tbe Queen
ts
;-.'..
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,J *!gt
LEOPAfRA THE
QUEEN
OF
KINCS
:,.
A,,114,.,, n,ousrnd:.i
flc(.r!l
slass drif
k!.e.trn
.l;,
LEOPA|RA THE
QUEEN
OF
Vritten by FroNl MncDoNALD Illustrated by
CHnrs
MouN
A Dorling Kin dcrslel. Book
KINCS
Dorling
Contents
Kindersley
LONDON NEW YoRK SYDNEY, DELHI,
MU\lCIl
PARIS
and IOHANNESB LIRG
P.oj..1 Editor 5ue lldacloush Art Fditor Cathcr ne Cddnnnh Senior Edltd \1n.ic (,reen\ood Sen,or Art Editor Carole
6 Clropnrna's
l)liv{
P(bhhing Manager layre |aLons
Cul]l'* N.n,azle lladoth DTP Designcr
Manasins Art Editor iacqrLe
lla,lits I). , |i.e lacket Desisi.. Production Kak O lr.r,l.dnI la.oby Consulta.i Dr Sa ) ,\fn Aslnot Specialphotosrapiy 14\,\lcu er AIL{:tr Dun. Pi.ture Rese!(hc. Frf!6ka
EGYPT
B
Fm,trv AT \(/AR r
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tlin p(bl.ation
be repr lced, rorcd ,n a tc eral slste.l (irrntted ln inv t.rnr or b-v any mean! .Lc.tor,. nuchDl.a nhoarcoovLng recorl;ng .r orher{be, r"ltlhul t}. nn. D.rnrisio. ot rhe (lprriqhl or!.r
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Reprorluo,l by ( olourscu Sngaport Pnilea a'id )on.d b-v L I C O lill
10
TUE suN GoD's DAUCHTER
lible
12
TrrNacr
eUEEN
14
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I-trr tN cT-EOPATRA'S ECYPT
16 INro rxrr-r
34 1B CITvER AND CHARMINC
20 Rovar- BEAUTY
22 A povrRrul PRoTECToR
QurrN oF KINCS 36
Wan vzrru RoME 3B THr elrrr-E oF
ACTIUT\4
40
Dnrgar AND DrsHoNouR
24
To carsan's RoME 26 Tnouslrs AT HoME
42
Tur otalu
on
CLEOPATRA
Arrrn
44 cLEoPATM
46
CleopatRa's sroRY FACT AND FICTION
2B AnRrvrNc IN srYLE
32 ANroNv aNo CLEOPATRA
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CI,FOPATRA
S ECYI]'I
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AT \rAR
FRov nN EARLY AGE, CLEOPATRA knew that her family was at war - with the people it ruled, and
with itself. The people suffered under the cruelty of Cleopatra's father Ptolemy XII - and they resented his
Pirnp.y i lOij 18 ll I wa! oic of rhe n,.st brillianr gc.crk of h s tlnre By helpine Ptoleny Xllhe hoped r0 in.reas. Ronrin
alliance with Rome. In 58 BC, the citizens of Alexandria rioted, and chased Ptolemy out of Egypt. Ptolemy fled to Rome,and Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice, became queen. In 55 BC, Ptolemy returned to Egypt. Helped by Roman general Pompe-r. he snatched back power from Bcrenicc, and ruled as pharoah once more. Ptolemy then gave orders for Berenice to be executed RIVALS FOR PO\(/ER All Ptolemy XII's childrer hoped to rule, and this nlade them rivals Cleopn!-as older si+er, llerenice IV, rulcd mvst€rioudy tsercnice
had
1
1
{:nr\ri
hn
e
h(
lrth fu ht
,i' Irl.,r,l idtrih',o1r j liihJ -lir.,"rr larr oor,irnJ Lou Ior,t;l,r rorl/ ra",i*
)urdered her
Ptoh,D XlI tr,,5 t h,,0,, ol
iwhq
At
1.r.,.," L " t." .-\pl-.-1. J,d around this time drc tumour \ras thal
fu)rr
r$i aa-5ttt .!rl is 11ltt ue, J,rlr[r] ly,, rrl,lrcts
th.
Ptolrnr
ia.,d
i,r.oli..tui l&r1y !,r.!
ielalLr tri
ri,ry ro Rori. tl,t ll.
lirDI?dr IrDl.J
Ronar lraJrs
r
l-,rJ
Ptohflr
XIII
Ptol.
r XIY
CL.a]l lTR,\ s BRoTHERS aildt;riri l,J t0o ro!,r0 briirs lori ihJ Ptol.hr ,..r rrJ?,! ror,,'t !trno,
Tkr tut n
Prol0r.)
rubt rJ Eql'l Xlll rrJ Ptol.,yXIt'
i,ath ta b@1n
Buttt
Cbattt
TrylLro$
.46n,0.
Ptokry- hdt Jon ldrllrtr: Clr.t,rr1 ! ,nt,tr un ,:altl Lnru l\/ Ckrttt Trytl,rdd Yl. I lNror ll' 8r ri rr al$llntnt hatr ub' dn. ,ntrr nili r lir lhro(,!dr, Aar,tu
Symbols of power CTFeI,rrR,\'i rt rttt. drc Prolcmics introrlLrccd many changes ro Eg-vpt One ol the mort rnrponant rr.ar thc usc oi c,:lrns ior tradc Beiore the Ptolemles. coin\ r'ere almost unkno\r,n: [gl ptian nrerchanrs ba.tered ierchanged goorls lnstcarl ( oins also carriccl a political nressage lrrages on rhc Ptolrmics .orrs shorued Lherr as rich and porverlul
)
Portralt of Ptolcmr XII
lLd !r hav. r1,.,, f.,n n.incd rn.ir.i Eg]fLran str"! crcrthrnghtrc. rerc :tum Ih..riof,i rorthorC,ecre Th.r rarLeLl r rlr th. 9 .a: F:ra,.rh- .L :. linl Lh.ms.lv.i lg!!ri trir 'lh..trr'.! r t|e Ten:FJe oL I L.,rs rt idau !ro\- f'lolenrr \ll ..n!!.,if!
The I'toiennes
r.
Tf ' rert lni rrrrait sfor' a l):,1era r qreen lle,enie \i\rer rrd {,i. oi I\ol.Jri lll 11
,l
THI \\'hlr
r,
ROMAN ENlPIRE
Lle PLolemlcs trccd problcms ,- FeypL the Ronar enplrc connqu.d t! r\pard B-v 5t H( ihc Romar arm-r' hrrl conruered lard rr norJrtrr ard lL Lhen Flropc lr rorth .\trrca aLrd
,r
Lhe
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CLEOPA I RA'S ECYPT
Tur suN GoD
DAUCHTER
Ho,res for the sods Trnrpl(s \'.r. bu,lr a\ h.nnes I0 the gods Thc rr.*s ntr.le ollernss ol
i.rod drifl aid f.enr t. the I0l! *arucs.YeN di! The n,ort imfon.nt rEn,rler \.ei e lrei[]!! por..hLl D,saii:a1rcn\ Th.y own.d iams
or.hrAs librri.s afd (..rksh.rr. rnd c,nrl.ved mr.r' s.,1,an.
CLrop,qtRA \rAS No\r PToLEMY XII's i oldest suryiving child. When he dled she would become queen, as the wife of her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII. This was exciting, but also terrifying. Cleopatra remembered what had happened to her sisters, and feared that enemies might try to kill her too. But Cleopatra lr.as clever. She made friends with powerful courtiers. She prepared herr.l[ [or governr])ent b1 learning nrany languages including Egyptian (al1 the other members of her family only spoke Creek). She also rrsed rcligion to support her claim to the throne. Clcopatra called herself tl.re Sun Cod's daughter,
l,hich
u,as an
an.ient roval title Tre
sacred bull of Buchis
Esyprians Lreli.!.d !1,at !h. srcrcd bulls ,n a temp e r1 ll!.his wir.rh.nrn godAnri Re,r animal ilnr Soon after she becane queen Cleop:Ln Lri'(llcd dou the N,le $Lh a ne[l!.ho!!. BLr.1r6 hu]l T. the Eljr pr,a. proplc rl. Lrulls n.rc a.ds trnd b! ralinr. parr L. rh...r.n,.nr ( lc.ftrnr vas sh.\'ins are peoDle rlul sh. r.$..r.d th.i, !.d\
Orly mcn
crs oi rhc ro-r,rl irnrl-r or rn.srs and rne(esss.oul.l ente, rhe Llark innerJ,rne ol cach lemple \'hcre 1lr s!rl!. ,n rh. g.d
q,i.r
Cods and goddesses I tKF AIt rHE Ptolcnics and their queens betore her (.leopatra said praycrs and nade ollerrngs
o .,\,rl-",.1.
.1
j,.r'rc'.".oJrr.r-
.
Fgypt Traditlonally. lsis and HaLhor protectecl Fgyptran queens irorr harm.
10
Ifujin i! rrl ,
,a,; l,,f.0J
l.llrfri irr r.,,
,,1,,1.
THF SllN
.,a)l)
S r)Aria,HrFR
6Th. Q.,..n, th.
Lady of the Two Lands, the father-
loving goddess, rowed the Bull in the barge of Amon to Hermonthis.g
PO\(/ERFUL
l ranslat.d
Cleoparra needed their who belorged to r;ch, i All priesrs .ecerved a sh madc to rhc gods, and ot
l\sr+ l
tL-- 1j:
ir IPL[-
Fi
r.nrp c lr rds llrrsrspcnt Lhcir templts and many served oliicrals al court So CIeopaLra !enerors slhs to the most lsrporrint tcmplcs, to cncouragc thcir pri(sts.o help her stay in power
l..r \rrr( FN_r He\IrDRrss l,ii. Dtl,.r Pi.lln.i.,liid j t ,,f.nn' t\rc r tdllLMSS.!; .,l.toil li,ntr! i,rft,ol oJrL.
r.J1,r,,1,*,.r,,,liJlt
,r.1, t,,rofLd/,. a:/nl,olr d rh adl,1,,ns lLnL.rrnJ I,nl
S0 t
ton,
a
*ele
. G!n,e nal]] at Henn.nthis 'j,l. Gu. .oD.,l A",o..i. '\l ul
nrlliij rr qflr
,rmJ
1,,;: 11
a, an ofrri,o to tLr qoJs
utrem A
NCIENT RECORDS INDICATE THAT CLEOPATRA RULED
A*uh
her lather lor a short time. And after his death in 51 BC, 18-year-old Cleopatra was determined
:1:J;i;YJ;-' of the time, she married her 12-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIII (Llke all the Ptolemies before her, she did not want to marry outside the royal family, because that might weaken its power.) In law, Ptolemy now had the right to rule, but his sister said that he was too young. Cleopatra wanted to rule - alone. However, Cleopatra knew that many nobles and royal officials supported her brother's right to rule. And Ceneral Pompey, her dead father's powerful ally, had plans to govern Egypt for 66lf cl.oputra's nose Rome. The young Cleopatra knew had been shorter, she would need to use all her charm the whole face of the intelligence to remain queen. world would have been chansed.
11
Blaise Pas.al (French
philosopher, conmeniinc on Cleopat.a's legendary
A .arued relief in trndidonal Egyptia. sryle at the Temple of liathor at Dendeia
beaury.Iron iis Pensies
tW ts
,il, \ \
h
:r.:
R')) \L
f(
)RTRllr
('lof ah a clearly
.
':' '
hdd,a d1ttl
Pou,erJul
fdsctltititq
Persordlity, eou vbet youtt1. Throughout histot'y, sbe hds ttlu,rtys beeu Portrtr1'ed as ltea iJtl, ,ts h lhis nLarble heal Howurer, noboly krcu.s Jor stue what sltt actually looked like
TEENAGL
QUEEN
Lrru rx CLEOPATRA,S ECYPT Clgopnru
AND HER FAMILY LIVED IN
Alexandria, Egypt's splendid capital city. The city had been founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, and it had grown and prospered over 300 years of rule by the Ptolemies. Alexandria was one of the most important ports in the ancient world, and it was home to an exciting multicultr-rral civilization, which blended Creek, Egyptian,
fhis be Ltii!l{all fa,ntifs slnr*\ i. harn.s,.Ll lo a nr[;:D"i, ia rL.odcn wa!(. rheelr As die or walk.d rouid, lhc a h€el turned liln.swatcrhonthe Nile !o the f el,ls Ox.. st,ll full \ttel $lr.ek in lsrpr lodrv
!r
and Middle Eastern ideas and beliefs. But to most ordinary Egyptians, Alexandria seemed strange and foreign - just like the Ptolemies themselves. In the tirst t$.o years of Cleopatra's reign the Nilc failed to llood. There rvere crop failures and farnines, and many ordinary people starved. As mler of Egypt, Cleoparra nceded to help the people and win their support but she also needcd to please the
66 ro. by nature the land produces more fruit than do other lands, and still more when
,
watered...
)) I
conhisticated cirizens of Alexandtia i i
TRAVELLINC BY BOAT modcl oi a Thrs "ooder boar $,ar iood in a tomb
L$ptrans volrld ha!e
ur and doirn Lhe Nil. to tike.rops ro
sarled
Frcr
file
. Thc N,le is are.vorkl's loisc* ivcr k !trn! Ior 6.69! kn, il 160
D,lesj froh *r. highlafds ol Cedrral AiriLa 10 the \l.dite,E.ean Sea . T.day the Nile i\ darnncd at
A$! i. hrt
in Cleopahs nnre lt fl.o.leLl n lunc bccause.f ,aintr ater ir. ried lrom thc hiehlands The lanll beside rhc ivcr rernained NLle,n€Gr unnlAueust or S€pt rber . Alrer th. tloods, the lanLltras Love(n rn d,,ck. fertile dud It was tlry cnousl, to ploq.jh b Novcn,ber, thc sra,t of rhe Enptian fame$'r,e
\.,,i,rar
.!l,rr ti,. , ({, u,,
lot,ir .uJ .tooJ, . r rii ir rnil5h,r,:i,;,ilvl,!ru
ri,,r t.
tlir
l1
I-]II]
Th n ir
.
dt
is i la.g. ir.. ,rf l.\ lrnrg land in rh. d.rlrt oi f.trh.m Fglpi, $rro,dr.g a ii!+ wa!!r lah! Th. ro:l ,s ieriile aid rhc Iak! frcvrLl!-s qir.r ior growng c,ors Llfd.i rhe ,uE of the l\olem,es nafy (-,,..k sc(].,s n,.'.d th.( add ,r Nis a brsy id pn)sfen$ rretr
Th. lavun,
'1:,'
i.,.
nu \ihd
'!-t:
,
',-..'..;' : !: ]
Ir.igation wnternrg the Iand lisr'flu iannG ilsc lsed r.l,,l I a bu.leL iiren !r a l!,rs r!oden trnn, t. l,ft nit.i i,. n th! riv.i r. inr!rre rh.,r lanLl The fuleoles introdLr.ed a n,ichine n, lifti,rs va(er
,
...
S ICYI''I
bdty;tlreh bn ta hait "at tn:6d ut hN tk Elri'titti n.4r. ft rllooJi -
r.r::- _Jl : t)ii]l
A
crcP:
IN CLEOPATRA
-;
.,:..:-i.€ri
C.
Fl
More winel .
Br.FL)lir. THE
.
t i
BESIDE THE NILE Nlosr Es)Trlaf families Llved in country tov'ns and \.illa8es beside rhe swrling watcrs ot thc Rlver Nilc Thq. \,orked as iariners builders, traciers, ard crahworkers, as thelr anceston had done lor
T1LLLL
of thc
Ptolemies wine l,as rare and expensile, and nost
Igyptians drank beer The (,rccks prelcrrcd r'.rne so they brought neri, ri-inemakirg skills io Fgl,pr
P{.,0, s , r.ra! .,rl ,r?tdl!n,r]r,,iitr,imin. .l,oir.' u,IrnJ,li0,., ldlPl .
l
'l Thr. rall pa,nrinrr \l,Ns l.uh NorkeLs hirrnms irtrl (cadns !nD.s
TEENACE
QUI]EN
Ixro EXrLE FOR THE FIRST
T\/O
YEARS OF HER REICN
Cleopatra managed to keep control of Egypt, but she had many enemies. One of the most powerful was Pothinr-rs, her brother Ptolemy's chief advisor. He did not like the way Cleopatra made many important government decisions without consulting him. Also Ptolemy XIII was nearly 16 years old, and was demanding his share ol power. ln 48 rr . Cleoparra d:*g*ygisdd&
Youns PLolcmy Xlll relie,l heivrl) oi a.lYi.e sivrn bt n4) .ffl.hl Porhinus and l\'adeE oi r
nal sroips .i.oLles at
Ptolemy and Porhinu* were plotting Lo tend.oldiers to kidnap her, and guessed that they plannedto ki1l her. Cleopatra knew that she must leave Egypt. She set sail
dre
ior Syria. There, Cleopatra hoped to rccruit an army, to help hcr rvin back her throne from her broLhe,' r, ho had nor' .erzed .hc thtorte SEEKINC SUPPORT Lo go to Syria becatrsc rhe Prolemrcs had once,uled thcrc Thc
Cleolatra chose Clc.ntrrra ancertd his {pporLets urth
l't,rl.n\
XIII tr.Ll
d,snl a ol ier
our po,rcr,l,kc ths bLon:c corn, sLnrck
culv ,n
her rergn It
curcs
h.r po,.ait ai.ld0es no! shoa her
aholiiin,
fir,
r'i.
looii
kins ol S)na $.as also an enem| oi Rome Llkc (ileopaLra, he fearcd that hrs orvn country v,ou d be taken over by Lhe nighLy Roman cniprre
inrr lI sr"'i,,i,r, !,n, .1.,d. irr Tin u;5l,ni] r. rri..t
d,rL
l,. l,n,i l'tol.n ), u,l frtL'ur; nrFil,ar./ r. jhl ttrnor
.l , r ,ao
irlnr.r
t
N
o
x
L
BATTLE FOR PO\TER ,lulius Cae*r and Ponpev had once betn clc,se comrades but rn .1S N{ rhey becanre rilals Ior suprene porier rn Rome Then clash led to irshtine
belveen rival Ronan arnies, enr1rns *rth the llittle of Pliai\al!r at *ttch lulius Caesar
MED]TERRANGAN
Ph'rdls:, Palnt.y sdtd
l'$tly
ta
Elytt
C.esdr
A TREACHEROUS ACT Cleopatra sought help '4. V'hile rn Syria, hrr guardran lronpe!
hunrrd to EgypL where he KLPL\L v,\Tc i td.ld(r! l.rrrit.lJDr
ii,Jt, rl, r,,J.J,f,lj
hoped
lhnr Plolemv and Cleopalr-a would olier hr more-v ard soldiers Bur Ptolenrl's supporters murdered Pompey as qoon:s hc lardcd ln Alcx:rrlrla
po,rne!
fEEN]\CE
QUF, I]N
ClrvrR AND
-
-
voice .
CHARIVIINC
voice. As if her CAESNR ARRIVED IN ECYPT IN 48 BC, just four days after Pompey was killed. was an instrument of . many strings, she could When Caesar landed at Alexandria, pass from one language ptolemy XIII,s supporters offered him to another ... and she rl
--i;t,
.
" {f
' ,,, -":;;::":1,' /
Ee -"... "r{ :' '"'-!d'
iil;ll';;l,llii; a l:li:i i:ili,, ftr il,,lri
1 rr However, Lhe wantedl by this brutal1 murder. to keep the peace - he had come to Egypt to collect a huge sum of money that he claimed
"
Cleopatra's father had orved hrm. So he ordered Cleopatra and Ptolemy to meet rvith him to discuss a peace treaty. Cleopatra did not trust her brother, and knew that there was a real dar]ger that she would be killed if she came face to face t ith any of his advisors. She knew that she needed Caesar's protection. Onc night (ileopatra had herself smrrggled into (laesar's
roorr
she rtas about to use all her-
charm and intelligence to $,in his support.
HtDDtN
r: \r\ \
Courase and lo-valry A oerchanr called Apollodonts ms FeruarleLlb! Clcopurr t ,i;k his l,le 1. nnusgl. h.r ift., the heallr :uarrlcd ralace
A C]FT FOR CAESAR oltcn scnt rich grits to powrrlul people So Cacsar u.ould not hrvc btn nrLprised x,her Clcopatras RLrlcrs Lke Cleoparra
scnrnr brouehL hin a beaurltul .arpct (llcoprtra q!rcklr' ga,red Caesars qtPpon bur she \1il1 had erenri.s in
Alcxandria CarsaL wfo had arivcd wrth onlr a sna I army ol mcn was happy Lo f,nd ar ally in such a hostile c,Ly
8
(. I FVFR
\N1)
CHAR
IIN.,
I.ri ,,tri,?r. ri..r,r, .1,ir ii.r r,t J. ri,r r'l]' r
/\.r,,i,, triL,li i,,r,
PLOT ACAINST CAESAR Irothinus Irto enrrs .fi.t advlsri iound c,rL Lhat C'leopalla ror Caesars surrport he flottcd asaLrsr him Cae\ars l,arb.r
\Y hcn hacl
hcrrcl Porhrnus. plars ard Pothlnus v,as txccurtLl \ltanlhrle \srnoe csc;ped r,om rhc .lry ro toin lorccs uiLli Crntra Achillas and rLe Eq'pLran
aml arairsr
Cacsar
C eopatra rsed l,er krorlrdgc md lnrell,red.r L! !1a! ,f !o\'!, l'h.I\.1e., es helped ro rk. Al.\aidrii ,nnr a grear Lrntrt oilc:m,rg lr Clcopams t ne the j,bnr. ras
l,ir,ri!ii i,r rli,.!rr,;,, -,i,rr il lit;; l;rnl ,n;ili,) lnr ... Lf ri ni,,l.r
th grc:tcst,r
rhe
Nrld
!i rhe rhtt hnlurgls rsrJ,n E$f r,n Cl.ofatras rnlr.ad be ie.n on t1,. Ii.t!rta Sr,rr. h,crogh fh\ !s!d in, ,oril de.iees aid Texr.
ir'rG de!.ti. rr tter s mnl,lieLl iotr h,eilsh pl,sr and a,(.t
r.lrgr.us a 01
rongnei Cleopx,a ws fin,oo. n)r her kn.r ledcc ol thev l:rsuages dd
Iir lcrii Strt ii,, ilrb
PTOLLNlY'S FURY \\']len
Prolcm-v
Xlll
hea,d
LhaL
(ileoparra was wrth Cresar he ran out.t rbe palac. and thir\ dow hrs crol\r in a tcrriblr iagc The paLace tas nou E€r1?tlan ann)
I\olemy to lea',t thr
ci.,
an.1 oin htr sisrer
4..1r".,.,1 C,...ral
Ach,llas Divs aiter the *,ar rn Alerandria rnded Plolemys l,ody was tound rn the harbour
Roval
BEAUTY
Clropnru
m,f..s \fere nade 0{ hishly polbhed erals so
The handle ol tlrtr drnror shap.d l,k. a sc[iir si,l wc ii€ i lotus ilo\.er
s
KNE\(/ THAT LooKINC
good was important. An impressive appearance helped her to get her own way - with Caesar, and with the Egyptian people too. She chose what she wore for each occasion with care. It is thought that for official public duties, Cleopatra wore Egyptian costume - a long, pleated linen shift decorated with beads and embroidery. In the privacy of her palace, Cleopatra probably preferred Creek-style robes of soft linen or smooth silk. Vhatever the occasiolr, Cleopatra knen that she must appear impressive,
powerful, and in control.
KFEPINC CI,FAN A1l Lgyprans Iiked to feclclcan and fresh Vcalthy EgypLrans, likc
CleopatLa woulcl have had baths, *,hilc orclina,r' the Rive. Nile
lnd mincrls Nlalacl,ite
ilea.lorel and iron or e lLeie lround uD a.d n,rcd
w,rh waler !o nak. colourings for cvcs lps ard chceks
Fragrances and flovers The lgypt;ans valued the *.rnl |.tr,K il.\rr f.n
ROYAI
BEAUTY
LOOKINC L]KE A QUEEN
Images of Cleopatra
tore
Wr oo Not knorv ruhat Cleoparra looked like
Vrirh her rraditional Eglprian sosn CIeopalra
a heavy wig. She also wore rhick make-up, eyeLlds vere coloured.
Eetpran st),le Her
all the portraiis that have suwir.ed look very different The fearures and hairstl,le of this Roman head rratch her coin portraits, bu! Cleopatra rn,oLrld
her eyes were outlined, and her
cheels uere rcL,oed
t)$t
i.rtl
a'.a1.1-a,, u,,'n ".1'"u
1' .r ,r-
lglPL
a_
poftraits sho\{ Cleopatra as a goddcss, and rvcre not lntr.ndcd to he lile like
Traditio.al Egyptiar
FINISHINC TOUCHES
(ilcopatra ivore beautituI lerveLlery, elaborate make rp and rich pertume Somctimes, her nails and the palms
of hcr hands v,ere de.orared
wirh patte.ns in lrenna
ftr!,r.J A R,i. r Jair, tldd,Jrid fu Ril$l.'llf hillh,l d n 1;rr
!lol,r]t,
striking that it stunned the onlooker, but she made an inescapable impression on people around her ... the
intelligence of all that she said and did,
4oJJ.sr 11/,,lld uLo tr!tr
W::W ww,ru ru
W:
w;:m W,,,,w* w;:^h;w;:m'w: OR THE FIRST TIME IN YEARS, CLEOPATRA
felt secure. Her enemy Ptolemy XIII and
Jur-rr-rs Clr.srn Laesrtr was a
brilliant artny commander and anbitious nLler oJ
his advisors were dead, and Caesar promised to protect her and her new husband - her surwiving brother, 1 1-year-old Ptolemy XlV. Vith Caesar, she sailed down the Nile, to meet her subjects and impress them with her power. Rumours said that Cleopatra was pregnant with Caesar's child. When Caesar returned to Rome, he left 15,000 men to guard her.
Ronc.
Th
aalls were decorated witb cdruel relieJs. Hu4e po*raits oJ (,leopatrd antr ber sor C,tesarion (Caesar s cbild) temple
were later c,troed here.
Ptolemy's sons beiri dead, Caesar settled the kingdom Lrpon the youngest, in conjunction-" with Cleopatra, the elder of the two sisters, who always continued ' had under his protection
guardianship.) \i/ritcf The temple ol Hatho., Dd,dera CleopatR maI have lniied rhc tmple on her Nile .ruise witir Cacsar to nrake offeinlrs t.
bv one
oflL'tu
otli.cL, from Tl,e i,._4lsx d"m vr r7 Bc l Caesar s
l
A POVERFUL
PRO'IECTOR
To CAESAR,S
ROME Arren
TAKTNG coNTRoL IN ECYPT,
Caesar returned to Rome in 46 BC where he was welcomed as a hero. Cleopatra soon hurried to join him. She claimed that she was negotiating a peace treaty between Egypt and Rome, but she also wanted to make sure of Caesar's protection. Cleopatra brought her son Caesarion and teenage pharoah Ptolemy XIV with her. She did not want her brother or his advisors to try to seize power in Egypt rvhile she rvas away. Many Romans were shocked by the relationship between Caesar and Clcopatra. They wer.e afraid that Caesar rvould name Cacsarion as his heir that Cleopatra's son n ould become rurler of Rome. A',i' !1
o.r. r art]Jli iivo,rl,
.x r.lr,,, i, tdlr.l.,
tl,
iL,r,
rd..ni,',t. 41,6,r! fnro,n!,r r, d Lrr tt,i.rl r/ltr.
t,!hi
,rai. ,mt
{r
rr. rr,J Tr':irI
Th it.r.,,, l..r,l. ri.oLtriir,r rd!,!. t. i,iMij,ir,1.rn ii. rr]'
lJ tl,1r,:r,i,lri io rr tit'. !l:;r, i. i(l 11,,, ,r,r' .r,tri L,.i CAESARS TRIUNTPH
Cacsar cclcbrared hrs vicrorics bv paradrns his .aprivcs rhtuuglr the ill..ts ot l{omr Cleopirn-as ristcr.
Anrroe. r'ho fad
Lcd drc EAyDrlar aftnv aeainst Ciesar was draggcd through rhe sLreeLs harefcadcd and ,n chans IL uas a disgracc lor a rcman to appear rn pub|c rhls wa-r' ir r.a, rhc (ulron lor Ron,ar rorer ro ircar a long cloak and !erl oulside rheir homcs. Ho*,cvcL ALsin,:,e iras 1uc[-v urlikc othcr crpto,cs, she vas not ki led Cacsar icarcd LhrL rhe Romans mlg)rt dor if rhcv law a prin.ess publlcl-v trccurcd.
Tl,rs sccnc. irom a I lollyrrrd nlm callen I-i.oliri! nade if r96i, shora Cle!patri
Irlavcd b) El,uaheth Taylo,) ari..ins ro Rome w th he, \on C.esar(rn
TRtLt\11.H
Li..ih,r I.$i,o, r, ll iil. i0,'i J to Ro,ri,l J,n,s I a i,rr1L d|mrl ,,,1tr,r.(l Ui. ,rrJ,ri,*il)
CAESAR S RoN1 E
'.ik
"#r'].r.fl{6( t t.,,ut. the queen ... although the gifts she promised me were of a literary nature and not beneath my dignitv
Temples and tributes To
for his victory a! the baitle built a nev remple in Rome dedrcated to Venus Cenctrix iVenus the 'Crra! Nlother"l Caesar also paid for a Lreautiflrl sta!ue c,l Cleopatra ro be prrt on drspla), in the tenple it shorved her as a morher holding Caesarion in her arms. (-,IVE TH.\NKS
c,l Pharsalus,.lrrlius (laesar
11
R. ,an \Ldte' Cice,o, altcr aleopatrr off.rcd htu bools tne ]\lcra"d"a library hofi l-etr.i{
\:
ro
Ati.us, at
Bc
-
l
Thb
Cle.pah nay.d in oi..f aae*rs splendtl vrlhs n Ro r. Sh. hcld..uii theie idy,tL.g l.adiis
.llen !j thlm i.h s,fr! $n theii liie.LlJnp and iuflnir
f,.ru!
sh.lrs thc ,oins oi the
Romrn forun inu,leL square and neer nc pl..el qh.i! Ca.sir built his renplt 1,r V..us ai.ncriir
The goddess oi love ll,lnc Caeirs iamil!.l.imcd .le\.rdl i.om V(nus So ii \rs
gr.at h.n.ui ior CkopaLr. o |av. hei ( r. in rhe !.mp]. a
Ro,nans nr vtr,t her an,l
Sh. hop.d to
THE DEATH OF CAESAR As a rovarcl ior his vrctorics the SeDale made 'sole rulcrl tor the ntrL ten Caesar drctalor years rn.16 u(: Tivo |cars latcr, he.uas nra.1e dr.tator lor liic tluL some Ronars iearecl that (lacsar was be.onnns roo poeerturl and that he $.anled to be
kinS Abour slxty con\pirarcrs dc.ldcd he nnbt be killed
I,ri!, L;rrr tr/\,i,1,hJ r, J,,ri. lal!! r l;!.t, naiiri t 1t-J'
A POVI,RIUI-
PROTIICTOR
TnousLES AT
HOME
AprEn Cnesnn vAS N4URDERED in 44 BC, the shocking news spread like wildfire round the Roman world. Cleopatra - who was in Rome when the murder happened - lost no time in hurrying back to Egypt. Now that Caesar ,
,
1 /
her prot.ecLor. wat dead. her kingdom was once more in danger. Manv hostile countries saw Egypt as a rich prize, and hoped to conquer it. Cleopatra
kept her son Caesarion close by her side, because she feared that he might be murdered by Caesar's enemies. Ptolemy XIV disappeared Lile ba.L in Es!pt $as nol rasy l,i Cleoparia Sie r,1ed ro $i. {ppon l.om Al.rrndian .obles br oilen.s thern ri.h r.\r.rds Sh.
.!rp.a..d ,n a qindoir oi .udicicc
rlal
Nalacc and
thr.(
n
drc
eiirs to the c,or.d
O,!'jon ral.rrrr,r,
But nmy people stillsaw her as a rnitor becarse oihe, l,ie.Ll\hip rilh Ca.qi i.d
her
mystcriously, and pcoplc said that Cleopatra had poisoned her br.other, so that she could ru1e Egypt ruith hcr young son. r_l;dr, rhl) r,,,']i ln l ,1,5r.r,
ntr irh,ai ri 1r i,,
IL lula,, r(,,ir i+r h.rr, ."..t,,, L,r i,rr!.r ro;ri,lr
lons\i!i1to R.m.
Rich rewards TRADITIoNALIy, tHAR(lAHs AND qucens ol Egypt rervarded loyal scrvicc with rich gifts of necklaccs madc lrc,nl gold Like earlier
r' ,/ 't r.)val nrlcrs thc Ptolemv dvnasLv h",l r-,.-.,, ,rg,.l irL'. ''..!. and othcr treasures rvhich had bccn
given to past pharoahr as tribute honl cc,nqucrcd pc,,p1cs, or paid as taxcs Th,s nc.klac. i, .all.d
a.d s mad. f.dn
a
ors
.ollar oi honoor oi gol.lring!
Thousrnds oi-vcars reo nlas grv.. to n. afcicfr l s-vfnan fobli N a Evaid
26
\
i. t.*1,1,,r.'
"",r,4
r.t,,,
'I ROtJBl. l,S
r\l
HOMI]
FAN,IINE AND DISEASE
Iior two ) ears dlo lns Cleopatra s rersn, thc Nilc floods iailed Therc vas not rnough $,aler in rhc rivci to sPread Lrch md ovcr the frclds or 1rl iraisar. them As a resulL farmer c,ops and arrmals dlcd and many ordirarl fanrlies suiiered fron,
Ihe l..l,le tlood rvr
m.ir r( the nire, le'tls \\ l,cn the iloorls iar'et the ilelds Lrakcd fard,n nre hot *r an,1 ,Lo na,s could srov
r
IooJ r'
.I-R,OUBLENlAKERSI
r\ij ( j.ir.
i'ril.,i rl {.rt
.,i
lo0,.l
,nir,
rilii,l
rldr I,,,,1,6
r,! r r.,,r lir rJa.,
On rer rerLrn ro [g-r'pL, Cleopatra tound ouL rhar her !lster Arsrnor wa\ plottin8 q.!rh Cae,ars enemics, ancl h,:,ped ro scizc conlrol ol F rylt wldr therL hell lvianv nobles rr Cle.paoas court supportccl Arsinoe ard
ioin.d Li hrr.ontpiraq asainst Cleopatra
,ri,r"1
tl,ns.uj ol.,ri,
,rrrlr tiirr
l.li
aioli,!,IJ
a* ror
rL.-1,,,( n.rn,s ln,i,,
frrrtio. ni 1r'ri/ rii,,nr,". rh Row,,,,!il Il,n r,. rcdxtr.lv r.
l.n
I i,
a'd Caesarion Cleopalras r.,n atresarlon ras r r.ddle, rh.n shc hi.ll.! n him ba.k to lgyfr hr Cleopat.a
Clc.p E pa,Ll ior Ll,6 caning
tu
E,e
nnJ.
of them Loselhcr Shc rvanttrl to remnd rll Es],pr ot drcir roval Forer
A PO!(ERf
UI
PRO'IEC'IOR
AnruvrNG rN STYLE CAESAn,S MURDER LED
To
THREE
terrible years of civil war in Rome, as different groups of Roman senators and members of leading Roman families struggled to take control. The rival armies were led by three powerful men, and each hoped to take Caesar's place as ruler. Their names were Octavian (Caesar's nephew), Marcus
Ro.rars Iighting Ronans O.1a!ian Ad1..r' and l.pid!s.a.I hid rh.i, .\n larse trrni€s ni l.rval
Antonius (Antony), and Marcus Lepidus. Finally, in 42 BC the Roman lands were divided among them. Antony took control of the whole eastern Mediterranean region, which included Egypt.
x.llr,ained nrldieL They :ll ioushL aga,.sL ea.h.rher,n a tinet of b,n.. bardrs L.arl..s ot dr.
ai.nr
fl.t
ro kill
alto f,ruglr!,n tlris sttugsl. for rhr rght to rulc Ron,c
rl.m'r.r
LU,
.rrrorr
,*s&
ii'+
rorr, r,J
THREE RULERS FOR ROME In order to win thc struggle for
powcr Octavran, AnLony, and Lepiclus agrecd to Iisht logrlher asainst Lhe arnlrrs lcd br BruLus ard Cas,us iLhe leader rn the p or ro murder Caesarl
h
.12
N(
Arionr.s army, deleated Brrtus in.] (lassus ar rh. llattle oi Irhil!pp! Octavrar Antony, ancl Leprrlus thcr dr* up a prace
treatl agrtlng
Lo
ur,,ui.i,.lt,
th
al.ri,in, lL trd!, rorrll ,rtl,lr;;,oirl,r,r,i i,, l,a,i ur, trr,,1 ,r,01 r, ,r,ttri lol R.rr
mle
Romc lo,ntly for fivc vears ljecause Antony had won a grcat lictory at lrhllippi he was able to claim a grcater share of the
I{onan enprre. and the lrsht to conlrol Eg!p1 $a\ a rch pri:e
28
..1ih,r.loi Od,rr(, l'. r l,f;,, .h,il
Cleopatra Lrp the river Cydnus in a barge with a gilded poop, its sails spread purple, its rowers urging it on with silver oars to the sound of the flute blended with pipes *',u.,", and lute
))
ftr,r L o* r.r|..l,rl! a rrr ll I1r,, r-1,,, Prti 4, (.. o rr it Lu;0L rrlu,'r tl.$ lrii
nxit.iDJ,
AN URCENT
SUN1N1ONS
Antonv had conLrol ol Esrnt bur hc nccdcd CleopaLras s!Fpor1, and he feared iliar shc might strlc $ith hrs
- p..:'
io keef conrrol oi his,hare oi the empire, and E$prs Braln to ic.d his mcn AnLonl vrote to (ileopatra and rvher she did not rcplr he sunl oted her to orc.t him
NO HURRY TO
'.:,i :lr,
REPLY
Cleopata *.as rr no hurr-r'to
An!.rI Instcad she dcliberatelv took her timc She rcspond 1o
kneu
Lhar
Arror-r'nccded LgypLs
sold and lr renm shc planned lcl ask ior his frotcction She also varred hls hclp to krll her enenrlcs including h.r si*e, Arnn.e
ANTONY \(/AITS As
Antonr v,artcd iol
nev.s oi laLge cr,:,wds
sarhe ns ro {ltness an ama:rns
sishr
r
,",..
...1 .'
29
"
.'{.
f!:il.
Mystery and Majesty Antony had summoned Cleopatra to meet him in Tarsus (in Turkey), where he was getting ready to fight the warlike Parthians who lived to the east of Roman lands. Cleopatra knew that this meeting would decide Egypt's future. She had heard that Antony was a tough soldier, who loved pretty women and exotic luxuries. So Cleopatra planned a dramatic arrival, in a richly decorated boat, to impress him with her mystery, majesty, and chatm.
Lhol,rtrl nrrl la,:.;, r| iiijr r rl?r,dt tr,.i,] 0r]r ,,;rllrJ pru1 ir rrsrJ iLri
ARRIVING IN TARSUS Thc story of ClcopaLras arrlval in Tarsrrs has rnspucd atisrs drroushoul historr This painting by Claudc Lorrarn shows Cleopatra bcins srceted by Anron) -l'he
r]l 4./1,,,
.11i,tu1,
r,
dLJ
.k iry ot q aui: i:ttt,tii.
buildinss and ships are shown as Lhey would havc loolied ii rhe 17rh ccoturr nor as rh€y a,orld halc been in Cleopatra\ tinre.
Music and dance Nr F(i pr.rr
(rri ( rLL( .elcbialr.n \.as .onrplcrc u'itlrout nmn. Harps and lLrtcs wcre favourtes for banqucts and part es, but palace nnri.iars al!. fla\ed ly,res obocs .fd tanrb(tuines CleopatLa and ho guests tould havc bccn
ert.!taincd
Lrv
sifse( re*ers,
dances
N4ACICAt, L]GHTS Alrer Cleopana
s specra.rlar arrival rn Tarsu\, Anton-v in\.irccl her Lo drne $,irh him Brt (ilcopatra relused Instead she insistcd that he come to her ro-r'al bargc She took
great care !drh hcr preparanons she irantcd Antony to be rLLghLed astoni5lred, and nrosr imporlantl! lmpressed Shc arranged for hel b,arge to bc dccorrtcd urth thousands ot trny oillanps
in slrtkriog, ili.lerrns
30
ARRT\']\C
$..
]\
,
i tE nra u .u.ou)
.,t
spread that Aphrodite had come to revel with Dionysr-rs for the happiness of Asia.
]
l.r :j,
:.
L]KE A CODDESS
( Trrsus
Lo discuss thc tcrns oi Lhtir all,anct CltopaLra ch,:,rt ro Jress Lkc,\phroriLtt thc C,tk godLlts oi loit She lr Lreece hororred otirrtrl llLonr crowns oi 'rnt lea'es gur.Ls tet oiLer q rcr garlan,ls oi ilur ers llLtlrr lcavcs
a'o.
ahii.,i,., ! iri( ,i:,i u.,,.i iir.rrii...i I ,.i ifrl .1rrl, ,r ta'r rr,lJ i ri,ir, r,,ii.
F,.mlrd Arront $ar rccorilrgro ltgcnrl' Irrus ras Ll,e plecc rht,c Dion-r'sus d,\phrodrtc mcr ancl irli rr lore
A PO\I'IRI]UL
AxroxY
PRC)
AND
CLEOPATRA CLEOplrRq's DARINC PLAN \(/ORKED. Her dramatic visit to Tarsus had won Antony's slrpport in her strrrggle to remain ruler of Egypt. Antony forgot his war against the Parthians and hLrrried to Egypt. Antony and Cleopatra spent the wrnter of ,11 uC together in Alexandria, and Cleopatra hardly left Antony's side. Shc rvatched Antony exercise r'vith his iroops and took him on splendid boat trips dorvn the Nile. Shc ilatLered him, listencd to l.ris battle sLories, and cnteltained him at iabulous fcasts Cle,-rpaLra also became pregnant \\-i!h L\\,ins. Anton)'u,as their iatlrcr', but tre clid not ,see them born. Earl-v in .10 Bt-. Antony had to rctul n to Ronre bccausc his rvile. Frrlvia, rlas leading a rebell ion against f)ctavian
i
r! I
L,';r
.ir., lrno
fu
i,,.x,i.l
l,
IL,,il,! ., r,L
'
Jrir,rir {u, allorr ti,, ir. , !,.,]J ri 1,, n,,,"r ar 1,, Juri ,(,,"n il, l!LrJ ro tlrn.,,ri r', ttr,, ,|,n,,r
.r,r,r
r,ir.,i, Hr i l.i t,, iirir ir,r l,u ,l.i I a',.r
,,1:,i.r'
L\!'LN\l! D lk .lalF(
rr. arrLri.l r,:L i,' ,,.r
rr
FABLILOUS FEASTS CLcoprrrr aransed larsh harolcts ro rrrtrLarr AuLou Crcck and
llonrr r rLro's Lold hor'(ilcopatra
orclcrcJ 1."e1'r boa,s ro bc coolcd orc artcr rhc oLl,rr o thar onc oi rlcm rrould br ready ar rhe rlmc Arto,ry chosc Lo caL Thel a
claimcrl rhaL r\nLoni ard C copatrr drcsscil up as selanLs ard thcn r'tnt our iiLo rhe \Lre.rs ot 41.\andria ailer dirl flating fli(k, on Fciple
.{*. ,_,"4
ANTONY i
Gkr"
Ctrl
rrrlJ d,
.o!.Ld ,i bti."l
rRl\xlNa lNlr
.ryl: Tlrr rorll !4tdt Ml taith
tL
:) 1\-alNa
lLr.rl,4 tl.rdrti,, u,j
n",1 Ronar
Ih" ar
(]I-E(]PATRA
A\D
i,
{lilisr,(,(l if ,1 i,,1r,or,
lrrj
rl,, 1,i,1
rl.r
rlr
r,.l.iar:
rr,r
rlrir. i].. t.r,,lif
n,
r.!]i.N,,, rla Pirl.r ir!
Il,!tri;,rii ,iri.,ir, .
J
J,1rMl.r1.rn,rJ rL4j1t,r
ab.u.l aFour Cleopatr.s Thi! 18th c.nu-a p.inLmg ras ntsptr.d |y rhe {.r1 Snn es
e\Lrava!,,an.e
rhar t.lls hn\' all.,rl,a.a d,ssolve.l a
f,i..l!'$ f.iri r. \.ine ind .lnLrk,r iact Derls
i/.
are nor harned by
In
"lnc
5{l
Drhknrg cup Alcr.nd.ia aas fan,oui
fd pnal!.ins ich
hcaurlhrllv decor ateLl sla sswa rc a\ rhls pre(\ drnrkn,s cut)
al.rfrrtu,t.,[] rJ.rfrtr.
lrrJ. . ,rqta,r, df,l r10r.rtr ,,rsI0 irr r(,rJ t.
tu,JE,.,ti,4 l!,u r,i"r.i
o,v.Ji| ili lrrtlii,ir olro,
:.i.i
mrrr IrJ.,tr],1a,,i
Ths..^,iie shovs a Ron,r. rr.ddn,e c.reN.n\ Lat. in.10 f. ,\nr.nr s \Llf. |rl!ia dirLl A.hnv nade a pta.e 1r..1! {nh ().tir an an.l s a tign ,rf h,(ndshF he iiim.d ().tirian\ !\te, O.r ra
IIRO
A PO\Y'I]RTLIL
-\
or Qurrx KINCS
#CleoPotraeRrairot\us Regon Filorum Regotn
To Cleopatra, Queen of Kings and her sons
_;.r-
Clroparnq coNTINUED To
RULE EGYPT,
but Antony did not return for nearly 33 for-rr years. When he sailed back in 36 ec iatln los.'iprion Ircrr or,cia!
who are KinCs
after a disastrous defeat in Parthia, Cleopatra n,elcomed him. She needed a strong ally to help her keep Egypt independent. Antony was bold and ambitior-rs, and he had hr-rge armies of loya1 soldiers n ho n,ete ready to fight lor him. Antony planned to \eL up an empire irt
Ant.nrs .; !dc( rr s' /
.oins nridc o.
\:.r. ":Li
\.,,.,,..',-...,,;,"'J
North Africa and the l\liddlc East to challenge his rivals in Romc, and Cleopatra supportcd his plans because the1, would incrcase her ov,n powcr. In 35 BC Cleopatr a anci Antony l.rad a thi d chlld, a son utom rhe y' Mrrr0s r, rleLenLll!1fc ard keep torLri oi rlrc \lridle Edsrcn ii.d! +rr i..l,litufv. ain,en n pd oi Ll,L,r 'h;r enDir Skllled lsvfrar sh DhrLlLlers rscd rinher rLom tl,ddl. [tr\rer. l:nds spcc r11t S\ri.i L..ofsru.t tr n,irhr! lle.t C ecpaLn netdcd
ROYAL TITLES (ilcoprtra
rrilSrLory
n thcrr rrrlers
garc roval trrles
Iounr chrldren Lhel r'crc
'
namerl as
\rFlrlTlRRINtAN
.), .-i,r4
i,i'
'r
named Ptolemy,Philadelphus. Earll-in 3-1 uc, Antonl. rnvaded Armenia and rcturnecl to Alexandria in triumph. In nragnihcent cerenron-v Cleopatra u,as crowned "Queen of Klngs", and all her children \,"'ei.e givcn speclal ro-va1 titlcs.
-i . i]. l l
ie&l['
' 1,,.; "Iff';-o'"
rJ. Qitrr,,1
14
l
Lr
.,D r rtri
a
QUEEN OF KINCS
li al,& ,
.l K,i,jli aiir,.,i,, rrtr
rr.,,,,, tr,i ]] 11,,.
rl,.l.ur
n i6
i,ei,ri
f.
IrrNrr.,!,, rh..i.n, ,LJ
CREAT ANlBITIONS \Iirh Anlon1 1rl help her Cieopalra hopcd
to nrale
E8)pt the ri.h. cnili:ed, and suc.essturl emrire ir had bccn irhcn thc lirst Ptolenics ruled alDosr 300 ),caE beiore Clcopatra planncd to rcclaim thc lancls that
frrl onr e r onlolleJ o,,r,rle Eg-rlr r\lany oi thcse irclLrcling
tLe T)rolemles
S,rria Lebanon irhoenicia, and parts oi Asia Nlinor were
grrtn to
lrt bi \rr 'nr
l. i.1:i( Aft.iv had sl ve, .o ns marle vhich shorerl Cl*,parai portlait and rhe lns.riptnnl !l Kings'on,ne nde A.lo.ys porlr!,r on rh.
Qreen and
orhcr Itwas
Cler,'rn! a
v
ngn o1
a
rcm,ndcr of
,cyal pover
anLl
thenr.,.t idrlnonf
hcn Ocralian hcard
Aftuf! afd Cleoratias trnbitl.us rlans he nrade poxeriul spee.hes ,n rh. ab.ut
"i
i
N)
\\,*NM
N.NW -*$*ot) RoNIAN poLITICtANs IFD tsy CAFSAR'S $. nephew Octavian, were shocked by reports of Antony and Cleopatra's bid to set up an empire of their own. They were also angry that Antony had divorced his Roman wife. Late in 32 BC Octavian led a procession to Rome's temple of Bellona, goddess of war. Hurling a blood-tipped spear through the air, he declared war againsL Cleopatra - and all Egypt. Octavian knew that Antony still had supporters in Rome. But he felt sure the Romans would unite
ambitious queen.
This paintin,: of tie Battle ofActium (in th. stlt€ of Eugen S.hoen) is fron Prnn ri
Lri
lJ
Hr,J,^ b\ M. R<\no"d
A Ddn(ty ol \t)tdpot1s
i,, . iui
Dere tse
dt this time. Wbile Egyptian sold rcrs Jou4ht w ith battle-axei'| and hatcbets, Roman soldiers u'ed
lbre, wttl Dedbovs
-
a
Y'#ti:?:*;i"v, I
I I o'.''
,
r{ri, i\$
Antony bore witness tif Caesarion that he was sprung from Caesar... gave enormous presents
to his children by the Egyptian queen... and ordered that his body be buried by her side.)
\\'A R \\'IIH
RO\IL
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\{AR
V'ITH
ROMI
Drruer AND
DISHONOUR Dtprar
AT THE BATTLE oF ACTIUM plunged Antony into despair. He hid away on Pharos, an island in Alexandria harbour, and refr-rsed to see anyone. But Cleopatra bravely made plans to continue as Egypt's ruler. Her spies told her that Octavian did not have enough gold to pay his armies, so he could not attack
Afrcr thc Batrlc oi Actrrr Clcopatra sa,l
Ylcr.q
e.rnrrs hishr ,fro th( ciry,i had
lten
She was afrald her noL let herba.k
th.-v k.cw lhat sh. defeated br Octaran
immediately. But Cleopatra knew Octavian would attack sooner or later, because he needed Egypt's u.ealth. In time, Antony came out of hiding, and once again splendid banquets were held jn the
palace. Almost a year after Actium, the nervs came the Romans r.ere on their way. Cleopatra sent a message to Octavian, offering to give up her throne if he would let her children rule. But Octavian did not reply - it ri,-as clcar that Octavian wanted to rule Eg-vpt himself, for Rome. ,Antony rallied his arm)r and rode out of the city to face Octavian. To the shores of the Red
Sea
To protect he, ileet from the Ronans, Cleopatra ordend that her warship! te hauhd overladd
Iro,! (ie Nledirendean Red Sea tsor one
Lo rlre
0l Cle.rparas
rerghbours anrl enemes thc Kng ol Nabatca. sei frre to the warshrps and de*royed then all
S oNF SL,llrJ
a...Rv
rc
storur!rr uorlJ
Jrrr uo,hJ
on
akop,tn s roril
TLry J.Fn,r,J rh ol,inr. tr,tL
birnhl lsin: ,:ani
$1a
MAGNIFICENT MAUSOLEUM CleopaLra knew that her future was uncertarn rl Octavian invaded Egypt She began to
erperiment wirh poisons and gave c,rders that work on her mausoleunt (laree ronb-chamber was completed as soon as possrble
th
COI,D AND IE\flELS As soon as her mausoleum was completd, Cleopatra gave orders for her trcasur€s to bc rtored there She believed that her spirit $ould 5rnive aher death ro enioy then ,\lore importardy, shc *aited ro kecp hcr gold andlewels saie
( '.ot q,'d " 'o -. "J .' .e '. lo ." r ' rnausolcur and destro', the reaslre
rhe rf the Romar army narched on Alerandria Lo
All swore their lives together, and until that time they charmed their days with a succession of or10us
Ott.ru,.rllrrrj,/
I!)it
Lr:aar
Lr
1i
I
) )
'.]r,!. d,!,ior.s rrJ n.iiil' rrrL a; i,r;,r,;L fl,J aolJ
m#J
,olJ Ir ,! ,{.'t.J rl,, L, L,J,liCn,!,r,, ! tra,nft d.lkJ,1.i!r e rl,.,rl,, o!1J mdl,
rni:r l,arrtrlui t,rrlLo'
DIONYSUS { 1,opnt,n,
ldil
n] ri,r rL. i,r' i, .l
ur;
Anlon-v belleved thar
p'oi..r!11
"rmLrr fiilft i6 rr?1nn,r.D n,,i' Ai.r,,,l]., ri,r Grir f;i
nd6ih ,,. ,rm,r, i,,1"r
ro
ii.lor,,l
he was protectcd by B..(tiful t.,rh,
ur
Tl,o rn, l,o,l,
i,,
the god Dionysus Somctlmes fe lelL he had becone !he god
m,i,orifl
Tlre Creek historian
thcl
j']lutarch rells a.hillins story the night belorc O{ raYian mar.hed on Alexandrra, the cltlzens llcard fie sound ot laughter and ioo6reps lcavnrg the cit!
The)'said thrs sho$ed that I)ion)sus had deserted Anton)
The death of Antony ANTo\y \\'rs foRCED to llee lrom ()ciavians armv vhen most,ri his soldiers rcfuscd to fight Antony rvas disgraced and ashamecl, and he blamed Cleopatra Atraid of his anger, Cleopatra lockecl hcrsell in her mauvrlcum and sent a message sayirg she rvas c1ead. In despair, Antony stabbcd htmself Vhcn she heard the nervs. Cleopaira sent her senants to
,,.*,
her, and he cled
\.AR
\'ITT]
RO 1F
Tur DEATH oF
CLEOPATRA
\(/ITHIN VEEKS OF ANTONY,S SUICIDE in 30 BC, Cleopatra was dead, and Egypt was governed by Rome. Cleopatra was the last independent rr-rler of Egypt, and her death marked the end of over 3,000 glorious ye ars of Egyptian civilization and Egyptian power. Although she did her best to defend
Carings and columns I'his rin,.ril st.l. .rned urriehr
{
,er sA,es
r. dea.frrest\'le.f
buildins"r in the Lime o1 the Plolenne\
Thc doo&,iv o Clc.faqis m:rK.lc !nr mtr\ h:'c l.nrLc.l l,Lc
iri(
Then somebody sai in anger: "A fine deed, this, Charmion!"
"lt is indeed most fine," she said, "and befitting the descendant of ,1. so many kings." !
.
\{*.'1.
"
a,
F ,o .h
,
hL,m h
\
L,i. o, var_ai a
L
her country, clever, charming Cleopatra could not dely the might of Rome. After Antony died, Roman troops surrounded Cleopatra's rrausoleum, and kept her prisoner there. But Octavian treated her well. He allorved Cleopatra to arrange Antony's funeral, and to take part in thc ceremon-v. But, he would not agrcc to let Cleopatra's childrcn rrrlc Egypt on bchalf of Rome. So Cleopatra decided she must die. She could not bcar to Lvc while loreigner.s ruled her land. At her deatl.r, Egypt lost its most
famous
and possibly its
A FINAL FEAST ft,s
sard thar befue her deaih Cleopatra ordered a splendid tcast She thcr askerl onr of hcr scrrrnt< to smlrrsl. in r poisonous srakc 1n a baskcr ot tiss Ahcr Clcopatra had catcn. shc scnt a notc to Octa\ian askiis ro be buricd wth Antony Alarned Ocravian \enl guards to Ir.d her blr lt (as too
Cuardlan goddesses Thn Da,nti.!r.. a rr.oDhigus
isrore..iii. \h.}is rie
sod.les Iss an.lheL rsLer
\cphth!! \aL.hing or.r
drel b.d! In E.$pnan lcgcrds thcy Lroueht a
41
greatest
queer.l
THF DEA I H OF (]LEOPATRA
A mvsterrous end a
Ct.toPATtL{s
roDr llAs ncvcr
been discovered. so
hrstorians do not knorv cxacrl), ho\, she died. There arc \iorics that rhe experimen!ed vith poiso s, and that she even tested sone oi rhenr on slavcs.
l,.i,,r,r, t
lir,iar.4i.
-inr,,l .lr,:.1 rr.l rh,,ri i,r,,lr
tr
ll!+ rnlol.t
!rl'Lr,.l
i1
ThenrosLpopul:, sory:bout Cleorarasdcarh str\s rh r1,.\.as birte. Lr! . !!all poLo.ous srake callerl an *F lut:n asp v ld ..t lravc b..n rbl. o brrc LI(opa(i a!d he, tr r seli.r\
li.l.,irr ,i{!r r. ll l,4i,,l i,ri.lrl
I,,r.,,rrr r.l rl,' ii., r,,r,id, ,i,, ,i,,
E|1ti,,,
',rl f,]r.tr.,1,, i,,J
.1. tr';,!
rlr,.rJ' .l ritri,i
'
Flneral cereft)nv
hnl.rirr d. n!r k.o\ \hetre, her tmeialn,llov.d C
T
ArrEn
CLEOPATRA -1-
h< dcath ol Cleopatra made it ea'y lor Ottavran rnd rhe Roma,r armv to completc theit tonqtte.t ol fgypt In 30 BCt, Octavian declared himself to be thc nerv pharoah of Egy,pt. To show that they were now in control, Roman soldiers defaced ancieni Egyptian monuments and destroyed
I
In 18 tu ltomn lerdo
official documcnts - including most of those created while Cleopatra was in power. For the r.rext 500 years, Egypt became part of il're Roman empire, ru1ed by governors appointed by Rome Alexandria continued to be a great centre of learning and trade, but elsewherc Egypt's polr,er and prosperity began to decline CLEol,qrn.q's cHILI)REN Hrstorlans thrnk that ClcopaLra's vounscrchildren Cle,rpatra Sclcnc, Alexandcr Helios, and Ptolcmy Philadclphus ruere ,'i sent t(, liv€ vith Anton! s \vitc O.rlvia in R.nne -fhc bovs wcrc rcver
hcanl c,l aga
n
HONIA(,E
,\ito
,,,1.
nre I
:r r $.rdi
nr.rn 'Ls!pr.iflurcd to ..nnrmonl. rlF death ol a olltra aid Anr! ! md r. .elebnl.
To A IiERo
Ocravian had completed his cooqucsr oi Egypt, hc wtnt to !.i!ir thc
romh oi Alerandcr d1c Crea! Clcoparra
ii
Vll
Alcrandria
ard the
Ptolcnrl dynasty itamily. u crr descendcd lront
orc oiAlexandcr the
CrcaLs generals \ihen Octalian r,r. arked i1 h€ vantcd to vlslt
Bur
married Klng-luba oi \laurrranii (a
rhe romhs oi the Prolcmrcs he said he had come to
hc,rour a hcro not ro see dcad krngs
Cleopatra s pla(. in historr
Cl.opalra\ {l|.tlr n]aili.f t t .f.!.t i glo o!\ r{ rr Lr}Dnar 1!{.r-r'
# i
i,i,l-li*'f'fu
!i
1lill
5>..',
t8,,, -,t!
44
AFTER CLEOPATRA
OcravraN rN TRruMpH A year after Cleopatra died, Octavian staged a huge triumph (victory procession) to celebrate his conquest of Egypt. Antony and Cleopatra's children were probably made to march in the procession, alongside Cleopatra's fabulous treasures. Cald and siloer trusures
mt
held ht1h
Wealohs, ahfio r, trophies
uffe
DeJeated nlers
t
tre ntarchetr
oman
ltLt
a
oll to *c
Ju n
o tbeir
d olher
dkplay
Laurel leaves It was traditional for victorrous Roman generals to be crowned with a larrrel wreath
Janilies
alo4 it chdir.
tgypt
The Julian Calendar
ArtEn Ecypr lrzls conquered by Rome, it was known as the "Cranary (grain-store) of the Roman empire". The empire needed huge amounts of wheat to feed Rome's vast army and the people who lived in the fastgro\aling cities, especially Rome. Other Egyptian products were popular in Rome, such as fine linens, papyrus, and perfumed oils. Egyptian scholars, poets, scientists, and gladiators were famous throughout the Roman world.
In 46 uc, Roman leader Julius Caesar made changes ro the Roman calendar, Ltsing scientific ideas first discovered by Creek and Egyptian astronomer, working together in Cleopatra's capital, Alexandria Under the rule of the Ptolemies, the city became a grear centre of learning, and visitors Iike Caesar carried Egyptian ideas and discoveries back to Rome. The calendar that is used in most countries today is based
Tllts locket \ultdial uses
sbadau,s cast
tnn lpoh Atrctt t E4yrt the
Jirst ta ,se
by
erta
Dere the
noaemetls oJ the sun
on these;deas.
FORCOTTEN HERO2
Fine
Most of Mark Antony's statues were destroyed on Octavian's orders, but a wealthy Alexandrian paid to save
papers \
Cleopatra's statues. Antony may have been forgotten in Egypt, but his image has survived on many
S$.flrffi)
Roman coins, and he was grandfather
MARK ANToNY
AD 324 ROMAN EMPEROR CONSTANTINE DECT,ARES CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL RILICION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRI, INCLUDINC EYCPT
17 BC-AD t4 OC'TAVIAN
(cAEsAR
^ucusTus)
AD 395 ROMAN EMI'IRE DIVIDFD, \Y4-fI'I \GSTERN EMPIRE BASED IN ROMI ND E STERN EMPIRE BASED IN CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY
c. 600-900 AD MUSLIM SOLDIERS AND SE'I'TLERS FROM THE MIDDLE EAST BRINC ISI-AM TO FCYPT
AD 476 !i'/ESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE COMES ']'O AN END
T FINDER
ClnoperRA's sroRY
-
l,rLi',,.li.ri rir
iL
rr
r,,1
FACT AND FICTION /-leoo:rra Vll i, one ol the no't iatnou' L,'o..n rn ho ha' ever ltred. Hq tiorl has inspired poets, dramatists, and artists for over 2,000 years, and still fascinates us todal'.
But, in fact, rve know very little about her. The details of her life have been lost, or are shrouded in mystery. Only fragments of offic;al documents dating from her rcign have survived to tell us about her thoughts and deeds, and onl1, a feu'carvings and scr-rlptures remain to shorv r-ts what she looked like. Nlost of our knowledge of Cleopatra comes from Creek and Roman rvriters u'ho were loyal to Rome, and did not approve of her. aleoFitrl!.ilnc \roull
\r(.n
trnfs L.!rplrar
bLerrg ynls Lrrcrures ard
",
s
md
otl
i,
,./ir 'n
'i.i
Somc sculpnrrcs lrsc,ibed .arvcdl with rhc ramc (-leopatra' have suryllcd Bul !h€rc wcrc at leasr scvct queers namcd Cleopatra ,n rhe Ptolemalc cl'nasn irulLns Iamilvrand ( lcopatra VII was dre last
tl*tr r,troturs Ih. .!,n.
(:l..pina' tLnr S. h.r betf ,n
ri c,cc.
VHrcH ct ropatnl2
S,n,.l\olan. ( .u..ir rfrlLLd!.g Llerf ir \ill
ArexrNont,q u-\DFR THE sLA
.r!rC.r
$riicLl
Cr..t ldttr 6 h.r.
,\lexandr a Ls a big modern cLty Lc,day but thc roral qtrarto u'here Clec,pala \rll jived ri,as iloodcd alLer an carthqrake in rhc llrh cenrrrry 'rn Ir 1!r9l French archaeologlst [ranck Coddlo ancl a Leanr of dncrs srarLed lcl erDlorc the site Thcl ha't iound a ''arreLr oi srarircs and arteiacrs a.d h,rpe to flfd tht lost palacc oL Cleopala
46
TORY
FA
Plurarch lc rL)j0 ttt dcs.ibcd Clcotarrc *or:',r of \1ark Antony Plurarch startcd to iliic rrirc his storics almost a hrrdrcd rcars altcr Clcopatrr llvccl Hc based hrs vork on evcwnncss accounrs collcctcd bv his rrandtatho larnprias, and on documenrs whlch no Ionger ) srNl!.e r.rlav li ii diifl.!li to rell !,hcth.r his stories about Cleopatra are tme TFrF (,LlFF( Hi\
L(
nu\
in hrs biosraphy
H,\ L1,.i,r . ,i.i,,rd:r
rs
...
.t i !., es oi r€rts ir \tL.h lil( .ii.oi,,pird C,rek
IIFArrrr-LIL TANTASY
\;it€rs
aftists and, Iater iiln.makers have
beelr nrspired
L,_v
Cleoparra rhrc,ughout
hislory Allisr Sll Lawrence Alna T:rdema i1815 1911. pai.red iinasr.ar! scener iLonr Ancient
Ronre Here, he ilnagine! r"aited lor Anto.l, in Tarlus.
Eg_r,pt and
Cleopatra
as she
ANTONT' l\t) c.LtoPATI1A alvcr I -i0ar )car! aficr lluinr.h dicd. Ifslish playvighr \Yrrllram Shakespe.rc I I55.1 i6l6l rlis rnsprred hy Plurarc)rs stones ro n riLc a rlav about (-le.patri.od
hci lo!. k,r
A
rn)fv
C.lnnv ox ct
-l^hc
t-cr
lcscrd oi Cilcoprla nsplrcd comcdy as vcll as tragccly Thc l9li5 comic illm l-rrrl or
' ,'J
'' to bc quccn powcrtul brn rolcallv suitabTc Throushout hisrory pcoplc har.c ofrcn rcfLrscd to takc rt,mcn rulos scr ounv PLlv rctt tcto.tv
\\:illt:n
l"' fr {', t. @'/i ri l\!,
-
'. T,8
,!'4t
'
'4"
:E -E i-
*F,:
HoLLyu clctLr tsLocKBusrER In l!61 Hollyutxrl lilm-rnakers conrpletecl a icreen €pi. aboLrt
(.lcoparra and A,,Lony l! a real'liie couple Elizabefi Ta-vlor and Ri.hi Llurlon Lrur ir'Lirrled rias nor hisroricallv accUratc This sccnc i,on ( lrol.u,; shor's a lavrsh feast
Shakespeare
s
play Arhry rrj ( iroprrrr, fll. bril artly br<,usht thc 1-,i laSlc lovc srorl ol Cilcopatra and Anron,v
to
llic Porna,vlng.
likc Clcopar a ls a .hallcf {c r.lrslr.d b}, mary acacsscs In this sccrc irom rhe pla1. *ascd i,r Lo.don in Clcopatra ls play.cd
by
'".
lnrcmatrrnal H.1.,
lll,'",
:
J
Index
HI
16
34
B
11 75
4.1
17
40
P
32
10, l,42,
13
3
ST
l5 l8 l2
,IL 4,1
,15
DE
17,
li
C sod.31,3:. al nr Egypt,
16,
)7
t8
l8-19 1l
tt 1l
11 14
NlN
'11
)1 ,15
FC
v\(/
1l 23 l1
Nr. l.l l5
l0 l1
23
71
14,
.10
.11 1l
ll L)
.10.12
15
R
11
11.17
lt
1t
11
15
33
1i
ll li
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