Ame America rican drama. T he proper names in such cases are a genuine enuine part of of any society society’s identity. 2.3.5Deletion O mission is is the the last last resort resort for for translat translators ors when they encoun encounter ter an unaccepta unacceptable ble cultura cultural item, perhaps perhaps due to ideological, religious or stylistic restrictions in the target la languag uage or culture. culture. A lack of of relev relevance of the cultura cultural items to the readers’ interest is another possible justification for deletion. For For ins insta tance, nce, in in the ST (p.59), the transl translator resorted to deleting deleting the adject djectiive


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“pinse “pinsea al” in in tra translating nslating the sentence “It “It was a nice enough pinseal billfold ....” as there is no an Arabic Arabic equivalent to the English word. ord. Also in in ST (p.57) (p.57) the lack lack of an Ara Arabic bic equi equiv valent of the word “corduroy” “corduroy” in “H is pants were brow brown cordur corduroy” oy” made the option option of deletion an inevitable solution. 2.3.6 Naturaliza uralization Althoug though this this strateg strategy has been abandoned by most translators and is is considered to be an outdated method, it is still still used used in in narrow narrow contexts such as children’s children’s lite literat rature. ure. I t is worth noting noting that the task of the translator within thin this this strateg strategy depends on inserting cultural references into an intertex intertexua uall corpus corpus that that is is exclusi exclusive vely outli outlined by the target language cultur culture. e. Th T hanks to to th these st strategies, translators can at lea least shri shrink the gaps between the target text and the source source text, since since “one cannot possibly produce in another tongue a replica of a work of rhetorica rhetorical art that that in its individual parts would correspond perfectly to the individual parts of the original”, as cited by Schleiermacher (Venuti, 2004:48). 2.4 .4 Ad Advantages and Di Disadvantages of Forei Foreig gniza nization tion and Dome Domestication Strategies I n ord order er to assess ssess the adva advantages and disa disadvantages of each stra strategy, it it is is essentia ential to understand the limits of the act of transla translation: tion: whether that act is only only to conve convey specific information or to exchange and enrich cultures cultures.. T oury (1978 (1978:20 :200) 0) confirms confirms that that translation tion is is a kind kind of activity ctivity that that inevitably nevitably invol involve ves at lea least two la languages and two cultural traditi traditions. ons. There T herefor fore, e, translation nslation is more ore than tra transla nslating ting words ords and terms: it it is is translating culture, lifestyle and life in every single detail. Faull’s (2004) view, that foreignness and tra transla nslation tion are two sides of the same coin, is very interesting: “the history of translation is also the history of the foreign [...] from Cicero to Diderot translation was

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seen as the way to enri enrich one’ one’s s own lang language and culture with little or no regard for fidelity to the original.” Faull draws no barriers between foreignization and translation, and many translation translation schola scholars agree with him. him. H atim tim (1997:123) (1997:123) asserts that that “the task of of the transl translator is to allow at lea least tw two distinct distinct rhetorica rhetorical functions functions to co-ex co-exiist in one.” In I n my my view, H atim’s tim’s use use of the verb verb “co-ex “co-exist” merits attenti attention, on, because the cla clashes that occur in in translati translation between two two cultures, cultures, functions and linguistic conventions stipulate that the transla translator must be well ell aware tha that his his task is is “a battlefi ttlefield of many opposing opposing strateg strategies and views” (Pa (Paloposki and Oi O ittinen, ttinen, 2000: 375). 375). I n principle, principle, one of the major advantages of foreignization is that it offers the target rea readership dership a chance to enjoy enjoy a different cultural atmosphere: “the translated text should be the site where a different cultur culture e emerges, where where the rea reader gets a glimpse of a cultural other” (Venuti, 1995:306). 5:306). T his his is genuinely enuinely true, because people’s people’s knowledge consists of forei foreig gn and domestic information; moreover, the defini definiti tion on of of an educated person person ha has a correlatio correlation n wi with the quantity ntity of know knowledge that he/she he/she possess possesses es. Such knowledg knowledge is is usually gained either by travelli elling abroad and accessi ccessing other cultures cultures or by studyi studying ng these cultures cultures at home. T hus, tra translators are vehicles that, due to their bilingual or multilingual tongue, can provide readers with glimpses pses of other other cultures. cultures. Da Davies (2003, p.68) states that that “The “T he translator translator is is often portraye portrayed as a mediator diator whose task is is to make the cultural manifestations accessible to the reader of the translatio translation”. n”. On O n the other hand, foreignization facilitates the process of borro borrow wing among languag languages and and buil builds new vocabulary bulary and terms terms within thin the the target target language.


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Adopting foreignization in translated texts helps to achiev chieve dive diversity rsity in discourse discourse where la languages vary in in their their discour discourse se and methods. Venuti V enuti (1998: (1998: 11) sheds sheds lig light on that that parti particul cula ar poi point and emphasizes phasizes the role role of translation in cultivating varied and heterogeneous discour discourse. se. Adopting foreig foreigniza nization also ai aids the translator to faithfully convey the message of the original writer. Vermeer (1996:37) points out tha that “a liliterary text must be transla translated ‘faithfully’, because the purpose of such translation is to provide an approach for target- culture recipients to a foreign author and his work, his intentions and style”. Vermeer, in this aspect, differentiates between “li “literary terary tra transla nslation” tion” and “docume “documentary transla translation” tion” and affirms that “a literary text text is is a text of a speci specia al type and tha that no one is allowed to tamper with it”; therefore, the act of foreignization, which demands the retention retention of of many forei foreig gn norms, words, labels and unfamiliar expressions expressions to the target readership, readership, harmonizes with transparency, faithfulness and the Skopos theory. I n the case of tra translat nslating the data here, here, the retention of “foreignness” serves the ulti ultima mate goal of transferr transferriing a repli replica of English American life to the Arabic readers. Despite the aforem aforementioned entioned adva advantages of foreignization, skeptics stand firmly against the pumping of foreign cultural references into target target la languages; moreover, accordi ccording ng to Yan Yang (2010:77), they claim that, due to foreignization, “alien cultural images and linguistic features may cause information overl overload oad to the reader.” reader.” On the contrary, advocates dvocates of domestication domestication argue that domesticating foreign literature preserves the sour source lang language’s nor norms and keeps them intact from any alien interference or exotic additi dditions. ons. Dome D omestication grants the translator translator more freedom freedom to manipul nipula ate the source source text

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he/she works on by adding, deleting and substituting source items with convenient alternati ternative ves accordi according ng to his/her his/her judg judgement. Advocates of domesticati stication also cla claim that foreignization does not absorb readers from all levels, els, as forei foreig gn knowledg knowledge that appeal ppeals to the eli elite and educated strata strata might not not appeal ppeal to “g “grassroots”, ssroots”, as “domesticating “domesticating translation is easier for the readers to understa understand and and accept” (Yang (Yang, 2010:79). Such strata demand easy and famili familiar literature and do no nott want to strug struggle due to reading foreignized translations, which would detract from their appreciation of the translat translated ed work ork.. T his his claim contradi contradicts cts Venuti’s enthusiastic view of foreignization: “Foreignizing translation can appeal to diverse cultural constituencies, monolingual as well ell as educated” (Venuti (Venuti,, 1995:318). Domesti omestica cation tion also keeps la languages safe from the risk of imposing strange conventi conventions ons and norms norms. “T o attem attempt to impose the value system of the source source language cultur culture e on to to the the target lang language culture is dangerous ground” (Bassnet, 2002:30). H owever, such domes domestica tication tion will will be at the expense expense of the reader’ reader’s s know knowledge expansi xpansion on and the opportunity to provide insights into the source culture; moreover, it will deprive them from enjoying the full cultural and styl stylistic stic message of the the author. uthor. 2.5Const ConstraintsofDome Domestication and Foreignization Since translation does not exist in a vacuum and and takes place in a medium, dium, it it is is axioma xiomatic tic that it affects affects and is is affected by external and internal factors: “translation is a phenome phenomenon that has a huge effect effect on everyday life” (H atim tim & Munday Munday, 2004: 2004: 3). Despite the popularity of both domestication and foreignization among translators, each strategy stil till faces several obsta obstacles cles in its its appli pplication tion in in some specifi pecific texts texts and genres. genres.


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Th T hese constraint ints and confrontation ions stem, as Daniel Gile (2009:252) argues, from the fact that la languages and cultur cultures es do not not necessaril rily use similar words, linguistic constructions and information to describe reality, including people, feelings, actions, thoughts, social relations and physical positions. 2.5.1 Ethical Ethical and relig religiousconstraints Religious and ethical norms can hinder or at lea least impede the use of both both foreignization and domestication in transl translation, tion, especially pecially if the target readership dership has a conserva conservative tive reli religious nature, such as as I slamic soci societies eties in general eneral and L ibyan society in parti particular. cular. T ranslators tread cautiously in the aforementioned areas, because of the sensi sensiti tivity vity and sancti sanctity ty of the issues ssues concerned, despi despite te the tremendous ndous role they play in serving religions and their texts: “transl “translated texts of all kinds, kinds, and particul rticula arly rly holy holy texts texts,, have helped to shape cultures throughout throughout hist history” ory” (Long (L ong, 2005 2005:2). :2). I n transla translating ting,, it it is sti still controversia rsial that “it is is up to the translators to decide which sig signif nificant words ords and and pa passages they should should render implicitly, and which ones to elaborate expl expliicitl citly. y. In In such such sce scena nari rios, os, the ulti ultima mate goal of of a translated text text is to clea clearly rly acknowledge cknowledge sensiti nsitive ve materia terial in an open culture culture and ma make it it readily readily accessible sible to a conservative cul culture” ture” (Brown (Brown cited in L ung, 2003 2003:: 266-26 266-267). 7). T opics opics with reli religious or sexua sexual reference references are taboo for for the Arab Arab readershi readership p and and it it is is the translator’s task to select the appropri appropria ate source ource text. 2.5.2 Stylistic and li linguistic constraints Stylistic and linguistic conventions in languages can impose impose specifi specific constraints constraints on transla translators tors where la language and its its limitati limitations ons pla play a decisive decisive rol role in adopting adopting or rejecting rejecting domestication and foreignization strategies. I n some ca cases, ses, the la lack of of equi equiva valence oblig obliges the translator to for foreignize eignize or dome domesticate in contrast to his/her aims.

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2.5.3 Poli Political andcultural constraints Culture and politics both affect translation in the first place; therefore, thinkers thinkers and and theorists theorists hig highli hlight the signifi significance that each has. has. H ans Verme Vermeer (1978) has descr descriibed the transl transla ator as “bi“bicultural”, and Ma Mary Snel Snell-Hornby -H ornby (1992 (1992)) has has descri described bed him or her as a “cross “cross-cul -cultural tural speci specia alist” (cite (cited d in Ka K atan, 1999:14), 1999:14), whil hile Newmark (199 (1992:146) 2:146) takes takes it as “axiomatic tic that poli politics tics pervades every aspect aspect of human thoug thought and activiti activities es to a greater reater or a lesser degree”. Venuti (1998:82) depicts the political and cultural constraints in the oriented role of the political, cultural, religious and academic institutions to prefer domestication, or specifically, in Venuti’s words, “translation ethics ethics of sameness eness that ratif ratifies existing existing discourse, pedagogies, interpretations and liturgies.” Moreov M oreover, er, Venut Venutii (i (ibid: 1) goes goes to the extreme when he victimises victimises translation translation by cultural, economic and political bodies and their their representa representative tives and causes causes scandals ndals for it. Such cultura cultural and pol poliitical tical constrai constraints lead us to think again about the frequent accusation directed by postcolonial transl translation tion studies studies towa towards the Ang Anglophone ophone culture culture reg regarding rding its asymmetrica etrical cultural cultural exchange via transla translated literature literature or particul particula arly, rly, as as it has been described scribed bySusan Bassnett ssnett (1991, (1991, 1999) 1999) and Andre Andre Lefev L efevere (1992), cited cited in Za Zauberg uberga (2000: 49-50), a way to establi establish and perpetuate perpetuate the superiority of some cultures over others. According to Venuti, cited in Baker (2010:68), only 2-3 percent of the books publishe published d in in the US US and and the UK UK each yea year are transl translations, tions, whereas for foreign eign titl titles es, many from English, count for as much as 25 percent (or more) of books published annually in other countries. For Munday (2009:98), such figures “reflect the current economic, military and political dominance


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of the USA in the first instance and the global weight of Anglophone ophone cul culture ture mor more e generally rally.” T his his is reflec reflecte ted d in the superi uperiori ority ty and inferiority of some cultures; for example, the Ang Anglophoni ophonic culture’s culture’s hegemony and the fact that there are are “minor “minor culture” culture” and “major culture” causes in the publicity of some texts texts whil hile others others are neg neglected. Ty T ymoczko (cite ited in Bassnett and T rivedi, 2002:30) claims that, in translations, the greater the prestig prestige of the source source culture culture and the source text, text, the easier it it is is to require require that the audience audience come come to the text. O ne of the major issues ssues discusse discussed d by the postcolonial theory is power relations and relations and how they they affect ffect the cour course se of the translation’s translation’s production; in this aspe aspect, Teja T ejaswini Niranjana (1992:8) (1992:8) sees sees li literary terary transl translation tion as one of the discourses which inform the hegemonic onic apparatuses apparatuses that belong belong to the ideological structure of colonial rule. M oreover, oreover, she critici criticize zes s this power power structure, structure, which manipulates translation according to its goals: “T “T ranslati ranslation as practice shapes shapes,, and takes shape within, thin, the asymmetrical etrical rel rela ations tions of power power that that operate operate under under coloni colonia alism” (ibid, 1992:2). Venuti’s support of foreignization itself is one of the apparent resista resistant methods thods against coloni colonizi zing ng power power relations, since he considers domesticated translation into English to be one of the prevailing Anglo-American translation cultures cultures im imposed posed by such power relation relations. s. Foreignization entails the translator of a forei oreig gn text to reduce reduce the hegemony of the target text to give a chance for for the for forei eig gn one one to appear as forei foreig gn ra rather tha than as a repli replica of the target text’s text’s culture. culture. In I n other words, ords, it it helps to make the translator ‘visible’ to the readers. Th T he qu question ion to to be be asked he here is is: to to what extent extent did did the asymmetrica etrical power relations help or hinder in paving the way to Burglarr W ho transla translate the target rget text, text, i. i.e. T he Burgla

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Liked to Quote Kipling, as the transla translator’s tor’s

choice is foreignizing his translation? By looking at the motivation for the translation and the culture culture chosen to be offered offered to the L ibya byan reade readershi rship p - in in this this case American, which hich is is considered considered by all measures ures to be the most most dominant culture culture in in the wor worlld today- we can deduce that the political drive is the cornerstone in establishing such work per se; in other other words, power power relation relations s between the two countries, the USA and Li Libya bya. Yet Yet the translation ion of the ST stems from a joint, mutual cultural exchange between the two countri countries. T his his means that it is is expe expected cted that the Am America erican rea readership, dership, in turn, will enjoy reading ding work orks s by L ibya byan novelists sts such as I brahi brahim m al-Koni -K oni or Ibra I brahi him m al-Fa -Fagih. T he deba debate will continue as as to whether such occasional cultural translations will balance the “imb “imba alance in global transl translation tion flow” flow” (Munday (M unday, 2009:98) 2009:98) or alter the notion of primacy “English as a donor language, not a receptor” (ibid) . 3. App Application of Foreig Foreignization and Domestication Strategies in the Trans Translation of T he Burgla Burglarr W ho Lik ed T o Q uote Kipling into Ara Arabic Th T he numbered examples les in the following discussion indicate some cases of foreignization and domestication strategies adopted when tra transla nslating ting source ource text, by which hich mea means the text would ould be publi publishable ble and would would serve serve the cl client’s dema demands. T he most most probl problem ematic tic points points are those rela relating ting to sensitiv sensitive areas such as reli religion, ethics ethics and cultural cultural diff difference erences. s. T he source text was written ritten in a very Eng English Am America erican context context and, due to its its “Am “America ericanness”, nness”, the author author used used many many Am America erican cultural cultural reference references that that would be very familiar to the English readership, but might cause confusion for the Arabic reader and hinder hinder his/her his/her enjoyment enjoyment when readi reading ng such a witty novel. I n order order to


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deal with this unfamiliarity, it is preferable to follow the strategies of domestication and foreig foreigniza nization of the ST into an an acce accepta ptable and readable TT TT. I n additi addition, on, the ST was writte ritten in the late 1970s, so a lot lot of the objects objects and na names are no longer used, such as Braniff Airlines, an Ame America rican Ai Airli rline tha thatt was suspended uspended in 1982, and horn horn-r -riimmed glasses. Such outdated outdated names are li likely kely to be unfa unfamili miliar even to modern modern Eng English readers, not onl only y to to Arabs. Th T he follo llowing ing strategies ies, which ich address this aforementioned unfamiliarity, are retention of the source ource item within thin the target rget text in its original form, deletion and substitution. substitution. Example: 1 L ibrary edi edition tion ST (p.57): “and the Everyman’s Li of T he Poems of W illi illia am Cowper in in the other.” TT (p.25) " " "

"

"...

lliam Cow Cowper’s poems which hich BT: a book of W illiam was issued by Eve Everyman’s L ibrary brary rested rested in hi his other hand. Example : 2 from the bargain ST (p.61): “I made a few sales from table, table, and then moved a Heritag Heritage Club Club edition edition of Virgil’s Eclogues .......” TT (p.32) "

"

"....

through the bargain BT: “I made some money through table table and sol sold d a volume of Vir Virg gil’s il’s epic “Eclog “Eclogues ues” iss issued by the Heri Herita tage Club Club Publishing Company”

Th T he ST speaker in example (1) mentions a special issue of a book related to a famous American rican publi publishing shing company that is well know known to Wes W estern readers, readers, but unknown unknown to the target readershi readership, p, especiall especially y laymen. The T he retent retentiion or the “repe “repetiti tition” on” of the Eng English name in the target text is a deliberate action for the sake of

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foreignization and serves the goal of introduci ntroducing ng this this famous famous company to to Arabic Arabic readers. readers. On On the other hand, hand, the litera literall translat translation of of the above above name would ould change the name from from a titl title e into into a meaning ningless word. As discussed above above, in in the theor theoretical etical framework, one of the benefits of adopting the intr intra atextual gloss strategy is to clari clariffy any ambigui mbiguiti ties es caused by unfa unfamili miliarity rity with certain nouns or references by providing explanations explanations smoothl oothly y within thin the target rget text text – as in examples ples (1) and (2) - witho without ut resorti resorting ng to foo footnotes tnotes or gloss glossaries aries as used in in some later examples ples. T his his is is achi achiev eved by preceding ding the foreign nouns with additional explanations, as in “Publishing Company” for H erita ritage Club. Club. Example: 3 “H e wore a khaki army shirt.... shirt....” ” ST (p.57): “He TT (p.25): H e wore a khaki khaki army shirt. hirt. BT: He

Arabic, like many other la languag uages, es, adapts and borro borrow ws certain certain na names of new objects objects that have not prev previously ously been encounte encountered red in the Arabic env enviironment. ronment. I t is worth noting that names of clothes and their colours fall fall under this umbre umbrellla. The T he adaptation of the word ‘khaki’ and its use in the target text is a good ood example of of the accepta cceptance of alien wor words ds into into the rec receivi eiving ng language. Furthermore, it is an application of one of of the conserva conservativ tive cate categ gori ories identifi identified ed earlier in the theoretical part i.e. repetition. Th T he na named wo word is retaine ined as as it it is is in in th the English la languag uage because of the abili ability of the noun noun “khaki “khaki” ” to summarize rize a wide range of Arabic expl expla anati nations ons for this this less ess common colour. Example: 4 ST (P.67): “Ca “Carolyn rolyn ordered ordered a vodka martini rtini on the rocks” TT (p.42): " "


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BT: “Carolyn asked for a Russian alcoholic drink: drink: vodka martini” rtini” Example: 5 club soda soda with lime lime .....” .....” ST (P.67): “I asked for club TT (p.42): BT : I asked sked for fizzy fizzywater with a lime limeflav flavour. our.

One of the problema problematic tic aspects spects of transl translating ting cultural cultural references references is references to food and drink, especially if its source labels are cla classi ssified fied as forbi forbidden dden in in the targe target culture or ought not to be mentioned in public for either religious or social reasons. “O you who who have believed, indee indeed, d, intoxica ntoxicants, gambling mbling, [sacri [sacrifi fici cing ng on] stone altars [to other than than Al A llah], and divini divining ng arrows rrows are but defil defilement from from the work ork of of Satan, so avoid oid it it that you may be successful” ssful” (The (T he Quran, Surha al-Ma -M aidah, verse verse 90). 90). Th T he alco lcoholic lic drink inks in the above quotes are good examples of this. this. How H owever, in in this this context, conveying the actual names and real bra brands of such drink drinks s gives the text transparency transparency and and ri richness, as conjur conjuriing a very close close image of the English English Am America erican li lifestyle requires requires the nam names and la labels of food food and drinks drinks to be mentio mentioned ned as they are, without any adjustment or substitution. Similarly, when we talk about the lifesty lifestyle of an Arabian Arabian tribe living in a desert, describing the features of Bedouin life in terms of tents, camels, dates and palm palm trees trees is a key way to hel help p non-A non-Arabic rea readers to understand that that li life as as it actually is. Example: 6 ST (p.67): Barbara Mandrell andrell was singing about adultery adultery as we took stools stools at the long long dark bar. TT (p.42) BT: Barbara Barbara Mandrell was singing about mari marita tall betrayal whil while we sat sat on the chai chairs of the long long dark bar.

Referring to religious terms and ethics is a taboo or hig highly hly sensitiv ensitive area in many cultures, including Arabic society, which maintai ntains respect respect for for reli relig gious and ethical

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aspects spects.. Adul A dultery tery per se is considered, according ccording to Islam I slamic shari’a law, law, to be one of the greatest cri crimes that to be comm committed by a marri rried person, person, who deserves to be fl flogged or stoned to death in in some ca cases: “The “T he woman or man found found guil uilty of sexua sexual intercourse ntercourse lash lash each one of them with a hundr hundred ed la lashes, and and do not not be taken taken by pity pity for them in the religion [i.e., law] of Allah, if you should bel believe in Al A llah and the the La Last Day” (Holy (H oly Qura Quran, Al Al Nur Surah 2); 2); therefore, therefore, the idea idea that that an entertainer mig might sing about it in publi public is unacceptable. ble. Th T he solut lution ion here is to apply a lim limite ited universalization adaption of the noun “adultery” ( ) “infidelity” or “marital betrayal” ( ) as a more logical logical them theme for a songin the Arab Arabiic ment menta ality. I t is is the translator’s responsibility to omit or repla replace whole hole parts of texts that might be against the recipi recipients ents’’ expect expecta ations tions (Ba (B aker, cited cited in Sidir Sidiropoulou: opoulou: 1998 1998). T his is especially true if the notion of levels of marital infidelity in Arabic society is taken into consideration, consideration, as infi infidel delity that does not involve nvolve adultery adultery can can be accepted or at lea least understood under certain certain circumsta circumstances. Example: 7 L ent’s in the spring! ST (p.67): Lent’s TT (p.42):! pring! BT: L ent’s fasting in spri

One of the conserva conservative tive manipul nipula ations, tions, extratexual gloss, is forced here, providing the reader wi with a further further explanation tion of the noun “Lent “L ent” ” in in a footnote beca because use Arab Arabiic readers have no cultur cultura al background round about this festival, during which Christians give up some some luxuri luxuries es and fa fast during during L ent by renouncing alcoholic drinks and only eating certain foods. Example: 8 ST (p.72): Every house is three stories tall, with gables and titile roof. oof.


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TT (p.51): Every house consists of three three stories stories with a BT: Eve triangular tiled roof.

Due to the absence bsence of ga gable ble roofs roofs in Arabic architecture, the Arabic word for such roofs is unfamiliar to most Arabic readers. Th T he decisio ision n to adopt the conservative treatment - extratexual extratexual gloss - through through provi providi ding ng a footnote ootnote seems to be the best best strateg strategy to supply supply Arabic Arabic readers readers wi with clarification of the term while retaining the basic descri description ption of the Wes W estern tern archite rchitecture cture that gives the text a disti distincti nctive ve character. 4. Conclus Conclusion To T o conclud lude, translation ion is “a complex lex rewriting process which has appeared in many conflicting theoretical and practical situations throughout history” (Ai (A ixela,1996:52) ,1996:52) The T he two strateg strategies for transla translating ting literat terature ure – foreig foreigniza nization and domesticat domesticatiion – both serve the the ulti ultima mate goal of the translator, translator, na namely handing handing a readabl readable e version rsion to the target readership. I t is is worth orth mentioning here that translating a literary work ork is is a chal challenge itself, itself, because it is unli unlike other genr genres es where the transla translator “shoul “should d exert exert al all possible possible eff effor orts ts to preserve the message of the source source text” text” (H addad, 2003:169); 2003:169); it is is greater than that since since “translation of art products are often suppose supposed d to be of artist rtistiic value, too. T he transl translator hims himself must must be an artist” artist” (Verme (Vermeer, 1996:98). 1996:98). Al A lthough there are diss dissenting enting voices ag against for foreignizat eignizatiion and some compel compelling arguments reg regardi rding the necessity sity of domestication domestication of any transla translated work, in this this particula rticular piec piece e of work work I tended tended to forei foreig gnize nize the translation nslation as much as I could could to give Arab-Li rab-L ibyan readers readers the the chance chance to experi experience ence the Am America erican li lifestyle duri during that era and imm immerse them into rea real

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English drama drama. Nevertheless, ertheless, in in some ca cases, domestication imposes itself as the inevitable choice within this translation. To T o sum up, the choice of foreignization and domestication in Burglarr W ho Liked To translat translating “T he Burgla Q uote uote K iplin g” is is appropr ppropriiate in meeting the cli client’s requireme requirements where, thanks to the available strategies of foreignization and domes domesticati tication, the ArabArab- Li L ibya byan rea readershi dership p will enjoy reading an Am A merican lite literary rary work without experiencing any shocks or difficulty in understanding odd words which were delibera deliberately tely removed or repla replaced due to religious or cultural considerations. Th T he selec lection ion of only three chapters of the novel for investigation and thereby limited number of examples given, due to the nature of the inves investig tigation, may sound the the limitations tions of the study. Howe H owever, these do not affect the results gained, since the chosen chapters chapters hold hold a wide range of Ame A merica ricanEnglish cultural references. Aboutthe Author: Mariam Has Hassan Mansour completed her M. Sc. in T ranslation and and I nterpret rpretation from from Heriot W att Uni Univ versi ersity, ty, UK U K and is worki orking ng as the chief coordinator coordinator of the Tran Transla slation tion Division D ivision of the Department of English lish Lan L ang guag uage and T ranslation Studies of the Fac Facul ulty ty of Arts, Sebha U niv niversity, ersity, Sebha, L ibya. ibya. She is is also head head of the Quality Quality Assurance urance and Performance erformance Assessment Offi ffice of the Fac Faculty ulty of Arts, A rts, Sebha Sebha U niv niversity, ersity, Sebha. Sebha. She has has also served as the head of the Department of English lish La L anguag uage and T ranslation ranslation Studies Studies duri during 2012-201 2012-2013. Her H er areas of teac teachi hing ng and res research interes interests include: include: Leg L egal T ranslation, ranslation, L iterary iterary T ransla ranslation, tion, Conference onference Inte Interpret rpreting ing etc. etc.


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Works Cite Cited Prima PrimarySources: Block , L awrence (1997) (1997) “The Burgla Burglarr W ho Liked T o ”. Ne New Y ork ork:: Signet Signet.. Q uote K ipling Secondary Sourc rces: ”, Abu Baker, A. (1998) “D iwan iwan U rawa rawa bin al al W ard L ebanon: Da Dar al K otob ali alilmiya lmiyah. J . (1996) (1996) “CultureAixela, J. Cultur e-S Specific I tems in ”, in Alvarez, R. and Carmen–Africa, M. ”, T ranslation ranslation Vidal. (ed) T ranslation, Power Power , Subversion, Subversion, UK: W BC Book Manufacture ctures s L td. Al Ja -Jawzi, H. H . (504) (504) “A kabar alal- H amk a wa al”, ”, Cair Cairo: o: Ma M aktaba Mashkat el-Eslam el-Eslamya. M ugafaleen ugafaleen Baker, M. (2010) “Critica Cri ticall Readin Reading g in T ranslation ranslation ”. ”. Ne New Y ork ork:: Routledg Routledge Studies Bassnett, S. & Tri T riv vedi, H . (2002) “Postcolonial ”. ”. New N ewY ork: Routledg Routledge T ranslation ranslation Bassnett, S. (2002) “T ranslation ”, New York: ranslation Studies Routledge. Davies, E. (2003) “A G oblin or a Dir ty Nose ?” The , Vol.9, No.1, pp.65-98 T ranslator ranslator Faull, K. K . (2004) “Translation and Culture ”, USA: Bucknell U niversity Press. Press. Gile, D. (2009) “Basic Basic Conce Con cepts pts and and M odels for ”, USA: John I nterpreter nterpreter and T ranslato ranslatorr T raining Benjamins PublishingCo. Haddad, S. (2003) (2003) “The “T he Science of Translation: ”, Dama D amascus: T oward oward a Th eory of T ransla ranslating ting Genre Genre Damascus Uni Unive versity Pres Press. Hatim, B. (1997) “Comm unication A cross cross Cultur es: es: ”, T ranslation ranslation T heory and and Contr astive Text T ext L inguistics inguistics U K : Exeter Exeter Pre Press. Hatim, B. B. & Munda M unday, J. J. (2004), “T ransla ranslation: tion: A n ”, ”, Great Britain: Britain: T J Advanced Resource Book I nternational Ltd, Ltd, Padst Padstow ow, Cornw Cornwall. ll. Katan, Dav D avid. (1999) “T ranslating ”, Great ranslating Cultur es Brita ritain: St Je Jerome Publis Publishing Lefevere, A. (1992) “T ranslation ranslation H istory istory Culture: A L ondon: Routledg Routledge Sourcebook ”, London: Long, L. L . (2005) (2005) “T ranslation ranslation And Religion: Religion: H oly ?”, ?”, Grea Great Brita Britain: Crom Cromw well Pre Pr ess L td. U ntranslata ntranslatable ble Lung, R. (2003) “T ranslating Sensitive ”, Sensitive T exts ”. ”. Vol.11, No.4, Perspectives Perspectives Stud Studies ies in T ranslatology pp.255-268. Munday, J. J . (2006 (2006)) “I ntrod ucing T ranslation ranslation Studies: Studies: ”. NewY ork: ork: Routledge T heories and A ppli cations cations Munday, J. J . (2008) (2008) I ntro ducing T ranslation .2 ranslation Studies Studies ed., London: L ondon: Routledg Routledge. Munday, J. J . (2009 (2009)) “T he Routledge Routledge Companion to ”. New York: Routledge T ranslation ranslation Studies nd

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