Dictionary Italian Ceramic Tiles

y r a n o i t c i D e l i T c i m a r e C n a i l a t I e h T

The Italian C eram ic Tile D ictionary A dictionary of the m os ost t com m on term s us u sed in the ceram ic tile trade

Promoted by ASSOPIASTRELLE Association of Italian Ceramic Tile and Refractories Manufacturers

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I n col collaborati boration on with D. G ross rosser & Associ ociates tes L td. Te Text revise ised by Centro Ceram ramico di Bolog Bologna na

Printe rinted by: by: Cal Calderi derini ni Indu I ndus strie trie G rafi rafich che e - Ozz O zza ano Emilia (BO) (BO ) DTP: Diemmi Gino Srl - Reggio Emilia Design: Ma Maiarelli relli Rathkopf Rathkopf

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I tal talian ceramic til tiles are displayed at :

I nterna nternati tiona onal exhibi xhibiti tion on of cera ceram mics for the buil building ding industry ndustry and bathroom furnishing

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9 Classification and M an ufacturin ufacturi n g o f Ita l i an C era m ic Til Tile e Lexicon for th e ceramic til ti l e 19 Lexicon industry Cera mic til tile d iction ction ar y

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85 Sources

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Introduction Ceramic tile is a building material unparalleled for its combination of practicality and beauty. For centuries, it has been used to adorn humble kitchens and majestic palaces. Its values have remained unchanged. What has changed, however, is the variety of ceramic tile offered. New technology has introduced an ever-widening selection of tile for almost every application. As the world’s leading manufacturer of ceramic tile (with an yearly production 2 of 600 000 000m), Italy is at the forefront of design and technological innovation. New firing techniques produce tiles suitable for tough industrial installations. New glazing techniques produce floor tiles in colors and finishes never before possible. Tile size can range up to

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I ntroduction

60cm . The variety of shapes is nearly endless. 2

Today, Italy produces 43% of tile in international commerce, supplying contractors and dealers around the globe. As the variety of tile and its application has increased, so have the terms and nomenclature used to describe it. In addition to the abundance of newly coined expressions, there is a great latitude in commonly used terminology. A contractor’s term may be understood differently from a layman’s term or that of a retailer. This dictionary is intended for everyone involved in the selection and installation of Italian ceramic tile, from the dealer and contractor to the consumer and

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specifier. It is a two-part reference tool. In the first section, definitions are supplied for the most frequently encountered trade terms – from production to end-use. The second section supplies translations of these terms from English to Italian and vice versa. We hope that this dictionary will contribute to the user’s knowledge and enjoyment of Italian ceramic tiles.

A N G E L O BORELLI President, A ssopiastrelle (A ssociation of I talian Ceramic Tile and Refractories Manufacturers)

P lease note that this reference is intended for general inform ation only and is not intended for use in specification of ceram ic tile or installation m aterials.

The Italian C eram ic Tile D ictionary A dictionary of the m ost com m on term s used in the ceram ic tile trade

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C lassification and of Italian C eram ic Notes Ceramic tiles are derived from mixtures of clay, sand and other natural materials that are shaped into slabs and fired at high temperatures, up to 1250° C. Their composition is the same as that of all ceramic material, from tableware and sanitary ware to roofing tiles. L ike all ceramic material, ceramic tiles are durable, hygienic, non-combustible, fire-resistant, and easy to maintain. Tiles are also rigid and feature relatively low resistance to shock. These features are intrinsic to the nature of ceramic materials. As floor and wall covering, ceramic tile serves a dual function: an aesthetic function as a design component and a technical function as a finishing building material. As a building material, ceramic tile must be able to withstand a range of environmental stresses. Features defined by international norms govern the technical function of ceramic floor and wall tiles.

1 - Classification and application According to current international norms (I SO13006), ceramic tiles are classified into 9 groups based on two features: the level of water absorption and the shaping method (see Table 1). This simple classification is warranted given the extremely wide range of products

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anufacturing ile with different trade names and countries of origin. The chosen features are also significant factors in defining the performance specifications of the different products. As will be discussed later, there are norms and acceptance requirements for standardized characteristics within each group. Table 1 Tile technical classification according to ISO Shaping method

Water absorption W.A. (%) I W.A. ≤ 3

A Extruded

tiles B Dry-pressed

tiles

II a II b 3 < W.A. ≤ 6 6 < W.A. ≤ 10

III W.A. > 10

AI

A II a

A II b

A III

BI

B II a

B II b

B III

In the new ISO norms (ISO 13006), the group BI is devided in two subgroups: BI a (W.A. ≤ 0,05%) and BIb (< W.A. ≤ 3%). I n addition to the ISO norms, other well-established classification systems (technical and artistic) are still used in trade. Table 2 shows the technical-commercial classification used in Italy. Most ceramic tiles are shaped by dry-pressing (B groups). About 95% of tiles produced in Italy are dry-

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Classification and Manufacturing of I talian Ceramic Tile

pressed. Their usage can be roughly outlined as follows: - Unglazed tiles (clinker, cotto, red stoneware and porcelain stoneware) are used mainly for floors. Clinker and porcelain stoneware have also been successfully used on walls, particularly in exterior applications. - Majolica and white body-earthenware are typical materials for tiling indoor walls. - Single-fired tiles (red and white body) are generally used for floors. However, in recent years, “monoporosa”, a porous single-fired material, has been developed for wall applications. - Cottoforte is used for tiling indoor floors and walls. - Vitrified, dry-pressed tiles (BI ) and extruded tiles, mostly unglazed (clinker and cotto), are used mostly in exterior installations. This outline demonstrates the range and variety of product types that can be included in the classification of ceramic tile for floors and walls. The range of technical and aesthetic features and of the performances by the different types is vast as well. The performance range in particular has expanded in recent years, thanks to the development of glazed and unglazed products with superior resistance to a variety of environmental stresses. Once relegated to kitchens and baths, ceramic tile is now a viable alternative for any

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public and industrial application. The versatility of ceramic tile is further enhanced by the almost endless range of colors, textures, and decorative motifs, and by the range of sizes from less than 10 x 10cm to more than 60 x 60cm. Table 2 Commercial Classification of the Italian Tiles Technical/ commercial name

Structure

Surface

Body color

d s f i e u r o i t r i o P V

d e z l a a z e d g U n G l

e e r t i h h W O t

Class according to UNI EN 87

Majolica

BIII

Cottoforte

B II b-B II I

White single-fired material

B I-B IIa

Red single-fired material

B I-B II -B II I

Earthenware-white body

BIII

Clinker

A I-A IIa

Cotto

AII-AIII

Red stoneware

BI

Porcelain stoneware

B I (BIa)

2 – The Manufacturing of Ceramic Tile Raw materials for the body : The range of tile bodies is as vast as the above-mentioned range of products. Majolica, cottoforte, red body single-fired products, cotto and red stoneware are mainly obtained from a natural mixture, i.e. a mixture of few clays coming from the same quarry. White or light body tiles (earth-

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enware, white single-fired products and porcelain stoneware) are obtained from mixtures prepared in the factory. I llitic and kaolinitic white clays, calcite and dolomite, sand, talc and feldspars generally form the earthenware body. Mixtures of kaolin, white-firing plastic clays, feldspars and sands are used for white single-fired products and porcelain stoneware.

Body preparation: The dry process with traditional wetting is generally used for all products obtained from a single raw material (majolica, cottoforte, red stoneware). The dry process with granulation is used for medium-sintered or porous red single-fired products to be fired in slow-firing kilns. The wet process (wet grinding and spray drying) is used for all the white body products (earthenware, white single-fired products, and porcelain stoneware) and for red singlefired and highly vitrified products to be fired in fastfiring kilns. Shaping: With the exception of cotto and clinker, which are shaped by extrusion, all types of ceramic tiles are shaped by dry-pressing, generally with hydraulic presses. Drying: Hot-air, rapid dryers are most commonly used.

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G lazes and glazing: Glazes are mixtures of frits, sand, kaolin, coloring agents and opacifiers, mostly applied wet using different systems. Decoration is often obtained by silk-screening. The double-firing technique, in which glaze is applied to the previously fired body, is still used today for products in majolica and cottoforte. In the single-firing method, glaze is applied to the dried raw body before firing. Many innovative techniques have been developed to improve the mechanical features of the glazed surface. Some of the most important are dry applications and press-glazing (the application of the glaze in powder form when pressing the tile body). Firing: Single-layer fast-firing kilns are used for most products. The firing temperatures range between 1000-1020° for porous products; 1050-1100°C for red single-fired products; 1150-1200°C for white singlefired products; and 1200 –1220°C for porcelain stoneware. 3 – Characteristics and norms The characteristics that ceramic floor and wall tiles must have, according to their intended use, are indicated and classified in Table 3. The norms currently in force require their check.

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Table 3 Tile characteristics Floor

t . n I STRUCTURAL Characteristics Characteristics of REGUALRITY MASSIVE MECHANICAL Characteristics

Water absorption Porosity and apparent density Size and aspect Modulus of rupture Breaking load Impact resistance

SURFACE MECHANICAL Characteristics

Hardness Abrasion resistance Frost resistance Thermal shock resistance

TH ERMO HYGROMETRIC Thermal expansion Characteristics Moisture expansion Crazing resistance (Glazed tiles) Stain resistance CHEMICAL Characteristics

Resistance to chemicals Lead and Cadmium release

SAFETY Characteristics

Slipperiness (friction coefficient)

t . x E

Wall

t . n I

t . x E

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Without examining all the characteristics in detail, some general aspects should be noted. • Water absorption, a measurement of open porosity, is one of the determining parameters in the technical classification of ceramic tiles. Porosity significantly influences many other characteristics and, therefore, the performance of the product. • Water absorption is an important aspect in determining frost resistance. Not only the quantity of pores, but also their size must be considered. In dry-pressed ceramic tiles, which feature roughly round and generally small pores, a lower absorption level reduces the risk of frost damage, as in porcelain stoneware, with a water absorption level of less than 0.5%. • The mechanical and chemical characteristics of glazed tiles surface depend on the composition and microstructure of the glaze which also affect its durability. Micropores in the glaze can contribute to surface damage, such as ingrained dirt, as wear increases. However, as mentioned above, in recent years, innovative glazing techniques have been developed that have improved the glaze microstructure and produced glazed tiles capable of withstanding

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the high levels of chemical and mechanical surface stress often present in contract and commercial flooring applications. • Finally, it should be noted that in addition to features defining ceramic tile performance in a given installation, the new ISO norms also require checks for features relating to ceramic tiles’ impact on the environment and safety in use.

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Lexicon for th Industry

C eram ic Tile

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Lexicon for the ceramic tile industry

A 1. Abrasion resistance

The degree to which a floor tile’s surface will withstand friction (the wear of foot traffic). Resistance is determined by abrasion tests, and tiles are grouped accordingly. 2. Abrasion test

ISO Abrasion resistance standards for Glazed tiles (I SO 10545-7) classify tiles from Group I (suitable for light residential traffic) to Group V (suitable for Commercial traffic and passing stain resistance tests). Unglazed tiles may be tested for resistance to deep abrasion (ISO 10545-6); results are expressed as volume of material removed, in cubic mm. 3. ACI

American Concrete Institute 4. Acid resistance

(see Chemical resistance) 5. Adhesive

(see Bonding Material) 6. Aggregate

1) A mixture of diverse minerals or other loose materials in a cementing agent. 2) Fine sand for mortar and grout.

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A/ B 7. Alkali resistance

(see Chemical resistance) 8. ANSI

American National Standards Institute, responsible for establishing standards and testing methods for ceramic tiles in the United States. (see Standards) 9. Anti-slip tiles

(see Slip resistant tiles) 10. Antistatic tiles

(see Conductive tiles) 11. Apparent joint

Decorative feature that simulates grout lines or joints on a single tile, so that a large tile, for example, may appear to be four smaller tiles. 12. Attached to net

(see Mounted tiles)

B 13. Bas-relief

Decorative technique in which design elements are sculpted or carved to be raised slightly from background.

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B 14. Base tiles

Trim tiles with a curved edge used at a perpendicular junction for desired sanitary or aesthetic design. 15. Bed (tile)

Layer of mortar or other adhesive that covers the surface to be tiled and onto which the tiles are set. 16. Biscuit or Bisque

(see Body of Tile) 17. Body (of tile)

The structural portion of a ceramic article, as distinct from the glaze, or the material or mixture from which the item is made. 18. Bonding Material

Any of the mortars or adhesives used to install ceramic tile. Choice of bonding material is determined by the selection of tile and requirements of area to be tiled. 19. Border tiles

(see Trim tiles) 20. Breaking strength

The ability of a material to resist breaking or rupture from a tension force. (I SO 10545-4).

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B/ C 21. Bullnose tiles

Trim tiles featuring one rounded edge used to finish wall installations or turn outside corners. Also Double-Bullnose tiles with two rounded edges. 22. Buttering, also Back-buttering

Applying bonding material directly to the back of a tile to provide additional coverage in the setting bed. Technique usually applied to large (8x8” and up) tiles. 23. Button-back

Small, button-like protrusions on the back of a ceramic tile.

C 24. Cap tiles

(see Bullnose tiles) 25. Carton

Box in which tiles are packed. Cartons generally contain 1 – 1.5 sq. meters of tile. 26. Carton marking (labelling)

ISO standards specify that tile or its packaging shall indicate the manufacturer and country of origin; the mark of first quality; the type of tile and classification (ISO 13006 annex); nominal and work sizes; whether

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C the tile is glazed or unglazed. In addition, symbols may indicate whether the tile is suitable for floors or walls, the class of abrasion resistance, and whether the tile is frostproof. 27. CCB

Italian Ceramic Center of Bologna (I taly). (Centro Ceramico di Bologna) CCB is the official laboratory for Research, Testing, and Analysis of Ceramic Materials and Products in Italy. The Center is located at Via Martelli 26, Bologna, 40138 Italy. e-mail: [email protected] 28. CEN

European Committee for Norms and Standards, responsible for establishing standards and testing methods for ceramic tiles in Europe. (see Standards) 29. Ceramic litho

(see Decal) 30. Ceramic tiles

A flat, cladding or building material, of relative thinness, composed of clays and fired to hardness. The face may be glazed or unglazed.

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C 31. CERLABS

European network of National Ceramic Laboratories. 32. Certification system

(see Standards) 33. Chemical resistance

The ability of a tile(’s) surface to withstand damage from chemicals, acids, alkalis and swimming pool salts in accordance with ISO testing methods (ISO 10545-13). 34. China tiles

(see Impervious Tiles) 35. Chip resistance

(see Impact resistance) 36. Cigar tiles

(see Pencil Tiles) 37. Cladding

Covering, particularly wall covering. 38. Classification system

Ceramic tiles are classified by the ISO according to the method of manufacture (extruded, dry-pressed, other) and to the level of water absorption ( see page 9).

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C 39. Clay

Natural earthen material, plastic when wet, that is the basic raw material of ceramic tiles. 40. Cleavage membrane

Sheeting or underlayment panel that separates the backing surface from the mortar bed and tile, required when the surface to be tiled is in poor or unsuitable condition or may be damaged by water. 41. Clinker tiles

Natural clay tile, generally extruded, with properties similar to red stoneware. (also Klinker) 42. Coefficient of friction

Measurement, either dynamic or static, used to determine different aspects of slippage on a tiled plane. Measures include wet and dry conditions, speed of subject, required force to move subject, and critical angle of tiled surface. Area use and maintenance directly affect a tile’s coefficient of friction. (I SO 10545-17, annex A, B, and C define methods for determining a tile’s coefficient of friction.) 43. Coefficient of restitution

Measurement used to determine a ceramic tile’s impact resistance. (ISO 10545-5)

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C 44. Conductive tiles

Tiles specially manufactured to absorb electrostatic charges and conduct them to ground, used in hospital operating rooms and computer installations. 45. Construction joint

The surface where two successive layers of concrete meet. (ACI) 46. Contraction joint

Groove in concrete structure to regulate location of cracking resulting from dimensional change of different parts of structure (ACI) 47. Control joint

(see Contraction joint) 48. Coordinating size

Work size of tile plus the joint width. 49. Corner tiles

(see Trim Tiles) 50. Corundum

An abrasive or grit added to a tile glaze in order to increase tile slip-resistance. 51. Cotto

(see Terracotta)

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C 52. Cove base tiles

Cove trim tiles with rounded top edge, used to finish tile installation as baseboard, backsplash, etc. Also known as Sanitary Cove Base. 53. Cove tiles

Trim tiles featuring one curved edge to tile inside corners. 54. Crackle glaze

Special glaze featuring fine-line ‘cracks’ for antique effect. 55. Crazing

A fine, hair-line cracking which sometimes appears on the glazed face of a tile. Usually caused by tensile stress between tile body and glaze. May be intentionally produced for artistic effect. 56. Crazing resistance

Testing for crazing resistance of glazed tiles (except when a decorative feature) is defined by ISO 10545-11. 57. Crystalline finish

Extra thick glaze usually applied to small tiles for artistic effect, sometimes used on counter-top tiles for additional protection.

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C/ D 58. Curing

Process allowing new tile installation to set.

D 59. Decal

Transfer design used to decorate ceramic tiles. 60. Decorated tiles

Ceramic tiles that have been embellished by means of hand-painting, silk-screening, decals or other technique. 61. Dimensional Standards for ceramic tiles

First quality ceramic tiles must meet the ISO standards of their class for length, width, thickness, straightness of sides, rectangularity, and surface flatness. (ISO 13006 normative annex). (see also Standards) 62. Double-extruded tiles

Split tiles (see also Extruded tiles) 63. Double-fired tiles

Glazed tiles produced by an initial firing of the shaped tile body and then a second firing once the glaze or decoration has been applied. 64. Dry-pressed tiles

(see Dust-pressed)

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D/ E 65. Dust-pressed tiles

Tiles formed by the dust pressed method in which the finely milled raw materials are shaped in molds at high pressure before firing. (see also Extruded tiles)

E 66. Earthenware tiles

(see White-body) 67. Edge tiles

(see Trim Tiles) 68. Efflorescence

Crystalline deposit that sometimes appears on the surface of grout joints or unglazed tiles as a whitish powder or crust, caused by moisture reacting with impurities in the mortar. 69. Electrical resistance

Degree to which ceramic tiles conduct electrical current. Ceramic tile is an electrical insulator, highly resistant to conductivity and electrostatic build-up. In areas such as operating rooms and certain laboratories where conductivity is desirable, special ceramic tiles are manufactured. (see Conductive tiles)

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E 70. Engobed surface

Clay based covering with a matte finish. May be permeable or impermeable. Engobed tiles are considered unglazed tiles. 71. Epoxy

Resin material used in mortars and grouts for thin-set tile installations. (see Thin-set installation) 72. Expansion (of tile)

(see Linear thermal expansion, Moisture expansion) 73. Expansion joint

1) Separation provided between adjoining parts of a structure to allow movement at stress points to prevent cracking. 2). Separation between pavement slabs on grade, filled with a compressible filler material (ACI) 74. Exterior tiles

Tiles suitable for outdoor applications because of their frost resistance. 75. Extruded tiles

Tiles formed by the extrusion process wherein the still malleable or plastic raw material is forced through a mold and then cut into shape before firing. Extruded tiles are further classified as Precision or Natural based on technical characteristics relating to

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E/ F dimensional and surface qualities (ISO 13006). single extruded tiles are produced in a long slab which is then cut to shape. double-extruded tiles, also known as split tiles, are produced in a column that must be split before tiles are cut. (see also Dust-pressed tiles)

F 76. Faience tiles

Highly decorated glazed earthenware tiles. 77. Fast firing (single, double)

Firing process of the ceramic raw material completed in less than two hours. 78. Finishes

Textural or visual characteristics of a tile surface. For glazed tile this may be bright or high gloss, satin or matte. For glazed or unglazed tiles, examples would be a flashed finish, textured, polished, raised, embossed, dimpled, etched, scored, ribbed etc. 79. Fire resistance

Ability to withstand burning by flame. Ceramic tiles are fireproof at any temperature and will not feed a fire or release toxic emissions.

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F 80. Firing

Final step of tile manufacturing process when raw material is “baked” at high temperature (up to 1250°C for impervious tiles) to harden tile body and glaze, if any. 81. Flashed appearance

Decorative effect achieved by flashing the tile with a thin layer of colored or opalescent glaze. 82. Flat-back tiles

Tiles without buttons on the back. 83. Floor tiles

Glazed or unglazed tiles of sufficient strength, impact and abrasion resistance to withstand the weight and wear of foot traffic. 84. Fluted tiles

(see Ribbed tiles) 85. Formella

Square tile of classic style with antique glazed or basrelief decoration. 86. Freccia

Trim tile, a type of zigzag mosaic tile.

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F/ G 87. Frostproof tiles

Tiles specifically designated by the manufacturer to withstand freeze/thaw conditions with minimal effect, hence suitable for exterior applications exposed to high humidity and low temperatures. 88. Frost resistance

Ability of certain ceramic tiles to withstand freeze/thaw conditions with minimal effect. Frost-resistance of ceramic tile is dependent on the tile’s porosity and water absorption levels. Frost-resistance testing is defined by ISO 10545-12. 89. Fully vitrified stoneware

(see Impervious stoneware tiles)

G 90. Glass mosaic

Mosaic tiles composed of glass, rather than ceramic, material; mosaic tiles coated with a layer of colored or transparent glass. 91. Glaze

Glassy coating fired on a ceramic tile. 92. Glazed tiles

Ceramic tiles with an opaque or transparent coating that has been fused to the tile body by firing, creating

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G/ H a smooth, impermeable surface that may also be highly decorated. 93. Grade sorting

Process in the production cycle when tiles are sorted to eliminate defective tiles, to separate higher quality tiles from lower, and to group tiles according to work size and shade. 94. Grès tiles

(see I mper pervious vious til tiles) 95. Grout

I nsta nstalllation tion ma mater terial use used to to fi fill the joints oints betwe betwee en til tiles. 96. Grout joint

Space Space left betwe betwee en til tiles to be filled wi with gr grout. T his his space may be extremely narrow or wider depending on the requir quired ins insta talllation tion and/ and/or or its aestheti thetics cs..

H 97. Hand-pressed tiles

Special tiles pressed by hand into molds for decorative effect. 98. High traffic tiles

Floor tiles with sufficient abrasio si on resista si stanc nce e to be

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I used in areas of high foot traffic, such as hotel lobbies and airports.

I 99. Impact resistance

Ability of ceramic tile to resist breakage – either throughout the body or as surface chipping – as the result ult of a hea heavy blow blow.. I n ge gener neral, cer ceramic til tile is not a resilient material, and care should be taken to avoid dropping heavy or sharp objects on its surface. G lazed zed ti tiles are more ore susce uscept ptiible ble to surf urface chipp chippiing than than ungl unglazed zed til tiles. Inte I nterrnati nationa onall Standa Standarrds are establ tabliished for the impact resistance of ceramic tiles by measuring uring thei their coef coefficie cient of restituti titution on (ISO (I SO 10545-5). 100. Impervious stoneware tiles

Dust-pressed ceramic tiles with water absorption levels <0.5% and hig high me mechani chanica call and chem chemical cal char character cteristics tics.. The The surface of these tiles may be glazed or unglazed. Often specified for exterior installations. Also known as Fully Vitrified Stoneware or Porcelain Stoneware. 101. Inserts

Small, sometimes decorative tiles used in combination with larger or plain tiles to create patterns. Small square inserts are known as insets.

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I 102. Installation

Th T he process of bonding ing tile iles to the int intended surface; the finished tiled surface (also known as tile laying or tile tile fixi fixin ng). 103. Installation bed

Th T he components of a tile ile ins installa llation ion applie lied to the subsurface, including reinforcing or protective backi backing ng,, bondi bonding mater terials, til tile and gr grout. 104. Interior tiles

Tile Tiles suita itable only for ind indoor ins installa llation ion. 105. Iridescent tiles

Tile Tiles decorated with ith a lus lustrous glaz laze that contains ins many seemingly changing colors. 106. ISO

I nter nternati nationa onall Standa Standarrds Organiza nizati tion, on, a worldwi worldwide de federation of national standards bodies. I SO/ SO/ T C 189 “Ceramic Ti Tiles” has has dra drafted ted inte interrnati nationa onall standards for ceramic tiles. I SO Standa Standarrds wil will be use used by til tile manufa nufacture cturers worldwide. 107. Isolation joint

A separation between adjoining parts of a vertical concrete structure designed to allow for relative movement in three directions.

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I/J/K/L 108. ISO Standards

Standa Standarrds es establ tabliished hed by by the I nter nternati nationa onall Standa Standarrds Organization to unify product standards and testing methods for ceramic tiles worldwide. Th T hese are the standards referred to in this dict iction ionary.

J 109. Joint

See particular type of joint, i .e. expansio nsi on, gro gr out, i sola sola-tion, mortar. 110. Jolly tiles

Tr Trim tile iles mite itered alon long one or two edges, used in corner and countertop installations. Also called angled (45°) tiles.

K 111. Klinker

(see Clinker)

L 112. Linear Thermal Expansion

Th T he change in the dime imension ions of a give iven material ial as a result of changes in temperature. 113. Lippage

I n fi finis nished hed ins insta talllation, tion, the conditi condition on wher where one edge dge

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L/ M of a tile is higher than an adjacent tile. May be unavoidable even for tiles that are within the tolerances of dimensional standards. 114. Low-relief

(see Bas-relief) 115. Lozenge

(see Picket) 116. Lug

(see Spacer lug) 117. Luster

An iridescent decorative surface appearance on glazes, usually produced by the application of a very thin metal film, such as gold, silver, platinum or copper, over the coating surface.

M 118. Majolica tiles

Tiles composed of raw materials that produce a yellowpink body of relatively high water absorption level. 119. Matte glaze

Glaze that produces a non-shiny finish. 120. Mechanical strength

(see Breaking Strength)

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M 121. Mesh backed tiles

(see Mounted Tiles) 122. Mitered tiles

(see Jolly Tiles) 123. Modulus of rupture

A measure of the cohesive characteristics of the material forming the tile, relating to the degree of compactness and consistency. (ISO 10545-4) 124. Mohs’ scale

Scale used to express the measure of a material’s hardness from Mohs’ 1 (hardness of talc) to 10 (diamond). 125. Moisture barrier

A component of the installation bed that provides protection from wetness to mortar and tiles. 126. Moisture expansion

Change in dimension a porous tile may undergo as a result of moisture absorption, analogous to change produced by temperature increase (see Linear Thermal Expansion). (ISO 10545-10) 127. Monocottura tiles

Tiles produced by the single-firing method.

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M 128. Monoporosa tiles

Single-fired tiles with higher porosity and water absorption levels than traditional ‘monocottura’ tiles. 129. Moorish tiles

Ornate curve-shaped tiles, also known as Ogee or Provençal tile. 130. Mortar

The setting material used to bond tiles to a given surface. Different types of mortar are suitable for different backing and conditions. 131. Mortar bed

The layer of the installation bed to which tiles are directly bonded; the installation bed. 132. Mortar fixing

(see Installation) 133. Mortar joint

Joint composed of, or embedded in, cement mortar. 134. Mosaic tiles

Ceramic mosaic tiles are defined by their size, generally less than 6” square. Their composition is the same as ceramic tile’s. They may be glazed or unglazed.

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M/ N 135. Mounted tiles

Tiles assembled into units or sheets by the manufacturer for easier installation. Back and edge mounted tiles are bonded to material (mesh, paper, resin or other) that becomes a part of the installation. Face mounted tiles are bonded to a material that is removed prior to grouting. 136. Mud-set

(see Thick-bed installation)

N 137. Natural clay tiles

Tiles made from clays producing a dense body and having a distinctive, textured appearance. May be extruded or dust-pressed. 138. Net, attached to

(see Mounted Tiles) 139. Nominal size

The approximate size of tile’s face or thickness used for general purposes. 140. Non-slip tiles

(see Slip-resistant tiles)

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N/O/P 141. Non-vitreous tiles

Tiles with a water absorption level higher than 6% based on ISO 10545-3. 142. Notching

Use of a notched trowel to comb the mortar bed to improve tiles’ adhesion.

O 143. Ogee tiles

Double-curve shaped tiles, also known as Provençal or Moorish tiles. 144. Orange peel

A pitted, textured face, resembling orange skin, which provides a slip-resistant surface. 145. Outdoor tiles

(see Exterior tiles)

P 146. Paver

Glazed or unglazed dust-pressed tile having a surface of 6” or more (ANSI); unglazed floor tile. 147. P.E.I.

Porcelain Enamel Institute, responsible for research,

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P testing and analysis of ceramic materials in the United States. 148. Pencil tiles

Narrow rectangular tiles (e.g. 2x20cm) sometimes with rounded surface, used on walls as accent pieces. Also called Cigar tiles. 149. Picket

Rectangular trim tile, pointed at the narrow ends 150. Plastic method

(see Extruded Tiles) 151. Polished finish

The shiny surface of an unglazed tile, achieved by mechanical polishing at the final stage of production. 152. Porcelain tiles

(see Impervious Tiles) 153. Porosity

Volume of pores relative to volume of tile body that are capable of absorbing moisture. See also water absorption. 154. Portland cement

Type of hydraulic cement often used in tile installation

45

P/Q/R 155. Precision tiles

Extruded tiles with technical characteristics subject to less change in dimensional quality and surface flatness than Natural extruded tiles. 156. Pressed tiles

(see Dust-pressed tiles) 157. Provençal tiles

Decoratively curved and shaped tiles. Also known as Ogee or Moorish tiles.

Q 158. Quality grade

(see ISO Standard) 159. Quarry tiles

Traditional term for single-extruded, natural clay tiles with a water absorption level not exceeding 6%

R 160. Red stoneware tiles

Tiles composed of typically Italian raw materials that produce a red vitrified tiled body suitable for indoor or outdoor use. Generally unglazed.

46


R/ S 161. Relief

(see Bas-relief) 162. Ribbed tiles

Tiles with a ridged or ribbed finish that provides a slip resistant surface. 163. Rustic finish

Rough or uneven tile surface designed for a nonmechanical, artistic effect.

S 164. Sanitary Cove Base

(see Cove base tiles). 165. Satin glaze

Glaze that produces a low-gloss finish. 166. Scratch hardness

(see Mohs’ scale) 167. Screeding

Leveling the mortar bed by dragging a screed across it. 168. Sealers

Clear coating sometimes applied to unglazed tile floor to protect the surface from grease spills or to add luster (also known as sealants).

47

S 169. Semi-vitreous tiles

Tiles with water absorption levels over 3% but below 6%, determined by ISO 10545-3. 170. Silk-screening

Technique for applying decoration to tiles using stencils and forcing color through a mesh. 171. Sill tiles

(see Window sill Tiles) 172. Single-extruded tiles

(see Extruded tiles) 173. Single-fired tiles

Glazed tiles produced by the single-firing method in which the raw tile body and the glaze undergo a single pass through the kiln at high temperature. Also known as Monocottura tiles. 174. Skirting tiles

Rectangular trim tiles used along baseboard. Length of tile is generally 3 to 4 times height. Also known as baseboard tiles. 175. Slip resistant tiles

Tiles treated to prevent slipping either by adding an abrasive grit to the glaze or texture to the surface such

48


S as ribs, studs or orange peel finish. (see Coefficient of Friction) 176. Spacers

Small plastic or wood pieces used during installation to maintain even joint width between tiles. 177. Spacer lug

Built-in protrusion on the side of a ceramic tile as a spacer. 178. Special trims

(see Trim tiles) 179. Split tiles

Traditional term for double-extruded tiles. (see Extruded tiles) 180. Stain resistance

The ability of tile to withstand permanent staining by a variety of substances. ISO standards are established based on testing methods for stains with tracing, oxidizing, and filming action. ISO 10545-14 181. Standards for Ceramic tiles

Grading procedures for the dimensional, structural, and chemical characteristics of ceramic tile. I n the United States, standards are established by ANSI

49

S (American National Standards Institute). In Europe, the CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation) standards are used. ISO (International Standard Organization) standards have now been approved by member organizations to unify standards worldwide. These are the standards referred to in this dictionary. 182. Step-nose tiles

(see Step-tread tiles) 183. Step-tread tiles

Trim tiles for stairs featuring a ridged or abrasive strip to prevent slipping; can be overhanging or abutted. Also known as Step-nose tiles. 184. Stoneware tiles

(see Impervious stoneware tiles) 185. Strip tiles

Rectangular tiles generally used on walls as accent pieces, sizes range from 6x20cm to 16x32cm. 186. Studded finish

Non-slip surface featuring a raised pattern of squares or rounds. 187. Swimming pool tiles

Tiles suitable for application in or around a swimming

50


T pool because of their frost resistance and/or slip resistance.

T 188. Terracotta

Traditional Italian raw material used to produce unglazed, red body tiles generally extruded and 1/2” thick of more. Surface may be rustic, smooth, polished, or waxed for luster. 189. Thermal shock resistance

Ceramic tile’s ability to resist alteration when subject to rapidly fluctuating extreme temperatures, determined by ISO testing method. (ISO 10545-9) 190. Thick-bed installation

Method of tile installation using cement based mortar applied in a minimum thickness of 3/4" (20mm) to create the backing surface that will receive the tile. Also known as Mud-set installation 191. Thin-set installation

Alternative to thick-set installation, thin-set method uses a bond-coating less than 1/8" (2 mm). Requires a level and sound surface for application.

51

T/ U/ V 192. Thrice-fired tiles

Decorated, glazed tiles that undergo a third firing after the initial glaze has been applied. This technique is used either to obtain special effects or because the materials used (e.g. gold) require it. (also known as Third-firing) 193. Trim tiles

Tiles of various shapes designed to meet the specific architectural or sanitary needs of a given installation. (see bullnose, caps, coves, skirting, mitered tiles, etc. also known as Special trims)

U 194. Unglazed tiles

Tiles which may be left untreated after firing. Unglazed tiles derive their color and texture from their raw materials or may be colored by means of oxides dispersed throughout the body.

V 195. Vitreous tiles

(see Impervious stoneware tiles) 196. Vitrified tiles

(see Impervious stoneware tiles)

52


W W 197. Wall tiles

Generally glazed, non-vitreous tiles, for use on walls where mechanical strength and impact or abrasion resistance are not considerations. 198. Warpage

Dimensional defect of a tile's surface flatness; condition where one corner of a tile is not in the same plane as the other three. Tolerances are given in ISO 13006 Normative annex. 199. Water absorption

The quantity of water a tile can absorb expressed as a percent of the dry tile weight. High water absorption corresponds to a porous structure, while compact, vitrified structures feature low water absorption. Water absorption is measured in accordance with ISO 10545-3. 200. Water proofing

Preparing a surface to be protected from exposure to water, usually by installing a pan or waterproof membrane. 201. Wet areas

Areas that are subjected to moisture or saturation

53

W (usually by water) such as tub enclosures, gang showers, steam rooms, swimming pools and exterior areas. 202. White-body earthenware tiles

Tiles composed of raw materials producing a white tile body that can be coated with a transparent glaze and takes color easily. Normally used for wall tiles. 203. Window sill tiles

Trim tiles for walls with a curved or overhanging edge used around window casements. 204. Work size

The size of a tile specified for manufacturing to which the actual (measured) size must conform, with specified tolerances.

C eram ic Tile D E nglish/Italian

ictionary:

56

Ceramic Tile Dictionary: E nglish/I talian

A/ B 1. Abrasion Abrasione 2. Abrasion resistance Resistenza all’abrasione 3. Abrasion test Prova di resistenza all’usura 4. Abrasive Abrasivo 5. Absorption Assorbimento 6. Acid resistance Resistenza agli acidi 7. Adhesive Adesivo, collante 8. Aggregate Aggregato 9. Alkali resistance Resistenza agli alcali 10. Anti-slip tiles Piastrelle antiscivolo 11. Antistatic tiles Piastrelle antistatiche 12. Apparent joint Fuga finta

B 13. Back Retro, parte posteriore 14. Baseboard, skirting Battiscopa 15. Bas-relief Basso rilievo 16. Bed, (tile) Strato di contatto 17. Beveled Bugnato, smussato a spigolo vivo 18. Biscuit or Bisque Biscotto 19. Body (of tile) Biscotto 20. Bonding Material Materiale legante 21. Border Bordo 22. Breaking strength Carico di rottura 23. Bullnose base Torello battiscopa 24. Bullnose tiles Torelli, Becco di Civetta 25. Button-back tiles Piastrelle con retro in rilievo

57

B/ C C 26. Candy twist Listello arrotondato ritorto a corda 27. Carton Scatola 28. Carton marking (labelling) Marcatura delle

scatole 29. Cement Cemento 30. Ceramic litho Decalcomania 31. Ceramic tiles Piastrelle ceramiche 32. Certification system Sistema di certificazione 33. Chair-rail London 34. Chair-rail angle Angolo london 35. Chair-rail outside corner Angolo london esterno 36. Chemical resistance Resistenza agli agenti chimici 37. Chemical Standards for Ceramic Tiles Norme

chimiche per piastrelle ceramiche 38. Chip resistance Resistenza alla scagliatura 39. Cigar tiles, rounded liners Sigari 40. Cladding Rivestimento generalmente di pareti 41. Classification system Sistema di classificazione 42. Clay Argilla 43. Cleavage membrane Strato di separazione 44. Clinker tiles Clinker, Klinker 45. Coefficient of conductivity Coefficiente di conduttività 46. Coefficient of expansion Coefficiente di dilatazione 47. Coefficient of friction Coefficiente di attrito 48. Coefficient of restitution Coefficiente di restituzione

58


C 49. Color matching Abbinamento di colore 50. Color shade/ shading Sfumatura di colore, stona-

lizzazione 51. Concave Concavo 52. Concrete Calcestruzzo 53. Concrete floor Soletta in calcestruzzo 54. Concrete slab Massetto in calcestruzzo, caldana 55. Conductive tile Piastrella conduttiva 56. Contraction joint Giunto di contrazione 57. Convex Bombato, convesso 58. Corner bullnose Torello angolo 59. Corner round bullnose Torello angolo tondo 60. Corner step Angolo scalino, scalino angolare 61. Corner tiles Piastrelle d’angolo 62. Corundum Corindone 63. Countertop edge trim Bordo piano di lavoro, cucina 64. Countertop trim corner Angolo piano di lavoro, cucina 65. Cove base, inside corner Sguscio, angolo interno 66. Cove base, outside corner Sguscio, angolo esterno 67. Cove round top Zoccolo a sguscio con becco di civetta 68. Cove, straight top Zoccolo a sguscio, con terminale piatto 69. Cove tiles Piastrelle per zoccolo a sguscio

59

C/ D 70. Crackle glaze Smalto ad effetto anticato 71. Crazing Cavillo 72. Crazing resistance Resistenza al cavillo 73. Cross joint Giunto incrociato 74. Crystalline finish Smalto cristallizzato 75. Curb Torello doppio 76. Curing Tempo di presa 77. Curved base Fondo ricurvo

D 78. Decal Decalcomania 79. Decorated tiles Piastrelle decorate 80. Defect Difetto 81. Dimension Dimensione, misura 82. Dimensional Standards for ceramic tiles Norme

dimensionali per piastrelle in ceramica 83. Dimple Avvallamento 84. Discoloration Scoloritura 85. Double bullnose Torello doppio 86. Double-extruded tiles Piastrelle estruse doppie; trafilate doppie 87. Double-fired tiles Piastrelle in bicottura 88. Dovetail Coda di rondine 89. Drain Scarico 90. Dry-pressed tiles Piastrelle pressate a secco 91. Dust-pressed tiles Piastrelle pressate a secco

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E/ F E 92. Earthenware tiles Cottoforte 93. Edge Bordo 94. Edge tiles Piastrelle di bordatura 95. Edge trim Cordolo perimetrale, bordo 96. Efflorescence Efflorescenza 97. Electrical resistance Resistenza elettrica 98. Engobed surface Superficie ingobbiata 99. Epoxy Resina epossidica 100. Expansion Dilatazione 101. Expansion joint Giunto di dilatazione, giunto

elastico (di espansione) 102. Exterior tiles Piastrelle per esterni 103. Extruded tiles Piastrelle estruse

F 104. Face (of tile) Faccia (di piastrella) 105. Faience tiles Piastrelle in maiolica 106. Fast firing (single, double) Cottura rapida (sin-

gola, doppia) 107. Feldspar Feldspato 108. Finish Finitura 109. Fireplace tiles Piastrelle per caminetti 110. Fire resistance Resistenza al fuoco 111. Firing Cottura 112. Flashed appearance Superficie ad effetto fiam-

61

F/G/H mato 113. Flat-back tiles Piastrelle a retro liscio 114. Flatness Planarità 115. Floor Pavimento 116. Floor tiles Piastrelle da pavimento 117. Fluted tiles Piastrelle con superficie scanalata 118. Freeze/ thaw conditions Condizioni di gelo-

disgelo 119. Frostproof tiles Piastrelle ingelive 120. Frost resistance Resistenza al gelo, ingelività 121. Full body Impasto a tutta massa 122. Fully vitrified stoneware Grès porcellanato

G 123. Glass mosaic Mosaico vetroso 124. Glaze Smalto 125. Glazed tiles Piastrelle smaltate 126. Glossy Brillante 127. Grade sorting Scelta 128. Grout joint Giunto di stuccatura, a stucco 129. Grout (material) Malta per fughe

H 130. Hand-pressed tiles Piastrelle pressate a mano 131. Hardness Durezza 132. Height Altezza

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H/I/J/K 133. Hexagonal tiles Piastrelle esagonali 134. High-gloss Alta brillantezza 135. High traffic tiles Piastrelle per pavimento ad alto

traffico 136. Horizontal corner cove base tile Angolo a sgu-

scio orizzontale, battiscopa 137. Horizontal cove base tile Battistraccio

I 138. Impact resistance Resistenza all’urto 139. Impact resistance test Prova di resistenza all’urto 140. Impermeable Impermeabile in superficie 141. Impervious Impermeabile a tutta massa 142. Impervious stoneware tiles Grès porcellanato 143. Indoor tiles Piastrelle per interni 144. Inserts Inserti 145. Insets Tozzetti 146. Installation Posa 147. Installation bed Piano di posa 148. Interior tiles Piastrelle per interni 149. Iridescent tiles Piastrelle iridescenti 150. ISO Standards Norme ISO

J/ K 151. Joint Giunto, fuga

63

L/ M L 152. Labelling (of cartons) Marcatura (delle scatole) 153. Laying Posa 154. Length Lunghezza 155. Linear Thermal Expansion Dilatazione termica

lineare 156. Liner bars Listelli 157. Lippage Dislivello di giunzione 158. Listels Listelli 159. Low-relief Bassorilievo 160. Lozenge Piastrella a losanga, a rombo 161. Lug Distanziatore laterale

M 162. Majolica tiles Piastrelle in maiolica 163. Matte (glaze) (Smalto) opaco, naturale 164. Mesh backed tiles Piastrelle incollate su rete 165. Mitered tiles Jolly, piastrelle con bordo smussato 166. Modulus of rupture Modulo di rottura 167. Mohs’ hardness Durezza Mohs 168. Moisture barrier Strato impermeabilizzante 169. Moisture expansion Dilatazione per umidità 170. Moorish tiles Piastrelle moresche 171. Mortar Malta 172. Mortar bed Letto di malta (di posa) 173. Mortar fixing Posa a malta

64


M/N/O/P 174. Mortar joint Fuga con malta 175. Mosaic tiles Piastrella a mosaico 176. Mounted tiles Piastrelle incollate (su rete, su

carta) 177. Mud-set installation Posa con malta a cemento

N 178. Natural clay tiles Piastrelle estruse singole 179. Nominal size Dimensioni nominali, formato

nominale 180. Non-slip tiles Piastrelle anti-scivolo 181. Non-vitreous tiles Piastrelle non greificate 182. Nose (on step tread) Angolo esterno del gradino 183. Nosing Sporgenza del gradino 184. Notching Spatolatura a solchi

O 185. Octagonal tiles Piastrelle ottagonali 186. Ogee tiles Piastrelle ogivali, a ogiva 187. Orange peel Buccia d’arancia 188. Outcorner Unghia esterna 189. Outdoor tiles Piastrelle per esterni

P 190. Paver Piastrella non smaltata per pavimenti esterni 191. Pencil tiles, rounded liners Matite, listelli a

65

P/Q/R matita 192. Picket Piastrella a losanga, a rombo 193. Polished finish Superficie levigata 194. Porcelain tiles Gres porcellanato 195. Porosity Porosità 196. Porous single-firing Monocottura porosa,

Monoporosa 197. Portland cement Cemento Portland 198. Precision tiles Piastrelle estruse doppie 199. Pressed tiles Piastrelle pressate 200. Provençal tiles Piastrelle di tipo Provenzale

Q 201. Quality grade Classe, scelta 202. Quarry tiles Piastrelle estruse singole 203. Quarter round Sguscia 204. Quarter round angle Sguscia esterna 205. Quarter round beak Unghia esterna 206. Quarter round cap Sguscia esterna 207. Quarter round cove Sguscia interna 208. Quarter round inangle Piè d’oca interno 209. Quarter round inside corner Unghia interna 210. Quarter round outangle Piè d’oca esterno

R 211. Raw material Materia prima

66


R/ S 212. Rectangular tile Piastrella rettangolare 213. Red stoneware tiles Grès rosso 214 Ribbed tiles Piastrelle a superficie scanalata, rigata 215. Riser Alzata (di gradino) 216. Rope liner Listello arrotondato ritorto a corda 217. Round bullnose Torello tondo 218. Rounded liners Matite, sigari, listelli a matita 219. Rustic finish Superficie rustica, finitura rustica

S 220. Sample Campione 221. Sanitary cove Zoccolo a sguscio con becco di

civetta 222. Satin glaze Smalto satinato 223. Scratch hardness Resistenza alla scalfittura 224. Scratch hardness test Prova di resistenza alla

scalfittura 225. Screeding Livellamento dello strato di posa 226. Screen Setaccio 227. Sealants Sigillanti 228. Sealers Sigillanti 229. Semi-vitreous tiles Piastrelle semi-greificate 230. Shape Forma 231. Silk-screening Serigrafia 232. Sill tiles Piastrelle per davanzale 233. Single extruded tiles Piastrelle estruse singole 234. Single-fired tiles Piastrelle in monocottura

67

S 235. Sink (basin) Lavabo 236. Sink rail tiles London 237. Size Formato, dimensione 238. Skirting tiles Battiscopa 239. Slip resistant tiles Piastrelle antiscivolo 240. Smooth Liscio 241. Spacer Distanziatore 242. Special trims Pezzi speciali 243. Split tiles Piastrelle estruse doppie/trafilate dop-

pie 244. Square tiles Piastrelle quadrate 245. Stain resistance Resistenza alle macchie 246. Stair Scala 247. Standards for Ceramic Tiles Norme per

piastrelle ceramiche 248. Step-nose tiles Piastrelle per sporgenza gradino 249. Step-tread tiles Pedate 250. Stove tiles Piastrelle per stufa 251. Strip tiles Listelli 252. Studded Bugnato, a punta di diamante 253. Subfloor Sottopavimento 254. Surface Superficie 255. Surface bullnose Becco di civetta (per posa lineare) 256. Surface cove incorner Angolo interno a sguscio 257. Surface cove outcorner Angolo esterno a sguscio 258. Surface rail London (per posa lineare)

68


S/T/U/V 259. Swimming pool tiles Piastrelle per piscina

T 260. Tensile strength Resistenza alla trazione 261. Terracotta Cotto rustico 262. Test Prova 263. Test method Metodo di prova 264. Thermal conductivity Conduttività termica 265. Thermal shock resistance Resistenza agli sbalzi

termici 266. Thick-bed installation Posa a strato spesso, con

malta cementizia 267. Thickness Spessore 268. Thin-set installation Posa a strato sottile, con

collante 269. Third-firing Terzo fuoco 270. Thrice-fired tiles Piastrelle a terzo fuoco 271. Tile Piastrella 272. Trade mark Marchio (di fabbrica), marca 273. Trim tiles Pezzi speciali

U 274. Unglazed tiles Piastrelle non smaltate

V 275. V-cap Elemento ad elle

69

V/ W 276. Vitreous tiles Piastrelle in grès, greificate, gres

porcellanato 277. Vitrified tiles Piastrelle in grès, greificate, gres

porcellanato

W 278. Wall tiles Piastrelle da rivestimento 279. Warpage Curvatura, svergolamento 280. Water absorption level Livello di assorbimento

d’acqua 281. Waterproof Impermeabile all’acqua 282. Water proofing Impermeabilizzazione 283. Weight Peso 284. White-body earthenware tiles Piastrelle a pasta

bianca 285. White-body single-fired tiles Monocottura chiara,

a pasta bianca 286. Width Larghezza 287. Window sill tiles Piastrelle per davanzale 288. Work size Dimensioni di fabbricazione, calibro

C eram ic Tile D Italian/E nglish

ictionary:

72

Ceramic Tile Dictionary: I talian/E nglish

A/ B 1. Abbinamento di colore Color matching 2. Abrasione Abrasion 3. Abrasivo Abrasive 4. Adesivo Adhesive 5. Aggregato Aggregate 6. Alta brillantezza High-gloss 7. Altezza Height 8. Alzata (di gradino) Riser 9. Angolo battiscopa a sguscio orizzontale

Horizontal corner cove base tile 10. Angolo esterno del gradino Nose (on step tread) 11. Angolo london Chair-rail angle; 12. Angolo london esterno Chair-rail outside corner 13. Angolo piano di lavoro cucina Countertop trim corner 14. Angolo scalino Corner step 15. Argilla Clay 16. Assorbimento Absorption 17. Avvallamento Dimple

B 18. Basso rilievo Bas-relief, low-relief 19. Battiscopa Baseboard, skirting 20. Battistraccio Horizontal cove base tile 21. Becco di civetta per posa lineare Surface bullnose 22. Biscotto Biscuit, bisque, tile body 23. Bombato, convesso Convex

73

B/ C 24. Bordo Border, edge 25. Bordo piano di lavoro cucina Countertop edge

trim 26. Brillante Glossy 27. Buccia d’arancia Orange peel 28. Bugnato, a punta di diamante Studded 29. Bugnato, Smussato a spigolo vivo Beveled

C 30. Calcestruzzo Concrete 31. Caldana Concrete slab 32. Calibro Work size 33. Campione Sample 34. Carico di rottura Breaking strength 35. Cavillo Crazing 36. Cemento Cement 37. Cemento Portland Portland cement 38. Classe, gruppo (di qualità), scelta Quality grade 39. Classificazione Classification system 40. Clinker Clinker tiles, klinker 41. Coda di rondine Dovetail 42. Coefficiente di attrito Coefficient of friction 43. Coefficiente di conduttività Coefficient of con-

ductivity 44. Coefficiente di dilatazione Coefficient of expansion 45. Coefficiente di restituzione Coefficient of restitu-

tion

74


C/ D 46. Collante Adhesive 47. Concavo Concave 48. Condizioni di gelo-disgelo Freeze/thaw conditions 49. Conduttività termica Thermal conductivity 50. Convesso Convex 51. Cordolo perimetrale Edge trim 52. Corindone Corundum 53. Cottoforte Earthenware tiles 54. Cotto rustico Terracotta 55. Cottura Firing 56. Cottura rapida (singola, doppia) Fast firing (sin-

gle, double) 57. Curvatura Warpage

D 58. Decalcomania Decal, ceramic litho 59. Difetto Defect 60. Dilatazione Expansion 61. Dilatazione per umidità Moisture expansion 62. Dilatazione termica lineare Linear thermal

expansion 63. Dimensione Dimension 64. Dimensioni di fabbricazione Work size 65. Dimensioni nominali Nominal size 66. Dislivello di giunzione Lippage 67. Distanziatore Spacer 68. Distanziatore laterale Lug

75

D/E/F/G 69. Durezza Hardness 70. Durezza Mohs Mohs’ hardness

E 71. Efflorescenza Efflorescence 72. Elemento ad elle V cap

F 73. Faccia (di piastrelle) Face (of tile) 74. Feldspato Feldspar 75. Finitura Finish 76. Fondo ricurvo Curved base 77. Forma Shape 78. Formato, dimensione Size 79. Formato nominale Nominal size 80. Fuga Joint 81. Fuga con malta Mortar joint 82. Fuga finta Apparent joint

G 83. Giunto Joint 84. Giunto di contrazione Contraction joint 85. Giunto di dilatazione, giunto elastico (di espansione) Expansion joint 86. Giunto di stuccatura, a stucco Grout joint 87. Giunto incrociato Cross joint

76


G/I/J/K/L 88. Grès porcellanato Fully vitrified stoneware, por-

celain tiles, impervious stoneware tiles 89. Grès rosso Red stoneware tiles

I/J/K 90. Impasto a tutta massa Full body 91. Impermeabile (a tutta massa) Impervious 92. Impermeabile (in superficie) Impermeable 93. Impermeabile all’acqua Waterproof 94. Impermeabilizzazione Water proofing 95. Ingelività Frost resistance 96. Inserti Inserts 97. Jolly Mitered tiles 98. Klinker Clinker tiles

L 99. Larghezza Width 100. Lavabo Sink (basin) 101. Letto di malta (di posa) Mortar bed 102. Liscio Smooth 103. Listelli Strip tiles, liner bars, listels 104. Listelli matita Pencil tiles, rounded liners 105. Listello arrotondato ritorto a corda Candy twist,

rope liner 106. Livellamento dello strato di posa Screeding 107. Livello di assorbimento d’acqua Water absorp-

77

L/M/N tion level 108. London Chair-rail; sink rail tiles; surface rail 109. Lunghezza Length

M 110. Malta Mortar 111. Malta per fughe Grout (material) 112. Marcatura delle scatole Carton marking (labelling) 113. Marchio (di fabbrica), Marca Trade mark 114. Massetto in calcestruzzo Concrete slab 115. Materia prima Raw material 116. Materiale legante Bonding material 117. Matite Pencil tiles, rounded liners 118. Metodo di prova Test method 119. Misura Dimension 120. Modulo di rottura Modulus of rupture 121. Monocottura chiara, a pasta bianca White-

body single-fired tiles 122. Monocottura porosa, Monoporosa Porous sin-

gle-firing 123. Mosaico vetroso Glass mosaic

N 124. Norme chimiche per piastrelle ceramiche

Chemical Standards for Ceramic Tiles

78


N/ P 125. Norme dimensionali per piastrelle di ceramica

Dimensional Standards for ceramic tiles 126. Norme ISO ISO Standards 127. Norme per piastrelle ceramiche Standards for Ceramic Tiles

P 128. Pavimento Floor 129. Pedata Step-tread tile 130. Peso Weight 131. Pezzi speciali Trim tiles, special trims 132. Piano di posa Installation bed 133. Piastrella Tile 134. Piastrella a losanga Lozenge, picket 135. Piastrella a rombo Lozenge, picket 136. Piastrella conduttiva Conductive tile 137. Piastrella non smaltata per pavimenti esterni

Paver 138. Piastrella rettangolare Rectangular tile 139. Piastrelle a mosaico Mosaic tile 140. Piastrelle anti-scivolo Non-slip tiles, anti-slip

tiles, slip resistant tiles 141. Piastrelle antistatiche Antistatic tiles 142. Piastrelle a pasta bianca White-body

earthenware tiles 143. Piastrelle a retro liscio Flat-back tiles 144. Piastrelle a superficie scanalata, rigata Ribbed

79

P tiles; fluted tiles 145. Piastrelle a terzo fuoco Thrice-fired tiles 146. Piastrelle ceramiche Ceramic tiles 147. Piastrelle con bordo smussato Mitered tiles 148. Piastrelle con retro in rilievo Button-back tiles 149. Piastrelle d’angolo Corner tiles 150. Piastrelle da pavimento Floor tiles 151. Piastrelle da rivestimento Wall tiles 152. Piastrelle decorate Decorated tile 153. Piastrelle di bordatura Edge tiles 154. Piastrelle di tipo provenzale Provençal tiles 155. Piastrelle esagonali Hexagonal tiles 156. Piastrelle estruse Extruded tiles 157. Piastrelle estruse doppie Double-extruded tiles,

precision tiles, split tiles 158. Piastrelle estruse singole Single-extruded tiles,

natural clay tiles, quarry tiles 159. Piastrelle in bicottura Double-fired tiles 160. Piastrelle incollate su rete Mesh-backed tiles, mounted tiles 161. Piastrelle incollate su rete, su carta Mounted tiles, mesh-backed tiles (net, paper) 162. Piastrelle ingelive Frostproof tiles 163. Piastrelle in grès, greificate Vitreous tiles, vitrified tiles, porcelain tiles 164. Piastrelle in maiolica Faience tile, Majolica tiles 165. Piastrelle in monocottura Single-fired tiles

80


P 166. Piastrelle iridescenti Iridescent tiles 167. Piastrelle Klinker Clinker tiles 168. Piastrelle moresche Moorish tiles 169. Piastrelle non greificate Non-vitreous tiles 170. Piastrelle non smaltate Unglazed tiles 171. Piastrelle ogivali Ogee tiles 172. Piastrelle ottagonali Octagonal tiles 173. Piastrelle per caminetti Fireplace tiles 174. Piastrelle per davanzale Sill tiles, window sill

tiles 175. Piastrelle per esterni Exterior tiles, outdoor tiles 176. Piastrelle per interni Interior tiles, indoor tiles 177. Piastrelle per pavimento ad alto traffico High

traffic tiles 178. Piastrelle per piscina Swimming pool tiles 179. Piastrelle per sporgenza gradino Step-nose tiles 180. Piastrelle per stufa Stove tiles 181. Piastrelle per zoccolo a sguscio Cove tiles 182. Piastrelle pressate Pressed tiles 183. Piastrelle pressate a mano Hand-pressed tiles 184. Piastrelle pressate a secco Dust-pressed tiles,

dry-pressed tiles 185. Piastrelle quadrate Square tile 186. Piastrelle semi greificate Semi-vitreous tiles 187. Piastrelle smaltate Glazed tiles 188. Piastrelle trafilate Extruded tiles 189. Piè d’oca esterno Quarter round out angle

81

P/ R 190. Piè d’oca interno Quarter round inangle 191. Planarità Flatness 192. Porosità Porosity 193. Posa Installation, laying, fixing 194. Posa a malta Mortar fixing 195. Posa a strato sottile, con collante Thin-set

installation 196. Posa a strato spesso, con malta cementizia

Thick-bed installation 197. Posa con malta a cemento Mud-set installation 198. Prova Test 199. Prova di resistenza alla scalfittura Scratch

hardness test 200. Prova di resistenza all’urto Impact resistance

test 201. Prova di resistenza all’usura Abrasion test

R 202. Resina epossidica Epoxy 203. Resistenza agli acidi Acid resistance 204. Resistenza agli agenti chimici Chemical resi-

stance 205. Resistenza agli alcali Alkali resistance 206. Resistenza agli sbalzi termici Thermal shock

resistance 207. Resistenza al cavillo Crazing resistance 208. Resistenza al fuoco Fire resistance

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R/ S 209. Resistenza al gelo Frost resistance 210. Resistenza all’abrasione Abrasion resistance 211. Resistenza alla scagliatura Chip resistance 212. Resistenza alla scalfittura Scratch hardness 213. Resistenza alla trazione Tensile strength 214. Resistenza alle macchie Stain resistance 215. Resistenza all’urto Impact resistance 216. Resistenza elettrica Electrical resistance 217. Retro, parte posteriore Back 218. Rivestimento di pareti Cladding

S 219. Scala Stair, step 220. Scalino angolare Corner step 221. Scarico Drain 222. Scelta Quality, grade, grade sorting 223. Scoloritura Discoloration 224. Serigrafia Silk-screening 225. Setaccio Screen 226. Sfumatura di colore Color shade 227. Sguscia Quarter round 228. Sguscia esterna Quarter round angle, quarter

round cap 229. Sguscia interna Quarter round cove 230. Sguscio angolo esterno Cove base outside cor-

ner, surface cove outcorner 231. Sguscio angolo interno Cove base inside corner,

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S surface cove incorner 232. Sigari Cigar tiles, rounded liners 233. Sigillanti Sealers, Sealants 234. Sistema di certificazione Certification system 235. Smalto Glaze 236. Smalto ad effetto anticato Crackle glaze 237. Smalto cristallizzato Crystalline finish 238. Smalto opaco, naturale Matt /Matte glaze 239. Smalto satinato Satin glaze 240. Smussato a spigolo vivo Beveled 241. Soletta in calcestruzzo Concrete floor 242. Sottopavimento Subfloor 243. Spatolatura a solchi Notching 244. Spessore Thickness 245. Sporgenza del gradino Nosing 246. Stonalizzazione Color shading 247. Strato di contatto (Tile) Bed 248. Strato di separazione Cleavage membrane 249. Strato impermeabilizzante Moisture barrier 250. Superficie Surface 251. Superficie ad effetto fiammato Flashed appearance 252. Superficie ingobbiata Engobed surface 253. Superficie levigata Polished finish 254. Superficie rustica Rustic finish 255. Svergolamento Warpage

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T/U/Z T 256. Tempo di presa Curing 257. Terzo fuoco Third-firing 258. Torelli, Becco di Civetta Bullnose tiles 259. Torello angolo Corner bullnose 260. Torello angolo tondo Corner round bullnose 261. Torello battiscopa Bullnose base 262. Torello doppio Double bullnose, curb 263. Torello tondo Round bullnose 264. Tozzetti Insets

U 265. Unghia esterna Outcorner, quarter round beak 266. Unghia interna Quarter round inside corner

Z 267. Zoccolo a sguscio con becco di civetta Cove

round top, sanitary cove 268. Zoccolo a sguscio con terminale piatto Cove,

straight top

S ources Ceramic Tiles: The International Standards, CERLabs,

Bologna, I taly The Guide to Italian Ceramic Tile, Produced by the

I talian Trade Commission, Tile Center in cooperation with Assopiastrelle (Association of I talian Ceramic Tile and Refractories Manufacturers), New York, New York Ceramic Floor and Wall Tile: Performance and Controversies, C. Palmonari and G . Timellini,

EDI .CER., Sassuolo, I taly Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation, TCA (Tile

Council of America), Clemson, South Carolina American National Standard Specifications for Ceramic Tile, TCA (Tile Council of A merica), Clemson,

South Carolina American National Standard Specifications for the Installation of Ceramic Tile, TCA (Tile Council of

America), Clemson, South Carolina

Dictionary Italian Ceramic Tiles

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