AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
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identi)iers, none at+hed to the preio*sly *n+lassi)iable D# in)ants in intensity or tiin& o) these indi+es( "e are presently +onstr*+tin& a s+ale )or disor&ani1ation and disorientation in stran&e sit*ation behaior -hi+h -ill perit inesti&ators to identi)y and s+ore the appearan+e o) these behaiors, een in A, B, and C in)ants D.ain F Soloon, in preparation( Here, -e present e0aples o) ea+h o) the )ie iden identi ti)i )ier erss o) diso disorr&ani &ani1e 1ed? d?di diso sori rien ente ted d atta atta+h +he ent nt stat stat*s *s,, ta>e ta>en n )ro )ro o*r o*r obserations o) in)ants -ho had initially been le)t *n+lassi)ied( Disordering Disordering of e/)ected tem)oral se0uences. se0uences. !he ost stri>in& disorderin& o) teporal e0pe+tan+ies appeared -ith respe+t to aoidan+e( "hen the in)ant i&nores and physi+ physi+all ally y aoids aoids the parent parent thro*& thro*&ho* ho*tt the the stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion,, the in)ant in)ant is +lassi)ied as inse+*re3aoidant( "hen the in)ant i&nores and physi+ally aoids the parent thro*&h *+h o) the )irst re*nion episode, then )ollo-in& a se+ond separation see>s pro0iity, the in)ant is pla+ed in a ildly aoidant s*b3+ate&ory o) se+*re in)ants( In either +ase, aoidan+e is seen as an or&ani1ed shi)t in attention D.ain F "eston, 754< a-ay )ro the parent -hi+h o++*rs d*rin& and dire+tly )ollo-in& separation( Both an in+rease in stress Da se+ond separation and an ass*ran+e o) +ont +ontin in*e *ed d pare parent ntal al pro0 pro0i iit ity y ay ay lead lead to the the repl repla+ a+e een entt o) aoi aoida dan+ n+ee -ith -ith pro0iity3see>in&( !he *s*al teporal or&ani1ation o) the in)ant's aoidan+e o) the parent +an, then, be readily *nderstood in ters o) ad*lt resere( Ad*lts not in)reJ*ently behae in a rese reser red ed ann anner er )oll )olloo-in in& & lon& lon& sepa separa rati tion ons, s, or -hen -hen *n+e *n+ert rtai ain, n, an&r an&ry y, or apprehensie re&ardin& the +*rrent stat*s o) a relationship( !his resere ay elt -ith tie or -ith ass*ran+es )ro the partner, or in +ontrast it ay brea> do-n i) the relationship is )*rther threatened Di), )or e0aple, the partner threatens to leae a&ain( !here is nothin& innately disor&ani1ed in this *sa&e o) aoidan+e or resere( Consider no- instead the teporal or&ani1ation o) aoidan+e in a n*ber o) diso disor& r&an ani1 i1ed ed in)a in)ant nts( s( ath ather er than than aoi aoidi din& n& the the pare parent nt *pon *pon re*n re*nio ion n )or )or a )e)ese+onds, and then initiatin& intera+tion or +onta+t, a n*ber o) in)ants -ho had not been +lassi)ied &ae the parent a bri&ht, )*ll &reetin& De(&(, an approa+h -ith bids )or +onta+t, then t*rned a-ay, da1ed, and sho-ed stron& aoidan+e( Others sho-ed hi&h distress *pon separation, +allin& and +ryin& )or the parent, then t*rned stron&ly a-ay a-ay or een een ba+> ba+>ed ed a-ay a-ay ie iedi diat atel ely y *pon *pon re*n re*nio ion, n, thei theirr )a+e )a+ess s*dd s*dden enly ly e0pres e0pressio sionle nless( ss( Others Others sho-ed sho-ed the distra distra*&h *&ht, t, an&ry an&ry behai behaior or o) the inse+* inse+*re3 re3 abialent in)ant iediately *pon re*nion, then *npredi+tably t*rned their ba+>s *pon the parent and +rept stron&ly a-ay( !herea)ter, they e0hibited the behaior patterns typi+al o) in)ants sho-in& stron& aoidan+e(
77:
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
One o) *s Dbl Dblind nd -as -as able ble to ide identi) nti)y y an ab*s b*sed in)a in)an nt as inse inse+* +*rre3 disor&ani1ed rather than se+*re *pon seein& her )irst re*nion episode( !he in)ant -ent at on+e to her other at the door, ars *p )or +onta+t in a )*ll, stron&, se+*re respon response se she -as ied iediat iately ely identi identi)ie )ied d as disor disor&an &ani1e i1ed, d, ho-ee ho-eerr, -hen -hen she t*rned a-ay )ro the door -ith a +on)*sed, p*11led, e0pression, adan+ed a )esteps into the roo, and stood -ith a blan> loo> starin& strai&ht ahead( A )eoents later, she ade obliJ*e approa+hes to the other, readily identi)iable as the type o) approa+hes -hi+h physi+ally battered in)ants a>e to ad*lt +are&iers DGeor&e F .ain, 75;5( On the basis o) her stron&, iediate pro0iity see>in& behaior, behaior, this in)ant had been +lassi)ied as se+*re by other inesti&ators( Another pattern s*&&estie o) teporal disor&ani1ation -as s*dden, *ndire+ted, o*t3o)3+onte0t +ryin& folloing an folloing an apparently +oplete settlin& by the parent( .any in)ants +ry )or a brie) period a)ter re*nion( Soe inse+*re3abialent in)ants siply re)*se to be+oe settled by the ret*rn o) the parent or thro*&h parental e))orts to-a to-ard rdss +o) +o)or ort( t( Soe Soe se+* se+*re re in)a in)ant ntss +ont +ontin in*e *e +ryi +ryin& n& )or )or a peri period od )oll )olloo-in in& & re*nion, b*t on+e hain& had s*))i+ient +onta+t -ith the parent, settle( !he si&n that settlin& is +oplete is *s*ally that the in)ant is satis)ied to ret*rn to a &en*ine interest in e0ploration and in play( A)ter this, it is o) +o*rse e0pe+ted that the in)ant -ill not a&ain be+oe distressed *nless there is a threatenin& enironental +han&e De(&(, other's se+ond leaeta>in&, or the stran&er's re3entran+e( Soe in)ants -ho had initially been des+ribed as *n+lassi)iable &ae s*dden, *ndire+ted, o*t3o)3+onte0t +ries )ollo-in& an apparently +ontented play( !hese +ries di))ered )ro those o) inse+*re3abialent in)ants, -ho neither settle )ollo-in& the parent's ret*rn, nor ret*rn to +ontented play( Be+a*se these s*dden +ries o++*rred folloing settlin& and in the idst o) +ontented play, they +onstit*ted a disorderin& o) e0pe+ted teporal seJ*en+es( !hese +ries had no apparent rationale -ithin the iediate enironent( $imultaneous dis)lay of contradictory beha,ior )atterns. In o*r reie- o) the literat*re +on+ernin& di))i+*lt3to3+lassi)y in)ants -e hae already des+ribed seeral instan+es o) the si*ltaneo*s display o) +ontradi+tory patterns( Ab*sed in)ants -ere des+ribed as approa+hin& obliJ*ely De(&(, +reepin& to-ards or -al>in& to-ards the parent side-ays, or -ith head aerted, or ba+>in& to-ards the parent rather than approa+hin& the parent )a+e3to3)a+e( An in)ant in o*r saple approa+hed other oin& ba+>-ards on her stoa+h -ith )a+e aerted( Other in)ants in o*r saple rea+hed stron&ly )or the parent iediately *pon re*nion b*t ith head don.
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
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!he ipression in ea+h +ase -as that approa+h oeents -ere +ontin*ally bein bein& & inhi inhibi bite ted d and and held held ba+> ba+> thro thro*& *&h h si* si*lt ltan aneo eo*s *s a+ti a+tia ati tion on o) aoi aoida dant nt tenden+ies Dsee Geor&e F .ain, 75;5( In ost +ases, ho-eer, pro0iity3see>in& s*))i+iently oer3rode aoidan+e to perit the in+rease in physi+al pro0iity( !h*s, +ontradi+tory patterns -ere a+tiated b*t -ere not *t*ally inhibitory( One in)ant both rea+hed )or and re+eied ob@e+ts )ro the parent -ith ba+> and ars tense and sti)), stret+hin& )or-ard a+ross a seein&ly deliberate distan+e( One in)ant approa+hed hesitantly, then ba+>ed or oed ery J*i+>ly a-ay )ro the parent( An een ore stri>in& e0aple o) the si*ltaneo*s display o) +ontradi+tory patterns -as a,oidance hile in contact ith the )arent. !his appeared in re*nion episodes, o)ten a)ter the in)ant appeared to be settled )ro preio*s distress( In)ants -ho -ere ar>ed *n+lassi)iable soeties sat *pon the parent's lapperhaps een +o)ortably-hile loo>in& a-ay, either s*llen or da1ed( One in)ant seeed e0tr e0tre eel ely y +o) +o)or orta tabl blee seat seated ed on his his oth other er's 's lap, lap, his his body body +o) +o)or orta tabl bly y +on)orin& to hers, his ars and hands rela0ed( His e0pression -as, ho-eer, pe+*liarly aoidant he re)*sed her &a1e and her o+ali1ations, then li&htly and in+opletely s-iped -ith his hand to-ards her throat( Another baby sat on the )loor )or seeral in*tes -ith her hand *pon other's lap, leanin& into her other b*t t*rned sli&htly a-ay as tho*&h to approa+h the enironent silent and tran+e3 li>e, she )ailed to t*rn +opletely either to the toys or to her other( Another *n+lassi)ied 7<3onth3old had seeed settled by other, and -as p*t on the )loor by her side( A )e- oents later he had oed sli&htly a-ay )ro her to stand in )ront o) her, hands )irly planted on her >nees b*t head and sho*lders t*rned a-ay( He stood this -ay )or seeral se+onds, loo>in& at the )loor, )a+e heay and sober, as tho*&h *nable to play, *nable to intera+t, and *n-illin& to let &o o) other( Siilar behaior appears not in)reJ*ently in +lassi)iable in)ants, -ho brie)ly appear da1ed *pon pi+>3*p, perhaps -hile re+oerin& )ro distress( In in)ants @*d&ed to be disor&ani1ed?disoriented, disor&ani1ed?disoriented, ho-eer, ho-eer, the behaior appears lon& a)ter initial pi+>3*p, lasts )or a s*bstantial period, and appears +ontradi+tory( +ontradi+tory( I) the in)ant is +o) +o)or orta tabl bly y sett settle led d by +ont +onta+ a+tt -ith -ith the the pare parent nt,, -hy -hy is the the in)a in)ant nt re)* re)*si sin& n& intera+tion by silently loo>in& a-ay And, i) the in)ant -o*ld pre)er to aoid the parent parent by t*rnin& t*rnin& attention attention to e0plorati e0ploration on o) toys and the enirone enironent, nt, -hy is the in)ant *nable to oe o*t o) +onta+t -ith the parent !he ipression &ien by aoidan+e3in3+onta+t is one o) the *t*al inhibition o) systes in +on)li+t the in)ant seein&ly +an neither )*lly approa+h the parent nor )*lly shi)t attention and oe a-ay( "hile the
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.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
in)ant -ho approa+hes obliJ*ely at least s*++eeds in the set3&oal DBo-lby, 75:5 o) in+reasin in+reasin& & pro0iity pro0iity to the parent, the in)ant e0hibitin& e0hibitin& aoidan+ aoidan+ee -hile -hile in +onta+t oes neither one -ay or the other( 4ncom)lete or undirected undirected mo,ements and e/)ressions" e/)ressions" including stereoty)ies. stereoty)ies. In+o In+o plet pletee or *ndi *ndire re+t +ted ed o oeent ents and e0p e0press ressiions ons also lso appea ppeare red d in *n+las *n+lassi) si)iab iable le in)ant in)ants( s( "here "hereas as the behai behaior or e0apl e0aples es &ien &ien aboe aboe re)err re)erred ed to disor&ani1ation in a i0ed or in a disordered *sa&e o) pro0iity3see>in&, +onta+t3 ain ainta tain inin in&, &, and and aoi aoida dan+ n+e, e, ost ost e0a e0apl ples es o) in+o in+op ple lete te or *ndi *ndire re+t +ted ed oeents on o*r tapes inoled the in+oplete or *ndire+ted e0pressions o) distress or an&er Dresistan+e( E0pressions o) an&er to-ard the other appear in in)ants in ea+h o) the three +entral Ains-orth +ate&ories( In ea+h +ate&ory, the e0pression o) an&er ta>es a +har +hara+ a+te teri rist sti+ i+ )or )or(( Stro Stron& n&,, dire dire+t +t e0pr e0pres essi sion onss o) an&e an&err are are an iden identi ti)y )yin in& & +hara+teristi+ o) in)ants identi)ied as inse+*re3abialent( In Ains-orth's ori&inal st*dy, t-o in)ants -ere +lassi)ied as inse+*re3abialent be+a*se they both so*&ht and an&rily resisted +onta+t( !he e0pression o) an&er in these in)ants -as not s*btle( One o) the bit the other( In)a In)ant ntss in se+* se+*re re &ro* &ro*ps ps +an +an also also e0pr e0pres esss an&e an&err to-a to-ard rd the the oth other er *pon *pon re*nion, and in o*r o-n saple in)ants hae o++asionally been +lassi)ied as se+*re een -hen an openly )r*strated, e0pressie s-ipe has been ta>en( =or these in)a in)ant nts, s, hit hitti tin& n& at at oth other er see seeed ed a brie brie), ), +o +o*n *ni+ i+at ati iee e0pr e0pres essi sion on o) )r*stration3o)ten, at bein& o))ered a toy -hen +onta+t -as -anted( =inally, -hile inse+* inse+*re re3a 3aoid oidant ant in)ant in)antss do not e0pre e0press ss distre distress, ss, an&er an&er,, or )r*str )r*strat ation ion openly openly,, soeties they ta>e a s*dden dire+ted ai to-ard the parent, thro-in& a toy )ro a distan+e, or stri>in& at the parent's )oot in passin&( eie- o) o*r tapes o) # in)ants sho-ed an o++asional pe+*liar *sa&e o) resistan+e( !hese in)ants o++asionally str*+> at the parent's )a+e b*t in in+oplete, -ea>, alost *ndire+ted oeents( !he oeents o) the in)ant's hand seeed alost *nintentional, or +o*ld be interpreted readily as, )or e0aple, a erely +*rio*s attept to &rasp the parent's &lasses or e0plore the parent's )a+e or eyes( !hat these oeents -ere intentional, dire+ted hits at the parent +o*ld o)ten only be in)erred )ro +are)*l analyses in slo- otion( In one +ase there -as a s*dden, ali ali&n &nan antt +han +han&e &e in the the in)a in)ant nt's 's )a+i )a+ial al e0pr e0pres essi sion on prio priorr to the the sloslo- alo alost st *nder-ater oeent( Slo-, lip, *nder-ater oeents o++*rred in a n*ber o) *n+lassi)iable in)ants, *s*ally in a +onte0t s*&&estie o) resistan+e( One in)ant leaned to-ard the other, b*t in a slo-, heay anner s*&&estin& that he -as resistin& and p*shin& a-ay at the sae tie( !-o other in)ants seeed to -ish to aintain +onta+t -ith the parent, b*t neer to be
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
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+o)or +o)ortab table le they they di))er di))ered ed )ro )ro inse+* inse+*re3 re3ab abia ialen lentt in)ant in)antss in their their pleasa pleasant nt e0pressions and la+> o) open an&er and distress, b*t +y+led eanin&lessly bet-een lip, +on)*sed approa+h and &ettin& o*t o) +onta+t, only to attept a&ain to settle( Others approa+hed in an abbreiated, start3stop anner, seein&ly *nable to a>e sooth )or-ard oeents to-ards the parent( !-o in)ants -ho did approa+h the parent eered a-ay and ro+>ed *pon all )o*rs nearby her( =inally, distress, li>e resistan+e, -as o++asionally *ndire+ted in in)ants -ho -e had le)t *n+lassi)ied( A stri>in& e0aple -as an in)ant in a )irst re*nion episode -ho had oed to a distan+e a+ross the roo )ro his other( eainin& at this distan+e, this 7<3onth in)ant s*ddenly be&an a )*ll, +ontin*o*s +ry( "hile +ryin&, he neither loo>ed at the other, oriented to the other, or *ndertoo> an approa+h oeent( Direct Direct indices of confusion and a))rehension. a))rehension. #ire+t #ire+t indi+es o) )ear)*lness or apprehens apprehension ion *pon the approa+h o) the parent appeared in seeral seeral noral noral in)ants, in)ants, and in a lar&er n*ber o) altreated in)ants( One in)ant @er>ed ba+>-ards and alost lost her balan+e as the parent entered this in)ant had been sittin& ere+t, b*t no- )ell ba+>-ards p*shin& le&s and ars in )ront o) her( "hile the parent -as in the roo, soe in)ants oed behind the parent's +hair, seein&ly in order to hide )ro the parent( Soe oed behind the stran&er's +hair, +hair, or *nder other pie+es o) )*rnit*re( #ire+tly *pon si&htin& Dor een hearin& the approa+h o) the parent, a )e- o) the in)ants -ho had been le)t *n+lassi)ied e0hibited +on)*sion( In soe +ases, this -as sho-n in a i0ed &reetin&( One in)ant h*n+hed her *pper body and sho*lders at hearin& her other's +all, then bro>e into e0traa&ant la*&h3li>e s+ree+hes -ith an e0+ited )or-ard oeent( Her brayin& la*&hter be+ae a +ry and distress3)a+e -itho*t a ne- inta>e o) breath as the in)ant h*n+hed )or-ard( !hen s*ddenly she be+ae silent, blan> and da1ed( A )e- in)ants had an iediate e0pression o) )ear, )ear, or sadness i0ed -ith )ear, altho*&h s*+h e0pressions -ere o) brie) d*ration( !he ost ar>ed e0pression o) +on)*sion and apprehension -as a hand3to3 o*th &est*re Do*th, +hee>s, or ears -hi+h o++*rred iediately *pon re*nion in seeral o) the *n+lassi)ied in)ants( One older +hild had been +ryin& and +allin& d*rin& separation( His iediate response to re*nion -as dist*rbin&( He bo-ed his head, head, stepped ba+>-ard ba+>-ard a-ay )ro the parent, parent, and p*t hand to o*th in a &est*re reseblin& shae and apprehension( His e0pression -as oentarily )ear)*l( !-o o) the saller in)ants p*t both hands to o*th and +hee>s iediately *pon hearin& the other's +all( !he ipression in one +ase -as o) +on)*sion and in the other +on)*sion i0ed -ith )ear(
7<2
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
Undire+ted e0pressions o) )ear De(&(, o) the stran&er -hile in the presen+e o) the parent -ere also noted in disor&ani1ed in)ants( At the entran+e o) the stran&er, one in)ant )ell on her side -ith an e0pression o) stron& )ear, her ba+> to her other( At stran&er's entran+e, t-o other apparently )ri&htened in)ants oed a-ay )ro both other and stran&er to )a+e the -all( One leaned )orehead a&ainst the -all )or seeral se+onds, loo>in& ba+> in apparent terror( Beha,ioral stilling2 dazed beha,ior and indices of de)ressed affect. #a1ed behaior -as one o) the ost proinent +hara+teristi+s o) inse+*re3disor&ani1ed in)ants, appearin& in the &reat a@ority( #a1ed behaior -as identi)ied as an *n)o+*sed, dead stare, o*th and +hin lip, body stilled( An in)ant -ho seeed e0treely +o)ortable in +onta+t, +lin&in& to )ather in a +al, entral3entral post*re, be+ae )or a lon& oent e0+essiely still, starin& into spa+e as tho*&h +opletely o*t o) +onta+t -ith sel), enironent, and parent( Soe in)ants siply stood still )or a )e- oents, starin& strai&ht ahead( A da1ed )a+ial appearan+e -as )reJ*ently a++opanied by a stillin& o) all body oeent, and soeties a )ree1in& o) libs -hi+h had been in otion( Odd post*res De(&(, -ith ars )l*n& behind or in )ront o) )a+e -ere o++asionally adopted( Behaioral stillin& o++*rred in soe in)ants in a stron& )or -hi+h inoled the in)ant )allin& prone( Soe in)ants )ell )a+e3do-n )a+e3do-n on the )loor in a depressed post*re prior to separation( !his o++*rred een in soe in)ants -ho had been playin& -ell )or the )irst in*tes in*tes o) re*nion re*nion s*ddenly, s*ddenly, all body oeent oeent -as stilled as these in)ants lay prone( Seeral other in)ants responded to si&ht o) the ret*rnin& parent by risin& risin&,, be&inn be&innin& in& to step step )or-ar )or-ard, d, and then then )allin )allin& & )or-ar )or-ard d into into an e0tre e0treely ely depres depressed sed3ap 3appe peari arin& n& post*r post*ree -hi+h -hi+h -as aint aintain ained ed )or seera seerall se+ond se+onds( s( !he !he s*&&estion o) depression in these +ir+*stan+es -as ines+apable( $ummary and Discussion O*r +hapter be&an -ith a reie- o) a series o) re+ent st*dies inolin& in)ants -hose stran&e sit*ation behaior -as di))i+*lt to +lassi)y *sin& the present A, B, C +ate&ori1ation +ate&ori1ation syste( !he st*dies reie-ed led to three priary +on+l*sions/ 7( In)ants -ho +annot be +lassi)ied -ithin the present syste are )o*nd both in hi&h3ris> saples and in *pper iddle3+lass saples o) inta+t )ailies(
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
7<7
<( St*dies o) both hi&h3ris> saples and o) an *pper iddle3+lass saple o) inta+t )ailies )ailies s*&&est that these in)ants are inse+*re inse+*re -ith the parent -ith -ho they are seen in the stran&e sit*ation( 6( In)ants )or -ho the )or+ed DA, B, C +lassi)i+ation -o*ld be se+*re DB see as inse+*re as in)ants )or -ho the )or+ed +lassi)i+ation is A or C( .is3 identi)i+ation o) s*+h in)ants as se+*re is there)ore li>ely to diinish oerall +oheren+y een -ithin st*dies inolin& noral, iddle3+lass pop*lations( !his &ien, -e had seeed to be in need o) a sin&le, *ni)yin& set o) )oral pro+ed*res )or the des+ription and desi&nation to ne- +ate&ories o) in)ants -ho do not )it the present syste( No s*+h set o) pro+ed*res had e0isted prior to this -ritin&( .ain and "eston D7547 siply set aside all in)ants -ho +o*ld not be +lassi)ied -ithin the present syste( E&eland and Sro*)e D7547b identi)ied as # Ddisor Ddisor&an &ani1e i1ed d in)an in)ants ts -ho seeed seeed disor disor&an &ani1e i1ed d or apathe apatheti+ ti+,, hen+e hen+e inse+* inse+*re, re, -itho* -itho*tt sho-in sho-in& & ar>ed ar>ed aoida aoidan+e n+e or resist resistan+ an+e( e( Critte Crittende nden n D7549a D7549a,, 7549b 7549b reised the Ains-orth systes )or s+orin& aoidan+e and resistan+e be)ore arriin& at an intera+tie3s+ore3based syste )or identi)yin& in)ants sho-in& oderate to stron& aoidan+e, resistan+e, and pro0iity3see>in& as )allin& into one o) t-o A3 C +ate&ories( ad>e3%arro- and her +ollea&*es Dad>e3%arro- et al(, in press *sed an A3C +ate&ory -hi+h they )elt -as siilar to, b*t not identi+al -ith the A3C +ate&ory identi)ied by Crittenden and the *n+lassi)iable +ate&ory reported by .ain and "eston( Spie>er and Booth D7549 *sed stri+t +riteria )or identi)yin& A3C in)ants Dstron& aoidan+e and resistan+e, *sin& the present s+orin& syste, and o++*rrin& -ithin the sae re*nion episode, +riteria -hi+h le)t t-o in)ants -ithin their saple still *n+lassi)iable( .ost o) these inesti&ators hae noted the e0isten+e o) stereotypies or +lini+al indi+ators in these in)ants( Ho-eer, no shared list o) s*+h indi+ators has been deeloped( !he present +hapter +onstit*tes a )irst e))ort to-ards the deelopent o) a set o) pro+ed*re pro+ed*ress -hi+h +an )*lly +apt*re +apt*re di))i+* di))i+*lt3t lt3to3+la o3+lassi)y ssi)y in)ants in o*r o-n as -ell as other saples Dsee .ain F Soloon, in preparation, )or a ore +oplete set o) pro+ed*res, to be based *pon a still lar&er saple( In this paper, paper, -e hae s*&&ested that that the tradi traditio tional nal A, A, B, B, and C atta+h atta+hen entt +lassi +lassi)i+ )i+ati ations ons +an be seen seen as representatie o) +oherent, or&ani1ed strate&ies )or dealin& -ith the atta+hent )i&*re( "e hae &ien e0aples o) seeral *n+lassi)iable behaioral responses to the Stran&e Sit*ation -hi+h -ere identi)ied thro*&h their )ail*re to )it to the ori&inal +lassi)i+ation r*les as des+ribed by Ains-orth DAins-orth et al(, 75;4( .ost .ost ipor iportan tantly tly,, -e hae hae report reported ed o*r dis+o dis+oery ery that that reie reie- o) the Stran& Stran&ee Sit*ation ideotapes o) a )irst 99 *n+lassi)iable in)ants in)ants
7<<
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
shosho-ss that that they they shar sharee in +o +oon on dire dire+t +t indi indi+e +ess o) diso disorr&ani &ani1a 1ati tion on and? and?or or disorientation( "hile "hile the a+t*a a+t*all behai behaiors ors obser obsered ed a+ros a+rosss in)an in)ants ts preio preio*sl *sly y re&ard re&arded ed as *n+lassi)iable are dierse, -e hae &ro*ped the *nder )ie a@or headin&s indi+atie o) disor&ani1ation and disorientation( A +oparison +oparison o) the )reJ*en+y and intensity o) appearan+e o) these indi+es bet-een o*r 99 *n+lassi)iable in)ants in)ants and another :2 in)ants -ho had been +lassi)ied as A, B, or C sho-ed little or no oerla oerlap( p( !h*s, !h*s, diers diersee as the indi+e indi+ess o) disor disor&an &ani1a i1atio tion n and disori disorient entat ation ion are a+ross a+ross in)ant in)ants, s, they they do distin distin&*i &*ish sh a +oherent +oherent # +ate&o +ate&ory ry o) in)ant in)ant stran& stran&ee sit*ation response( ()*)()+C)' Ains-orth, .(#(S(, Bell, S(.(, F Stayton, #($( D75;7( Indiid*al di))eren+es in stran&e sit*ation behaior behaior o) one3year one3year3olds 3olds(( InH(( InH(( S+ha))er S+ha))er DEd(, The origins of human social relations. Ne%or>/ A+adei+ Press( Ains Ains-o -ort rth, h, .(#( .(#(S( S(,, Bleh Blehar ar,, .(C( .(C(,, "ater aters, s, E(, E(, F "all, all, S( D75; D75;4 4(( Patterns of attachment2 1 )sychological study of the strange strange situation. Hillsdale, N$/ Erlba*( Bels>y, Bels>y, $(, oine, .(, F !aylor, !aylor, #( Din press( !he deelopent o) re+ipro+al intera+tion in the other3 in)ant dyad( Child De,elo)ment" ;=. Bo-lby, $( D75:5( 1ttachment D75:5( 1ttachment and loss2 loss2 %ol. %ol. >. 1ttachment. 1ttachment. Ne Ne- %or>/ Basi+ Boo>s( Bo-lby, $( D7542( 1ttachment D7542( 1ttachment and loss2 loss2 %ol. %ol. ?. Loss" sadness sadness and de)re de)ression. ssion. Ne- %or>/ Basi+ Boo>s( Bretherton, I( D7549( Atta+hent theory/ etrospe+t and prospe+t( In I( Bretherton F E( "aters "aters DEds(, @roing )oints of attachment theory and research. .ono&raphs o) the So+iety )or esear+h in Child #eelopent, Serial <25, ol( 92/73<, pp( 6369( Bretherton, I(, A "aters, E( D7549( DEds(( @roing )oints of attachment theory and research. .ono&raphs o) the So+iety )or esear+h in Child #eelopent, Serial <25, ol( 92/73<( Cassidy, Cassidy, $(, F .ain, .( D7548, April( $tability of attachment across a fi,e year )eriod. Paper presented at the biennial eetin& o) the International Con)eren+e o) In)ant St*dies, Ne- %or>( %or>( Crittenden Crittenden,, P( D7549a( D7549a( .altreated .altreated in)ants/ in)ants/ *lnerabilit *lnerability y and resilien+e resilien+e(( #ournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry" 57" 4935:( Crit Critte tend nden en,, P(.( (.( D754 D7549b 9b( ( ela elati tion onsh ship ipss at ris>( ris>( In $( Bels Bels>y >y F !( Ne1Ne1-or ors> s>ii DEds DEds( (,, Clinical im)lications of attachment. Hillsdale, attachment. Hillsdale, N$/ Erlba*( E&eland, B(, F Sro*)e, L(A( D7547a( Atta+hent and early altreatent( Child De,elo)ment" ;5" 883 9<( E&eland, B(, F Sro*)e, L(A( D7547b( #eelopental seJ*elae o) altreatent in in)an+y( In ( i1ley F #( Ci++hetti DEds(, De,elo)mental DEds(, De,elo)mental )ers)ecti,es )ers)ecti,es in child maltreatment. maltreatment. San =ran+is+o/ $ossey Bass( Gaensba*er, !($(, F Haron, ($( D754<( Atta+hent behaior in ab*sed?ne&le+ted and preat*re in)ants/ in)ants/ Ipli+ations Ipli+ations )or the +on+ept +on+ept o) atta+hen atta+hent( t( In (N( Ede F ($( Haron Haron DEds(, The attachment and affiliati,e systems. Nesystems. Ne- %or>/ Plen*( Geor&e, C(, F .ain, .( D75;5( So+ial intera+tions o) yo*n& ab*sed +hildren/ Approa+h, aoidan+e and a&&ression( Child De,elo)ment" ;" 62:3674( ;" 62:3674( Grossann, (, F Grossann, (E( D7549( .aternal sensitiity and ne-borns' orientation
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
7<6
responses as related to J*ality o) atta+hent in Northern Gerany( In I( Bretherton F E( "aters DEds DEds( (,, @roin @roing g )oints )oints of attachmen attachmentt theory theory and resear research. ch. .ono&r .ono&rap aphs hs o) the So+iety So+iety )or esear+h in Child #eelopent, Serial <25, ol( 92/73<, pp( <663<9:( Hansb*r&, H(G( D7542( 1dolescent D7542( 1dolescent se)aration an/iety2 an/iety2 1 method for the study of adolescent se)aration se)aration )roblems. )roblems. Ne Ne- %or>/ rie&er( rie&e r( (a)lan" '. 9>=:. 4nternal re)re re)resentations sentations of se)aration se)aration e/)eriences in si/ year year olds2 &elated to actual e/)eriences of se)aration. Unp*blished asters thesis( Uniersity o) Cali)ornia, Ber>eley( Ber>eley( aplan, N(, F .ain, .( D7549, April( Internal representations o) atta+hent at si0 years as indi+ated by )aily dra-in&s and erbal responses to ia&ined separations( In .( .ain, 1ttachment2 1 mo,e mo,e to the le,el of re)resentation. Syposi* +ond*+ted at the eetin& o) the So+iety )or esear+h in Child #eelopent, !oronto( la&sbr*n, .(, F Bo-lby, $( D75;:( esponses to separation )ro parents/ A +lini+al test )or yo*n& +hildren( British #ournal of Proecti,e Psychology" 5>" ;3<;( rent1, .(S( D754<( ualitati,e differences differences beteen mother-child and caregi,er-child attachments of infants in family day care. care. Unp*blished do+toral dissertation, Cali)ornia S+hool o) Pro)essional Psy+holo&y, Ber>eley( Lab, .(E(, !hopson, (A(, Gardner, "(P(, Chao, E(L(, F Estes, #( D7548( Se+*rity o) in)antile atta+hent as assessed in the stran&e sit*ation( Beha,ioral and Brain $ciences" F" 7<;37;7( .ain, .( D7547( Aoidan+e in the seri+e o) atta+hent/ A -or>in& paper( In ( Ielann, G( Barlo-, L( Petrinoi+h, F .( .ain DEds(, Beha Beha,i ,ior oral al de,e de,elo lo)m )men ent2 t2 The The Biel Bielef efel eld d 4nterdisci)linary 4nterdisci)linary Proect. Proect. Ne Ne- %or>/ Cabrid&e Uniersity Press( .ain, .(, F Hesse, E( Din preparation( #isor&ani1ed?disoriented in)ant atta+hent stat*s/ Pre+*rsors and and +orr +orrel elat ates es(( In .( Gree Greenb nber er&, &, #( Ci++ Ci++he hetti tti,, F .( C* C*in in&s &s DEds DEds( (,, 1ttachment in the )reschool )reschool years D-or>in& years D-or>in& title( Chi+a&o/ Uniersity o) Chi+a&o Press( .ain, .(, aplan, N(, F Cassidy, Cassidy, $( D7549( Se+*rity in in)an+y, in)an+y, +hildhood and ad*lthood/ A oe oe to the leel o) representation( r epresentation( Ini( BrethertonFE( "aters "aters DEds(, @roing)oints of attachment theory and research. .ono&raphs research. .ono&raphs o) the So+iety )or esear+h in Child #eelopent, Serial <25, ol( ol( 92/73<, pp( ::3728( .ain, .(, F Soloon, $( Din preparation( Pro+ed*res )or identi)yin& inse+*re3disor&ani1ed? disoriented in)ants( In .( Greenber&, #( Ci++hetti, F .( C*in&s DEds(, 1ttachment in the )reschool )reschool years D-or>in& title( Chi+a&o/ Uniersity o) Chi+a&o Press( .ain, .(, !oasini, L(, F !olan, "( D75;5( #i))eren+es aon& others o) in)ants @*d&ed to di))er in se+*rity( De,elo)mental se+*rity( De,elo)mental Psychology Psychology"" >;" 8;<38;6( .ain, .(, F "eston, #( D7547( !he J*ality o) the toddler's relationship to other and )ather( Child De,elo)ment" ;5" 56<3582( ;5" 56<3582( .ain, .(, F "eston, #( D754<( Aoidan+e o) the atta+hent )i&*re in in)an+y/ #es+riptions and interpreta interpretations tions(( In C(.( Par>es F $( Steenson Steenson3Hind 3Hindee DEds(, DEds(, The )lace of attachment in human beha,ior Dol( beha,ior Dol( 4, pp( <263<7;( London/ !aisto+>( .aslin, .aslin, C(A(, F Bates, Bates, $(E( D754<, .ar+h( 1n/ious attachment as a )redictor )redictor of disharmony in the mother-toddler relationshi). Paper relationshi). Paper presented at the International Con)eren+e on In)ant St*dies, A*stin, !X( .atas, L Arend, (A(, F Sro*)e, L(A( D75;4( Contin*ity and adaptation in the se+ond year/ !he relationship bet-een J*ality o) atta+hent and later +opeten+e( Child De,elo)ment" =" 985399:( =" 985399:( ad>e3%arro-, .(, C*in&s, E(.(, *+1yns>i, L(, F Chapan, .( D7549( Patterns o) atta+hent in t-o3 t-o3 and and thre three3 e3ye year ar olds olds in nor noral al )ai )ailie liess and and )ai )aili lies es -ith -ith pare parent ntal al depr depres essi sion on(( Child De,elo)ment" ;7" 9573:79( ;7" 9573:79( Spie>er, S($(, F Booth, C( D7549, April( =aily ris> typolo&ies and patterns o) inse+*re atta+hent( In $(O( Oso)s>y DChair, 4nter,ention DChair, 4nter,ention ith infants infants at ris!2 Patterns Patterns of attach-
7<8
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
merit. Syposi* merit. Syposi* +ond*+ted at the eetin& o) the So+iety )or esear+h in Child #eelopent, !oronto( Sro*)e, L( A( Din press( In)ant3+are&ier atta+hent and patterns o) adaptation in pres+hool/ !he roots o) aladaptation and +opeten+e( +opeten+e( In .( Perl*tter DEd(, Minnesota $ym)osium $ym)osium in Child Psychology Dol( 7:( Hillsdale, N$/ Erlba*( Sro*)e, L(A(, F osenber&, osenber&, #( D754<, .ar+h( Coherence Coherence of indi,idual ada)tation in loer class infants and toddlers. Paper toddlers. Paper presented at the International Con)eren+e on In)ant St*dies, A*stin, !X( Sro*)e, L(A(, F "aters, E( D75;;( Atta+hent as an or&ani1ational +onstr*+t( Child De,elo)ment" =" 774837755( Stra&e, A(, F .ain, .( D7549, April( Parent3+hild dis+o*rse patterns at si0 years predi+ted )ro the or&ani1a or&ani1ation tion o) in)ant in)ant atta+hen atta+hentt relationsh relationships( ips( In .( .ain, .ain, 1ttachment2 1 mo,e to the le,el of re)resentation. Sypos Syposi* i* +ond*+t +ond*+ted ed at the eetin& eetin& o) the So+iety So+iety )or esear esear+h +h in Child Child #eelopent, !oronto( !riers, (L( D75;8( Parent3o))sprin& +on)li+t( 1merican Goologist" Goologist" >=" <853<:8( >=" <853<:8(
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
726
ond, D6 all ; o) the in)ants +lassi)ied +lassi)ied as inse+*re3a inse+*re3aoida oidant nt -ith other in the )irst stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion -ere -ere +lassi +lassi)ie )ied d as se+*re se+*re -ith -ith other other in the the se+ond se+ond stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion(( !his !his st*dy st*dy sho-ed sho-ed,, in s*, that that forced classification )rocedures can )lace insecure insecure infants in secure secure classifications. 4nformal 'otice of Difficult-to-Classify Difficult-to-Classify 4nfants in 6hite" 6hite" Middle-Class $am)les In +on@ +on@*n *n+t +tio ion n -ith -ith data data +oll +olle+ e+ti tion on pro+ pro+ed ed*r *res es )or )or her her do+t do+tor oral al thes thesis is(( .ain .ain D*np*blished data isited her Baltiore saple others in the hoe sit*ation @*st prior to the Stran&e Sit*ation assessent( !he stran&e sit*ation behaior o) 9?85 D72(n *n>noo-n n and and be+a be+a*s *see )or+ )or+ed ed +lassi)i+ation pro+ed*res had al-ays been *sed to date, )or data analysis they -ere assi&ned to one o) the t-o inse+*re +lassi)i+ations( In o*r present ie-, ea+h o) the in)ants -o*ld no- hae been tered inse+*re3disor&ani1ed?disoriented( inse+*re3disor&ani1ed?disoriented( Siilarly, Siilarly, Sro*)e and "aters "aters D75;; noted that o) ;2 in)ants +lassi)ied a++ordin& to Ains-orth's stran&e sit*ation pro+ed*re -ithin their .innesota saple, 72K +o*ld not readily be )itted to one o) Ains-orth's three +ate&ories( No syste -as deeloped, ho-eer, ho-eer, -ith respe+t to these is3)ittin& in)ants( Direct Direct 4dentification 4dentification of Difficult-to-Classify Difficult-to-Classify lnfants 6ithin a 6hite Middle-Class Middle-Class $am)le !he )irst dire+t report o) in)ants -ho )ailed to )it reliably into the Ains-orth +lassi)i+ation syste -as ade by .ain and "eston D7547( !heir st*dy o) in)ant stran&e sit*ation behaior -ith other and )ather, and behaior in a separate settin& inolin& str*+t*red intera+tions -ith a stran&er, -as *nderta>en in part to identi)y +hara+teristi+s o) in)ants @*d&ed *n+lassi)iable -ithin the Ains-orth syste 79< stran&e sit*ations Din)ant and other, other, or in)ant and )ather -ere reie-ed 75 o) the stran&e
728
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
sit* sit*at atio ions ns D7<( D7<(9K 9K -ere -ere @*d& @*d&ed ed *n+l *n+las assi si)i )iab able le *sin *sin& & the the Ains Ains-o -ort rth h +rit +riter eria ia(( Alte Altern rnat ati ie, e, )or )or+e +ed d A, B, or C +las +lassi si)i )i+a +ati tion onss -ere -ere ade ade )or )or ea+h ea+h stra stran& n&ee sit*ation( $*sti)i+ations )or pla+eent in the *n+lassi)iable +ate&ory in+l*ded behaes to pare parent nt in re*n re*nio ion n as a se+* se+*re re in)a in)ant nt b*t b*t beha behae ess iden identi ti+a +all lly y to the the stra stran& n&er er e0tree aoidan+e is +obined -ith e0tree distress thro*&ho*t the sit*ation physi+al behaior is that o) a se+*re in)antapproa+h, +lin&in&b*t in)ant is a))e+tless -ith si&ns o) depression( $*d&es ie-in& the stran&e sit*ation behaior o) these in)ants )elt stron&ly that they they -ere -ere inse inse+* +*re re in thei theirr rela relati tion onsh ship ipss to the the pare parent nt -ith -ith -ho -ho they they -ere -ere *n+las *n+lassi) si)iab iable le(( In addit addition ion,, : in)an in)ants ts -ho had been been @*d&ed @*d&ed *n+las *n+lassi) si)iab iable le -ith -ith other in the stran&e sit*ation -ere obsered -ith other o*tside o) the stran&e sit*ation, in a separate, str*+t*red play session( !he stron& +on)li+t behaior o) these these in)ant in)antss in this this sit*a sit*atio tion n s*&&es s*&&ested ted the possib possibili ility ty that that they they -ere -ere een een less se+*re -ith other than in)ants in the t-o traditional inse+*re +ate&ories D.ain F "eston, 7547( Nonetheless, a stron& a@ority o) these in)ants D76?75 -o*ld hae been identi)ied as se+*re -ith the parent had standardi1ed, )or+ed +lassi)i+ation pro+ed*res been *tili1ed( "e hae no- +opleted assessents o) stran&e sit*ation behaior )or <;2 in)ant in)ant3o 3othe therr or in)ant in)ant3)a 3)athe therr dyads dyads -ithin -ithin the Ber>el Ber>eley ey So+ial So+ial #eel #eelop opent ent Pro@e+t Saple( In < +ases, in)ant aoidan+e had been so +as*al that -e -ere *n+ertain -hether the in)ant -as atta+hed to the parent Din ea+h +ase, the )ather these +ases are not +onsidered )*rther( )*rther( Aon& the reainin& <:4 +ases, 68 D7<(;K -ere deterined to be Dbelo- inse+*re disor&ani1ed?disoriented( Aon& these 68 +ase +ases, s, the the a@o a@ori rity ty D<7, D<7, or :edly dist*rbin& intera+tion -ith the other in the hoe enironent( E&eland and Sro*)e, ho-eer D7547a, reported a )ar ore stri>in& dissonan+e be3
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
729
t-ee t-een n hist histor orie iess o) in)a in)ant nt3 3ot othe herr inte intera ra+t +tio ion n and and in)a in)ant nt stra stran& n&ee sit* sit*at atio ion n +lassi)i+ation( .others in their .innesota poerty saple in+l*ded a n*ber -ho had been identi)ied as ne&le+tin&, ab*sin&, or both ne&le+tin& and ab*sin& o) the in)ant( In)ants -ere seen -ith other in the Stran&e Sit*ation at 7< onths and a&ain at 74 onths o) a&e( At 7< onths o) a&e, 4 o) the <8 ne&le+ted in)ants D66K -ere @*d&ed se+*re -ith other in the stran&e sit*ation, -hile at 74 onths 8;K -ere @*d&ed se+*re( At 7< onths, < o) the 8 ab*sed in)ants -ere @*d&ed se+*re -ith other in the stran&e sit*ation at 74 onths, all 8 o) these ab*sed in)ants -ere @*d&ed se+*re( Gien the reports that the se+*re pattern o) response to the stran&e sit*ation is dependent *pon a history o) sensitie, responsie intera+tions -ith the parent, )indin&s s*+h as these raise serio*s J*estions re&ardin& the +*rrent +lassi)i+atory syste( I) +onsistently ab*sed and ne&le+ted in)ants do respond e0a+tly as se+*re in)ants to the Ains-orth stran&e sit*ation, then the pro+ed*re is seerely liited in its ability to represent an in)ant's intera+tional history( On the other hand, it ay be that the behaior o) ab*sed and ne&le+ted in)ants erely ii+s that o) se+*re in)ants, and that +loser e0aination o) ideotaped stran&e sit*ation behaior -o*ld reeal iportant di))eren+es( di))eren+es( "ith ith this this reas reason onin in& & in ind ind,, E&el E&elan and d and and Sro* Sro*)e )e *nde *ndert rtoo oo> > a se+o se+ond nd e0aination o) stran&e sit*ation behaior in a separate p*bli+ation re&ardin& the sae sae sap saple le DE DE&e &ela land nd F Sro* Sro*)e )e,, 7547 7547b b(( A # # patt patter ern n o) inse inse+* +*ri rity ty -as -as in)orally re+o&ni1ed, +oposed o) in)ants +onsidered an0io*sly atta+hed b*t neither aoidant nor resistant D)or e0aple, apatheti+ or disor&ani1ed( .any o) the ab*sed and ne&le+ted in)ants -ere )o*nd to )it( Gaensba*er and Haron D754< st*died ab*sed and ne&le+ted in)ants *sin& a sepa separa rati tion on3a 3and nd3r 3re* e*ni nion on pro+ pro+ed ed*r *ree ino inol lin in& & a sin& sin&le le sepa separa rati tion on(( !hey !hey -ere -ere,, ho-eer, -ell a+J*ainted -ith the Ains-orth +lassi)i+ation syste and -ith the types o) re*nion responses &enerally ta>en as indi+atie o) se+*rity or inse+*rity( inse+*rity( In &eneral, their obserations -ere s*pportie o) the e0pe+tation that ab*sed and ne&le+ted in)ants -o*ld sho- inse+*re atta+hent( Gaensb ensba* a*er er and and Har Haron on D754 D754< < did not not attept ept to alt alter the the pres preseent +lassi)i+ation syste, b*t e0ained the behaior o) soe o) the ab*sed in)ants in &rea &reate terr deta detail il(( !his !his e0a e0ain inat atio ion n led led to eph ephas asis is *pon *pon the the +ont +ontra rast st betbet-ee een n beha behai ior or seen seen immediately *pon *pon re*nio re*nion n De(&(, De(&(, stron& stron& pro0i pro0iit ity3s y3see> ee>in& in&, , and behaior -hi+h )ollo-s De(&(, depression and -ithdra-al( !hey des+ribe one 7<3 onth3old onth3old in)ant as sho-in& sho-in& separatio separation n and re*nion behaior Dto a )oster )oster other other +onsistent -ith se+*re atta+hent( !his +hild e0hibited +lear eiden+e eiden+e o) depression and -ithdra-al interittently )ollo-in& the re*nion( In other portions o) the
72:
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
session, other altreated, se+*re in)ants also deonstrated a))e+tie behaior indi+atie o) possible deelopental dist*rban+e( Crittenden D7549a, 7549b also e0ained the responses o) yo*n& ab*sed3and3 ne&le+ted +hildren to the Ains-orth Stran&e Sit*ation( Si0 ab*sed3and3ne&le+ted in)ants in a )irst altreatent saple -ere initially assi&ned to a se+*re Stran&e Sit* Sit*at atio ion n +ate +ate&o &ory ry(( Li>e Li>e E&el E&elan and d and and Sro* Sro*)e )e D754 D7547b 7b, , she she *nde *ndert rtoo oo> > a re3 re3 e0aination o) her ideotapes, *ltiately deelopin& a ne- A3C stran&e sit*ation +ate&ory( E0aination o) the behaior o) altreated +hildren -ho had been pla+ed in the se+*re +ate&ory in this )irst altreatent saple sho-ed seeral distin+t behaioral +hara+teristi+s( +hara+teristi+s( !hese +hildren o)ten so*&ht pro0iity obliJ*ely, obliJ*ely, or -itho*t positie a))e+t( !heir resistan+e o)ten too> the )or o) -hiny pet*lan+e or non3+onte0t*al a&&res a&&ressio sion n De(&(, De(&(, a&&res a&&ressio sion n dire+ dire+ted ted at aspe+t aspe+tss o) the inani inaniate ate eniro enirone nent nt(( .any o) the ab*sed3and3ne&le+ted +hildren displayed +lini+al indi+ators o) stress, s*+h as )a+e +oerin&, head +o+>in&, h*ddlin& on the )loor and ro+>in&, and -ett -ettin in&( &( =or =or the the p*rp p*rpos oses es o) her her st*d st*dy y, Crit Critte tend nden en odi odi)i )ied ed the the Ains Ains-o -ort rth h intera+tie s+orin& syste to in+l*de Ds+ore indire+t approa+hes as both pro0iity see>in see>in& & and oder oderate ate aoid aoidan+ an+e, e, and to s+ore s+ore +ran>i +ran>ines nesss and non3+o non3+onte nte0t* 0t*al al a&&ression as indi+es o) resistan+e( A ne- +lassi)i+ation, aoidant3abialent DA3 C -as identi)ied as +onsistin& o) e0treely an0io*s in)ants -hose s+ores on Ains-orth's s+ales +obined D7 oderate to hi&h pro0iity see>in&, D< oderate to hi&h aoidan+e, and D6 oderate to hi&h resistan+e( In addition, these in)ants o)te o)ten n disp displa laye yed d *n*s *n*s*a *al, l, stre stress ss3r 3rel elat ated ed ala alada dapt pti iee beha behai ior ors( s( A se+o se+ond nd altreatent saple -as +olle+ted, and the ne-, A3C +ate&ory *tili1ed( .any o) the A3C +hildren had s*))ered both ab*se and ne&le+t( In a still ore re+ent st*dy o) a saple at hi&h ris> )or altreatent, Spie>er and Booth D7549 identi)ied 74K o) in)ants as *n+lassi)iable -ithin the present Ains-orth syste( =o*rteen per+ent sho-ed both aoidan+e and resistan+e DA3C +hara+teristi+s +hara+teristi+s -ithin the sae episode( !hese in)ants -ere e0treely distressed at separation and -o*ld be -aitin& at the door )or other's ret*rn( Ho-eer, -hen other entered the playroo, these in)ants -o*ld t*rn and -al> a-ay )ro her and aer aertt thei theirr atte attent ntio ion, n, -hil -hilee rea reain inin in& & e0tr e0tre eel ely y dist distre ress ssed ed(( I), I), ho-e ho-ee err, the the others ade +onta+t, the in)ants -o*ld be resistant( Spie>er and Booth des+ribe these in)ants as bein& soeties depressed, )ear)*l or helpless( Another 8K o) in)ants in)ants e0hibite e0hibited d behaior behaior -hi+h disJ*ali) disJ*ali)ied ied the )ro in+l*sion in+l*sion in the A, B, C, or A3C or A3C +ate&ories( !hese in)ants -ere tered *n+lassi)iable( .others o) A3C in)ants in the Spie>er and Booth saple reported ore depres depressio sion, n, ore ore +hron +hroni+ i+ li)e li)e di))i+ di))i+*lt *lties ies,, and ore ore physi+ physi+al ally ly *n+o) *n+o)ort ortabl ablee syptos in pre&nan+y than other others( !hese others
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
72;
s*&&est that the A3C pattern pattern is distin+t )ro other inse+*re patterns, and ay re)le+t &reater inse+*rity and a ore inadeJ*ate rearin& enironent( In a re+ent st*dy o) atta+hent patterns in )ailies -ith depression, A3C +hildr +hildren en -ere -ere identi identi)i )ied ed lar&el lar&ely y thro*& thro*&h h their their e0hibi e0hibitio tion n o) odera oderate te to hi&h hi&h aoidan+e and oderate to hi&h resistan+e d*rin& re*nion Dad>e3%arro- et al(, 7549( In addition, ost also displayed one or ore o) the )ollo-in&/ A))e+tless or sad -ith si&ns o) depression( Odd or atypi+al body post*re or oeent, and .oderate to hi&h pro0iity see>in&( !he inesti&ators )elt their A3C +ate&ory -as siilar, altho*&h not identi+al, to Crittenden's A3C +lassi)i+ation and .ain and "eston' eston'ss *n+la *n+lassi ssi)ie )ied d +ate& +ate&ory ory(( Inse+* Inse+*re re atta+h atta+hen ents ts -ere -ere +oon +oon aon& aon& +hildren o) others -ith a a@or depressie disorder( !he A3C atta+hents -ere asso+iated -ith histories o) the ost seere depression in the other( other( 4nde)endence of Disorganized-Disoriented Disorganized-Disoriented 1ttachment 1ttachment $tatus 1cross 1cross Parents Parents or Caregi,ers Caregi,ers !he aboe aboe reiereie- o) st*die st*diess o) di))i+ di))i+*lt *lt3to 3to3+l 3+lass assi)y i)y in)ant in)antss +ond*+ +ond*+ted ted to date date s*&&ests that, -ithin any &ien saple, these in)ants ay be the least se+*re, and?or and?or ay hae e0perien+ed the ost e0tree o) )aily +onditions, in+l*din& Dad>e3 %arro- et al( bi3polar depression in the other( Gien o*r o-n des+ription o) the disor&ani1ation and disorientation o) behaior seen in these in)ants -ithin the stran&e sit*ation, it is reasonable to address the J*estion o) -hether these in)ants are s*))erin& )ro a biolo&i+ally or een +onstit*tionally based disor&ani1ation, and?or and?or -heth -hether erat at least least at the tie tie o) the stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion3th 3these ese in)ant in)antss are e0perien+in& lo- stress toleran+e( elatie *lnerability s( in*lnerability to stress *ndo*btedly seres as one )a+tor in)l*en+in& soe o) the indiid*al di))eren+es in in)ant stran&e sit*ation beha behai ior or(( "het "hethe herr it is the the pri priar ary y )a+t )a+tor or a))e a))e+t +tin in& & inse inse+* +*re re3d 3dis isor or&a &ani ni1e 1ed d atta+hent stat*s sees do*bt)*l( In the Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Pro@e+t Saple, ea+h in)ant -as seen in the stran&e sit*ation -ith one parent at 7< onths and -ith the other at 74 onths( Independent @*d&es -ho had not seen the in)ant in any other settin& +lassi)ied the in)ants at ea+h a&e period Dinter3@*d&e a&reeent a+ross )ie @*d&es -as 44K to 722K( O) 68 stran&e sit*ations @*d&ed # -ithin o*r Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Saple, only 6 inoled the sae in)ant( 1lmost all of the infants ere disorganized only in the )resence of one )arent. =*rther eiden+e )or independen+e o) # atta+hent stat*s a+ross +are&iers +oes )ro a re+ent do+toral thesis +opleted by rent1
724
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
D754<( rent1 sa- 79 in)ants -ho -ere pla+ed in day+are -ithin priate hoes in Da stran&e sit*ations inolin& other and in)ant, and in Db stran&e sit*ations inolin& the in)ant and the day+are +are&ier( All 79 stran&e sit*ations +ond*+ted -ith the other -ere +lassi)iable DA, B, or C( =ie o*t o) the 79 stran&e sit*ations +ond*+ted -ith the day+are +are&ier -ere @*d&ed *n+lassi)iable, )ollo-in& the +riteria +riteria initially initially identi)ied identi)ied by .ain and "esto "eston n D7547( D7547( One o) the +hildren +hildren in the ren rent1 t1 sap saple le shosho-ed ed hi&h hi&hly ly dist dist*r *rbi bin& n& beha behai ior or in the the stra stran& n&ee sit* sit*at atio ion n +ond*+ted -ith the day+are +are&ier( #*rin& the )irst re*nion, he lay on the )loor a&ai a&ains nstt the the -all -all and and t*rn t*rned ed his his head head a-ay a-ay(( #*ri #*rin& n& the the se+o se+ond nd re*n re*nio ion, n, he iediately lay prone on the )loor -ith his ars t*+>ed *nder hi( !his +hild -as @*d&ed ery se+*re DAins-orth s*b3&ro*p B6 -hen seen in the stran&e sit*ation -ith other( Indeed, 6 o*t o) the 9 in)ants -ho -ere @*d&ed *n+lassi)iable -ith the day+are +are&ier -ere ery se+*re DB6 -ith other( DSiilar radi+al di))eren+es in behai behaior or a+ross a+ross +are&i +are&ier ers, s, e(&(, e(&(, e0tre e0trees es o) disor disor&an &ani1a i1atio tion n -ith -ith other other +o*pled -ith the ery se+*re or&ani1ation -ith )ather, hae also been obsered -ithin o*r Ber>eley saple( !here are, then, no indi+ations to date that an in)ant -ho is disor&ani1ed -ith one one pare parent nt or +are +are&i &ie err -ill -ill be diso disorr&ani &ani1e 1ed d -ith -ith the the se+o se+ond nd(( Ho-e Ho-ee err, *lnerability to stress at a parti+*lar brie) point in tie still sees le)t open as a iable iable e0planati e0planation on o) # atta+hent atta+hent stat*s, that is, the # in)ants i&ht hae been disor&ani1ed at 7< onths b*t not at 74, or i+e ersa( In this +ase, ho-eer, there sho*ld be no preseration o) inse+*re3disor&ani1ed stat*s -ith respe+t to one parti+*lar parent oer a lon&er period( In )a+t, re*nions obsered -ith both parents at : years o) a&e sho- that +hildren -ho had been disor&ani1ed -ith one Db*t not the other parent as in)ants +an readily be distin&*ished )ro +lassi)iable +lassi)iable in)ants at :, b*t only *pon re*nion -ith the sae parent DCassidy F .ain, 7548( !his s*&&ests thatli>e the traditional stran&e sit*ation +ate&ories DAins-orth et al(, 75;4inse+*re3 disor&ani1ed?disoriented atta+hent stat*s ay hae its so*r+e in the history o) the in)a in)ant nt's 's inte intera ra+t +tio ion n -ith -ith the the pare parent nt,, a topi topi++ -hi+ -hi+h h -e e0a e0ain inee )*rt )*rthe herr in a s*++eedin& paper D.ain F Hesse, in preparation( 4nsecurity in 7-Year-3lds 7-Year-3lds #udged 8nclassifiable 8nclassifiable 9Disorganized: 9Disorganized: ith Mother Mother ; Years Pre,iously Aboe, -e reie-ed seeral st*dies o) hi&h3ris> pop*lations -hi+h s*&&ested that di)) di))i+ i+*l *lt3 t3to to3+ 3+la lass ssi) i)y y in)a in)ant ntss i&h i&htt be een een ore ore inse inse+* +*re re than than in)a in)ant ntss in the the traditional A or C inse+*re atta+hent +ate&ories( None
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
725
o) these these st*dies st*dies in+l*ded in+l*ded dire+t dire+t assessen assessents ts o) the inse+*re?d inse+*re?di)) i))i+*l i+*lt3to3 t3to3+las +lassi)y si)y in)ant in)antss these thesele les, s, ho-ee ho-eerr( In)ere In)eren+e n+ess re&ard re&ardin& in& their their inse+* inse+*re re stat*s stat*s -ere -ere deried )ro in)oration re&ardin& the ab*se?ne&le+t history DCrittenden, 7549a, 7549b o) the )aily, other's sel)3report re&ardin& li)e3stress, depression, and syptoatolo&y DSpie>er F Booth, 7549, or other's >no-n history o) seere, bipolar depression Dad>e3%arro- et al(, 7549( e+ently, -e in+l*ded a n*ber o) +hildren -ho had been # as in)ants -ithin a )ollo-3*p st*dy inolin& the Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Pro@e+t saple, a saple o) +hildren )ro *pper iddle3+lass, inta+t )ailies -ho had )irst been seen -ith other in the stran&e sit*ation at 7 year o) a&e D.ain F "eston, 7547 .ain et al(, 7549( At :, these +hildren -ere ideotaped in a playroo as they responded to a ariety o) sit*ations inolin& Da an in)oral period o) play in -hi+h they -ere as>ed to a>e a )aily dra-in& by an ad*lt e0ainer, Db an assessent o) their their inter internal nal -or>in -or>in& & odel odel o) +hild3 +hild3par parent ent atta+ atta+he hent nt as derie deried d )ro )ro an inter interieie- +on+er +on+ernin nin& & +hild +hild3pa 3paren rentt separa separatio tions ns DHansb DHansb*r *r&, &, 7542 7542 la&sb la&sbr*n r*n F Bo-lby, 75;: aplan, 7548 aplan F .ain, 7549, D+ their lar&ely non3erbal response to presentation o) a photo&raph o) theseles -ith )aily at the end o) this interie-, and Dd re*nions -ith ea+h parent )ollo-in& appro0iately a 73ho*r separation( One o) the prin+ipal ais o) this )ollo-3*p st*dy -as the e0aination o) the :th3ye :th3year ar stat*s stat*s o) +hildr +hildren en -ho had been been )o*nd )o*nd *n+la *n+lassi ssi)ia )iable ble DnoDno-, inse+*re disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith other in in)an+y( ConseJ*ently, alost eJ*al eJ*al n*ber n*berss o) +hild +hildren ren -ho had been @*d&ed @*d&ed se+*re se+*re 9' M 78, and inse+*re3 aoidant or inse+*re3abialent DN M 76, and inse+*re3disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith other DN M 7< at 7< onths ret*rned )or parti+ipation( Nine3p Nine3poin ointt s+ales s+ales -ere -ere deise deised d to repres represent ent the +hild' +hild'ss oeral oeralll )*n+t )*n+tion ionin& in&,, oerall se+*rity on re*nion -ith other, eotional openness d*rin& an interie+on+ernin& -hat a +hild -o*ld )eel and -hat a +hild -o*ld do d*rin& a +hild3 parent separation Daplan, 7548, )l*en+y o) parent3+hild dis+o*rse as estiated )ro the trans+ripts o) a 63in*te re*nion episode DStra&e F .ain, 7549, and se+*rity as estiated )ro the +hild's response to the )aily photo&raph( Ea+h assessent inoled @*d&es -ho had seen the +hild in only a sin&le settin& De(&(, those obserin& the response to the )aily photo&raph had not seen the +hild or parent in in)an+y nor in any other o) the :th3year assessents( Children +onsidered to be )*n+tionin& e0treely -ell, or to be e0treely se+*re, -ere assi&ned a 5, +hil +hildr dren en -ho -ho -ere -ere inte inter red edia iate te -ere -ere assi assi&n &ned ed a 9, and and +hil +hildr dren en -ho -ho -ere -ere +onsidered ery -orrisoe -ere assi&ned the lo-est ratin&( DSaple +hara+teristi+s, pro+ed*res, and assessent dei+es *sed in this st*dy hae been des+ribed in .ain et al(, 7549(
772
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
"e +op +opar ared ed the the )*n+ )*n+ti tion onin in& & o) +hil +hildr dren en @*d& @*d&ed ed # -ith -ith oth other er 9 year yearss pre preio io*s *sly ly to the the )*n+ )*n+ti tion onin in& & o) +hil +hildr dren en -ho -ho had had been been @*d& @*d&ed ed B in stra stran& n&ee sit*ation assessents -ith other 9 years preio*sly( All )ie +oparisons -ere si&ni)i+ant( !he eans )or +hildren -ho had been @*d&ed se+*re -ith other in in)an+y -ere aboe s+ale id3point Di(e(, -ere indi+atie o) se+*rity on all )ie s+ales( !he eans )or +hildren -ho had been disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith other in in)an+y on these )ie assessents indi+ate stri>in& inse+*rity at : years o) a&e, ran&in& )ro <(7 to 6(4 on the 53point s+ale( =or si0 o) the # +hildren, the alternatie, )or+ed Ains-orth +lassi)i+ation -as A or C( =or si0, it -as B( Iportantly, there -ere no si&ni)i+ant di))eren+es in )*n+tionin& at : years bet-een disor&ani1ed +hildren -hose )or+ed +lassi)i+ation -as -as B and and +hil +hildr dren en -hos -hosee )or )or+e +ed d +las +lassi si)i )i+a +ati tion on -as -as A or C( *ad these si/ childr children been identified identified as secure secure in infancy infancy"" the coherency coherency of our studies ould ha,e been considerably reduced. reduced. $)ecific Patterns of 4nsecurity 4dentified in 7-Year-3lds 6ho *ad Been #udged Disorganizeden a +lassi)i+atory approa+h to these sae sae assess assessen ents, ts, addres addressin sin& & the iss*e iss*e o) +ate& +ate&ori ori+al +al di))er di))eren en+es +es in respon response se patterns aon& +hildren +lassi)ied as A, B, C, or # in in)an+y, rather than relatie standin& on sin&le diensions( In these ne-, +ate&ori+al assessents, +hildren -ho had been @*d&ed disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith the parent in in)an+y hae sho-n rear>ably +onsistent and distin+t response patterns( On re*nion -ith the parent -ith -ho they had been seen in in)an+y, # +hildren di))ered stron&ly )ro A, B, or C +hildren( !heir oerall pattern o) re*nion behaior -as role3reersin&, and seeed to represent a relatiely -ell3 or&an or&ani1e i1ed d e))or e))ortt to +ontro +ontroll the the parent parent3la 3lar& r&ely ely thro*& thro*&h h p*niti p*nitie e behai behaior or,, b*t soeties thro*&h +are&iin&( !his type o) behaior -as seen -ith the parent -ith -ho -ho the the +hil +hild d had had been been diso disor& r&an ani1 i1ed ed in in)a in)an+ n+y y, and and -as -as +on) +on)in ined ed to that that parti+*lar parent( O++asionally, O++asionally, a +hild @*d&ed # in in)an+y -as not +ontrollin& o) the parent at :, b*t still sho-ed re*nion behaiors distin&*ished )ro the :th3year patterns sho-n by +hildren -ho had been @*d&ed A, B, or C as in)ants( One +hild -ho had been inse+*re3disor&ani1ed -ith other in in)an+y sho-ed neither the the p*ni p*niti tie e nor nor the the +are +are&i &ii in& n& re*n re*nio ion n patt patter ern, n, b*t b*t rath rather er see seeed ed ner nero* o*ss iediately *pon other's ret*rn DCassidy F .ain, 7548(
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
777
Seeral other assessents still )*rther distin&*ished :3year3olds -ho had been # in in)an+y )ro :3year3olds -ho had been assi&ned an A, B, or C +lassi)i+ation( =irst, dis+o*rse analyses based *pon trans+ripts o) the :th3year re*nions sho-ed stro stron& n& dys) dys)l* l*en en+i +ies es in dis+ dis+o* o*rs rse, e, -ith -ith the the +hil +hild d o)te o)ten n ta>i ta>in& n& the the lead lead in the the +onersation, the parent st*blin& in spee+h or o++asionally seein& disoriented DStra&e F .ain, 7549( Another set o) analyses +opared the +hild's representations or rea+tions to representations o) relationships or o) the )aily, as assessed in the parent's absen+e, to early stran&e sit*ation behaior to-ard the other( In +ontrast to +hildren +lassi)ied as A, B, or C -ith other in in)an+y, :3 year3olds -ho had been @*d&ed disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith other in in)an+y respon responded ded to presen presentat tation ion o) a )aily )aily photo& photo&rap raph h -ith -ith disor disor&an &ani1 i1ed ed behai behaior or,, and? and?or or -ith -ith depr depres esse sed d a))e a))e+t +t D.ai D.ain n et al(, al(, 7549 7549( ( In dis+ dis+*ss *ssio ions ns o) a +hil +hild' d'ss response to separations, these +hildren -ere soeties silent, and soeties soeties &ae bi1arre or irrational responses Daplan F .ain, 7549( =inally, )aily dra-in&s ade by these +hildren -ere o)ten disor&ani1ed D)eat*rin& eleents -hi+h -ere s+rat+hed o*t, or re3started dra-in&s, oerly bri&ht De(&(, a s*n dra-n @*st oer the other's head, or an entire )aily dra-n standin& *pon a ro- o) hearts, and?or oino*s( !hese )eat*res -ere +obined in seeral dra-in&s, and are reinis+ent both o) the early disor&ani1ation sho-n by these +hildren, and o) the +ontrollin&3 p*nitie or +ontrollin&3+are&iin& or&ani1ation sho-n on re*nion at : years o) a&e Daplan F .ain, 7549( Procedures Procedures for for 4dentifying 4nsecure-Di 4nsecure-Disorganized sorganized 4nfants !he aboe reie- indi+ates the identi)i+ation, by any -or>ers, o) a set or sets o) in)ants -hose stran&e sit*ation behaior +annot be +lassi)ied *tili1in& the present A, B, C syste( .any o) these are relatiely early reports( Sin+e in addition the n*bers o) +hildren re&arded as *n+lassi)iable in any &ien saple hae been sal salll, it is not not s*r s*rpris prisin in& & that hat +rit riteria eria )or )or eith eitheer sett settiin& aside side in)a in)an nts as *n+lassi)iable D.ain F "eston, "eston, 7547 Gaensba*er F Haron, 754<, or identi)yin& in)ants as )ittin& a # DE&eland F Sro*)e, 7547b or an A3C DCrittenden, 7549a, 7549b ad>e3%arroad>e3%arro- et al(, 7549 Spie>er F Booth, 7549 pattern di))er at present )ro laboratory to laboratory( At this point in tie, ho-eer, it -ill be *se)*l to deelop a set o) soe-hat )oral pro+ed*res )or identi)yin& in)ants -ho do not )it to an A, B, or C atta+hent +ate&ory( Belo-, -e present an initial set o) s*+h pro+ed*res( O*r order o) presentation )ollo-s the deelopent o) o*r o-n reasonin& and dis+oeries( !hese in)ants -ere identi)ied )irst in ters o) )ail*re to )it to +ate&ory, +ate&ory, and
77<
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
only later in ters o) spe+i)i+ indi+es o) disor&ani1ation and disorientation in behaior( 4nfants 6ho Cannot Be Classified 6ithin the 1" B" C $ystem2 4dentification in Terms of 4ncoherence and Disorganization Disorganization in 1ttachment $trategy In earlier papers -e hae dis+*ssed the se+*re, aoidant, and abialent3resistant atta+hent +ate&ories +ate&ories in ters o) +oherent atta+hent strate&ies strate&ies D.ain, 7547 .ain F "esto eston, n, 754< 754< and? and?or or in ter terss o) +ohe +ohere rent nt int inter erna nall -or> -or>in in& & ode odels ls o) atta+hent D.ain et al(, 7549( !he atta+hent strate&y re)ers to the eans the in)ant *ses in or&ani1in& behaior releant to atta+hent( D7 !he secure in)ant secure in)ant has a +learly +oherent strate&y )o+*sed *pon the *se o) the atta+hent )i&*re as a se+*re base( !his res*lts in a steady alertin& to the need to in+rease pro0iity in stran&e enironents enironents or in the )a+e o) separation, and a ready ret* ret*rn rn to e0pl e0plor orat atio ion n on+e on+e ass* ass*re red d that that the the atta atta+h +he ent nt )i&* )i&*re re is on+e on+e a&ai a&ain n aai aaila labl ble( e( =or =or thes thesee in)a in)ant nts, s, ther theree is a rela relati tie ely ly soo sooth th alte altern rnat atio ion n betbet-ee een n atta+hent behaior and e0ploratory behaior -ith one or the other re+eiin& ephasis, dependent *pon the a++essibility o) the atta+hent )i&*re and the initial stran&eness o) the sit*ation( D< !he !he a,oidant in)ant also has a +oherent and or&ani1ed strate&y( =or this in)a in)ant nt,, e0pl e0plor orat atio ion n is eph ephas asi1 i1ed ed oer oer and and abo aboee atta atta+h +he ent nt beha behai ior or,, and and spe+i)i+ity o) relationship to the atta+hent )i&*re is de3ephasi1ed( In the stran&e sit* sit*at atio ion, n, thes thesee in)a in)ant ntss see see s*++ s*++es ess) s)*l *lly ly to die diert rt atte attent ntio ion n )ro )ro both both the the atta atta+h +he ent nt )i&* )i&*re re and and any any eni eniro ron nen enta tall +han +han&e &ess -hi+ -hi+h h a+t a+t to in+r in+rea ease se atta+hent behaior in other in)ants DBo-lby, 7542 .ain, 7547( ConseJ*ently, these these in)ant in)antss en&a&e en&a&e in e0plor e0plorati ation on thro*& thro*&ho* ho*tt separa separatio tion, n, are )riend )riendly ly to the stran&er and?or ay treat hi or her ore )aorably than the other, and a+tiely aoid the parent *pon re*nion( It is li>ely thro*&h +onsistent *se o) an attention3 diertin& strate&y Daboe that the aoidant in)ant i&nores separation )ro as -ell as the ret*rn o) the parent( !he ipression &ien by the stran&e sit*ation behaior o) these in)ants is lar&ely one o) deta+hent and o) a de)ensie, b*t s*++ess)*lly *n3interr*pted, independen+e( D6 =inally =inally, the ambi,alent-resistant in)ant in)ant ay be seen as hain& a +oherent strate&y o) e0hibitin& e0tree dependen+e *pon the atta+hent )i&*re( E0a&&erated )ear )ear o) the the stran& stran&e, e, the stran& stran&er er,, and separa separatio tion n is +obin +obined ed -ith -ith hei&ht hei&htene ened d distress and an&er( In its hei&htened display o) eotionality and dependen+e *pon the atta+hent )i&*re D+)( !riers, !riers, 75;8 .ain, 7547, this in)ant s*++ess)*lly dra-s the attention o) the parent(
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
776
It is only o*r re+ent reie- o) o*r *n+lassi)iable D.ain F "eston, 7547 as +opared to o*r +lassi)ied stran&e sit*ation ideotapes -hi+h has sho-n *s that in)a in)ant ntss @*d& @*d&ed ed *n+l *n+las assi si)i )iab able le in ter terss o) stra stran& n&ee sit* sit*at atio ion n beha behai ior or shar sharee in +oon disor&ani1ation and disorientation in behaior( O*r ori&inal -or> -as based entirely *pon the )ail*re o) the stran&e sit*ation behaior o) indiid*al in)ants to )it to +lassi)i+ation des+riptors DAins-orth et al(, 75;4, that is, to )it to the +oherent strate&ies o) or&ani1ation or&ani1ation des+ribed aboe( !h*s, )or e0aple, in soe +ases -e had @*d&ed as *n+lassi)iable/ potential &ro*p A in)ants -ho -ere &reatly distressed by ea+h separation )ro the parent, tho*&h aoidant on re*nions, and th*s seeed *nable to aintain a strate&y o) diertin& attention )ro atta+hent potential &ro*p B in)ants -ho )ollo-ed stron& stron& pro0i pro0iity ity3se 3see>i e>in& n& -ith -ith aoida aoidan+e n+e,, +obin +obined ed pro0i pro0iity ity3se 3see>i e>in& n& -ith -ith aoi aoida dan+ n+ee or see seeed ed at oe oent ntss da1e da1ed, d, +on) +on)*s *sed ed,, and and *nab *nable le eith either er to ta>e ta>e +o)ort in the parent or ret*rn to play, th*s iolatin& the e0pe+tan+y o) sooth transition bet-een atta+hent behaior and e0ploration and potential Gro*p C in)ants in)ants -ho )ailed to +ry *pon separation separation and?or alternatel alternately y e0hibited e0hibited distress and ode odera rate te to stro stron& n& aoi aoida dan+ n+e, e, th*s th*s iol iolat atin in& & the the e0pe e0pe+t +tan an+y +y o) a +ons +onsis iste tent nt hei&htenin& o) atta+hent behaior( I), I), )or )or e0a e0apl ple, e, a &ie &ien n in)a in)ant nt -as -as secure" secure" as indi+ated by hi&h s+ores )or pro0iity3see>in& and lo- s+ores )or aoidan+e and resistan+e, -hy did it t*rn abo*t loo>in& da1ed dire+tly )ollo-in& a bri&ht, )*ll &reetin& to the parent, rather than than eith either er +ont +ontin in*i *in& n& to see> see> en&a en&a&e &ee ent nt -ith -ith the the pare parent nt or ret* ret*rn rnin in& & to e0ploration and to play Siilarly, i) the parent had s*++eeded in +o)ortin& the pres*ably se+*re in)ant, -hy did the in)ant stand silently beside the parent neither intera+tin&, playin&, nor reJ*estin& )*rther +onta+t +onta+t I) the in)ant -as ambi,alent" as ambi,alent" as indi+ated by its behaior d*rin& the re*nion episodes, -hy -as the in)ant +al and *ndistressed so lon& as the other -as absent Or, i) behaior )ittin& to the abialent +lassi)i+ation -as sho-n in hei&htened distress d*rin& separations and in dist distre ress ss,, pro0 pro0i iit ity3 y3se see> e>in in&, &, and and soe soe resi resist stan an+e +e to the the oth other er d*ri d*rin& n& the the re*nion episode, -hy had the in)ant initially attepted to &et o*t the door *pon re*nion, and -hy did the sae in)ant hae s*dden, interr*ptie bo*ts o) stron& aoidan+e aoidan+e =inally =inally,, i) the in)ant in)ant -as a,oidant" as a,oidant" as indi+ated by stron&, +onsistent aoidan+e thro*&ho*t the re*nion episodes, -hy had the in)ant +alled or +ried lo*dly )or the parent d*rin& the separation episodes, een in the presen+e o) the stran&er Behaior s*+h as this not only )ails to )it to +lassi)i+ation des+riptors, des+riptors, b*t, a&ain, is in+onsonant -ith the notion o) the +onsistent dea+tiation o) atta+hent3 releant +*es e0pe+ted in the inse+*re3aoidant in)ant DBo-lby, DBo-lby, 7542 .ain, 7547( In s*ary, in)ants -ho had been le)t *n+lassi)ied had no sin&le +oherent strate&y )or dealin& -ith separation and re*nion(
Affective Development in Infancy
edited by T. Berry Brazelton Michael W. Yogman Children's Hospital, Boston
ABLEX PUBLISHING COPOA!ION NO"OO#, NE" $ESE%
Copyright ® 1986 by Ablex Publishing Corporation All ri&hts resered( No part o) this p*bli+ation ay be reprod*+ed, stored in a r etrieal syste, or transitted in any )or or by any eans, ele+troni+, e+hani+al, photo+opyin&, i+ro )ilin&, re+ordin&, or other-ise, -itho*t perission o) the p*blisher( p*blisher(
Printed in the United States o) Aeri+a Library of Congress Congress Cataloging-in-Publicatio Cataloging-in-Publication n Data .ain entry *nder title/ A))e+tie deelopent in in)an+y( Biblio&raphy/ p( In+l*des inde0es( I( Bra1elton, !( Berry( II( %o&an, .i+hael "( ISBN 234565736893:
Able0 P*blishin& Corporation 699 Chestn*t Street Nor-ood, Ne- $ersey 2;:84
Contents
7(
Introd*+tion/ e+ipro+ity, e+ipro+ity, Atta+hent, and E))e+tan+e/ Anla&e in Early In)an+y 7 T. Berry Brazelton and Michael "( "( Yogman
<(
!he !rans)er o) A))e+t bet-een .others and In)ants 77 Edard Edard Tronic! Tronic!"" #effrey #effrey Cohn" and Elizabeth Elizabeth $hea
6(
Assessent Assessent o) Parent3In)ant elationships <; Bert Cramer
8(
Cryin& in Early In)an+y/ An Ill*stration o) the .otiational =*n+tion o) A))e+t 65 %irginia Demos
9(
So+ial e)eren+in& and So+ial Loo>in& Aon& !-ele3.onth3Old !-ele3.onth3Old In)ants ;9 &obert B. Clyman" Clyman" &obert '. Emde" Emde" #ennifer E. (em)e" (em)e" and &obert &obert #. *armon
:(
#is+oery o) an Inse+*re3#isor&ani1ed?#isoriented Inse+*re3#isor&ani1ed?#isoriented Atta+hent Atta+hent Pattern 59 Mary Main and #udith #udith $olomon
;(
A))e+tie esponses to Separation 7<9 Tiffany +ield
4(
A))e+tie #eelopent in %o*n& Children 789 Marian &ad!e-Yarro &ad!e-Yarro
A*thor In Inde0
796
S*b@e+t In Inde0
79;
Chapter Six
Discovery of an Insecure-Disorganize!Disori Insecure-Disorganize!Disoriente ente Attachment "attern Mary Main #niversity of California$ Ber%eley
&uith 'olomon Developmental Developmental 'tuies Center 'an (amon$ California
!he ai o) this +hapter is to present o*r re+ent dis+oery o) a ne-, inse+*re3 disor&ani1ed?disoriented disor&ani1ed?disoriented +ate&ory o) in)ant3parent atta+hent( O*r dis+oery o) this atta+hent +ate&ory is based *pon o*r st*dy o) in3 "e are &rate)*l to the Instit*te o) H*an #eelopent, Ber>eley, Ber>eley, CA, and to the So+iety )or esear+h in Child #eelopent )or )*ndin& -hi+h ade the st*dy o) o*r )ailies at : years possible( In its earlier phases, the Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Pro@e+t -as s*pported by !he "illia !( !( Grant =o*ndation, by the Alin Nye .ain )o*ndation, and by Bio.edi+al S*pport Grants 7388826:36<2<8 and 7388826:36<2<9( 7388826:36<2<9( In its )inal sta&es, the preparation o) this +hapter -as assisted by a &rant )ro !he Harris =o*ndation o) Chi+a&o( "e are &rate)*l to the )ollo-in& resear+hers )or perittin& *s to ie- their stran&e sit*ation ideotapes/ "anda Bronson, o) the Instit*te o) H*an #eelopent, Ber>eley Carol Geor&e, #eelopental St*dies Center, San aon, CA .ary $( O'Connor, .arian Si&*nd, and Nan+y Brill, o) the Uniersity o) Cali)ornia at Los An&eles and S*san Spie>er and athryn Barnard, Child #eelopent and .ental etardation Center, Center, Uniersity o) "ashin&ton, "ashin&ton, Seattle( $*de Cassidy, *th Gold-yn, Nan+y aplan, Anitra #e.oss, and Ay Stra&e -ere responsible )or *+h o) the :th3 year analyses, -hile #onna "eston -as responsible )or the identi)i+ation o) any in)ants in o*r saple as *n+lassi)iable( A eetin& o) the .a+Arth*r Net-or> sponsored by .ar> Greenber& in Seattle D$an*ary 7549 proided proided help)*l help)*l +oentar +oentary y re&ardin& re&ardin& the present present +hapter +hapter(( "e are parti+*lar parti+*larly ly indebted indebted )or )eedba+> proided by #ante Ci++hetti, Carol Geor&e, obert Haron, Bob Haron, and S*san Spie>er( .ary Ains-orth &enero*sly proided help)*l +oentary and +ontin*in& s*pport -hile -e -ere -ere en&a&e en&a&ed d in deel deelopi opin& n& this this e0pan e0pansio sion n o) her ori&in ori&inal al syste syste )or +lassi +lassi)yi )yin& n& in)ant in)ant atta+hent or&ani1ation(
59
96
MAIN AND SOOMON
)ant response to the Ains-orth stran&e sit*ation pro+ed*re, a brie), str*+t*red obseration o) the in)ant's response to separation )ro and re*nion -ith the parent in the laboratory settin& DAins-orth, Blehar, "aters, F "all, 75;4( Indii Indiid*a d*all di))er di))eren+ en+es es in in)ant in)ant respon response se to this this sit*at sit*ation ion presen presently tly peri peritt pla+eent o) in)ants in one o) three a@or atta+hent +lassi)i+ations, that is, as secure D&ro*p B, B, insecure-a,oidant D&ro*p A A, or insecure-ambi,alent D&ro D&ro*p *p C -ith -ith resp respe+ e+tt to the the pare parent nt -ith -ith -ho -ho the the in)a in)ant nt is obse obser red ed(( #ire+tions )or +lassi)i+ation are based *pon the in)ant's behaior in response to separation and re*nion in this settin&( ery brie)ly, in)ants are +lassi)ied as se+*re D&ro*p B -hen they &reet the parent positiely *pon re*nion, settlin& i) distressed and sho-in& little or no aoidan+e or resistan+e to-ard the parent inse+*re3aoidant D&ro*p A i) they a+tiely aoid and resist the parent *pon re*nion and inse+*re3abialent D&ro*p C i) they sho- hi&h leels o) distress thro*&ho*t the stran&e sit*ation, and +obine -ea> to stron& pro0iity3see>in& -ith ild to obio*s resistan+e and inability to be settled by the parent( Alost all inesti&ators -or>in& -ith lo-3ris>, iddle3+lass saples pla+e ea+h in)ant in one o) the three established +ate&ories, despite the o++asional di))i+*lties presented by the in)ant -hose behaior does not pre+isely )it to +ate&ory( +ate&ory( !he present, A, B, C +lassi)i+ation syste deries its stren&th )ro its tie to hoe obserations o) others and in)ants in intera+tion( Brie)ly, others o) in)ants @*d&ed se+*re on the basis o) stran&e sit*ation behaior hae repeatedly been )o*nd ore sensitie to the in)ant's si&nals, and?or ore responsie than others o) in)ants @*d&ed inse+*re3aoidant or inse+*re3abialent DAins-orth, Bell, F Stayton, 75;7 Ains-orth et al(, 75;4 Grossann F Grossann, 7549 Bels>y, oine, F !aylor, in press( In addition, stran&e sit*ation atta+hent +lassi)i+ations ade in in)an+y hae been )o*nd predi+tie o) the +hild's so+ial and eotional behaior seeral years )ollo-in& the in)an+y assessent( In an ipr ipres essi sie e seri series es o) )oll )olloo-3* 3*p p st*d st*die iess +ond +ond*+ *+te ted d in see seera rall di) di))eri )erin& n& laboratories, +hildren @*d&ed se+*re in the stran&e sit*ation -ith other in in)an+y hae repeatedly been )o*nd to be ore +ooperatie, ore epathi+, epathi+, and ore +opetent than +hildren -ho -ere @*d&ed inse+*re -ith other in in)an+y DSro*)e, in press see also Bretherton F "aters, 7549, )or a s*ary o) these st*d st*diies and )or )or a seri series es o) the ost ost re+e e+ent st*d st*die ies s(( =or =or+e +ed d A, B, C +las +lassi si)i )i+a +ati tion on o) ea+h ea+h in)a in)ant nt in a &ie &ien n sap saple le has has li>e li>ely ly oer oer3r 3rid idde den n the the o++asional is3)ittin& in)ant nonetheless, it has not obs+*red this rear>ably +onsistent set o) resear+h )indin&s( In this +hapter -e des+ribe +oonalities obsered in the behaior o) 99 7<3 to <23onth3old in)ants -hose stran&e sit*ation behaior +o*ld not be +lassi)ied *sin& the traditional DA, B, C +lassi)i+ation syste, in)ants -ho -o*ld nonetheless hae been assi&ned D)or+ed into one o)
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
5;
these three +lassi)i+ations( O*r des+riptions are based *pon +lose reie- o) the ideot ideotape aped d stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion beha behaior ior o) *n+la *n+lassi ssi)ia )iable ble in)ant in)ants, s, <7 o) the the stran&e sit*ation tapes bein& dra-n )ro hi&h3ris>?altreatent saples, and 68 )ro o*r o-n, *pper iddle3+lass saple o) inta+t )ailies( Gien that a &ro*p o) in)ants this lar&e +o*ld not be +lassi)ied be+a*se o) )ail*re to eet the &ro*p A, B, or C behai behaiora orall des+r des+ript iptors ors,, the identi)i+ation o) seeral ne- patterns o) stran&e sit*ation behaior i&ht -ell hae been e0pe+ted De(&(, a set o) +oherent and distin+t #, E, =, and G types o) behaioral response to separation and re*nion( !he +entral dis+oery -e report here is, s*rprisin&ly, the stri>in& absence o) absence o) s*+h ne- +ate&ories o) in)ant stran&e sit*ation response( In)ants -ho +annot be +lassi)ied -ithin the present, A, B, C syste do not appear to *s to reseble one another in stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion behai behaior or in +ohere +oherent, nt, or&an or&ani1e i1ed d -ays( -ays( ather ather,, -ithin -ithin o*r nor noral al sap saple le,, the the beha behai ior or o) thes thesee in)a in)ant ntss appe appear arss disorganized disorganized De(&(, +ont +ontra radi di+t +tor ory y, as -hen -hen an in)a in)ant nt appr approa oa+h +hes es -ith -ith head head aer aerte ted d and? and?or or disoriented -ith -ith resp respe+ e+tt to the the eni eniro ron nen entt De(& De(&(, (, the the in)a in)ant nt ay ay +eas +easee oe oeent ent in anoal anoalo*s o*s post*r post*res, es, or appear appear da1ed da1ed(( O)ten, O)ten, an *nderl *nderlyin yin&, &, traditional DA, B, C +ate&ory reains eident( .ost hi&h3ris> saple in)ants obsered to date sho- siilar, altho*&h ore e0tree, indi+es o) disor&ani1ation and disorientation d*rin& the stran&e sit*ation Dsee .ain F Soloon, in preparation, )or ore +oplete +onsideration o) s*+h saples( Coonalities in the behaior o) these 99 *n+lassi)iable in)ants obsered in the stran&e sit*ation +an be +hara+teri1ed by an array o) )eat*res( Either behaior is oertly disor&ani1ed, or the in)ant sees disoriented -ith respe+t to the iediate enironent( enironent( !h*s, -e hae seen in these in)ants Da disordering of e/)ect e/)ected ed tem)or tem)oral al se0uen se0uences ces De(&( De(&(,, stron& stron& aoida aoidan+e n+e )ollo)ollo-in& in& a stron& stron& pro0 pro0i iit ity3 y3se see> e>in in& &,, Db Db simu simult ltan aneo eous us dis) dis)la layy of cont contra radi dict ctor oryy beha beha,i ,ior or )atterns De(&(, )atterns De(&(, approa+hin& -ith head aerted, &a1in& stron&ly a-ay -hile in +onta+ +onta+t, t, D+ incom)le incom)lete te or undirecte undirected d mo,ements mo,ements and e/)ressio e/)ressions" ns" including including stereoty)ies De(& De(&(, (, *ndi *ndire re+t +ted ed e0pr e0pres essi sion onss o) )ear )ear or dist distre ress ss,, ster stereo eoty typi pi++ ro+> ro+>in in& &,, Dd Dd direct indices of confusion and of a))rehension De(&(, hand3to3 o*th &est*res iediately *pon parent's entran+e, and De beha,ioral stilling De(&(, +essation o) oeent in post*res s*&&estie o) +on)*sion or depression and da1ed, disoriented e0pressions s*&&est the a+tiation o) +opetin&, *t*ally inhibitory systes( O*r +hapter be&ins -ith a reie- o) preio*s st*dies reportin& di))i+*lties di))i+*lties in )or+in& )or+in& ea+h in)ant in a &ien saple saple into one o) the three three a@or a@or +ate&ori +ate&ories( es( In an earlier report, -e had noted that a n*ber o) in)ants seen in the Ains-orth Stran&e Sit*ation in o*r laboratories )ailed to )it satis)a+torily into any o) the three a@or atta+hent +lassi)i+ations de3
54
.AIN AN# SOLO.ON
s+ribed by Ains-orth D.ain F "eston, 7547( O*r ipression at that tie, based *pon a str*+t*red play session ideotaped 7 -ee> prior to the stran&e sit*ation, -as that all o) these in)ants -ere insecure -ith insecure -ith respe+t to the parent -ith -ho they -ere seen in the stran&e sit*ation( Ho-eer, the a@ority o) these *n+lassi)ied Dno-, disor&ani1ed3disoriented in)ants -o*ld hae been identi)ied as secure D&ro*p secure D&ro*p B -ith the parent in the stran&e sit*ation, had -e )or+ed the into the standard +lassi)i+ation syste( O*r +ontin +ontin*ed *ed st*dy st*dy o) the sae sae Ber>el Ber>eley ey So+ial So+ial #eelo #eelope pent nt Pro@e+ Pro@e+tt saple has sho-n that disor&ani1ed?disoriented D# in)ant atta+hent stat*s is independent a+ross +are&iers Dparents, and stable Ddistin&*ishable )ro A, B, or C atta+he atta+hent nt patterns patterns a+ross a 93year 93year period period DCassidy F .ain, .ain, 7548( 7548( O*r )ollo-3*p st*dies o) this saple at : years o) a&e sho- s*bstantial inse+*rity in :3year3o :3year3old ld +hildren +hildren -ho had been +onsidered +onsidered disor&an disor&ani1ed? i1ed?disor disorient iented ed -ith other 9 years preio*sly, an inse+*rity e0hibited at both the behaioral and repr repres esen enta tati tion onal al lee leels ls o) asse assess sse ent nt D.ai D.ain, n, apl aplan an,, F Cassi Cassidy dy,, 7549 7549( ( Children )or -ho the )or+ed, stran&e sit*ation +lassi)i+ation +lassi)i+ation had been se+*re in in)an+y are )o*nd eJ*ally as inse+*re at : as +hildren )or -ho the )or+ed in)an+y +lassi)i+ation had been inse+*re( !hese )indin&s s*&&est a need )or the *se o) the # +ate&ory, +ate&ory, een -ithin noral, iddle3+lass saples( Early -or> -ith altreatent saples had also led to an initial +lassi)i+ation o) altreated in)ants as se+*re -ithin the present syste o) +ate +ate&o &ori ri1a 1ati tion on(( =*rt =*rthe herr rei reiee- o) stra stran& n&ee sit* sit*at atio ion n tape tapess )or )or in)a in)ant ntss in altreatent and other hi&h3ris> saples has no- led to re+o&nition o) the inse+*re atta+hent stat*s o) any o) these in)ants and to re+o&nition o) ne+obinations o) stran&e sit*ation behaior patterns DE&eland F Sro*)e, 7547b Gaensba*er F Haron, 754< Crittenden, 7549a, 7549b Spie>er F Booth, 7549 7549 ad> ad>e3 e3% %arro arro-, C* C*in in&s &s,, *+1 *+1yn yns> s>i, i, F Chap Chapa an, n, 7549 7549( ( Soe Soe -or>ers hae ephasi1ed J*alities o) apathy and disor&ani1ation, -hile soe hae ephasi1ed the *ne0pe+ted appearan+e o) both aoidan+e and resistan+e, and?or and?or anoal anoalo*s o*s behai behaiors ors(( !o this this point point in tie, tie, ho-ee ho-eerr, no sin&le sin&le or *ni)yin& set o) instr*+tions has been deeloped )or the identi)i+ation o) these and other in)ants -ho do not )it -ithin the present Ains-orth syste( !his +hapter is des+riptie o) o*r )irst e))orts in this dire+tion( The 1insorth $trange $ituation2 Procedures Procedures and +indings The $trange $ituation Procedure !he Ains-ort Ains-orth h stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion is a brie), brie), str*+t str*+t*re *red d labora laborator tory y pro+e pro+ed*r d*ree inolin& in)ant and parent in t-o separations and t-o re*nions -ithin an *n)ailiar settin&( !he sit*ation -as deised -ith the inten 3
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
55
tion o) hi&hli&htin& the operation o) the atta+hent behaioral syste DBo-lby, 75:5 as it is or&ani1ed in noral in)ants at 7< onths o) a&e( !he sit*ation is desi&ned to eli+it e0ploratory behaior in the early episodes and then, thro*&h a series o) ildly stress)*l eents, to shi)t the in)ant's attention to the aintenan+e o) pro0iity and +onta+t -ith the atta+hent )i&*re( !he stran&e sit*ation is diided into ei&ht episodes, ea+h De0+ept the )irst one in*te introd*+tory episode bein& 6 in*tes lon&( In the openin& episode o) the session, in)ant and parent are introd*+ed to an *n)ailiar, +o)ortable laboratory roo )illed -ith toys( A stran&er enters the roo the parent leaes the in)ant in the +opany +opany o) the stran&er stran&er the parent parent ret*rns ret*rns the parent leaes the in)ant alone the stran&er ret*rns the parent ret*rns on+e ore )or the se+ond and )inal re*nion episode( DIn o*r laboratories, episodes in -hi+h the in)ant is distressed are red*+ed to 62 se+onds( #*rin& ea+h re*nion, the parent is instr*+ted to pa*se in the door-ay and &reet the in)ant, perittin& tie )or the in)ant to obili1e a response to the parent's arrial( On the se+ond re*nion, the parent is instr*+ted to pi+> the in)ant *p( A ore ore +oplete des+ription o) this pro+ed*re Dtoðer -ith the +lassi)i+ation and +odin& pro+ed*res des+ribed belo- +an be )o*nd in Ains-orth et al( D75;4( !he +riti+al systes o) analysis deised by Ains-orth )or +lassi)i+ation o) in)ant atta+hent )o+*s *pon the t-o re*nion episodes o) the Stran&e Sit*ation, -hen in)ant and parent are alone toðer( As -o*ld be e0pe+ted )or a syste desi&ned to hi&hli&ht the or&ani1ation o) indiid*al di))eren+es in atta+hent, there is soe ephasis *pon pro0iity3see>in& and e))orts to aintain physi+al +onta+t -ith the parent( Greatest ephasis is pla+ed, ho-eer, *pon t-o types o) ne&atie behaior Daoidan+e and an&ry resistan+e obsered in relation to the parent( Classification Procedures" &eliability" and $tability As note noted d earl earlie ierr, the the Ains Ains-o -ort rth h +las +lassi si)i )i+a +ati tion on syst syste e is desi desi&n &ned ed to per perit it assi&nent o) in)ants to one o) three +ate&oriesse+*re, inse+*re3aoidant, or inse+*re3abialent in relation to the parent( Classi)i+ations are based *pon in)ant rather than parental behaior d*rin& the Stran&e Sit*ation( In)ants are +lassi)ied as se+*re DGro*p B in relation to the parent -hen they a+tiely see> pro0iity and +onta+t )ollo-in& separation, and -hen these behaiors appear *ni0ed -ith stron& an&er or aoidan+e( In the preseparation episodes, se+* se+*re rely ly atta+ ta+hed hed in) in)ant ants ay ay e0a 0aine ine the toys oys and e0pl e0plor oree the the stra stran& n&ee enironent( !hey ay or ay not be distressed *pon separation, b*t i) they are, the other's ret*rn proides
1!!
MAIN AND SOOMON
+o)ort +o)ort and enables enables the to ret*rn ret*rn either either to an en&a&eent en&a&eent in play or to pleasant pleasant intera+tion -ith the parent( In)ants are +lassi)ied as inse+*re3aoidant DGro*p A in relation to the parent -hen they a+tiely aoid and i&nore the parent d*rin& both re*nion episodes( Aoidan+e o) the parent is +onsidered stron& -hen the in)ant t*rns a-ay and oes a-ay )ro the parent *pon re*nion, indi+ates a desire to be p*t do-n -hen pi+>ed *p Do)t Do)ten en in an a))e a))e+t +tle less ss anne anner r,, and and i&no i&nore ress the the pare parent nt's 's e))o e))ort rtss to-a to-ard rd +o*ni+ation( In)ants +lassi)ied as aoidant sho- no distress spe+i)i+ to the parent's absen+e, and o)ten e0plore the roo and toys a+tiely thro*&ho*t the stran&e sit*ation( !hey are ost stri>in& )or the apparent absen+e o) )ear, distress, or an&er( In)ants are +lassi)ied as inse+*re3abialent?resistant DGro*p C in relation to a spe+i)i+ parent -hen they both see> pro0iity and +onta+t *pon re*nion and resist it Da+tiely or passiely, seein& to )ind little se+*rity in the parent's ret*rn or presen+e( In)ants +lassi)ied as inse+*re3abialent are o)ten distressed een be)ore the )irst separation separation and )ear)*l )ear)*l o) the person playin& the part o) the stran&er stran&er(( !hey are o)ten e0treely distressed *pon separation( Pro0iity3see>in& ay be -ea> rather than a+tie( Inter@*d&e a&reeent on the three a@or +lassi)i+ations is ery hi&h DAins-orth et al(, al(, 75;4 75;4 .ain .ain F "esto eston, n, 7547 7547 .ata .atas, s, Aren Arend, d, F Sro* Sro*)e )e,, 75;4 75;4( ( !he !he distrib*tion o) +ate&ories aries s*rprisin&ly little )or -hite iddle3+lass saples seen thro*&ho*t the United States, and )or saples in En&land, So*thern Gerany, and Italy( !he a@ority o) in)ants in these saples are +lassi)ied as se+*re DGro*p B, one3)i)th one3)i)th to one3third one3third as inse+*re3 inse+*re3aoid aoidant ant DGro*p A, and a sall inority inority as inse+*re3abialent DGro*p C( In -hite iddle3+lass saples in -hi+h +are&iin& arran&eents are stable, stability o) atta+hent to a &ien parent is +onsistently )o*nd stron& a+ross in)an+y, -hile atta+hent +lassi)i+ations )or a &ien in)ant to oth other er and and to )ath )ather er are are )o*n )o*nd d inde indepe pend nden entt DBre DBreth ther erto ton, n, 7549 7549( ( e+e e+ent ntly ly,, atta+hent +lassi)i+ations to other hae been )o*nd stable Dpredi+table oer a 93 year period DCassidy F .ain, 7548( Stability in atta+hent +lassi)i+ation bet-een 7< and :2 onths -as based *pon a +oparison bet-een stran&e sit*ation behaior in in)an+y and response to re*nion -ith the parents )ollo-in& a 73ho*r separation at : years o) a&e( $trange $ituation Classifications &elated to 3bser,ed Patterns of 4nfant-Mother 4nteraction Ains-orth's ori&inal st*dy o) in)ant Stran&e Sit*ation behaior )ollo-ed *pon a short3ter lon&it*dinal st*dy o) in)ant3other intera+tion in the hoe sit*ation( !-enty3three in)ant3other pairs, -ho had been ob3
AN INS"C#$"%DISO$&ANI'"D(DISO$I"N)"D A))AC*M"N) PA))"$N
1!1
sered in the hoe )or appro0iately 42 ho*rs oer the )irst year o) li)e, -ere seen in the laboratory stran&e sit*ation( Classi)i+ations o) in)ant atta+hent behaior -ere based *pon Ains-orth's e0tensie st*dy o) the narratie re+ords o) these laboratory sessions( Her e0aination o) these re+ords o) in)ant3other intera+tion in the hoe sit*ation D5 to 7< onths o) a&e sho-ed that in)ants @*d&ed se+*re in ters o) stran&e sit*ation behaior *sed other as a se+*re base )or e0ploration in the hoe sit*ation, -hile in)ants in ea+h o) the inse+*re &ro*ps e0hibited ibalan+es bet-een atta+hent and e0ploratory behaior DAins-orth et al(, 75;7( At the sae tie, others o) in)ants @*d&ed se+*re in ters o) stran&e sit*ation behaior -ere ore sensitie to the si&nals and +o*ni+ations o) the in)ant than others o) inse+*re in)ants -itho*t bein& notably re@e+tin& DAins-orth et al(, 75;7 Ains-orth et al(, 75;4( E))orts to repli+ate Ains-orth's ori&inal inesti&ations in the hoe or laboratory enironent hae +on+entrated *pon di))eren+es bet-een the intera+tions o) se+*re D&ro*p B s( inse+*re D&ro*p A and C dyads, b*t hae seldo been e0tended to distin+tions bet-een &ro*ps A and C DLab, !hopson, Gardner, Charno, F Estes, 7548( Ho-eer, a positie relationship bet-een aternal sensitiity or responsieness and in)ant se+*rity o) atta+hent has been reported no- )or si0 s*++eedin& st*dies in the hoe DGrossann F Grossann, 7549 Bels>y et al(, 7548 .aslin F Bates, 754< and other settin&s DSro*)e F osenber&, 754< .ain, !oasini, F !olan, 75;5 .atas et al(, 75;4( $trange $ituation Classification &elated to Child Beha,ior I) the stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion is s*++e s*++ess) ss)*l *l in di))er di))erent entiat iatin& in& in)ant in)antss -ith -ith respe+ respe+tt to se+*rity o) atta+hent, then it o*&ht to hae the po-er to predi+t the +hild's )*n+tionin& in separate +onte0ts( A n*ber o) inesti&ations hae been *nderta>en in the hope o) distin&*ishin& the behaior o) in)ants se+*rely atta+hed to other )ro that o) in)ants -ho are Dor -ere inse+*rely atta+hed to other -ithin the Ains Ains-o -ort rth h stra stran& n&ee sit* sit*at atio ion( n( .any .any o) the the earl earlie ierr o) thes thesee st*d st*die iess hae hae been been reie-ed reie-ed in Bretherto Bretherton n D7549, D7549, -hile a n*ber n*ber o) ne- st*dies hae been re+ently +opleted Dsee the set o) st*dies in+l*ded in Bretherton F "aters, 7549( Children -ho -ere @*d&ed se+*re -ith other in in)an+y are )o*nd to be ore +ooperatie, ore ore epa epath thi+ i+,, ore ore so+i so+ial ally ly +op +opet eten ent, t, ore ore ine inest sted ed in lear learni nin& n& and and e0ploration, and ore sel)3+on)ident than +hildren -ho -ere @*d&ed inse+*re -ith other in in)an+y( Si&ni)i+ant &ro*p di))eren+es hae been reported at least as late as 9 and : years o) a&e( Until re+ently, ost )ollo-3*p st*dies o) in)ant stran&e sit*ation behaior hae siply +opared se+*re D&ro*p B -ith non3se+*re D&ro*p A or or C +hildren( Sro*)e and his +ollea&*es at .innesota hae no- reported
1!+
MAIN AND SOOMON
di)) di))er eren en+e +ess in n*rs n*rser ery3 y3s+ s+ho hool ol beha behai ior or betbet-ee een n +hil +hildr dren en +las +lassi si)i )ied ed as A and and +hildren +lassi)ied as C -ith other in in)an+y DSro*)e, in press( In o*r o-n laboratories, re+ent st*dies o) both behaioral and representational pro+esses at : years o) a&e sho- sharp distin+tions bet-een +hildren @*d&ed B, A, and # as in)ants D.ain et al(, 7549( Indiid*al di))eren+es in in)ant stran&e sit*ation behaior do not, then, siply re)le+t a sin&le diension o) se+*rity s( inse+*rity in atta+hent stat*s( St*dies eer&in& )ro Ber>eley and )ro .innesota indi+ate that in)ants -ho di))er in the type o) inse+*rity inse+*rity sho-n -ith other other in the Ains-or Ains-orth th stran&e sit*ation sit*ation DA, C, or # sho- +ontin*in& di))eren+es in ental and behaioral or&ani1ation seeral years later( &e)orts of Difficulties Difficulties in $trange $ituation Classification Classification Contin Contin*ed *ed *se o) the Ains-ort Ains-orth h stran& stran&ee sit*a sit*atio tion n Dparti Dparti+*l +*larl arly y -ith -ith hi&h3r hi&h3ris> is> pop*lations has led to a n*ber o) reports o) di))i+*lties in assi&nin& in)ants to the three a@or +lassi)i+ation &ro*ps, and to s*&&estions )or alterations in the ori&inal Ains-orth syste( Here, -e reie- these st*dies( 4nstability of Classifications Classifications 3,er a 5-6ee! 5-6ee! Period !he !he )irs )irstt repo report rt o) di) di))i+* )i+*lt lty y in assi assi&n &ne ent nt o) in)a in)ant ntss to stra stran& n&ee sit* sit*at atio ion n +lassi)i+ation &ro*ps +ae )ro the Ains-orth laboratory in an early D75;< st*dy o) stability o) stran&e sit*ation behaior Dreported in Ains-orth et al(, 75;4( !he st*dy inoled <6 in)ant3other dyads, seen in the stran&e sit*ation at 92 and a&ain at 9< -ee>s o) a&e( As noted preio*sly, test3retest st*dies o) +oparable -hite iddle3+lass saples in -hi+h other3+hild dyads are pla+ed in separation and re*nion sit*ations : onths, 4 onths, or 9 years apart hae yielded stron& stability D)ro D)ro 42K 42K to 59K 59K o) dyad dyadss bein& ein& @*d&ed d&ed to )all )all in the the sae sae atta+ tta+h hent ent +lassi)i+ation at both tie periods( Pla+eent -ith the sae parent in the sae separation settin& < -ee>s apart, ho-eer, -as hi&hly distressin& )or these 73year3 old in)ants, leadin& Ains-orth to terinate data +olle+tion earlier than planned( In the )irst session, ; o) the <6 in)ants -ere +lassi)ied as inse+*re3aoidant -ith the other, other, 78 as se+*re, and < as inse+*re3abialent( inse+*re3abialent( $*d&es reported &reat di))i+*lty in +lassi)yin& in)ants in the se+ond session( =or+ed +lassi)i+ation pro+ed*res yielded the )ollo-in& res*lts/ D7 77 o) the 7< in)ants +lassi)ied se+*re in the )irst pro+ed*re -ere @*d&ed se+*re a&ain in the se+ond, D< 7 o) the < in)ants +lassi)ied as inse+*re3abialent in the )irst stran&e sit*ation -as +lassi)ied as se+*re in the se+3
AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN
726
ond, D6 all ; o) the in)ants +lassi)ied +lassi)ied as inse+*re3a inse+*re3aoida oidant nt -ith other in the )irst stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion -ere -ere +lassi +lassi)ie )ied d as se+*re se+*re -ith -ith other other in the the se+ond se+ond stran& stran&ee sit*at sit*ation ion(( !his !his st*dy st*dy sho-ed sho-ed,, in s*, that that forced classification )rocedures can )lace insecure insecure infants in secure secure classifications. 4nformal 'otice of Difficult-to-Classify Difficult-to-Classify 4nfants in 6hite" 6hite" Middle-Class $am)les In +on@ +on@*n *n+t +tio ion n -ith -ith data data +oll +olle+ e+ti tion on pro+ pro+ed ed*r *res es )or )or her her do+t do+tor oral al thes thesis is(( .ain .ain D*np*blished data isited her Baltiore saple others in the hoe sit*ation @*st prior to the Stran&e Sit*ation assessent( !he stran&e sit*ation behaior o) 9?85 D72(n *n>noo-n n and and be+a be+a*s *see )or+ )or+ed ed +lassi)i+ation pro+ed*res had al-ays been *sed to date, )or data analysis they -ere assi&ned to one o) the t-o inse+*re +lassi)i+ations( In o*r present ie-, ea+h o) the in)ants -o*ld no- hae been tered inse+*re3disor&ani1ed?disoriented( inse+*re3disor&ani1ed?disoriented( Siilarly, Siilarly, Sro*)e and "aters "aters D75;; noted that o) ;2 in)ants +lassi)ied a++ordin& to Ains-orth's stran&e sit*ation pro+ed*re -ithin their .innesota saple, 72K +o*ld not readily be )itted to one o) Ains-orth's three +ate&ories( No syste -as deeloped, ho-eer, ho-eer, -ith respe+t to these is3)ittin& in)ants( Direct Direct 4dentification 4dentification of Difficult-to-Classify Difficult-to-Classify lnfants 6ithin a 6hite Middle-Class Middle-Class $am)le !he )irst dire+t report o) in)ants -ho )ailed to )it reliably into the Ains-orth +lassi)i+ation syste -as ade by .ain and "eston D7547( !heir st*dy o) in)ant stran&e sit*ation behaior -ith other and )ather, and behaior in a separate settin& inolin& str*+t*red intera+tions -ith a stran&er, -as *nderta>en in part to identi)y +hara+teristi+s o) in)ants @*d&ed *n+lassi)iable -ithin the Ains-orth syste 79< stran&e sit*ations Din)ant and other, other, or in)ant and )ather -ere reie-ed 75 o) the stran&e
