DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
DIAGRAMAS DE LÍMITES DE CONFORMADO
BALLESTAS PADILLA SERGIO LUIS- CÓDIGO 702112101
ING. MEC. M.SC. JULIÁN MIGUEL SALAS SIADO
DIPLOM - INGENIEUR. MATR. ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR ZÜRICH - ETH-Z /SUIZA UNIERSIDAD DE HANNOER-ALEMANIA HANNOER-ALEMANIA UNIERSIDAD DE STUTTGART ! ALEMANIA UNIERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA - BOGOT"
PROCESOS DE MANUFACTURA I GRUPO I
UNIERSIDAD DEL ATL"NTICO FACULTA FACULTAD D DE INGENIERÍA INGENIERÍ A PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA MEC"NICA BARRAN#UILLA 1$ MA%O 201&
DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
2.1 Diagrama límite de conformado U' ()*+,** ) ( 3'43,*(3 5DLC6 8' ()*+,** 98 3')' 3 :8'3 :*,* * (43,*)3' *;3,/'3, :,))'(3 <*, * ())')=' ', 3 :8'3 4*>3,*? ; 3 :8'3 ( ,))=' 3 ( ,38,*. L* 4,3',* ', ()<3 :8'3 (4)' ()*' * 8,>* ) ( 3'43,*(3 5CLC6516. E' * :,@)* 3()4)*' 3 :8'3' 8))*(3 ' * ?8))3' :*,* 3'+8), 98 3(3 3 :8'3 '8',' ' * 3'* 4*>3,*?56. L* 8,>* ( ) ( 3'43,*(3 5CLC6 (,)'*' :*,* *,)* :4)3 * 4)' ( (4)'), ')> <** (3'( :8(' (43,*, ()*' ?8))=' ),*)'3 3 8*98), 3?)'*)=' ( ?8))=' ; ),*)'3 526. E* *:*)(*( 98(* ))*(* :3, * *:*,))=' ( 8'* ,38,* 3 ( 8'* ,))=' 3*)*(*. E)' 8<3 3(3 :*,* (,)'*, ) ( 3'43,*(3 ( 8' *,)*. P*,* 3?', * 8,>* '*,)3 ,*)*, '*;3 :*,* ()4,' *)'3 ( (43,*)=' ( * <*:*. E3 3')+ >*,)*'(3 * +3,* ( * :,3?* * 4)' ( *?*,*, 3 ())'3 3(3 ( (43,*)='. E' * 4)+8,* 2-1 :8( 3?,>*, 3 ())'3 *)'3 ( (43,*)='56. A'()'(3 * 3'>')3 ' 98 * (43,*)=' :,)'):* *98* ' * 98 * (43,*)=' *;3, )' 98 3(3 :8'3 ( ()*+,** ( (43,*)3' (? *, * * )98),(* ( * ()*+3'* ( :,), 8*(,*' 5 6 (4)')'(3 :*,@,3 . E +8'(3 ) 3?)' 3')(,*'(3 98 ' 8' :,33 ( 3'43,*(3 ( <*:* (?' *:*,, ')3' ( ,*)='. E' *3 ( ) 3?'(,* :3, 3 98 *3 ' 98 3?'(,* 8' >*3, (56. D * 43,* 98(* *?)(3 98 3 ) ( '8,3 ()*+,** )+8)' S+' >*3, 98 '+* ( '(,3 3 ())'3 3(3 ( (43,*)=' ( * <*:*. A 3')'8*)=' :)*,*' ( 43,* 3')* 3 *)'3 ( (43,*)='
DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
D43,*)=' :*'* 5 6 E' *3 *,)* ' :*'3 ( * <*:* (43,* ' 8'* ')* (),)=' 5 6 *'')'(3 :,@)*' '8* * 3,*. T3(3 3 8()3 ,*)*(3 ' :,3;3 8))* 3(3 ( (43,*)='. P*,* 3 )'()*,@ * +3,* ( * :,3?* :4)*. •
T,*)=' 8')*)* 5 6 E' *3 * (43,*)=' 38,, 3' 8'* .
Fig. 2-1: Diagrama de deformaciones principales con diferentes modos de deformación
DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
D:'()'(3 ( ):3 ( 4*3 :8( ())'+8), ', * CLC ' )'))3 ( * ,))=' 3*)*(* 5CLCE6 ; * CLC * :,)'):)3 ( * 4,*8,* () 5CLCF6. L* F)+. 2-2 8,* * >38)=' :)* ( * CLCE ; CLCF 98 3?,>*' ' 3 :,)'3. C33 :8( *:,)*, * CLCE '3,*' :,'* 8'* 8,>* ' 43,* ( (,)' ' *(3 ( * )98),(* 5 J d K2/d K1 06 ; ,)' ' *(3 ( * (,<* 5 0 3 ,+)=' ( ),*(3 ?)*)*6. L* '(')* ( * CLCF (:'(' 3,* > ( * (8))(*( ( *,)*.
Fig.2-2: Esquemas del FLD experimental con las curvas de fallo típicas
DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
2.2 etodología !"# 12$$%-2 L* 3(33+* ISO 1200 ?**(* ' *'@)) :*)* *? 8' :,3())'3 *'(*,)*(3 :*,* * (,)'*)=' ( * (43,*)3' ). E@ '43*(3 * '*;3 ):3 N**)* 3 M*,)')*. E' *3 ( '*;3 ):3 N**)* 8))* 8' :8'=' <)4,)3 )',* 98 ' ( M*,)')* :8'=' :*'3. E' *?3 *3 8))*' :8'3' 3' +3,* *'(*,)*(*. E' * 4)+8,* 2- 8,*' 3 :8'3' *',)3,' 3'*(3. A * )98),(* ,:,'* 3'* ( '*;3 ):3 N**)* )',* 98 * 4)+8,* ( * (,<* ,:,'* 3'* ( '*;3 ):3 M*,)')*.
Fig. 2-&: onta'e de ensa(os )a*a'ima ( arcinia*
E* :*, ( * N3,* ISO 1200 :)4)* * 3'())3' ( '*;3 98 <*' ( 8))*, 8*'(3 (,)'* * 8,>* ( ) ( 3'43,*(3 5CLC6 * :,*8,* *?)' ; 8))*'(3 ,*;3,)* ( (43,*)=' )'*. E *,)* 98 3')(,* :*'3 @)3 ; ( :3, 3:,'()(3 ', 0 ; )'(3 :*,* *,3 8' >*3, *3'*(3 ( 2& . T*?)' *'(*,)* ,3 ( 3'())3' ( '*;3 33 :8(' , ):3 ( 8?,)*)=' * >3)(*( ( :8'=' (),)3' ( 3 '*;3 3 +3,* ( * :,3?*. P*,* *3 ( * +3,* ,3)'(* :,3?* '**(* 3' 8'* :*, ',* *)?,*(* ( 3'+)8( 8:,)3, * 2& ( ()@,3 ( :8'=' 5:*,* 8' :8'=' ( 100 3' 3'+)8( ( :,4,'' ', 2& ; &0 Q ,*()3 ( *8,(3 ', 20 ; 0 6. E' * 4)+8,* 2- ,:,'* * +3,* ( * :,3?* 8))*(* 3' * *,*,)* *',)3,' 3'*(*.
DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
Fig. 2-%: Dimensiones de pro+etas de deformación plana
DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
S+' * )'()*)3' (,)* :3, * ISO :,3())'3 :*,* (,)'*, * (43,*)3' ) *,)8*' )'3 :*3 •
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D4)'))=' ( * :3))=' ( * +,)*. E' :,), 8+*, *8* * :3))=' ( >*3, @ *3 ( . U'* > 3?')(* 3*' 3(3 3 >*3, 3:,'()(3 ', 8'* >'*'* ( * *(* *(3 ( >*3, *8*(3 *',)3,'. S ,*)* 8' *8 :*,*?=)3 ( * ,) ( (*3 )'(3 @)3 * :3))=' ( * +,)*. D,)'*)=' ( 3 ) )',)3,. S (,)'* * +8'(* (,)>*(* 4),*(* ; )' 4),*, 5+' 3'*,@ ' *:83 :3,)3,6 * *(* *(3 ( * 4,*8,*. S *8* * :3))=' ( 3 @)3 5:*,* * (,)>*(* 4),*(* ; )' 4),*,6 * *(* *(3. S) )' '3 ( (3 :8'3 ( ()4,')* ( 3 @)3 3* ( 3 (*3 4),*(3 3 )' 4),*, 3* * :3))=' ( >*3, )' 3,,+),. D,)'*)=' ( 3 ) ,)3,. S *8* * >'*'* ( *8 :3, * )+8)' :,)='
(3'(
; 3' 3 >*3, ()3 ( * (43,*)=' :,)'):* ' *(* 8'3 ( 3 ). P3, >'*'* ( *8 ')'( :*)3 3:,'()(3 ', 3 ) ,)3, ; 3 )',)3, * *(* *(3 ( * :3))=' ( * +,)* •
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D,)'*)=' ( * (43,*)=' :,)'):* ) . S 3*' 3 >*3, )' (',3 ( * >'*'* ( *8 ; ,*)* *8 ( 8'* :*,@?3* )'>,* ' ')(3 ( 3 ')3 8*(,*(3. E >*3, ( ()<* :*,@?3* ' * :3))=' ( * +,)* (,)'* >*3, ( * (43,*)=' :,)'):* ). D,)'*)=' ( * (43,*)=' ' :3, ) .C3' * >'*'* ( *8 3?')(* *',)3,' :,3( * *8*, >*3, ( * (43,*)=' ' :3, ( * )* *',* 98 :*,* * (43,*)=' :,)'):* ). E' *3 ,*)* 3, *8 ' ')(3 ( 3 ')3 8*(,*(3 ( * :*,@?3* )'>,* * 3 (*3 :,)'* ( * (43,*)=' ' :3,. U'* > 3?')(* *8*,* * (43,*)=' '3, ) +' * 3',>*)=' ( >38'.
T3(3 :,3())'3 3:,'( 8<3 3, ) >)8*)*' 3 ,8*(3 :,)'* * 33 3(* * 3'())3' :*,* (,)'*, * (43,*)3' ). C33 :8( 3?,>*, ' * 4)+8,* 2-& ' :,), 8+*, ,:,'* 3' ',3 1 3 (*3 :,)'* ( * (43,*)=' :,)'):* 3?')(3 ' *?3,*3,)3. T* ; 33 )'()* ' :*3 2 :,3( * 3?', 3 ) )',)3, :*,* 3 *8*' 3 >*3, ( * (,)>*(* 4),*(* ; )' 4),*, 5',3 6 (,)'@'(3 ( * *',* 3 ) )',)3,.
DIAGRAMAS LÍMITES DE CONFORMACIÓN
E3 ) ,:,'*' 3' ',3 &. A 3')'8*)=' *8*' * >'*'* ( *8 +' * )'()*)3' *?)(* ' :*3 . E* >'*'* 3''(,@' 3 (*3 :*,*
,*)*, 3, *8 ( * :*,@?3* )'>,* ' ')(3 ( 3 ')3 8*(,*(3. E *8 ,:,'* ' * 4)+8,* :3, ',3 .
Fig. 2-,: plicación de la metodología !"# 12$$%-2
E :,)'):* 3?3 ,*)*, 8'* *83*)*)=' 98 ,*) :,3())'3 *83@)*' ;* 98 * +,*' *')(*( ( >*3, 98 *'*' <*' '+3,,33 @83 *'8*. P*,* :,3(, * * *83*)*)=' * '3,* ;* *:3,* 8' ()*+,** ( 483 ):)4)*(3 :*,* * 4)'. E ()*+,** )'))* 3()4)*,@ 3')(,*?' 3?')'(3 8' *+3,)3 3:3 98 +*,*') 8 3,,3 48')3'*)'3. E' *:83 :3,)3, 3,*,@ *'3 ()*+,** ( 483 8))*(3 33 3 ,8*(3 3?')(3. E' * )+8)' 4)+8,* 8,* ()*+,** ( 483 :*,* * *:)*)=' ( * ISO 12002200.
Fig. 2-: Diagrama de /u'o para metodología !"# 12$$%-2
Fig. 2-0: Diagrama de /u'o para metodología !"# 12$$%-2
2.3 etodología temporal E 3(3 ?** ' 8()3 :3,* ( * (),)?8)=' ( * (43,*)=' :,)'):* ; 8 :,),* (,)>*(* 5*?)' **(* >3)(*( ( (43,*)=' 3 ,*)' ,*6 ,:3 * ):3. L3 (*3 3' 3*(3 (),*' ' ()4,' )3' :,:'()8*, * * 3'* ( 4,*8,*.
L* 3(33+* <* ,88,*(3 ' & :*3 :*,* 8'* 3, 3:,')='. A 3')'8*)=' (** :,3())'3 •
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O?')=' ( *'<3 ( * 3'* ( ,))='. E 3?)>3 )(')4)*, 3 (3 )3 :8'3 98 (' ( (43,*, 58'3 * *(* *(3 ( * +,)*6 ; 98 **'' 8' ,3 ' * >3)(*( ( (43,*)=' 83 *' ( * *:*,))=' ( * 4,*8,*. L* ,+)=' ', ()<3 :8'3 (4)' @,* (3'( <* (*,,3*(3 * )'*?))(*( :@)*. T:)*' ' * 3'* ( ,))=' *:*,' (3 +,*()' 8:,:83 :3, 8' *(3 ):83 :3, * 8,>*8,* ( :8'=' * 3 *,+3 ( * <*:* ; :3, 3,3 )'<,' * (*,,33 ( * )'*?))(*(. P3, 3 (',3 ( * 3'* ( ,))=' <*?,@ :8'3 98 *8'' 8 >3)(*( <** * ,38,* 5:8'3 B6 3,3 98 :)' * ,(8),* :,3 '3 3')+*' +*, * ,3 ' * 4,*8,* ; :3, )3 *983 98 **'*' >3)(*( '8* 83 8' )'*' *' ( * 4,*8,* 3 8* (4)'' *'<3 ( ,))='. D)=' ( )'))3 ( * ,))='. S *? 98 :,33 ( ,))=' )'))* 8*'(3 * >3)(*( ( (43,*)=' ' * 4,3',* 98 (4)' @,* ( * )'*?))(*( 5P8'3 A6 **'* 8' @)3. D)<3 @)3 ,>* 98 * (43,*)=' <* :*(3 * 3*)*, ' )',)3, ( * 3'* ( ,))=' 5:8'3 ', A-B ' F)+. -6. P3, *'3 * ,(8)=' :,3+,)>* ' * >3)(*( ( (43,*)=' ' ()<3 :8'3 4,3',* 3'8')* ( 98 3 :8'3 )',)3, * * 3'* ( ,))=' <*' 3'*(3 * (43,*, )'*?' :3, (*,,33 ( * ,))='. E 83 (4)' *,*' )'*' ( ):3 ' 98 3)'* * )'*?))(*( :@)* 5t necking 6. I(')4)*)=' ( :8'3 ( 4,*8,*. E :8'3 ( 4,*8,* 3?)' )(')4)*'(3 * 8,>* ( (43,*)=' @ 3))*(* (',3 ( * 3'* ( ,))=' (), * 98 '8',* :3, ')* ( ,3 (8,*' :,33. D,)'*)=' ( * (43,*)=' :,)'):* @)* ) 5 6 E* (4)' 33 :8'3 @ 3))*(3 ( * 3'* ( ,))=' 5:8'3 B6 )'*' ( 3)'3 ( * ,))=' ')'+. D,)'*)=' ( * (43,*)=' :,)'):* ')* ) 5 3?)' >*3, :*,*
6 D * )* 43,*
Fig. 2-: plicación de la metodología emporal
2.4 etodología del valle D*(3 98 * ,))=' 3)'* 8*'(3 :,3(8 8'* ,(8)=' ( :3, ( * <*:* ' 8'* 3'* 3*)*(* 8))*, 8' :,3())'3 98 :,)* +',*, * +3,* ( * )=' ( * :,3?* ' *(* )'*' ( ):3 ; :3, 3')+8)' :3(, >)8*)*, )'))3 ( * ,))=' ( * <*:* ,* * 3, 43,* ( :3(, 3:*,*, 8*98), 3(33+*.
Fig. 2-3: Evolución del per4l de despla5amiento ( derivada espacial en sección perpendicular a la fractura de la pro+eta.
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D,)'*)=' ( )'*' ( 3)'3 ( ,))=' L* 43,* ( * )=' ( * *,* ,'* ( * :,3?* ,@ ( :*,@?3* )'>,)(* (?)(3 * * 8,>*8,* ):8* :3, :8'='. D)<* 8,>* 3'43, ):3 :,3+, ; *,98 3)'3 ( * ,))=' 3'*,@ * *<**, ' * 3'* 8:,)3, )'())3 >)(' ( 3)'3 ( * )'*?))(*( :@)*. 24.5
0.15
] m m [ Z 24 t n e m e c a 23.5 l p s i D
] m 0.1 m [ Z f 0.05 o e v i t a 0 v i r e D
-0.05
23 8
10
12 14 Position X [mm]
16
10
11
12 13 Position X [mm]
14
15
Fig. 2-1$: Evolución del per4l de despla5amiento ( de la derivada espacial en pro+eta de ensa(o con pun5ón de 2$ mm
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S)=' ( :8'3 @ 3))*(3. S )3'* :8'3 @ 3))*(3 ' * )* )=' *',)3,' 3'*(*. S)' ?*,+3 * 43,* ( 3*)*,3 ,:,'*, * >38)=' :3,* ( ())'3 :8'3 * 3 *,+3 ( * )='. O?')=' ( * (43,*)=' *;3, ). U'* > 98 *? )'*' ( 3)'3 ( ,))=' ?**,* 3' )(')4)*, *+ )3'*(3 ' * >38)=' :3,* ( * 8,>* @ 3))*(*. ] 8 o l [ ε
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0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
150
160
10
180
1!0
20
Fig. 2-11: Evolución de la de deformación ma(or límite en los , puntos m6s próximos a la fractura.
"ist#ricamente$ la evol%ci#n &el estampa&o &e c'apas &es&e s% concepci#n$ &ise(o &e partes$ &ise(o &e 'erramientas$ 'an si&o &esarrolla&os lentamente ) re*%ieren &e m%c'o c%i&a&o. +e 'an ,asa&o en la eperiencia$ en ensa)os &e pr%e,a ) error$ e incl%sive en cierta 'a,ili&a& artesanal [1]. n el presente$ es relativamente &if/cil %tiliar solo mto&os anal/ticos para el est%&io ) &ise(o &e partes metlicas )a *%e nicamente se p%e&e proveer %na sol%ci#n anal/tica aproima&a para pronosticar %n &esempe(o &el proceso &e conforma&o &e c'apas.
a compresi#n &el fl%o &e material &%rante el proceso &e conforma&o$ p%e&e con*%istarse &e la teor/a )7o eperimentaci#n. a teor/a plstica$ &a s%erencias para esta,lecer l/neas &e &esliamiento *%e in&ican la &irecci#n &e los esf%eros mimos$ en c%al*%ier p%nto &el plano &el proceso &e conforma&o. Datos eomtricos a&icionales son encontra&os en las l/neas &e fl%o$ las c%ales &an la &irecci#n &el movimiento &e to&os los p%ntos para
cierto instante ) las l/neas &e tra)ectorias *%e representan el recorri&o &e %n p%nto partic%lar a travs &el proceso completo
l &es%so &e los sistemas artesanales oc%rre por las si%ientes raones: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
a lentit%& en el apren&iae ) el &esarrollo &e los sistemas$ a ten&encia a mo&ificar los pro&%ctos rpi&amente &e,i&o a la f %erte competencia$ a necesi&a& &e re&%cir los tiempos entre pr%e,as ) &esarrollos$ l incremento en la complei&a& &e las partes$ a intro&%cci#n &e n%evos materiales$ l rpi&o &esarrollo &el &ise(o asisti&o por comp%ta&ora.
De ac%er&o con ;eeler [1]$ los sistemas *%e reemplacen la meto&olo/a artesanal &e,en contener oc'o re*%erimientos: 1. +er %n sistema interactivo$ 2. 9o&elarse con varia,les conoci&as ) &esconoci&as$ 3. ener %na amplia capaci&a& pre&icativa$ 6. 9eorar la interacci#n entre las f%nciones &e &ise(o ) man%fact%ra$ . ?espon&er a los re*%erimientos &e servicio &e la act%ali&a&$ 8. @ten%ar la econom/a &e pro&%cto termina&o.
l Diarama /mite &e Aonforma&o para %na c'apa$ es %na representaci#n rfica$ &e los l/mites &e las &eformaciones %nitarias principales$ &on&e p%e&e s%rir la falla en &eformaci#n plstica &%rante %n proceso &e conforma&o. os criterios &e falla o eec%ci#n son: stricci#n localia&a$ Bract%ra ) @rr%amiento:
D i ag r a ma de Lí mit es de Con f o r ma d o K ee l e r - Go od wi n qu e d es cr ib e la f or m ab i l i d ad de un a Ch apa M et áli ca
BIBLIOGRAFÍA •
(1)Kalpakjian, S., & Schmid, S. R. (2002). Manufactura, ingeniería y tecnología. Pearson Edca!ion.
" (2) S#$E%, ohn '. Procesos de manac!ra. ercera Edici*n. +cra- $ill. '/o 2000.
(3)EER ERE E. +echanical +e!allr56 +cra-$ill, Sin5apore, 1788 EER ERE E. +e!al9r5ica +ec:nica. Edi!orial '5ilar. 17;7 (4)+arciniak <., ncan ., $ S. +echanics o Shee! +e!al =ormin5 2nd ed. >!!er-or!h $einemann rei! >ri!ain 2002. (?)Keeler, S. P. @Shee! +e!al S!ampin5 echnolo56 Aeed or =ndamen!al Bnders!andin5C +echanics o Shee! +e!a l =ormini5, . P. Kois!inen and A. +. an5, Plenm Pres 17;; •
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