Discover for Mapinfo Tutorials

Discover Integrated Int egrated GIS for t he Geosc Geosciences iences Tutorials utorial s M anu anual al

Encom Technology Pty Ltd Leaders in Exploration Software and Services

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Di scover Tut ori al s

Gene eneral ral Information Informati on Discover 4.0 is developed and support ed by Encom Encom Technology Pty Pty Ltd. Sydney Off Off ice Level Level 2, 118 Alfred St, M ilsons Point, Point, New South South W ales 2061, Australi Australiaa PO Box 422, Milsons Point, New South Wales 1565, Australia Tel +61 2 9957 4117 Fax +61 2 9922 6141 Gosford Office Suite 5, 451 Pacific Pacific Hwy, Nort h Gosford, Gosford, New South Wal es, 2250 Australia Australia Tel: +612 4325 7807 Fax: +612 4325 7807 Perth Office Level Level 1, 43 Ventnor Ave, West Perth, W estern Australia 6005, Australia PO Box 1572, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia Tel +61 8 9321 1788 Fax +61 8 9321 1799 World Wide Web www.encom.com.au Email [email protected] Discover Release Release Hist ory Versi on 1.0 Versi on 1.1 Versi on 1.2 Versi on 2.0 Versi on 2.1 Versi on 3.0 Versi on 4.0

December 1994 February 1995 Sept ember 1995 August 1996 N ovember 1997 February 1999 J une 2001

Discover 4.0 requires MapInfo® Professional rofessional 4.2 or later wi th W indows® 95/98 or Windows NT® /2000 Some advanced features of Discover 4.0 require MapInfo® Professional 5.5 or later. © Copyright 2001, Encom Encom Technology Technology Pty Ltd Ltd

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Di scover Tut ori al s M anual

Tabl e of Cont ent s

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Tabl able e of Contents Tabl e of Cont ent s

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I nt r oduc t i on In

Introducin Introducing g Discover Discover 4.0 ....................................................................... ........................................................................7 .7 Discover Discover Tutorials Tutorials ..................................................................... ..................................................................................7 .............7

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M ap M ak i ng Tut or i al

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Dat aset Bui l di ng Tut or i al

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Cr eat e and Anal yse Sur f ac es Tut or i al

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3D Di spl ay of Gr i d Dat a Tut or i al

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An Exercise Exercise in Grid Display and 3D Map Creation Creation ............... ....... ............... .............. .........37 ..37 GeoTiff Registration and 3D Map Display............................................41

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Dr i l l hol e Di spl ay Tut or i al

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Preparin Preparing g Data prior to Viewing Viewing Drillhole Drillholess ...........................................47 ...........................................47 Creating Creating Sections.......................................... Sections............................................................................. ........................................49 .....49

I ndex

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Di scover Tut ori al s Int roduct i on

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I n t r od uc t i on Introduci ng Discover 4.0 Discover version 4.0 is an extension to MapInfo Professional Professional developed for ® geoscientists by Encom Technology. Discover 4.0 runs with MapInfo ® ® Professional Professional version 4.2 or later on Windows 95/98 and Windows NT/2000 Discover has been developed by Encom Technology specifically for geoscientists. Building on the many powerful Geographic Information System (GIS) features of MapInfo, Discover converts MapInfo into a sophisticated and easy to use tool for managing, manipulating and displaying exploration datasets. Discover gives users the ability to process and view data in ways that previously required a number of software packages. A geologist in the field, an exploration manager in head office or a draftsperson in a regional office can use Discover to track tenement activity, contour point data, view drill holes in plan and section, analyze geochemical data, facilitate map creation, produce scaled hard copy output with ease, and more. Discover 4.0 provides new and improved functionality in a number of key areas and incorporates a significant number of changes requested by existing Discover users.

Discover Tutorials The tutorials presented here are designed to illustrate the various presentation and processing functions available in Discover. The features described is not complete and many other options and useful operations are provided by Discover. For information on these functions refer to the Users’ Guide, on-line help or Discover Reference Manual. The tutorials use step-by-step instructions to introduce the major concepts and displays. Also note that a number of operations that are undertaken within MapInfo are used and so a basic understanding of MapInfo functionality is also required. The tutorials supplied for Discover are designed to be operated by either beginners or experienced users. The tutorials are presented in a self-explanatory manner with a series of step-by-step operations that should guide you through the display, analysis and interpretive stages of various geological and GIS problems. The problems chosen and included in the tutorials have in the most part, been selected from real datasets addressing real exploration problems.

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All tutorials provide data that is contained within separate directories. When installed, the directories are loaded into their own sub-directories beneath the directory called DISCOVER_TUTORIAL. The relevant directories and required files are described in each tutorial description.

M ap M aki ng Tut ori al

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M ap M ak i ng Tut or i al This tutorial goes through the steps required to produce a geological map, complete with location map, legend and titleblock.

An Exerc Exerc i se i n Map Producti Producti on This exercise produces an A4 landscape map. If the printer driver is set for 8.5” x 11” (Legal) paper, you should be aware that some portions of this exercise may not appear in the final print as they are outside the printable margins. Alternative paper settings are noted in the following exercise for users of Legal size paper. Note

The dataset used in this exercise is fictitious and should not be relied upon for exploration planning.

Step 1. Open M ap Layers From the MapInfo menu bar, choose File>Open Table. Table. Open the following Discover_Tutorial\Map Making directory: tables from the Discover_Tutorial\Map

Geology, Structures, M i nerals and Tenemen Tenements ts Check the layer order in Enhanced Layer Control. It should be as follows: Minerals, Structures, Tenements and Geology. Geology. If the order is incorrect, drag and drop the layers within the Enhanced Layer Control dialog and Apply the changes. Complete the map window setup by selecting the Zoom to all layers button from the Enhanced Layer Control or by choosing Map>View Entire Layer>All Layers. Layers.

Step 22.. Apply Appl y See Thru Thru Shadi ng Applying see through vector polygon shading lets us view geology underneath, whilst allowing tenements to be visualized. Select all of the tenement polygons. To do this, right click on the Tenement layer in the Enhanced Layer Control and choose Select All from the pop-up

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menu (activated by a right mouse click). Alternately, use the Query>Select and choose the table Tenements, Tenements, then click OK click OK.. Shading. A message From the Discover menu, choose Map Making>SeeThru Shading. may be displayed asking if table STPatts should be created. You should answer Create. Create. Lines. Click the Choose the Specify Pattern option. Under pattern type, choose Lines. Line icon, and choose a Dotted LineStyle, LineStyle, black colour, pixel width of 1 of 1. Under Pattern Density and Orientation, Orientation, enter angle 1 3 5 º (a southeast trend), and spacing of 0 . 1 km. Press the Save As button and enter the table name T e n e me me n t F i l l . Click OK Click OK.. The vector polygon fill then appears in the new layer Tenement Fill.

Step 33.. Li Li ne Annotati on The Structures layer contains syncline (green lines) and anticline (brown lines) structures that trend northeast. Using Discover, we can add fold axis annotation to these lines so that the geology is easily understood. Select a brown line. line. Using Discover, we can select all other brown lines from the structures layer. From the Discover menu, choose Map Window>Select by graphical styles. styles. When you click OK click OK,, all remaining brown lines in the structures layer are selected. Annotation, and fill in the To annotate, choose Discover Map Making>Line Annotation, following options:


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Adding annotati annotati on to selected li nes

The annotation is written to the Structures layer. Repeat the above process for the green lines, lines, annotating them with a Syncline symbol. Note

If you are applying a directional symbol, such as normal fault, it is important that the annotation appears on the correct side of the selected line. A symbol is placed to the left of a line or facing up if the Facing left/up box is checked; otherwise if the box is unchecked, the annotation appears on the right or down side of the selected line. You may wish to experiment with this feature using some of the other lines in the Structures layer. You can also manually place each annotation on a selected line using a tool button. If you make a mistake in annotation placement, simply select the annotation object and delete it. To increase the annotation density along a line, try decreasing the distance to Table. 0.5 km. To save changes made to the Structures table, choose File>Save Table.

Step 4. 4. Tex Textt Labels Label s Adding labels to a map for printing is a procedure that requires a methodical approach to get the required result. If you place labels on the map window and print your map, the labels often have an inappropriate size and require additional manipulation.

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Discover addresses this problem by allowing you to label a map layer at a set point size at the scale at which the map is plotted. The four tenements can be Labels. labelled using Discover>Map Making>Text Labels. In the dialog box that appears, choose to label objects from table Tenements from column Tenement. Tenement. Choose label size 1 0 pts for a map scale of 1 : 1 5 , 0 0 0 . Click OK Click OK.. The tenements are labelled at their centroid in t he Cosmetic Layer. Layer. The labels need to be saved to a new layer. Choose Map>Save Cosmetic Objects>New and save to table name T e n e me n t T e x t .

Step 55.. P Produc roduc i ng a M ap Legend Legend To generate a map legend, click on Discover>Map Making>Legend. Making>Legend. A dialog box appears that allows the user to select the tables from which the legend is generated. Select the Minerals, Minerals, Structures and Geology tables by holding the CTRL key while left clicking on the relevant tables. Click OK Click OK.. The legend dialog allows you to specify which columns of attribute data should be displayed in the legend. Fill in the dialog box as follows:

Generating a legend for the geology map

Place a checkmark in the Specify Order boxes for Minerals and Geology to set the order of legend items for these layers. If your map window does not display the full extents of a table, and you want a legend created for all items in the table, do not place a checkmark in the box for Legend from objects in map window only. only.


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The font size for the legend text needs to be specified. Click on the Styles button and press the font style button next to Title Line. Line. Choose point size 24. 24. 18. Repeat the process for Sub-Title line and choose point size 18. Click the Text Line 1 and Text Line 2 font style buttons and choose point size 14, click OK click OK.. Click the OK button and enter a table name for the legend, say G e o l o g y L e g e n d . Press the Save button. A legend order window for the minerals layer is then displayed. The minerals should be displayed in Alphabetical order (ascending), (ascending), so click on the appropriate option, and then click OK click OK.. Another legend order window is displayed, this time for geology. The lithologies should be placed in chronological order. Notice that we are displaying the lithologies, rather than the ages. Discover orders legend items based on the first column chosen in the initial setup dialog box. As we want to display lithologies followed by age in our geological legend, it is necessary to determine the relevant order prior to starting the legend process. Alternatively, you can use the Look-up code from Geology option to allow the lithologies to be ordered according to a numeric attribute in another column.

Re-ordering legend entries for the geology layer

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To place the lithologies in chronological order, order them as shown in the window above using the custom setting and the upup-down buttons to move items accordingly. When the OK button is pressed, the geological legend is displayed in a new map. You may wish to verify that the lithologies are in chronological order. You should minimize the legend window, and make the geological map window active before proceeding to the next step.

Step 66.. Generati Generati ng Scal ed Hardcopy Hardc opy Output Output You can now generate an A4 landscape layout (or other suitable paper size) with scaled map frame, grid, title block, scale bar and legend. Setup. Choose either A4 (or A From the MapInfo menu bar, choose File>Page Setup. for legal size in North America) and press the Landscape button. Click OK Click OK to accept the Page Setup parameters. This procedure ensures that the MapInfo layout window is set to the size and orientation required. Choose Discover>Scaled Output. Output. Under Map Scale choose Custom Scale (at the bottom of the scale list), and type 1 5 , 0 0 0 in the box that becomes enabled. Under frame setup, choose New from the list of Frame Settings. Settings. In the frame settings configuration dialog box that appears, choose A4 and click the Landscape button. Notice that the map frame position measurements change to reflect the area that the map covers on your selected sheet of paper. Note

The non-printing margins may have to be adjusted depending on the printer driver in use. You can determine if adjustment is required by completing the scaled output exercise and observing the resulting layout window. If some portions of the map are in the light grey area (non-printing margins) of the layout, you need to return to the configuration menu and adjust the non-printing settings. If you change a non-printing margin (say right and left edges from 1 cm to 1.5 cm each), you need to compensate by decreasing the frame width by 1 cm (0.5 cm added to each edge). For this exercise, we wish to place a titleblock and legend outside the map frame. If you chose A4 size paper, then decrease the map frame position width by 5 cm. Change it to 2 2 . 7 cm width. Leave the frame height at 1 9 . 2 cm. If you have chosen A size paper, change the frame width to 2 0 . 9 cm.


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Click the OK button and enter a name to save the setting as, say A 4 L O u t (or A L O u t ) indicating A4 / A landscape paper, legend and titleblock outside map frame. Back in the main Scaled Output dialog, ensure that the Draw Grid option is checked, TITLEBLK appears as the titleblock name, and ScaleBar 1 is listed for the scalebar. Press the OK button. The map window will zoom in and a transparent polygon, polygon, representing the area to be plotted at 1:15,000 scale, will appear in the map window. Left mouse click inside the frame and drag it to cover the tenement area and geology to the left side of the tenements. When you are satisfied with the frame position, select the Scaled Output>Accept Map Position menu option. The map window resizes to the area of the transparent map frame. The Discover Map Grid dialog box appears. Click OK Click OK to accept the default parameters. A grid is drawn into the map window. The titleblock dialog box opens next. Enter the following details: Title Line 1 Title Line 2 Title Line 3 Author

T i g e r S n a k e Mi Mi n i n g G e o l o g y Ma p T e n e me me n t L o c a t i o n s .

(your name)

The default titleblock position is bottom right inside. From the titleblock position list, choose Bottom Right Outside.

Titleblock. Other options The default Scalebar position is Show ScaleBar in Titleblock. give you the opportunity to list the layers of the map window in the layout. The default display position is Bottom Right. For the purpose of this tutorial, set the display to No List. List. Press OK to create the titleblock, and a layout w indow.

Step 7. 7. Add Scal ed Frame Frame to t o Layout We need to add the legend to the layout window. Make the Geology Legend map window active and select the Discover>Map Making>Add Scaled Frame to Layout menu item. Fill in the dialog box as below.

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Adding a scaled frame for the l egend egen egend d into into the layout l ayout ayout

The legend is added to the layout window. Paper measurements appear along the side of the layout window in centimetres. Take a moment to examine the legend position with reference to the layout measurements and the information that was entered in the above dialog box. This should provide a good idea of how Add Scaled Frame to Layout works. paper, enter a value of 2 1 . 9 cm for Offset from left. left. You can For A size paper, always adjust the position of the frame once it has been added to the layout.

Step 8. 8. C Creati reati ng a Locat Locatii on M ap The final requirement is to add a location map to the layout window. Choose File>Open Table. Table. From the Tutorial Map Making directory, open the table Australia in a New Map Window. Window. We need to draw a red rectangle to represent the location of our map within Australia, and we will use the Key-In-Shapes tool. The coordinates for the rectangle have been previously determined. Editing>Key-In-Shapes.. Choose to draw onto the Select Discover>Oject Editing>Key-In-Shapes Cosmetic Layer. Layer. Click on Rectangle as object type, click on the polygon icon and choose a Red colour. XY units are in decimal degrees. Press the Enter Coordinates button. Enter XY coordinate pairs as follows: Corner 1 Corner 2

X = 121. 41 Y = - 26. 81 X = 122. 98 Y = - 25. 52


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Exit. Choose Map>Save Cosmetic Objects to a new table Click OK Click OK and then Exit. L o c a t i o n Ar A r e a . Then view the entire layer for Australia. Australia.

Step 9. 9. Adding the Locati Locati on M ap to the Layout Layout Wi ndow The Location Map Window should be active. Select Map Making>Add Scaled Frame to Layout. Layout. Fill in the dialog box with the following parameters: Scale: Frame width: Frame height: Offset from left: Offset from top: Map centre:

1 : 1 00 , 0 00 , 0 00 5 cm 4 cm 2 3. 6 c m 0.9 cm 1 33 . 3 8 º , - 2 7 . 1 8 º

The location map is added to the layout window. If you are using A size paper, enter a value of 21.9 for Offset from left (x cm). toolbar, click on the Text Style button, and choose font From the Drawing toolbar, size 8. Then click on the Text icon, position your cursor in the bottom left corner of the location map (in the layout window), and type Location Map.

Step 1100. E Exi xi t Scal ed Output Output and Plot Pl ot M ap Choose Scaled Output>Exit. Output>Exit. A dialog box appears allowing you to save the map grid, titleblock and a workspace. If you want to plot more copies of your map later, you should check the three boxes and enter appropriate table names to save the titleblock and map grid. If you don’t, you may need to go through the scaled output process to create the map again. With the finally scaled map displayed you can the print the map by choosing File>Print. An example map with titleblock, legend and location map is shown below. You can nominate to use the Print to File option if you do not have the correct printer connected, or if you need to print multiple copies of this map at a later date.

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E m 0 0 0 7 1 4

E m 0 0 5 7 1 4

E m 0 0 0 8 1 4

E m 0 0 5 8 1 4

E m 0 0 0 9 1 4

E m 0 0 5 9 1 4

E m 0 0 0 0 2 4

E98/460

7106000 m N

7106000 m N

Location Map

E98/459 7105500 m N

7105500 m N

Geological Legend TigerClaimGroup

7105000 m N

7105000 m N

E98/457

7104500 m N

Au

Quartzite Permian

Pb

Aplites,Diorites,Segmatites Carboniferous

Zn

Basalts, Dolerites, Andesites Silurian

Fault

MetagabbrosMetadiorites Ordovician

Anticline

Felsic Porphyry Ordovician

Syncline

Lamprophyres Cambrian

Alluvium Quaternary

Gabbros, Microgabbros Pre-cambrian

Colluvial Quaternary

7104500 m N

E98/458 Encom Technology

Date:19/2/1999 Author:

7104000 m N

Tiger Snake Mining Geological Map Tenement Locations

Office: Melbourne

E m 0 0 5 7 1 4

E m 0 0 0 8 1 4

E m 0 0 5 8 1 4

E m 0 0 0 9 1 4

E m 0 0 5 9 1 4

Scaled Scaled map map wit withh titleblock, titleblock, scalebar, scalebar, legend and location inset

E m 0 0 0 0 2 4

Drawing: S c a l e : 11: 5 0 0 0

0

Projection : AMG Z o n e 5 1 ( A G D6 6 )

125

250 metres

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Dat aset Bui l di ng Tut ori al

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Dat aset B ui l di ng Tut or i al In this tutorial you will learn the steps required to develop a polygon spatial dataset, using the example of building a geological map. Assume that you have been given a map, which is a hand drawn geological interpretation of the study area. The final digital map must show differing line styles for the linework, and all geological units are to be attributed and coloured appropriately. In order to build the attributed polygon map from digitized linework, we will perform the following tasks: •

Digitizing

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Cleaning linework

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Smoothing linework

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Building polygons

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Building a colour table

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Colouring the map

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Line annotation

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Labelling.

An Exerci Exerci se in Buil ding a Geological Geological M ap There are a number of tables associated with this tutorial that are referred to Discover_Tutorial\Dataset Building frequently. The data is located in the Discover_Tutorial\Dataset directory and you are encouraged to view them.

Step 1. 1. Di Di giti gi tizzi ng When the digitizer has been set up (see the MapInfo Users’ Guide for more information on digitizing in MapInfo), create two tables for the linework. Ensure that there is a character column in each table called Lifestyle and save this table in the appropriate coordinate system. system. The first table holds all the line segments that form the boundaries of the geological units (for example, lithological boundary, Fault - normal, Fault thrust, Unconformity etc). The second table holds all the line segments that do

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not form a boundary (for example, trend line and faults etc.). Note

We are digitizing linework into two separate tables as this provides greater flexibility during the rest of the dataset building process. Decide what is to be digitized first, either a boundary or non-boundary, and make that table editable. You will find that you swap between entering data in both tables as the digitizing progresses. Use the Map Making>Styles Library function when digitizing the linework to apply the appropriate attribute to the linework. This function is applicable for lines, points and polygons. Select the style you want (see the on-line help to create new styles not listed in the Styles Library). For example, if you decide to digitize a fault, select Fault – Normal. Normal. An example of the line style is shown in the adjacent style button. You can click on the line style icon to change the line style. At the bottom of the dialog box, place a checkmark in the box beside Apply style name as attribute. attribute. Under tables, select the editable table, table, and under column choose Linestyle. Linestyle. Click on Apply. Apply. Digitize the first Fault - Normal. Normal. The line has the correct style, colour and weight. Open a browser window of the table and the single record shown has the attribute. You may wish to have the browser open to the side of the map window so you can check progress. Return to the style library each time you need to change styles.

Note

Note that when you change to another table, you need to reset the Table and Column choices in the dialog box. As you digitize, ensure that you use the Snap function to join the ends of lines at every intersection (keyboard toggle key - S). Whenever two lines intersect you should begin a new line, though this can be done automatically at a later stage. You do not have to split lines when digitizing into the second table, because these lines do not form a boundary. If the boundary line being digitized has a sharp corner, you should break the line at the apex, otherwise when the line is smoothed, the definition of the sharp corner may be lost. There are two tables named Bound and Line2 in the Discover_Tutorial\Dataset Discover_Tutorial\Dataset Building directory. These tables represent examples of newly digitized data. Open these two tables and with a browser


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window open, check the attributes of the various line styles. See how the two tables contain boundaries and non-boundaries respectively. respectively.

Newl Newlyy digiti digitized zed linew ork split sp split lit according according to w whether hether it forms a polygon polygo polygon n boundary bound boundar boundary ary y

Bound, is shown with a thin black line, and the Line2 is The boundary table, Bound, displayed with the thick black line. You can see how one line is split between two tables according to whether it forms a polygon boundary or not.

Step 2. Cl eani eaning ng Li Li new ork After digitizing is completed, both tables of digitized linework need checking. Ensure that where one line is split between two tables, the end nodes are snapped to the continuation lines in the other table. You may also want to manually smooth some lines that need a little adjustment (select the editable line- Edit>Reshape and modify accordingly), and look for line segments that are not snapped. The Line2 table needs checking as outlined above. The Bound table needs further work to make sure that it is clean for polygonizing. Select the Object Editing>Auto Polygonize menu item, and the Polygonize menu appears on the MapInfo menu bar. Choose the Clean Linework menu option from the Polygonize menu. You need to nominate a new table in which to save the cleaned linework. Check the Show Misclosures box and leave the Misclosure Tolerance value at 1 . When this linework cleaning is complete, the screen shows your original table and a series of stars in a table called MisClose, MisClose, which indicates the line intersections that need to be checked. If you display both the original linework and the new table (using style overrides of different colours for each) you can see which lines need further checking.

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Misclosures Misclosures identified identifiedby bythe the Polygonizer Polygonizer

This example is exaggerated. However, it does illustrate two common problems that need to be corrected for polygonizing to be successful. 1.

Over shoot shoot – Line Line contin continues ues beyond beyond the point at which which it it should should termin terminate ate

2.

Under Under sho shoot ot – Line Liness do not contin continue ue far far enou enough. gh.

MisClose, which was created by The stars in the map above are from the table MisClose, the Polygonize function, Clean Linework. Linework.

Step 3. Smoothi Smoothing ng Li Li new ork After digitized linework has been cleaned, you may want to smooth some or all of the lines. Smoothing does not affect the location of the lines, but can substantially improve the linework appearance by interpolating between original node locations. As noted above, do not smooth lines that have sharp corners. When smoothing, you can either smooth directly over the original lines or save smoothed lines to a new table. We recommend that you choose the latter option so that you can always revert to unsmoothed linework. Ensure your table of linework is open and select the lines you wish to smooth. Now choose Object Editing>Polyline Smoother and select the Save smoothed lines to new table option. When smoothing is complete, display both tables (the original and the smoothed) with different coloured style overrides. Check over the linework, looking for areas where the smoother has been too aggressive, or has adversely changed the line appearance. Edit the original linework, adding or deleting nodes in order to give the smoothing function a better line to follow. Close the smoothed table and repeat the procedure, on the original table, until the smoother has given the required result


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..Newl New l y ddigiti i gi t i zeedd ddata at a – Bound Bound

Same Same area area smoother smoot her –– Boundsm Bounds m

Open Boundsm from the Tutorial folder. Display with the unsmoothed Bound and compare. There are a series of magenta lines in the Boundsm that close off the linework for polygonizing, and are added after smoothing. When you add these lines make sure they are snapped at the ends.

Step 4. 4. Buil ding Pol Pol ygons Select all of the lines in the smoothed table of boundary linework, return to the Polygonize menu options and select Build Polygons. Polygons. Check the Cut out inlying polygons box, save to a new table and click OK click OK.. When the polygonizer has finished, add the polygon table to the map window and assign a coloured fill style override. You may need to do some editing in the areas where polygons have not been formed. Check that the linework is snapped and clean. Use auto-trace (see the MapInfo Users’ Guide) with the polygon tool. Alternatively, copy specific line segments to a new table, create the polygon there and copy the changes back into the original polygon table. Open a browser of the polygon table. The newly formed polygons have the attributes of the original lines. Clear the attributes by updating the column. From the MapInfo menu bar, choose Table>Update Column and enter the following parameters: Table to Update Column to Update Get Value from Table Value

p o l y go n Li n e St y l e p o l y go n “”

(ie. an empty text string)

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Although the linestyle field will ultimately be filled with the MapCode for each polygon, clearing this column first means that a simple query can be used to ascertain if any polygons have been missed when colouring the map. Choose Table>Maintenance>Table Table>Maintenance>Table Structure and rename the first column in MapCode. the polygon table from Linestyle to MapCode.

Step 5. Bui l ding di ng a Col Colour our Tabl Tabl e Before colouring the geological units (the polygons), a colour table must be created. This table will hold the geological codes for each polygon, the colour definition for each unit and a description, if required. As this is a completely new dataset, you need a new colour table. Collate a list of as many geological codes as you can from the original map. Have some idea of what colour scheme you wish to use for these codes and spend some time making sure that your list is complete. Choose the Colour Maps option from the Discover menu and select the Create Empty Colour Table option from the Choose Action dialog. Save a new colour table called Finalcol, Finalcol, and an empty browser is opened. From the MapInfo menu bar, select Edit>New Row. This adds a blank row to the browser. By holding down the Ctrl key and hitting the ‘E ‘E’ key, you can rapidly add the required number of rows. When this is done, choose File>Save Table. Table. In the browser, work your way down the MapCode column, entering the geological unit codes as you go. If required, add in the description information for each code at the same time. Go back to the ColourMap menu item and choose Action. Action. This time with Select Colour Table checked, choose the new colour table and the first column in this table, MapCode. MapCode. Click OK Click OK.. Return to the ColourMap menu, and select the Edit Colour Table menu item. This dialog box allows you to highlight each geological code in turn and define the colour fill and linestyle. Select the code from the list and the region and line boxes appear. These are shown in black because they are the “null” colours. Choose the colour for this polygon code, and make sure that the Accept button is clicked before you go to the next code, otherwise your region and line patterns are not stored. As you choose patterns, the browser table will be automatically updated with the pattern descriptions in the appropriate columns. Click OK Click OK,, and your colour table is ready for use.


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Finalcol, The example in the Tutorial Dataset Building directory is called Finalcol, displayed below without the description fields.

Colour table browser

You can go back and edit the colour table at any time. If you have a polygon code that is not in the table, you can add a new line to the browser, add in the code, and then edit the colour table as before to give the polygon code a region style. If you change change the colour of a unit, during or after the map colouring, you need to re-colour the map, or select the edited unit and update the region colour style of the selected objects.

Step 6. 6. Attri buting and Colouri Colouri ng the map To attribute and colour the polygon map with the new colour table (which is specific to this dataset), open a map window for the geological map and make the polygon layer editable. Using the select tools, select one or more polygons that has the same geological code (you need to ascertain this from the original drawn map). With the polygon(s) selected you can then apply the appropriate colour and attribute using the Styles Library function in Discover. From the Map Style dialog, choose the Use Styles from Discover Colour Table option. Select the MapCode, and click OK new colour table, choose the column named MapCode, click OK.. In Object Attributes (at the bottom of the Map Styles dialog), check the Apply style name as attribute for new or selected objects option. Specify your polygon table and the column into which the geological code is placed (MapCode). Select the style to apply to the selected polygons and click on Apply. Apply.

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Att Attributing ributing and and colouring colouring the the polygon polygon dataset polygon dataset w with ith Map M ap Styles Styles Styles

The selected polygon(s) are coloured. If you open the polygon table browser the code column will contain the updated geological code for the selected objects and the message window indicates the current style. Continue the process until all polygons have been coloured, using the Styles Library button on the tool bar to speed up the process. To check for polygons which have not yet been coded and coloured, use Discover’s Select by Group and choose records where the MapCode = “”. You should also use the Styles Library to apply styles and attributes to linework such as faults and fold axes.

Step 77.. Li Li ne Annotati on For linework that requires annotating, such as fault, unconformity and fold axes, Discover has a function that adds the annotations to the line table, or to a specific annotation table. Colour, size and frequency of the line annotation can be specified. Select the lines that you want to give the same annotations (that is, lines that are of the same type and where the annotations are facing in the same direction). You can select the lines easily using Discover

Select by Graphical Styles or

Select by Group functions.

From the Map Making>Line Annotation dialog box specify the frequency of the annotation symbol; line annotation type - character or non-character; annotation style - size, colour, direction etc. Use a map scale of 1:5,000,000, an annotation interval of 50 km and annotation size of 5.


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You should use the cosmetic layer as you can easily redo the annotation for a different spacing or size. When the annotation is completed, save the cosmetic objects to the annotation table. The table Finalann contains the annotations for our example dataset.

Fault annotati on added added to a line

Step 8. 8. Label Labelll i ng To label the geological units, choose the Map Making>Text Labels menu option. Select the polygon table of geological units, and choose the MapCode column. In Label Style set the scale for the text (use 1:5,000,000), the text size and font, and any offset or label line requirements (not required for this exercise). The text labels appears at the specified size only at the map scale that you nominate. As the map is zoomed out, labels appear smaller, and vice versa.

M odifying the automatic placement placem placeme ent nt of labels. l abels.

The labels are placed on the Cosmetic Layer and should be saved to a new table.

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Step 9. 9. Work space Open the workspace TUTORIAL.WOR. This opens the final tables created from the original tables, Bound and Line2, Line2, together with the annotation tables. From Layer Control, note the order in which the layers are displayed. The polygon layer is at the base, with the linework above, and the text and annotations on top.

Surf aces Tut ori al

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Cr eat e and A nal yse Sur f ac es Tut or i al This tutorial shows how gridded surfaces and contour plans can be created and used in Discover. A topographic dataset containing spot heights is used.

An Exerci Exerci se in Surface Surface M ode odell li ng and and Analysis Elevation data, stored as a series of spot height points, is located in the Discover_Tutorial Discover_Tutorial \Surfaces directory in the table called Spot Heights. Heights. The objectives of this tutorial are to interpolate a surface grid and generate a contour plan from this data, create a profile, determine grid slope and aspect, perform sun-shading, sun-shading, and clip the grid to a region.

Step 11.. G Generate enerate a Grid Gri d and Contour Contour pl an for Elevati on data Heights. Choose Map>View Entire Layer, Layer, then select all Open the table Spot Heights. points. From the Discover menu, choose Create and Analyse Surfaces, Surfaces, and the Surfaces menu is added to the MapInfo menu bar. Choose Surfaces>Grid and Contour>Triangulation. Choose elevation as the Z parameter to grid. Click the Make Grid button and enter a grid cell size (X and Y should be the BIL. Enter a same) of 1 5 0 m. For grid output, choose Save Grid as Raster BIL. table name such as T o p o Gr G r i d . Click Save Click Save and OK OK.. Next, click the Make Contours button. A minor contour interval of 1 0 0 and major contour interval of 5 0 0 should be chosen. Save the Output Contour Table to a table name C o n t o u r s . Press Save and OK OK.. All parameters have now been set up. If you wish to save them for future use, click the Save Setting button and enter a setting name, such as D e mo 1 . Click OK.. OK Click OK Click OK to start the triangulation. When complete, an elevation grid (commonly referred to as a DEM – Digital Elevation Model) and contours are added to the map window. To make visualisation easier, you may want to choose Query>Unselect All to remove the point selection. Complete the exercise by closing all tables except for the one named Topo Grid.

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Step 22.. Create Create a Profil Profi l e Open the Topo Polys table. This table contains coloured polygons representing elevation ranges. However, a polygon table containing geology could also be used. When a profile is created, the surface line is coloured according to the polygons intersected intersected in the Topo Polys table. Make the Cosmetic Layer editable, and with the Line tool, draw a line across the centre of the image, from left to right. Then select the line. Choose the Surfaces>Make Profile button, and enter information as below.

Specifying Specifying parameters for profi profile le generation generation

A map window opens containing the profile. You may wish to repeat the exercise and check the differences if Auto-scaling if Auto-scaling of z-axis is enabled, or Smoothed Profile is chosen. If you want to save your profile, you should click on the Save As button and choose an appropriate table name. Otherwise, the temporary table Profile is always overwritten. It is not necessary to enter polygon drape parameters. If left blank, a solid black line is drawn which represents the surface profile. However, the polygon drape option is useful for examining geology, tenements or vegetation crossed by the profile. Complete the exercise by closing all tables.

Step 3. 3. Gri Gri d Queri Queri es The surfaces module contains a powerful grid analysis tool that lets you select portions of the grid that meets specific criteria for elevation, slope and aspect. Grid cells that meet the specified criteria are saved as polygons in a new layer.


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Grid. Select Surfaces>Grid Query>Select by Elevation, Open the table Topo Grid. Slope, Aspect. Aspect. In the dialog box, enter values as shown below. Choose a red fill for the region style.

Grid query parameters for identifying areas by elevation, aspect and slope

This query returns polygons for all grid cells that are between 500 and 800 metres elevation, on a slope between 5 and 10 degrees, and whose aspect is to the south. You may wish to verify the results by opening the Contours table and adding it to the map window containing the Gridquery layer. Experiment with other query parameters. Note

The previous query is overwritten unless you choose a new name for the output table under Save Polygons to Table. Table. Close all tables except for Topo Grid before proceeding to the next exercise.

Step 44.. C Creati reati ng a Slope or Aspec t G Gri ri d You can easily create a new grid containing slope or aspect values derived from an elevation grid using Discover. Arithmetic. In the Choose Surfaces>Grid Arithmetic>Horizontal Grid Arithmetic. dialog box, enter Topo Grid as the name of the grid table, choose Slope as the Slope. Click on the Save As button, and enter operation, and choose Percent of Slope. the table name Slope Percent. Percent. Click OK Click OK to start processing.

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A new map window opens containing a raster image showing the percent of slope. The grid can be queried using GridInfo tool. Click on the GridInfo button, and then click on an area of the raster image that you wish to query. Discover reports the value for the central grid cell selected, as well as the surrounding surrounding eight grid cells. Repeat the exercise choosing Slope as the operation, and choose Degrees of Slope. Slope. Now repeat the process using Aspect, and create a grid illustrating the aspect of the DEM.

Step 5. Al teri ng Gri Gri d Col Colours ours and Applyi Appl ying ng Sun Sun Shadi Shading ng Display the file Topo Grid in a new map window. It is currently displayed using the rainbow rainbow colour scheme. The grid colour should be changed to an elevation colour scheme with real-time sun-shading applied. To alter the grid colour, choose Surfaces>Modify Surfaces>Modify Grid Display>Alter Grid Colours. Colours. Choose Elevation from the colour scheme list and full linear stretch. stretch. The grid is now displayed with colours ranging from blue (lowest) through brown to white (highest). In this same dialog you have the option of applying various forms of grid colouring, such as histogram histogram equalisation, autoclip linear stretch, colour to percentile breaks and colour to data breaks. These are more appropriate when visualizing geochemical and geophysical grids. Choose Surfaces>Modify Grid Display>Sun-shading. Display>Sun-shading. Check the turn Sunshading On option. Set the sun angle to NW with an elevation of 50º of 50º.. Experiment with other colour schemes, sun angles and elevations. You need to set the sun-shading separately for each grid. Grid. Complete the exercise by closing all tables, except Topo Grid.

Step 66.. C Cll i ppi pping ng a Gri Gri d Often you may need to clip a portion of a grid to a polygon boundary. For example, you wish to have a geophysical grid clipped to a tenement boundary. Open the table Ten Poly containing a polygon mask representing a tenement Grid. Select the Ten boundary. Add it to the map window containing Topo Grid. Poly polygon.


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Region. Accept the default parameters, name Choose Surfaces>Clip Grid to Region. the output grid Surface Grid, Grid, and click OK click OK.. The resulting grid appears. All steps covered previously may be applied to this new grid. Complete the exercise by closing all tables.

Step 7. Volume Cal Calcul cul ati ons Assume you wish to determine the total volume of regolith in your tenement area. To do this, subtract the surface elevation grid from the regolith elevation grid and calculate the volume contained in the resulting regolith thickness grid. The table Spot Heights contains columns for surface elevation and the regolith RL (Relative Level or elevation) value. We need to create two grids based on these surfaces, subtract the surface from the regolith surface (to get regolith thickness), and calculate a volume on the resulting area. Repeat Step 1 to create two grids, one grid based on the surface RL and one grid based on the Regolith RL column. Choose Inverse Distance Weighting using 6 nearest neighbours. Name the output grids Surface Grid and Regolith Grid respectively. Then execute Step 6 to clip the grids to the Stripping Poly boundary (in the Discover_Tutorial\Surfaces directory). Call the output tables Surface RL Grid and Regolith RL Grid. Subtract the two grids (Surface RL Grid as Input #1 and Regolith RL Grid as Input #2) using Surfaces>Grid Arithmetic>Merge Grids. Grids.

Subtracting 2 elevation grids to generate a thickness grid

The resulting grid contains the regolith thickness.

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To calculate the volume of regolith, choose Surfaces>Grid Arithmetic>Calculate Arithmetic>Calculate Volume for a Level. Choose> 0 for the level to calculate the volume volume to. The resulting answer is displayed in a MapInfo MapInfo message box. The value is based on the grid Z scale as well as the map units, in this case, metres, thus the answer is in cubic metres. Complete the exercise by closing all tables.

Step 88.. Poi Points nts to Regions (Voronoi Polygons) A set of Voronoi polygons can be created from point data and then mapped thematically. Open the table Spot Heights and choose Map>View Entire Layer. Layer. Select all Heights. points in the table with Query>Select All from Spot Heights. From the Surfaces menu, choose Surfaces>Points Surfaces>Points to Regions. Regions. In the dialog Voronoi). Choose the default box that appears, specify an output table (call it Voronoi). option of Clip of Clip Polygons to Convex Hull. Hull. Click OK Click OK.. A new layer containing the polygons will be created. Each polygon has an elevation associated with it. Producing a thematic map allows you to visualize the results. Choose Map>Create Thematic Map. Map. For users of MapInfo Professional Default. Otherwise, select a version 4.5 and later, choose Region Ranges Default. Range option. Click Next Click Next and ensure that the table Voronoi and the column Elevation are selected. Click Next Click Next.. The resulting default ranges are not what we require, so press the Ranges button and choose Custom as the method. Choose five ranges and break them down as shown. After entering the ranges, press the Recalc button prior to clicking OK OK..


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Creating themati c map ranges for Voronoi Polygon Polygon elevations

Click on the styles button and choose a colour for each of the five ranges. A suggestion is (from low to high values): blue, dark green, light green, yellow and red. Click OK Click OK twice. You may wish to overlay the Contours table to observe the relationship between these two derived datasets. Complete the tutorial by closing all tables and choosing Exit Surfaces from the Surfaces menu.

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3D Di spl ay Tut ori al

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3D Di spl ay of Gr i d Dat a Tut or i al The objective of this tutorial is to show you how to produce a 3D display of Grid Image data using Discover and MapInfo. You will also register a GeoTiff raster image for use in 3D display. In the previous tutorial you created a surface from point data using triangulation gridding. Such surfaces (or imported grids) could be used in this tutorial where we investigate 3 dimensional displays with overlays from other surfaces and data.

An Exer Exerci ci se in i n Gri Gri d Display and 3D M ap Creati Creation on The data for this tutorial is located in the Discover_Tutorial\3D directory.

Step 11.. Setup Setup G Gri ri d Confi Confi gurati on Choose the Discover>Grid Configuration menu item and make sure the Use MapInfo Grid handlers (when possible) possible) option is set enabled. This option ensures that the internal operations of surfaces uses the Grid Handlers supplied by Discover plus enables the use of grid handling for use in 3D. Note that the grid format selection is not relevant at this stage since it applies only to defining output formats. See the Discover Reference Manual for more information on Grid Image Formats.

Grid Format configuration enabling the Grid Handlers.

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Step 2. 2. Regi Regi ster a Gri Gri d Surfaces. The Surfaces From the Discover menu, choose Create and Analyse Surfaces. menu is added to the MapInfo toolbar. Select Surfaces>Register Surfaces>Register Grid File>ER Mapper Grid. Grid. Select and open the grid file DTM.ERS. DTM.ERS. The ER Mapper Grid Registration dialog is populated with the registration information contained in the header file of the grid.

Registering the ER ERMMapper apper apper grid gridand andwwith ith its appropriate appropriate projection category. category.

Click the CoordSys button and select the Projection Category (Australian Map Grid AGD66) and Category Member (AMG Zone 52 (AGD66)). Click OK Click OK to assign the correct MapInfo projection to the grid image table and display the surface in a Map Window. This processing also creates a .TAB file with the necessary surface registration information for the image data imported in the ER Mapper image file.

Step 3. 3. Alter Gri d Colours Colours and M odify the Gri Gri d Histogram The ER Mapper DTM.ERS grid is initially displayed in the Map Window using a greyscale colour scheme. scheme. To alter the colour or histogram stretch of the surface display, choose Surfaces>Modify Surfaces>Modify Grid Display>Alter grid colours. colours. Choose newgrey from the colour pattern list and set Autoclip linear stretch to 99% of the data range.


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Grid Display Display Colouring dialog to control the image appearance.

In this dialog you have other options of applying various forms of grid colouring. Options include histogram equalisation, full linear stretch, colour percentile breaks and colour to data breaks. The most appropriate for displaying digital terrain data is using a linear stretch. Click OK Click OK after setting the Autoclip option. The grid is now displayed with grey colouring (the newgrey look-up table) ranging from dark grey (lowest) through to white (highest). As a variation of the displayed surface you could also choose the Surfaces>Modify Grid Display>Sun-shading. Display>Sun-shading. Enable the Sun-shading on option and leave the sunangle position as default.

Sun-shading Sun-sha Sun-shading ding dialog ttoo modify modify the the appaerance of the grid surface.

Note that the digital terrain surface indicates some areas of elevated topography surrounded by a relatively flat plain with occasional east-west sand dune ‘lines’.

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Step 33.. Drape Vector Data over Raster Raster Data in i n 3D Open the table Geology and select Current Mapper as the preferred view. The Geology table contains polygons of the various geological units within this area. Also open the table Faults into the Current Mapper in the same manner. Note that the layering order (as indicated in the Enhanced Layer Control is Faults, Geology and DTM. This order (as for any Map Window), ensures that the faults and geology drape over the DTM surface. If one of the vector layers (Faults or Geology) were displayed below the DTM, it would not be visible. 3DMap. Alter the appearance of From the MapInfo menu, select Map>Create 3DMap. the 3D map by selecting Units as meters and change the Scale to 0.5. The Scale factor determines the extent of vertical exaggeration of the resulting 3D display. Leave the Camera and Light Position as default and click OK click OK..

Dialog to create and control the appearance of 3D displays.

Once the 3D Map has been generated you can easily alter the properties of the 3D display. Click the right mouse button in the 3D Map window and select Properties. Properties .


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Figure showing the resulting 3D Image

To learn about navigation of the 3D display, try pressing and holding the left mouse button while moving the cursor in the display window. Also select the Zoom in, out and Pan MapInfo buttons and similarly use the cursor to alter the view position.

GeoTi eoTi ff Regi Registrati strati on and 33D D M ap Di Di spl splay ay The DTM surface used in the example above is derived from an ER Mapper grid file. In the following section, a registered TIFF file (a GeoTiff) is used as input. GeoTiff images can be created in software packages such as ER Mapper or supplied from remote sensing vendors.

Step 4. 4. R Regi egi ster a R Raster aster Image Select Tool Manager from the MapInfo Tools menu. Place a tick beside the GeoTiff Registration in the column labelled Loaded. Loaded. This allows you you to access the GeoTiff Registration processing. Note

If the GeoTiff Registration option is not available in the Tools>Tool Manager Manager,, it needs to be added. Select the Add Tool button and provide a Title and Description of the application. From the Location browse button, navigate to the MapInfo Tools directory and select the GEOREG.MBX G EOREG.MBX application. By specifying this .MBX file and clicking OK, the tool is then available for loading by the Tool Manager.

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Adding the GEOREG.MBX application to the MapInfo Tools list.

When available, select Tools>Georeg>Register a raster image and choose and open the RADIOMETRICS.TIF in the Discover_Tutorial\3D directory. A map window displaying the registered tiff is displayed.

Registered image of the the Radimetrics.tif Radimetrics.tif GeoTiff GeoTiff file. file.

Step 5. 5. C Crea reate te 3D Di Di spl splay ay Open the DTM table into the Current Mapper displaying the radiometrics. Alter the display order moving moving the Radiometrics table above the DTM table using the drag and drop method of the Enhanced Layer Control (not in Grouped view).


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Enhanced Layer Control with order of layers layers repared for 3D display of DTM and and Radiometrics Radiomet Radiometrics rics layers.

3DMap. Alter the appearance of From the MapInfo menu, select Map>Create 3DMap. the 3Dmap. Select Units as meters and change the Scale to 0.5. Leave the Camera and Light Position as default and click OK click OK..

Figure showing the resulting 3D image

The resulting image has the radiometrics tiff geo-referenced and draped over the underlying DTM surface. As previously, you can manipulate the view of the 3D display as desired. Also included in the Discover_Tutorial/3D directory are a Total Magnetic Intensity ER Mapper grid (TMI.ERS) and a GeoTiff file (TMIRAS.TIF). You may wish to experiment further with these files in a similar way to the DTM and radiometrics surfaces. Complete the tutorial by closing all tables and choosing Exit Surfaces from the Surfaces menu.

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6

Dr i l l hol e Di spl ay Tut or i al This tutorial shows you how to produce drillhole cross-sections and plans using Discover. You will look at the data format required, learn the procedures for creating sections and learn how to produce a section layout. For more information on the Drillhole Display module in Discover, refer to the Discover Reference Manual. In order to display display the drillhole data you will follow these steps: •

Prepare downhole data

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Validate the downhole data

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Map the collar locations

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Generate an elevation plan for the collar map

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Create cross-sections cross-sections

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Create colour patterns for the downhole data

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Display downhole data on the sections

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View individual drillholes in log style display

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Digitize sectional interpretation

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Calculate sectional resource

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Composite downhole data

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Add a section to the layout window and print.

An Exerci Exerci se in Dri Dri ll hole Di Di splay The objective of this tutorial is to produce a series of east-west sections and a plan section for inclusion in an assessment assessment report. The dataset is a diamond drilling program conducted on a gold prospect, consisting of 11 holes totalling 1585 m.

Data Sourc Sources es Drill data (collar, survey, lithology and sample data) have been entered in the field into an Access database. Assay data have been returned from the laboratory in Excel format. Surface geology has been previously digitized and is


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in MapInfo format. Note

This tutorial uses an Access database, that can only be used with MapInfo Professional version 4.1 or later. These files are located in the Discover_Tutorial\Drillholes directory. The files are named DRILL.MDB, ASSAYS.XLS, ASSAYS.XLS, and SURFACE_GEOLOGY.TAB.

Prepari repari ng Data Data ppri rior or to View View i ng Dri Drill l holes •

The Excel format assay data need to be merged with the assay intervals in the Access database

•

Other Access tables need to be registered in MapInfo

•

Objects need to be created for the collar locations

•

A DEM needs to be generated from the collar elevations.

Step 1. 1. Mergi Mer ging ng of Sampl Sample e Data and Assay Data Data Start by opening the Excel spreadsheet for assay data in MapInfo. Open the file of assay data by choosing File>Open Table and changing Files of type to Microsoft Excel. Excel. Highlight ASSAYS.XLS and press Open. Open. Under Named Range, Range, use the drop down menu to select Other. Other. Change the start cell row number from A1 to A2 to account for column titles in Row 1. The window should now display Assays!A2:D318. Assays!A2:D318. Click OK Click OK.. Put a checkmark in the box Titles. Click OK stating Use Row Above Selected Range for Column Titles. Click OK.. A browser window opens displaying the columns SampNo, Au, As, Cu contained within this database. Open the Access database containing the sample data as follows: Open the file of sample data by choosing File>Open Table and changing Files of type to Microsoft Access Database. Database. Highlight DRILLING.MDB and press Open. Open. Highlight the Samples table and press OK OK.. A browser window appears displaying the columns ID, HoleID, From, To and SampNo. You will need to modify the table structure of the samples database to append the assay information. Note that the original Access database is modified to incorporate your changes.

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Table>Maintenance>Table Structure>Samples Structure>Samples.. Add the fields Au, Choose Table>Maintenance>Table As and Cu, Cu, all of type Float. Float. Also, place a checkmark in the Index column for SampNo. Click OK the field SampNo. Click OK and ignore the warning message that appears regarding unsupported fields. Now add the assay values to the samples database. Choose Table Utilities>Multiple Utilities>Multiple Column Update. Update. We wish to Update values in Samples Assays. Complete the join condition where SampNo in and Get values from Assays. the update table matches SampNo in the join table. Choose three as the Number of columns to update. update. Click OK Click OK.. In the next dialog box that appears, ensure that the Au, As and Cu columns match up accordingly in both tables. Press the OK button. The assay information is added to the samples table. To make the changes permanent, save the table from the file menu. The Assays spreadsheet table can be closed.

Step 2. Openi pening ng the Remaini Remaini ng Acc ess Tabl Tables es in M apInfo Open the collar, survey and lithology tables in MapInfo. As before, choose File>Open Table and change Files of type to Microsoft Access Database. Highlight Drilling.mdb and click Open click Open.. Highlight the Collars, Lithology, and Survey table. Click OK Click OK..

Step 33.. Create Create Object bj ectss for the Col Colll ars Points. In the dialog box From the MapInfo menu bar, choose Table>Create Points. that appears, we want to Create points for table Collars. Click on the symbol OK.. Enter Easting icon, and choose a Red Filled Circle, 8 point font size and OK for the x-coordinate and Northing for the Y-coordinate. Press the Projection button to choose the appropriate AMG Zone. Under Category, Category, choose Australian Map Grid (AGD 66). 66). Under Category members choose AMG Zone 51(AGD 66) and click OK. click OK. Click OK Click OK in the Create Points window. The collars can now be viewed by choosing Window>New Map Window. Window. Note that if you don’t click on the Projection button MapInfo uses the default longitude/latitude coordinate coordinate system. When viewed in a map window, the points would be stacked upon each other at the north pole (360º, 90º). If this happens, go back to Table>Maintenance>Table Table>Maintenance>Table Structure and remove the check in the box Table is Mappable. Then repeat the procedure outlined above.


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Step 44.. G Generati enerati on of Contours Contours from fr om the C Col olll ar El El evati evations ons You can optionally use a topographic surface with cross sections. If a topographic surface is not used, then the surface topography is inferred by joining together adjacent collars. If topographic data is not available, or as in this exercise, collars are closely spaced, the digital elevation model and associated contours can be generated using Discover. Collars. Next, choose Discover>Create and Choose Query>Select All from Collars. Analyse Surfaces. Surfaces. From the Surfaces menu that is added to the menu bar, choose Grid and Contour and Inverse Distance Weighting. Weighting. Choose RL for the Z parameter. Press the Make Grid button and ensure the grid x, y cell size values are 5 m. Place a checkmark in the Save grid as MapInfo polygons box and enter the table name Surface_grid (save in the Discover_Tutorial\Drillholes directory). Press OK and then press the Make Contours button. We want to create Regular Contour Intervals, Intervals, with 1 as the minor interval and 5 as the major interval. Place a checkmark in the box Specify minimum/maximum minimum/maximum interval to contour between. between. Enter 8 0 as the minimum, and 9 0 as the maximum. Click the Output Contour Table button and enter Surface_contours (save in the Discover_Tutorial Drillholes directory). Then click Save click Save,, then OK twice, after which contours are drawn on the map window. Close all tables before proceeding.

Creating Sections Step 11.. S Setup etup Discover Di scover to Create Create Secti Sec ti ons Discover>DrillHole Display. Display. A menu item named Drillholes is added to Select Discover>DrillHole the MapInfo menu bar, to the right of the Discover menu item. Drillholes>Setup. Click the New button and enter a name for the drill Choose Drillholes>Setup. project. For the tutorial, enter Drill Demo and click OK click OK.. Select the directory that contains the data (Discover_Tutorial\Drillholes (Discover_Tutorial\Drillholes,) and then enter the appropriate information in the Project Definition dialog as shown below. You can open the tables directly from this dialog if necessary.

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Defining aa Drill Drillhole hole project project project by selecting the data ttables ables to use

When the OK button is clicked, the Assign Spatial Columns dialog appears. Ensure that the columns match the entries required. If not, use the drop down lists to match the appropriate columns. The sample dataset does not have a negative sign in front of collar dips. Therefore, leave the Down Dip is negative option unchecked. Depth units are metres. Click OK Click OK followed by OK again on the Choose Project window to complete the setup procedure.

Step 2. 2. Val Valii dati ng your Database Database. In the dialog box that appears, Select Drillholes>Validate Database. appears, choose the option Validate all Drillholes. Drillholes. Click OK Click OK.. The data validation dialog allows you to specify the table to check and what criteria to check for. Choose the table Samples. Samples. Place checkmarks beside all options that have become enabled. In the Duplicate sample numbers in column selection, specify the column SampNo. SampNo. Choose Output validation details to log file. file. Enter the file name RESULTS.TXT. Click the Save button, followed by the OK button. The validation results are also displayed in the message window.


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Open RESULTS.TXT in Wordpad. The results show that there are no problems with the data. If there were, problems would be listed, and it would be necessary to return to the original Access database to make corrections.

Step 3. 3. Selec Selec t the Coll Coll ars to Incl ude in the Secti on You can select drill collars to use for a cross-section by three different methods: methods: 1. You type in values for the easting, northing, line orientation and line length 2. You select the collars using the SHIFT key and left mouse button 3. You draw a line, select the line and specify an envelope width. You need to use the third method. Make the cosmetic layer editable, then select the line tool from the drawing toolbar and draw a horizontal line (left to right) through the bottom four collars. Your line should be drawn slightly north of the collars, so that all contour lines are intersected (make sure the Surface_contours table is open). If contour lines are not intersected, your profile consists only of straight lines (representing topography) between collars. Select the line you have just drawn. Choose Drillholes>Select New Section. Section. In the Hole Selection by control group, check the Use Selected Line option. Specify an envelope width of 1 0 m. To produce a number of east-west sections, click on the Multiple Sections button and check the Generate Multiple Sections options. Choose 3 sections, with an offset to zero degrees of 2 0 m and click OK click OK.. Click on the Annotate button. Check the surface line display is turned on, and that the hole label size is set to 6 for a scale of 1:1,000. Note that in order to assist with file management you can save the sections to named sub-directories sub-directories under the main project directory to assist with file management. Click on the Plot Now button to create the three sections, offset to the north in 20 metre increments.

Step 4. Editi di ti ng Displ ay Col Colour our Patterns for Secti ons Prior to displaying downhole data on the section, you need to create colour patterns relevant to the data ranges. For this example we create an individual pattern for lithology and a ranged colour pattern for grade-shading Au text values.

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Patterns, select New Pattern in the Colour Click on Drillholes>Edit Colour Patterns, Pattern drop down menu and click Edit click Edit.. . Enter a Pattern Name of Au_Shading, of Au_Shading, select Pattern Type as Ranged and number of ranges as 4. Click OK Click OK.. Type in four from and to ranges and after each range click on the line symbol icon and select a colour to associate with the Au range. For example, Range 1: From 0 To 1, Line colour blue Range 2: From 1 To 3, Line colour green Range 3: From 3 To 6, Line colour yellow Range 4: From 6 To 100, Line colour red When plotting downhole Au values in Step 4, simply select Au_Shading to invoke the colouring scheme. To create the colour pattern for lithology, proceed as above for a New Pattern, but choose a Pattern Type of Individual of Individual,, and check the Build colour pattern from values in a table checkbox. Name this pattern Rock_Colours. Rock_Colours . Click OK, and choose the Lithology table and the Rock column from which to get the code list. Choose the codes to include include in the colour pattern (maximum of 16) and click OK click OK.. From the Colour Pattern Definition dialog, you then need to assign colours to each rock code. You can use a % in the code or value name to act as a wild card. Alternatively, you can use an existing Discover colour table instead of creating a new pattern.

Step 5. 5. Annotate the secti sect i ons Select Drillholes>Display Drillholes>Display downhole data. data. A maximum of sixteen downhole variables can be plotted. For this exercise, however, you only display three. The sections are to be annotated with rock (trace shade centred on the drill trace), gold (Au) values as text to the right and arsenic (As) values as a line graph to the left of the drill trace. To specify the Rock display, use the table list (beside the first row) to select the Lithology. Then pick the column name Rock from the next list, and table Lithology. choose Trace Shade from the display type list. Default parameters appears in a Trace Shade window and to select your lithology colour look up scheme setup setup in Step 3, click on the Colour Pattern drop down menu and chose Rock_Colours. Leave other settings so that the trace


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shade is 1 mm wide at a scale of 1:1000 with an offset of 0 mm so that it is centred on the drill trace. Then click OK click OK.. To define the Au text labels, nominate Samples, Au and Text in the second row of the dialog box. From the Text Labels dialog, select the Au_Shading colour pattern setup in Step 4, and place a checkmark in the Auto scale labels to fit intervals box. Leave the positioning set to display to the right of the drill trace. Repeat the process for the third row, with Samples, As, and Linegraph. Note the As values range between 20 and 3900 ppm. Given the wide data range, you need to set an appropriate scale. Set the range to 0 . 0 2 for map scale of 1:1000. If you use a higher value, a warning message suggests that you choose a smaller value. Set the line to a red colour, by clicking on the line style button and select red. Position the linegraph on the left side of the drill trace with an offset of 1 mm and click OK click OK..

Part of tthe he downhole downhole data display definit defini tion ion di dialog alog showi showing ng tthe he current current display scheme sch schem eme e

Save this current data display setting, by clicking the Save button at the top of the dialog. Save to a setting called Drill Demo. Demo. This setting can then be used in future to ensure that sections are viewed with a consistent data display. Check the Display Annotation - Data Legend option so that the ranged and individual colour patterns are displayed as a key. Press Apply and select the three sections that have been created in the Apply to Sections box. box. Click OK Click OK.. The selected downhole data is drawn on the three sections.

Step 6 (optional (opti onal). ). Using Previousl Previ ouslyy Created Created Secti ons The sections that we have just created have been saved with the drillhole Section Manager. Manager. The section manager allows us to recall previously created

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sections and open them from a list. If you did not previously set the sections to be stored with the section manager, you can do this now. Select the Setup menu option, choose the Demo Drill project and click the Section Manager button. Click the Add button, select a section to add and OK.. Repeat the process to Add the remaining two sections. press OK Press the Done button to finish.

Step 77.. P Produc roducii ng a Log Di Di spl splay ay Log displays can be used to display multiple columns of information for individual drillholes in an easy to view display. Up to 24 different columns of information can be displayed for a drillhole in a log. To produce a log display, return return to the drillhole location map window (with geology, contours and collars) and select one drillhole. Then choose the Drillholes>Log Drillholes>Log Display menu item. The Global Settings button allows modification of a number of defaults, including global dimensions, display styles and data handling. Many of these settings can also be changed for individual columns. From the Drillhole log display window, choose the Lithology table from the list of tables at the top left. Now chose the Rock column from the Available Columns window, and click the >> button. Then click on the Settings button to choose the log display settings for this column. Select the Trace Shade log type, with the Rock_Colours pattern, and click OK click OK twice. Then choose the Samples table and Au, As and Cu columns. Click on the settings button and choose Linegraph for the log type and the Fill from Trace Shade option to fill the linegraphs with the lithology log defined above. Leave the other settings and click OK click OK twice. The four columns chosen for the log are now listed in the main dialog. You can alter the settings individually for these columns by clicking on the settings button. You can save this log display setting so that it can be used again later. Click OK Click OK and Discover creates the drillhole log for each of the columns. If you selected more than multiple multiple drillholes, then a log for each drillhole would be created in a separate table.


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Step 8. On-screen n-sc reen Interpretati Inter pretati on Geological interpretations of mineralization or lithological boundaries can be digitized on screen from the sections that have been generated. Select one of the sections created above and click Drillholes>Boundary click Drillholes>Boundary Digitizing>Digitize Boundaries. Boundaries . Discover automatically creates a new table to hold the digitized information. The table is called _B and is automatically added to the section window and made editable. Any type of object may be digitized. For this exercise, digitize digitize high-grade Au ore pods. From the Region Style button on the drawing toolbar, choose an appropriate colour. Then with the Polygon button selected, proceed to digitize the interpreted ore zones. After each ore polygon has been closed, you need to add the attribute data in the Feature_Code. Additional fields may be added browser window in the column Feature_Code. to this table if required. Continue the on-screen interpretation for medium and low grade mineralization. Remember to File>Save Table on a regular basis. Once boundaries have been digitized, they may be exported as 3D DXF coordinates for use in another software package. Choose Drillholes>Boundary Digitising>Export Digitising>Export Boundaries. Boundaries.

Step 9. 9. G Generati enerati ng Secti onal Resources esourc es The resource calculator uses an inverse distance weighting interpolator to generate a sectional resource for any numerical downhole data. To create a sectional resource, you need to use one of the sections generated above and into which you have digitized some mineralization boundaries. Click on Drillholes>Sectional Drillholes>Sectional Resource Calculator. Calculator. Choose one of the available sections and click OK click OK.. From the Select a Table list, click on samples. samples. Click on Au in the From Column box and choose the option to use digitized boundaries. Enter volume/mass parameters and then click OK. Now select OK from the Gridding Section window to accept the grid defaults. The sectional resource will be processed and displayed.

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Step 10. Dow nhol nhole e Compositi Compositi ng of Attri bute Data The Discover data compositing feature allows the compositing of downhole attribute data by attribute, cut-off grade, elevation or downhole depth. You can composite by downhole depth by selecting Drillholes>Downhole Compositing>By Compositing>By Downhole Depth. Depth. Select holes DDH5 and DDH6. DDH6. Click OK Click OK twice. In the dialog box that appears, select a 1 0 m composite interval and highlight the table Samples. Samples. Click the OK button to start processing. When processing is complete, you can observe the results by opening a new browser window for Samplescomp. Samplescomp. This composite data can now be displayed in section just like any other downhole data table, as it is automatically added to the project. You may also wish to experiment with other methods of compositing.

Step 111 1. D Dii spl splay ay a Secti on Gri Gri d To add a map grid to the section, make a section window the front map window. The grid is drawn to fill the current map window view. Choose Drillholes>Draw Section Grid. Grid. The x and depth spacing can be specified independently of each other. Choose an X-value of 25 metres and elevation of 20 of 20 metres. Use the default parameters of grid lines and labels at left and top, and ensure a check mark is in the Place labels in mask polygon outside map frame box. Click OK Click OK.. If you are not satisfied with the grid position relative to the section, you can move the section and repeat the grid process. The previous section grid is overwritten, unless you change the default table name into which the section grid is created.

Step 12 12. Pri Pri nti nting ng a D Dri ri l l hole Secti on The following assumes that the section is to be printed to A4 Landscape size (29.7 cm wide by 21 cm high). Choose Drillholes>Add Drillholes>Add Section to Layout. Layout. In the dialog, place a checkmark in Add Plan of Collars to Layout box, which results in a geological map with collar positions being drawn above the corresponding section. Enter the following frame parameters.


Scale Frame Width (cm) Frame Height (cm) Frame Top (RL) Frame Left

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1 : 1 0 00 25 15 110 805585

Choose the section N8475240 and click OK click OK.. The section grid dialog box appears again and you should enter suitable parameters as described in step 11, then click OK click OK..

Section Section 8475240N 8475240N w ith it h data data di display splay legend legend printed from the l ayout ayout w indow

A layout window containing the section will appear. Discover will have added information about the section to the layout window. If you do not want this information on the layout, select the text and press the Delete key.

Step Step 13 13. Pri Pri nting a Dri l l hole Plan Make the collar map window active. Select the collars of interest. Then choose Drillholes>Select New Section. Section. In the dialog box that appears, choose Horizontal Plan (in the upper left corner). Type in a plan name and press Plot Now. Now. If you wish to plot the plan, use the Add Scaled Frame to Layout or the Scaled Output function. Alternatively, if you wish to create a level plan within a certain elevation range, range. Nominate the central elevation and an envelope click on Use elevation range. width. Thus if you choose a central elevation of 35, with an envelope width of 10, only that portion of the hole from 45 to 25 metres elevation is displayed. Downhole data can be displayed on the plan section, using the same procedure as outlined for sections in Step 5.

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Index

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Index Add Scaled Frame to Layout, 16, 17, 42 Colour Maps, 25 creating a new colour table, 25 Draw by Coordinates, 16 Drillhole Display add section to layout, 41 compositing downhole data, 40 creating and using colour patterns, 36 data validation, 34 digitizing boundaries, 39 displaying downhole data, 36 exporting boundaries to 3D DXF, 39 interpolating resources, 39 log display, 38 section manager, 38 viewing drillholes in section or plan, 35 Geological Line Annotation, 10, 27 Legend, 12 re-ordering, 13 Line Annotation, 10, 27 Map Labelling Tools, 11, 28 Map Making Add Scaled Frame to Layout, 16 Colour Maps, 25 Labelling, 11, 28 Legend, 12 Line Annotation, 10, 27 Styles Library, 21, 26 vector polygon fills, 9 Object Editing

cleaning lines and building polygons, 22, 24 Draw by Coordinates, 16 Polygonizer cleaning linework and building polygons, 22, 24 Query by Graphical Style, 10 Scaled Output, 14 frame settings, 14 titleblock, 15 user defined map position, 14 See-Thru Shading, 9 Select by Graphical Style, 10 Styles Library, 21, 26 Surface Creation and Analysis changing grid colours, 47 colour stretching, 47 contours, 33, 44 inverse distance weighted interpolation, 33 merging and clipping grids, 47 profile over grid or contours, 45 query by elevation, slope and aspect, 46 sun shading, 47 triangulation, 44 volume reporting, 49 Table Utilities Multi-column Update, 32 tutorial, 7 Voronoi Polygons, 49

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