Dhruva the Ancient Vedic-Hindu Pole Star

 Kedkfe Mgqpefc gj Bkxtgp{ gj Xhkaeha# 4:%6 "0>66+ 08)8;

DBPQZF TBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA XTFP= JKRKT[# PGTFTKGE FED IGZAIAET P E K[AELFP"Pahakzad 6 Ja`pqfp{ 0>6>? pazkxad 04 Mfeqfp{ 0>66+ Fehkaet bkxtgpkhfc cf{apx gj Bkedq fxtpgegi{ fpa ar~cgpad ke tbkx ~f~ap |ktb tba bac~ gj tba ^qpàe% fx fed tba Zadkh tartx% Kt kx jgqed tbft Dbpqzf fx daxhpk`ad ke tba  @pfbiàe  % %d f fed tba Zkx  % %e q ~qpàe  % f |fx f xtfp cghftad ft tba tfkc gj f hacaxtkfc fekifc jklqpa oeg|e fx tba Ýkýqiàpf gp tba Dgc~bke% Tbkx hgextaccftkge# |bkhb hfe `a afxkc{ pahglek}ad fx tba igdape Dpfhg# kx daxhpk`ad zkzkdc{ fed fhhqpftac{ ke tba fehkaet tartx% Tba `gd{ ~fptx gj tba fekifc jklqpa fpa ifda gj jgqptaae xtfpx# tba cfxt jgqp gj |bkhb kehcqdkel Dbpqzf ge tba tfkc fpa xfkd tg eazap xat% Tba Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe% {fof tart gj tba Op   % %x %e f){fmqpzadf xhbggc |bkhb kx igpa fehkaet tbfe tba f`gza ^qpàe% fx daxhpk`ax tbkx hgextaccftkge `{ tba xfia efia fed ckxtx jgqptaae xtfpx tba cfxt figel tbai `akel efiad F`bf{f# avqftad |ktb Dbpqzf# ft tba tfkc aed gj tba jklqpa% Tba fhhaetad Zadkh tart Aoàlek)oàe  % d  % f gj tba xfia xhbggc pahgiiaedx g`xapzftkge gj Dbpqzf tba jkrad ^gca Xtfp dqpkel ifppkflax% Tba f`gza Zadkh tartx fpa igpa fehkaet tbfe tba Lp   % b{f)xÿtpf cktapftqpa |bkhb |fx tba `fxkx jgp kedgcglkxtx tg dae{ tba arkxtaeha gj f jkrad Egptb Xtfp dqpkel tba Zadkh ~apkgd% Bg|azap tba zfpkgqx ^qpàe% kh fed Zadkh tartqfc azkdaeha xtqdkad bapa jgp tba jkpxt tkia# cafdx tg tba hgehcqxkge tbft ke Kedkf jgp tba [fmqpzadkh ~ag~ca Tbq`fe " ζ)Dpfhgekx+ |fx Dbpqzf tba ^gca Xtfp h 02>> @H%

Oa{ |gpdx= Dbpqzf# Dpfhg# ^gca Xtfp# ^pahaxxkge# ^qpàe% f# Ýkýqiàpf# Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe  % {fof# Tbq`fe# [fmqpzadf

KETPGDQHTKGE Tba calaed gj Dbpqzf |bg fx f {gqel `g{ g`xapzad cgel ~aefeha tg fhbkaza tba arfctad ~gxktkge gj tba jkrad Egptb Xtfp kx f |kdac{ oeg|e hbkcdpae xtgp{ ke Kedkf% Tba gpklke gj tbkx calaed hfe `a tpfhad tg tba Zkx  % %eq ~qpàe  % f |bkhb - Pfmf Pfifeef Jaccg|# Jaccg|# Mfke Qekzapxkt{# Qekzapxkt{# @felfcgpa)Ofefof~qpf Pgfd# Mfoofxfedpf 1:0660% a)ifkc= ffpaekN{fbgg%hgi

04

KEDKFE MGQPEFC MGQPEF C GJ BKXTGP[GJ XHKAEHA

daxhpk`ax tba xtgp{ ke datfkc% Dbpqzf kx fcxg ki~gptfet ke tpfdktkgefc Bkedq ifppkflax |bae tba `pkda kx ifda tg zka| tba ^gca Xtfp xg tbft xba hfe `a xtpgel fed jkrad ke bap ea| bgia% Ft ~paxaet tba hqpkgxkt{ gj f hbkcd tg xaa Dbpqzf |gqcd `a xftkxjkad `{ ~gketkel tba xtfp ^gcfpkx "ζ)Qpxf Ikegp+6% Tbkx xaaix eftqpfc xkeha tba iafekel gj tba |gpd Dbpqzf fx jkrad fed xtafdjfxt kx pafxgef`c{ |acc ifthbad `{ ^gcfpkx "Jkl%6+% Bg|azap tba ^qpàe% fx dkd egt iafe tba ~paxaet ^gca Xtfp tg `a Dbpqzf ke tbakp daxhpk~tkgex% Tbkx tbpg|x q~ xazapfc ketapaxtkel vqaxtkgex f`gqt tba kdaetkt{ gj tba gpklkefc Dbpqzf# tba ^gca Xtfp pajappad egt gec{ ke tba ^qpàe% fx `qt fcxg ke tba Zadkh Zadkh cktapftqpa% Tba laepa gj cktapftqpa hfccad ^qpàe  % f ke Xfexopkt kx zfxt fx kt kx fehkaet% Tbapa fpa aklbtaae ifmgp fed fe avqfc eqi`ap gj ikegp tartx qedap tbkx hftalgp{% Kt kx tba qxqfc ~pfhtkha tg ar~cfke tba |gpd ^qpàe  % f fx fehkaet calaedx bfedad gzap jpgi laeapftkgex# |bapafx Ktkbàxf ke hgetpfxt iafet bkxtgp{% Kt kx xqpikxad tbft xgia t{~a gj eqhcaqx ^qpàe% f xbgqcd bfza arkxtad jpgi tba Zadkh Zadkh ~apkgd# xkeha tba Hbàedgl{f Q~fekx  % fd pajapx tg ktkbàxfi# ~qpàe% fi fx ki~gptfet xq`mahtx gj xtqd{% Tba ~paxaet df{ `qco{ tartx fpa ckoac{ tba paxqctx gj pa~aftad fddktkgex gzap tkia tg tba gpklkefc tart% Tbkx dazacg~iaet xaaix tg bfza bf~~aead ke dkjjapaet ~fptx gj Kedkf# xkeha xgia gj tba ^qpàe% fx bfza xtpgel palkgefc jcfzgqp% Eazaptbacaxx# gea hfe afxkc{ dkxhape f xq`xtpftqi gj hgxigcgl{# hpaftkge# dkxxgcqtkge# fehkaet laeafcgl{ gj okelx# xflax fed zketfla fxtpgegi{ hgiige tg fcc tba ^qpàe% fx% Fcigxt fcc tba ^qpàe% fx hgetfke bkxtgpkhfc acaiaetx xgia gj |bkhb hfe `a dftad tg tba afpc{ haetqpkax gj tba Hgiige Apf# ifthbkel pgqlbc{ |ktb tba Lq~tf ~apkgd% \bae tba tartx |apa jkrad ke |pktkel jgp tba jkpxt tkia ea|ap iftapkfc zfckd jgp tba tkia fed ~cfha iklbt bfza `aae fddad `{ tba hg~{kxtx% @qt |bft kx ketapaxtkel kx tbft tba tartx fcxg hgetfke iftapkfc |bkhb `{ eg iafex hfe `a pahgehkcad |ktb tba afpc{ haetqpkax gj tba Hgiige Apf% Tba datfkcad daxhpk~tkge gj tba xtfp Dbpqzf ke tba hgextaccftkge efiad Ýkýqiàpf kx f hfxa ke ~gket% Kt kx oeg|e jpgi igdape fxtpgegi{ tbft dqa tg ~pahaxxkge gj tba frkx gj  tba afptb# tba Egptb Hacaxtkfc ^gca "EH^+ arahqtax f hkphca ke x~fha igzkel ft tba pfta gj eafpc{ gea dalpaa ke <0 {afpx# xqhb tbft jgp fe g`xapzap ge afptb tba EH^ |gqcd lat fxxghkftad |ktb dkjjapaet jkrad xtfpx ke dkjjapaet a~ghbx gj tkia% Kt kx fcxg oeg|e tbft dqpkel tba afpc{ haetqpkax gj tba Hgiige Apf eg `pklbt xtfp bfd ghhq~kad tba ~gxktkge gj EH^% Tba dahckeftkge gj ^gcfpkx ke 1>> FD |fx 26 >% Azae tbgqlb kt hgqcd pa~paxaet tba egptbape dkpahtkge# kt fttfkead tba ~gxktkge gj  tba ^gca Xtfp gec{ fjtap fegtbap 6>>> {afpx% Tbqx kt kx fi~c{ hcafp tbft tba Dbpqzf

01

DBPQZFTBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA ^ GCA XTFP

gj tba Zadkh packlkge fed gj tba ^qpàe  % f |fx xgia xtfp gtbap tbfe ζ)Qpxf Ikegp% Flfke kt kx oeg|e jpgi igdape fxtpgegi{ tbft tba xtfp Tbq`fe gp ζ)Dpfhgekx bacd tba ~gxktkge gj tba ^gca Xtfp jgp f cgel ~apkgd xtfptkel jpgi h 8>>> @H% Tbkx jfht |fx ~gketad gqt `{ Mfhg`k0 ke tba 6;tb haetqp{ jgp fplqkel f dfta igpa fehkaet tbfe 61>> @H# jgp tba P  % lzadf% Ba |fx pajappkel tg tba Lp% b{f Xÿtpf cktapftqpa |bkhb hgdkjkax tba packlkgqx ~pfhtkhax kehcqdkel tba ifppkfla pktqfc tbft kx xtkcc jgccg|ad `{ f xahtkge gj tba Bkedq xghkat{% Tbaxa hgdax ~paxhpk`a pktqfckxtkh g`xapzftkge gj  Dbpqzf fx f jkrad xtfp# `qt ft tba cfta dfta |bae tba{ |apa hgi~kcad cgel fjtap tba Zadkh Zadkh hfegex# tbapa |gqcd bfza `aae eg ~pg~ap ^gca Xtfp tg xaa fed dazacg~ f cf| jgp tba gptbgdgr Bkedqx% Mfhg`k‛x fplqiaet |fx tbft tba pktqfc xbgqcd bfza gpklkeftad ft f tkia |bae ζ)Dpfhgekx gp Tbq`fe |fx tba jkrad xtfp tg `a hfccad Dbpqzf `{ tba Zadkh ~ag~ca% Tba fplqiaet tbgqlb cglkhfc |fx g~~gxad `{ f ja| kejcqaetkfc kedgcglkxtx azaetqfcc{ dkxikxxkel tba hcfki gj Mfhg`k |ktbgqt fe{ datfkcad fefc{xkx gj fzfkcf`ca azkdaehax% \ktb tbkx ke tba `fholpgqed# tba ~paxaet ~f~ap tfoax f jpaxb cggo ft tba kdaetkt{ gj tba hcfxxkhfc Dbpqzf gj Bkedq xhpk~tqpax% Tba ^qpàe% fx |bkhb daxhpk`a tba calaed gj Dbpqzf fpa hgexkdapad jkpxt% Tbkx kx jgccg|ad `{ kezaxtklftkel tba ckeox# gj tbkx calaed tg tba Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe  % {fof |bkhb ~paxapzax tba gcdaxt fed hcafp daxhpk~tkge gj f hgextaccftkge ifthbkel |ktb fe fekifc jklqpa hfccad Ýkýqiàpf% Tbkx hgextaccftkge jkedx iaetkge fcxg ke tba ^fe hfzki  % xf  @pàbife  % f gj tba Xàifzadf% ”   ”  

Ɛ  Ɛ 

 @ PFBIÀE   @ P % ^+  % D  % F ^QPÀE   % F " @

Fcc tba ^qpàe% fx hgetfke tba `fxkh xtgp{ gj tba {gqel `g{ Dbpqzf# |bg `{ bkx ~aefeha lgt tba `gge gj `akel jkrad ke tba egptb fx f xtfp xtfp%% Xkeha tba iafekel gj tba |gpd Dbpqzf |bkhb f~~afpx xazapfc tkiax fx afpc{ fx ke tba  P  % lzadf kx qeavqkzghfcc{ fhha~tad fx jkrad# haptfke# qehbfelkel# kt kx ki~ckhkt ke tba ^qpàe% kh xtgp{# tba `g{ Dbpqzf |fx kdaetkjkad |ktb tba a~ge{igqx ^gca Xtfp |bkhb |fx jkrad ke tba egptb% Tbkx jfht `ahgiax ketapaxtkel xkeha fcc tba tartx ~pgzkda hglaet kejgpiftkge ge ktx g`xapzf`ca cghftkge ke tba xo{ xo{%% @qt vqkta g`mahtkzac{ tba{ fcxg iaetkge tba xacj pgtftkge gj Dbpqzf fx tba dpkzkel jgpha jgp gtbap hacaxtkfc `gdkax tg igza fpgqed tba EH^% Tbkx tbagp{ gj Dbpqzf# egt gec{ ai`adx pqdkiaetx gj  Bkedq fxtpgegi{ `qt fcxg kedkhftax tbft tba ajjaht gj ~pahaxxkge bfd `aae egtkhad `{ tba ^qpàe% fx% Kt kx oeg|e tbft eg f`xgcqta dftax hfe `a ~qt jgptb jgp tba zfpkgqx fehkaet Xfexopkt tartx% @qt iaetkge gj Dbpqzf fx jkrad fed tbae xtftkel tbft kt |fx fcxg xq`maht tg hbfela bketx ft tba ~gxxk`kckt{ gj fppkzkel ft ~cfqxk`ca pacftkza hbpgegcgl{ jgp tba ~fptkhqcfp daxhpk~tkgex% Tbapa kx f zka| tbft tba @pfbiàe % %d f

0:

KEDKFE MGQPEFC MGQPEF C GJ BKXTGP[GJ XHKAEHA

|fx tba gpklkefc gqt gj |bkhb tba Zkx  % %eq ^qpàe  % f fed tba Zà{q ^qpàe  % f `kjqphftad 8 |ktb jqptbap zfpkftkgex % \a hgexkdap bapa tba @p% ^ jkpxt fed cftap cggo ft zfpkfet kejgpiftkge jpgi f ja| gtbap tartx% Ke tba jkpxt hbf~tap gj  @p%   @p% ^ f ckxt gj tba hgetaetx tg `a hgzapad kx ~pgzkdad% Tbkx ~pgikxax xgia fxtpgegi{ pacftad tg Dbpqzf fx# xÿp{àdåeài x{fedfeàeài dbpqzàdazf ~pfzfptfefis oåpt{feta ýkýqiàpfx{f {fx{f ~qhhba dbpqzfb% xtktbfb% ss "6%24+

Tba igzaiaet gj xqe fed gtbap hacaxtkfc `gdkax kx ar~cfkead fx kedqhad jpgi Dbpqzf# |bg paxkdax ft tba tfkc gj tba Ýkýqiàpf%

Tbkx tbagp{ kx jqptbap ar~gqedad ke hbf~tapx 06)04 ke hgexkdapf`ca datfkc% \a paxtpkht gqp fttaetkge bapa tg xtftaiaetx dkpahtc{ hgehapekel Dbpqzf% tftgifedftfpfi eà`b{ài hfopfi `bpfiftk zfk tftbàs ip  % t~ke  % %d f kzf ifdb{fxtbg dbpqzg `bpfiftk zfk tftbà ss tpki % ýfeiqbÿptàeazàbqb% fbgpàtpfi dbpqzg `bpfifes q`bf{gpoàx % %t bf{gpifdb{a `bpfifta ife %  %d fcàek tq ss oqcàcf hfopfeà`bkýhf {ftbà tftpfkzf zfptftas dbpqzfxtftbàbk zkme a{fxtftpfkzf ~fpkzfptftass "Hb 06%z ;4# ;1#;:+ ”  

Ckoa tba cqi~ gj hcf{ ft tba haetpa gj tba ~gttap‛x |baac igzax xcg|c{ xkttkel ft tba efzac# Dbpqzf pgtftax% Dbpqzf D bpqzf igzax ke hkphcax df{ fed eklbt hgexkxtkel gj 8> iqbÿptfx ke tba ikddca gj tba t|g dkpahtkgex "egptb fed xgqtb+% Ckoa tba efzac gj tba ~gttap‛x |baac xtf{x ke tba xfia ~cfha# xg fcxg Dbpqzf xbgqcd `a oeg|e tg `a pgtftkel tbapa ktxacj%

Hbf~tap 06 hgetfkekel 6<: zapxax lkzax fe fphbfkh fhhgqet gj xqe‛x igtkge# |ktb dajkektkgex gj xafxgex# avqkegr fed xgcxtkha% Kt ketpgdqhax tba hgxiglpf~b{ gj It% Iapq hgeeahtkel tba afptb fed tba bafzae ckoa f zaptkhfc ~gca ke tba egptb# fpgqed |bkhb fcc hacaxtkfc `gdkax fpa igdacad tg igza ke hkphqcfp ~ftbx% Kt aedx |ktb kdaetkj{kel Zkx% e% q~fdf "Zkx% e% q‛x ~cfha gp jggt+ ke tba egptb f`gza tba Xazae Xflax "Q%Ifmgp+ |bapake Dbpqzf# Dbfpif fed gtbapx fpa cghftad% Tba eart hbf~tap xtfptx `{ dajkekel tba ~gxktkge gj Dbpqzf fx `bÿtfxfiigbfefi b{atfdzfdftg ia ek`gdbftf s  ~pft{ox % ý{fi hf xfiigbf{ftk {ft~pfmàb% ss  % fif~k dp    {g‛{fi hftqpdkýfi ~qhhba ýfkýqiàpa z{fzfxtbktfb% s qttàef~àdf~qtpg‛xfq iad  % bå`bÿtg dbpqzg dkzkss

DBPQZFTBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA ^ GCA XTFP

0<

xf zfk `bpàif{fta ekt{fi hfedpàdkt{fq lpfbfkb% xfbf s `bpfifetfifeqlfhhbfetk efox % ftpàe  % k hf hfopfzft  ss "Hb 00% z1# :#<+

Ckxtae tg tbkx "ar~cfeftkge gj ikea+ |bkhb kx pafc fed g`xapzf`ca `qt i{xtkj{kel ~ag~ca% Ba# |bg kx ft tba tfkc gj tba "hgextaccftkge+ cggokel ckoa f Ýkýqiàpf? Dbpqzf tba xge gj Qttàef~àdf# bfx `ahgia tba ifke ~kzgt gj  tba ~gca ke tba xo{% Zapkc{# ba pgtftax tba xqe# tba igge fed tba ~cfeatx hgetkeqgqxc{% Tba xtfpx jgccg| bki |bg kx bkixacj igzkel ckoa f |baac%

Ke tba f`gza tba efppftgp "Xÿtf+ kx ar~cfkekel f pafc g`xapzftkge gj tba xo{ tg ar~cfke tba fehkaet tbagp{ gj Dbpqzf fx hgetpgcckel tba hacaxtkfcx fed tbakp igtkge% Tba ~bpfxa ‒hftqpdkýfi ~qhhba‛ f~~afpx ke xgia tartx `qt tba Iftx{f ^qpàe  % f bfx tba hgppaht |gpd hftqpdfýfp   % ox  % ax  % q# iafekel figel tba 64 xtfpx% Tba |gpd ýfkýqiàpf kx f dapkzftkza gj ýkýqiàpf % Baeha tbkx |gpd |gqcd iafe ckoa Ýkýÿiàpf% Xkeha Dbpqzf fx f egptb xtfp kx xfkd tg `a ft tba tfkc gj tbkx jklqpa# ýkýqiàpf xbgqcd `a f hgextaccftkge ke tba egptbape xo{% Tba tart jqptbap acf`gpftax tba xacj hkphckel igtkge gj Dbpqzf fed tbft gj tba xtfpx "tàpàb% + fed tba efox% ftpfx fpgqed bki% Tba ~gket tg `a egtad kx tba dkjjapaetkftkge `at|aae tba laeapfc xtfpx fed tba efox% ftpfx% Tba cfttap fpa tba 0< ahck~tkh fxtapkxix gp xtfp lpgq~x fed Dbpqzf |fx eazap gea figel tbai% Tbapa fpa 24 zapxax ke tbkx hbf~tap# hbf~tap# iqhb gj  |bkhb kx dazgtad tg dazacg~ f ~b{xkhfc igdac jgp tba igtkge gj Xqe xaae ke tba df{ ckeoad tg Dbpqzf xaae gec{ ke tba eklbt% Tba egptbape fed xgqtbape xgmgqpe gj Xqe fcxg bfd tg `a ar~cfkead |ktbke tbkx igdac% Tba datfkcx eaad egt hgehape qx bapa gtbap tbfe egtkel tbft Xqe‛x hbfpkgt kx xfkd tg bfza gec{ gea |baac# tba frca gj |bkhb kx hgeeahtad tg tba frca ke Dbpqzf `{ t|g xtpkelx gj cklbt |bkhb tfoa hfpa gj tba hbfela ke tba gp`kt gj Xqe fpgqed tba afptb% \a if{ x~ahqcfta tbft tba fefcgl{ gj tba ~gttap‛x |baac |fx qef`ca tg ikikh tba g`xapzad igtkge gj tba xqe fed baeha tba dgq`ca frca igdac fed hgeeahtkge tg Dbpqzf |ktb qexaae xtpkelx |fx ~pg~gxad tg xkiqcfta fhtkge ft f dkxtfeha% Tbkx hbfela kx fcxg xaae ke tba arfi~ca gj tba gkc ikcc "tfkcf)~åd  % à hfopf+ oeg|e hgccgvqkfcc{ fx lbàe% k# |ktb f cghfcc{ x~keekel haetpfc ~gca# ~pg~gxad fx fegtbap igdac jgp qedapxtfedkel tba igtkge gj tba xtfpx fpgqed Dbpqzf% Tba eart hbf~tap kx ki~gptfet tg tba bkxtgp{ gj Kedkfe fxtpgegi{ fx kt ar~cfkex tba cqefp eqi`ap 888;# jkpxt f~~afpkel ke tba  P% lzadf% Tbkx eqi`ap kx ~paxaetad fx tba hgqet gj daktkax f~~pgfhbkel Igge tg dpkeo bkx axxaeha "xgif)~àef+ azap{ eklbt xavqaetkfcc{ ke tba dfpo jgpteklbtx% Tbkx eftqpfckxtkh eqi`ap bfx `aae daigextpftad tg `a tba 62){afp ahck~xa ~apkgd eqi`ap `{ tba ~paxaet fqtbgp4% Tbapa fpa gtbap ketapaxtkel xtftaiaetx xqhb fx  Dbfekx%%t bà "ΰ)Dac~bkek+ `akel tba jkpxt figel tba efox% ftpfx# fcgel |ktb tba efiax

02

KEDKFE MGQPEFC MGQPEF C GJ BKXTGP[GJ XHKAEHA

gj tba jkza {afp h{hca gj tba Zadàe%lf M{gtkx% f% Tg|fpdx tba aed gj tba hbf~tap tba tart daxhpk`ax tba cghftkge gj Dbpqzf fcgel |ktb gtbap eafp `{ xtfpx ifokel q~ tba fekifc jklqpa Ýkýqiàpf% azfi dbpqzf)ek`fddbg‛xfq xfp~ffta m{gtkx% àelfe% fb% s xfkx% f tàpàif{fb% ~pgotfb% ýkýqiàpg dbpqzg dkzk ss xàoàpfb% ýkýqiàpfýhf zkme a{fb% ~pfzk`bàlfýfb% s "Hb 08%z ;;# 6>6`+ ”  

Ke tbkx jfxbkge fcc tba hacaxtkfc `gdkax igza `akel `gqed tg Dbpqzf% Ke tba xo{ ba kx "ke+ tba xtfpp{ Ýkýqiàpf% Tbkx Ýkýqiàpf xbgqcd `a oeg|e `{ ktx xbf~a fed dkzkxkgex%

Tba hbf~tap aedx |ktb f lggd daxhpk~tkge gj tba Ýkýqiàpf hgextaccftkge aeqiapftkel tba hgextktqaet xtfpx eqi`apkel jgqptaae% Tbkx kx ~apbf~x gea gj tba afpckaxt arfi~cax gj f xtfp lpgq~ `akel pa~paxaetad fed efiad `{ fe fekifc jklqpa% qttàef~àdfxtfx{àtbf zkme a{fb% xgttfpà bfeqb% s ”  

 {fmegdbfpfxtq zkme a{g dbfpig iÿpdbàefiàýpktfb% ss ”  

”  

bp  % dk eàpà{fe% fb% xàdb{g fýzkegq ~ÿpzf ~àdf{gb% s zfpqe% fýhfp{fiàhfkzf ~fýhkia tfx{f xfotbkeå ss ýkýefi xfizftxfpfxtfx{f iktpfýhf~àefiàxpktfb% s   ~qhhba flekýhfifbaedpfýhf iàpåhfb % ofý{f~g dbpqzfb% ss tàpfoàb% ýkxqiàpfx{f eàxtfi {àtk hftqýt % f{fi ss fleåedpf ofý{f~àefi tg hfpfig‛xfq dbpqzfb% xip  % tfb% ss "Hb 08 z%6>0)6>4# 6>1`# 6><`+

Bkx "Ýkýqiàpf‛x+ q~~ap mf| xbgqcd `a qedapxtggd fx Qttàef~àdf% [fme f "Opftq+ kx oeg|e fx tba cg|ap mf| fed Dbfpif fx tba bafd% Ft tba bafpt kx Eàpà{fe% f "Xàdb{f+% Tba t|ke Fýzkex ghhq~{ tba jgpa calx |bkca Zfpqe Zfpqe% f fed Fp{fià fpa ft tba bked calx% Xfizftxfpf kx tba laektfc fed Iktpf ghhq~kax tba xaft% Ke tba tfkc fpa Flek# Ifbaedpf# Iàpåhf)Ofý{f~f fed Dbpqzf% Tba "~pazkgqx+ jgqp xtfpx gj tba Ýkýqiàpf eazap xat% Dbpqzf kx paiai`apad fx tba cfxt gea fjtap Flek# Kedpf fed Ofý{f~f% ”  

Z  KX  % E   % Q  ^QPÀE   % F "Z^+

Tba Zkx  % %eq ^qpàe  % f# gea gj tba ki~gptfet packlkgqx tartx# pacftax tba afptbc{ xtgp{ gj Dbpqzf |ktb ~gatkh ai`acckxbiaetx fed dazgtkgefc japzgqp% Ke tba @p% ^

DBPQZFTBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA ^ GCA XTFP

0;

tba `gge jgp Dbpqzf tg `a ke tba xo{ fx tba ^gca Xtfp kx lkzae `{ @pfbif# |bapa fx ke tba Z^# Zkx% e% q kx xfkd tg lkza tba `ggex% Ketapaxtkel i{tbgcglkhfc kejgpiftkge ~pgzkdad ke tba Z^ kx tbft Dbpqzf‛x igtbap Xqeåtk xtf{x |ktb bki fc|f{x hcgxac{ ke tba xo{ fx f hgi~fekge xtfp% Tbkx ~pgzkdax f hgextpfket ge tba kdaetkjkhftkge gj  Dbpqzf ke tba Ýkýqiàpf hgextaccftkge% Ke tba daxhpk~tkge ifokel q~ tba hgextaccftkge jgqptaae xtfpx fpa iaetkgead fx ke  @p%^% Tba gec{ dkjjapaeha `akel tba |gpd iàpåhfb% vqfckj{kel Ofý{f~f kx ikxxkel ke tba Z^% Tba hgxigcglkhfc jqehtkgex fxxklead tg Dbpqzf ke tba Z^ fpa xfia fx ke tba @p% ^% @gtb iaetkge Dbpqzf fx tba jgqptb fjtap Flek fed tbft tba cfxt jgqp xtfpx aedkel |ktb Dbpqzf dg egt xat%  @ BÀLFZFTF ^QPÀE   % F

Tbkx kx flfke f bklbc{ pax~ahtad tart |ktb i{xtkhkxi fed Zadàetf Zadàetf ~bkcgxg~b{ ~paxaetad ke fe fi`kaeha gj dazgtkge tg Zkx% e% q fed bkx kehfpeftkgex% Tba ~gxktkge gj Dbpqzf kx daxhpk`ad ke tba 08pd Hbf~tap gj tba 1tb @ggo# vqkta qeqxqfcc{ ke ~pgxa% Tba `fxkh xtftaiaetx fpa xfia fx ke Z^ `qt egt fcc tba efiax gj tba jgqptaae xtfpx gj tba Ýkýqiàpf fpa lkzae% Dbpqzf kx jkpxt fxxghkftad |ktb xtfpx Flek# Kedpf# ^pfmà~ftk# Ofý{f~f fed Dbfpif fed kx hgi~fpad tg f jkrad g`maht gp ~kccfp "xtbàe% q+ fpgqed |bkhb bafzaec{ `gdkax pgtfta dpkzae `{ Tkia% Dbpqzf‛x pgtftkge fx tba dpkzkel jgpha kx hgex~khqgqxc{ f`xaet ke tbkx tart% Jqptbap tba tart vqkta hftalgpkhfcc{{ xtftax tbft xgia ~ag~ca iadktfta ge tba jklqpa gj Ýkýqiàpf fx tba hftalgpkhfcc `gd{ gj Zàxqdazf% Tbaxa ~ag~ca fpa xfkd tg tbkeo gj Dbpqzf `akel ft tba aed gj  tba tfkc? ^pfmà~ftk# Kedpf# Flek# Dbfpif fcgel tba tpqeo gj tba tfkc# Dbàtf ft tba pggt gj tba tfkc# fed Xf~tfpx% k "Q%Ifmgp+ ft tba |fkxt% Tba tart jqptbap jqp tbap daxhpk`ax bg| tba hgkcad jklqpa bfx tg `a kiflkead |ktb Xqe# Igge# efox% ftpfx fed fcc tba ~cfeatx ft tba zfpkgqx ~cfhax gj ktx qekzapxfc `gd{% \bft kx ki~gptfet jgp gqp ~paxaet dkxhqxxkge kx tbft tbkx cfttap daxhpk~tkge gj Ýkýqiàpf kx fe kiflkefp{ artaexkge gj tba g`xapzf`ca hgextaccftkge# qxad `{ xgia ke {glkh iadktftkge "oahfefkb% tfmm{gtkb% feåofi ýkýqiàpf xfixtbàeaef `bflfzftg zàxqdazfx{f  {glfdbàpfe% à{ài feqzfif{fetk+% Ke tba Dazå @bàlfzftf tba daxhpk~tkge gj Dbpqzf kx fe arfht paxtftaiaet gj tba @bàlfzftf ke zapxa jgpi% Bapa fcxg xgia ~ag~ca fpa xfkd tg kiflkea tba Ýkýqiàpf hgextaccftkge ke fe artaedad jgpi tg hgzap tba |bgca xo{ fx tba dkzkea `gd{ gj Zkx% e% q% "2%62? zapxax 66)0:+% \bftazap if{ `a tba kex~kpftkge jgp tbkx artaexkge# kt kx afx{ tg g`xapza tbft tba @p% ^ fed tba Z^ dg egt kedqha artpfeagqx ki~ckhftkgex ketg Dbpqzf `qt xf{ tbft kt hfe `a xaae ke tba xo{ ft tba aed gj tba Ýkýqiàpf jklqpa% Cftap tartx f~~afp tg `a ahgegikhfc |ktb tba ~b{xkhfc ~khtqpa `qt

8>

KEDKFE MGQPEFC MGQPEF C GJ BKXTGP[GJ XHKAEHA

ck`apfc |ktb tba i{xtkhfc fed ~bkcgxg~bkhfc hgeha~tx ft tba hgxt gj  fxtpgegi{%

HGEXTACCFTKGE ÝKÝQIÀPF Kt kx egtad tbft fcc tba fehkaet ^qpàe% fx dahcfpa tbft Dbpqzf |fx ft tba aed gj tba tfkc gj Ýkýqiàpf hgi~pkxkel gj jgqptaae xtfpx ke f ~fptkhqcfp gpdap fcgel tba `gd{ gj tba fekifc jklqpa% Tba gtbap |acc oeg|e egptbape xtfp lpgq~ |fx tba Xf~tfpx% k "Q% Ifmgp+ |ktb xazae |acc kdaetkjkf`ca xtfpx% Azae tbgqlb gea hfe egt `a xqpa gj tba |f{ tba fehkaetx fxxai`cad tba zfpkgqx xtfpx tg lat tba jklqpa gj  Ýkýqiàpf "tba Dgc~bke gp tba ^gp~gkxa+ kt kx afx{ tg g`xapza tbft kt hfe `a ifthbad gec{ |ktb tba igdape hgextaccftkge Dpfhg# tba Dpflge "Jkl% 6 fed 0+% Xkeha Tbq`fe "ζ)Dpfhgekx+ |fx tba ^gca Xtfp ke fehkaet tkiax gea kx jgphad tg

Jkl% 6% Hgextaccftkge Dpfhg% Xo{ ~khtqpa |ktb ζ)Qpxf Ikegp fx tba ^gca Xtfp "h 0>>> FD+ "btt~=''|||%kfq%gpl'xtftkh'~q`ckh'hgextaccftkgex'+

DBPQZFTBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA ^ GCA XTFP

86

Jkl% 0% Hgextaccftkge Dpfhg% Xo{ ~khtqpa |ktb Tbq`fe fx tba ^gca Xtfp " h 02>> @H+

xapkgqxc{ hgexkdap tba kdaetkjkhftkge gj Dbpqzf |ktb tbkx xtfp fx `akel ft tba tfkc aed gj tba jklqpa% Tbkx fcxg bfx xtfp 6>)Dpf gj iflektqda 4%11 kdaetkjkf`ca |ktb Xqeåtk# zap{ eafp Dbpqzf fx iaetkgead ke tba Z^% @qt Tbq`fe# bapa kdaetkjkad |ktb Dbpqzf |fx egt ~pahkxac{ ft tba EH^ |bae @p% ^ fed Z^ dazacg~ad tbakp tbagpkax `fxad ge ktx hkphqi~gcfp eftqpa% Tba |gpd Dbpqzf fx fcpafd{ ~gketad gqt iafex tpqa# haptfke# qehbfelkel fed  jkrad % Tba tartx qxa |gpdx xtbàe% q# iad  % bå# eà`bk tg vqfckj{ Dbpqzf pajcahtkel f xaexa gj jkrkt{ fed haetpfckt{% haetpfckt{% Eazaptbacaxx tba{ fcxg iaetkge tba dfkc{ hkphqcfp igtkge gj Dbpqzf fx g`xapzf`ca% Baeha |a bfza tg kejap tbft tba xtfp bfd xbkjtad `{ igpa tbfe f dalpaa jpgi tba EH^ jgp ktx hkphckel igtkge tg bfza `aae pahglek}ad `{ efoad a{a g`xapzftkgex% Tbkx f~~fpaet hgetpfdkhtkge kedkhftax tbft tba egiaehcftqpa Dbpqzf jgp tbkx Egptb Xtfp xbgqcd bfza lfkead ~g~qcfpkt{ ke f ~apkgd `ajgpa tba tbagpkax gj  @p%   @p% ^ fed Z^ lgt jgpiqcftad% Tba xtfp xbgqcd bfza fhvqkpad ktx efia jpgi ktx vqfckt{ gj `akel jkrad `qt kt iklbt bfza bfd f dkjjapaet efia gp azae eg efia ke igpa fehkaet tkiax% Tbkx

80

KEDKFE MGQPEFC MGQPEF C GJ BKXTGP[GJ XHKAEHA

vqaxtkge cafdx qx tg tba fhhaetad Zadkh tartx tg cggo jgp tba hgextaccftkge Ýkýqiàpf fed tba iafekel gj tba |gpd dbpqzf%

ZADKH HGEHGPDFEHA Ke tba Zadkh tartx# xtfptkel jpgi tba  P% lzadf# tba |gpd dbpqzf fed ktx dapkzftkzax ghhqp ife{ tkiax ke tba qekvqa xaexa gj `akel jkrad fed qehbfelkel% Jgp arfi~ca ke tba P% lzadf b{iex "6%<8# 4%1# :%10# <%22# 6>%6<8+ tba |gpd bfx tba iafekel gj  jkpi#  jkpi# xtafdjfxt# kiigzf`ca # hgeeahtad |ktb g`mahtx ckoa afptb# igqetfkex# fed tba xo{% \a hfe xf{ tbft f jkrad xtfp ke tba egptbape xo{ oeg|e `{ tba efia Dbpqzf kx egt iaetkgead ke tba afpckaxt oeg|e cktapftqpa gj Kedkf# ‘ efiac{ tba  P% lzadf% Ke tba [fmqpzadf fed  Ftbfpzfe % bktf `ggox#  % f Zadf Xfi hfpdkefc dkpahtkgex fpa x~ahkjkhfcc{ efiad% Ke tbkx egiaehcftqpa kezfpkf`c{ qdåhk xtfedx jgp egptb fed dbpqzà dko pajapx tg tba cg|ap dkpahtkge ke tba xaexa gj  jkrad   jkrad  afptb% Bg|azap# ke tba Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe %  {fof "TF+ gj tba Op   % %x %e f)[fmqpzadf f hbfela ke tbkx egtftkge kx xaae% Tba ~bpfxa fdbfpà{fk dkýa "TF KK%0>%6+ kx qxad tg daegta tba cg|ap dkpahtkge kextafd gj tba igpa hgiige dbpqzà{fk dkýa% Ke tbkx |a xaa f tpfexktkge ke tba iafekelx gj |gpdx |bkhb iklbt bfza `ahgia eahaxxfp{ dqa tg xgia x~ahkfc pafxgex% Tbkx tart fcxg hgetfkex ketapaxtkel fxtpgegikhfc kejgpiftkge |bkhb hfe egt `a dkxhqxxad bapa ke datfkc% Tba tart tfoax tba hgeha~t gj ifbàiapq jgp lpfetad fed iaetkgex tbft Ofý{f~f "f xtfp fx ~ap tba @p% ^# fcxg hfccad ^pfmà~ftk+ dgax egt cafza tba Iapq "TF K%<%6+% Tbkx hgqcd `a f iatf~bgpkhfc pajapaeha tg tba hkphqi~gcfp eftqpa gj tba xtfp |bkhb |fx ge tba tfkc gj tba Ýkýqiàpf hgextaccftkge jgp daxhpk`kel |bkhb f jqcc b{ie kx dazgtad% …%dbfpig iÿpdbàefi `pfbigttfpàbfeqb% {fmeg‛dbfpà zkx% e% qpbp  % df{fi xfizftbxfpfb% ~pfmfefefi fýzkefq ~ÿpzf~àdàzftpkpifdb{fi iktpàzfpqe% àzf~fpf~àdfq flekb% ~qhhbfx{f ~pftbfifi oàe% d  % fi tftf kedpfxtftfb% ~pfmà~ftkpf`bf{fi hftqptbfi xf zà ax% f dkz{fýýàozfpf) ýkýqiàpfb% ……%dbpqzfxtzfifxk dbpqzfx{f ox% ktfifxk tzfi `bÿtàeài fdbk~ftkpfxk tzfi `bÿtàeài ýpax% t % bg‛xk tzài `bÿtàe{q~f~fp{àzfptfeta……ýkýqoqiàp `bÿtàe{q~f~fp{àzfptfeta……ý kýqoqiàpà{f à{f efifb% ss "TF% KK%6;%6+ ”  

…%Dbfpif kx tba bafd# @pfbif kx tba q~~ap mf|# [fme”f kx tba cg|ap mf|# Zkx% e% q kx tba bafpt# Xfi% zftxfpf kx tba laektfc# Fýzkex fpa tba jgpa calx# Ftpk kx tba haetap# Iktpf fed Zfpqe% f fpa tba bked calx% Flek kx tba jkpxt xtai gj tba tfkc# tbae Kedpf# tbae ^pfmà~ftk fed F`bf{fi kx tba jgqptb% Tbkx kx tba xbkekel hacaxtkfc Ýkýqiàpf……%[gq fpa Dbpqzf# {gq fpa tba ~cfha gj  Dbpqzf……[gq fpa tba Cgpd gj tba @akelx " @bÿtàb% +? {gq fpa tba `axt figel tbai% @akelx lg pgqed eafp {gq …… Xfcqtftkgex tg tba `g{)hbkcd%

DBPQZFTBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA ^ GCA XTFP

88

Tbkx b{ie ckxtx jgqptaae xtfpx fcgel tba `gd{ gj tba jklqpa gj tba Dgc~bke qeavqkzghfcc{ xfkd tg `a xbkekel ke tba xo{% Tba xtfpx bfza fcigxt tba xfia efiax fx ke @p% ^ |ktb xgia ketapaxtkel zfpkfetx% Tba xavqaeha gj Flek# Kedpf# ^pfmà~ftk fed F`bf{f F`bf{f fx tba jgqptb ge tba tfkc kx |bft kx pa~aftad ke tba @p% ^ fed tba Z^ |ktb tba xq`xtktqtkge gj Ofx{f~f fed Dbpqzf jgp tba tbkpd fed tba jgqptb ~gxktkgex% Tba b{ie fcxg pajapx tg tbkx Dgc~bke fx tba xaft gj Dbpqzf% Tba b{ie kx igpa f`gqt tba hacaxtkfc Dgc~bke `qt tba avqkzfcaeha gj F`bf{f fed Dbpqzf kx azkdaet% Tba tpfdktkgefc hgiiaetfpkax `{ @bàxofpf fed Xà{fe% f fcxg fhha~t tba f`gza avqkzfcaeha% Tba tart gj TF kx figel tba xg hfccad jgpaxt `ggox xq~~gxad tg `a cafpet ke tba xahcqxkge gj f jgpaxt# fx kt hgetfkex xahpat i{xtkhfc fed eftqpfckxtkh iafekelx ft tba xfia tkia% Tba i{xtkhfc fx~ahtx gj tba f`gza Ýkýqiàpf b{ie fpa ckeoad tg tba Eåcfpqdpg~fekx% ft gj tba Ftbfpzfe% f Zadf% Tba ~cf{ ge tba |gpd Ýkýqiàpf jkefcc{ hgehcqdad fx ýkýqoqiàpf "`g{)hbkcd+ hgqcd bfza `aae tba kex~kpftkge jgp tba Z^ tg dazacg~ tba calaed gj tba jafp caxx `g{ hbkcd F`bf{f avqftad |ktb Dbpqzf# |bg azaetqfcc{ jgqed f ~apifeaet ~cfha ke tba xo{ fx tba ^gca Xtfp eafp tg Zkx Zkx% e% q |bg kx ft tba bafpt gj tba Dgc~bke% Tbkx ar~cfeftkge kx f xcklbt ar~fexkge gj tba hgiiaetfp{ gj Xà{fe% f ge tba b{ie% Tba @p% ^ fed tba Z^ bfza ~paxapzad tba xfia fehkaet ~khtqpa hgetfkead ke tba f`gza b{ie fcgel |ktb tba hgeha~t gj It% Iapq% Tbapa kx f hcafp xbkjt ke tbkx Zadkh tart ke tba qxa gj tba |gpd dbpqzf% Kt egt gec{ ~paxapzax tba gcdap efia F`bf{f F`bf{f jgp tba jkrad xtfp `qt fcxg avqftax tbkx |ktb tba efia Dbpqzf |bkhb efia bfx `aae patfkead tkcc ~paxaet tkiax jgp tba ^gca Xtfp ke Kedkfe cfelqflax% Ɛ  Ɛ 

Ke fegtbap fhhaetad tart Aoàlek)oàe% d  % f fcxg `acgelkel tg tba Op   % %x %e f)  {fmqpzadf# b{iex gj tba ifppkfla pktqfc fpa lkzae% Tba b{ie jgp g`xapzkel fed fddpaxxkel Dbpqzf kx dbpqzfox% ktkb% dbpqzf{gekb% dbpqzfifxk dbpqzftfxtbktfi s tzfi efox% ftpàe% ài iatb{fxk xf iài ~àbk ~p  % tfe{ftfb% ss "K%;+

Bapa tba vqfckt{ gj Dbpqzf fx f xtfp kx xfkd tg `a jkrad% Dbpqzf kx ~pfkxad fx tba iatbk gp tba jkrad hgcqie tg |bkhb tba efox% ftpfx fpa `gqed% Tba hgiiaetftgp Bfpfdfttf ar~cfkex tba |gpd iatbk fx obfcazàck# f tbkho |ggdae ~al jkrad ke tba lpgqed# tg |bkhb fekifcx fpa tkad xg tbft tba{ dg egt xtpf{ f|f{% Tbkx iatbk `ahfia tba iadb% å f ~gca gp hgcqie ke tba ^qpàe% fx# bklbcklbtkel tba jkrkt{ gj tba xtfp Dbpqzf azae kj kt |fx gec{ f iaigp{ ke tbakp tkia% Tbqx |a xaa fe azgcqtkge ke tba hgxikh pgca gj Dbpqzf jpgi `akel f jkrad ^gca tg |bkhb gtbap xtfpx |apa tkad tg gea |bg `{ bkx pgtftkge hgqcd dpkza Xqe fed gtbap hacaxtkfc

84

KEDKFE MGQPEFC MGQPEF C GJ BKXTGP[GJ XHKAEHA

`gdkax ke tbakp gp`kt% Fx |a lg `fho ke tkia eftqpfcc{ qehaptfketkax kehpafxa# `qt `a{ged dgq`t tba hgi~gxapx gj tba f`gza [fmqpzadf tartx oea| F`bf{f fckfx Dbpqzf fx tba ^gca Xtfp? tbft kx f xtfp |bkhb |fx ckoa f ~gca tg tka fed oaa~ ke ~cfha tba efox% ftpf "xkdapafc }gdkfh+ ke f hkphqcfp ~ftb% @{ `fho hgi~qtftkgex gp qxkel igdape xgjt|fpa xqhb fx Xtaccfpkqi# |bkhb kehcqdax ajjahtx gj ~pahaxxkge# eqtftkge fed ~pg~ap igtkge# |a lat tba dfta gj ζ)Dpfhgekx `akel tba ^gca Xtfp fx 80>>)04>> @H% Ke tbkx cgel ~apkgd# tba dahckeftkge gj tbkx xtfp zfpkad jpgi 2< > 1:‰ tg 2<>8:‰# pafhbkel 2;>18‰ ke 028> @H% Tba efikel gj tba Zadkh xtfp F`bf{f "Eg)jafp+ fx Dbpqzf "Jkrad# Haptfke+ ke tba Ýkýqiàpf xbgqcd bfza bf~~aead dqpkel tbkx ~apkgd# |bkhb lkzax f `pgfd pacftkza hbpgegcgl{ "Jkl%0+% @{ 6;>> @H tba xa~fpftkge gj Dbpqzf jpgi EH^ kehpafxad tg 1> fed tba hkphqi~gcfp eftqpa gj tba xtfp |gqcd bfza `aae azkdaet tg g`xapzapx gj tba eklbt xo{% Tbqx# f hgexapzftkza cg|ap axtkifta jgp tba Egptb Xtfp tg bfza fhvqkpad tba efia Dbpqzf |gqcd `a h 04>> @H% Tba dahckeftkge hbfelad tg eafpc{ 20> `{ 61>> @H fed tba dpkjt gj tba xtfp f|f{ jpgi tba EH^ xbgqcd bfza `aae lcfpkelc{ azkdaet tg g`xapzapx ke Kedkf% Tbqx ke tba Ifktpà{fe% å " Ifktpå   Ifktpå + Q~fekx% fd "K%4+ gea gj tba ki~gptfet vqaxtkge ~gxad `{ Okel @p% bfdpftbf tg Xfla Ýàoà{fe{f |fx# ‒|b{ Dbpqzf dpkjtx# |b{ tba fkp xtpkelx bgcdkel tba hacaxtkfc `gdkax dk~ "ok …%%%dbpqzfx{f oki i…%   ~pfhfcfefi…zàtfpfmmÿeài ekifmmfefi+‛% Ki~ckhkt ke tbkx aevqkp{ kx tba xtftaiaet== ‒tba Egptb Xtfp qedapxtggd `{ qx fx jkrad bfx hbfelad ktx ~gxktkge‛? xtftaiaet fe qeikxtfof`ca pajapaeha tg tba ajjaht gj ~pahaxxkge fx egtad `{ Okel @p% bfdpftbf% Tbkx Q~fekx% fd "ZK%64+ fcxg hgetfkex fxtpgegikhfc xtftaiaetx tg tba ajjaht tbft tba egptbape hgqpxa gj xqe xtfptad ft tba ikddca gj tba Dbfekx%%t bà xtfp dkzkxkge% Tbkx hgppax~gedx tg f ja| haetqpkax `ajgpa tba Zadàe%lf M{gtkx% f |bkhb xtftax tbft tba |ketap xgcxtkha hgkehkdad |ktb Xqe ft tba `alkeekel gj xtfp Dbfekx%%t bà "ΰ)Dac~bkek+% Tbkx kx f |acc dkxhqxxad tg~kh |ktb tba xfkd g`xapzftkge dftaf`ca tg h 64>> @H1% Tbqx tba dpkjtkel gj tba ^gca Xtfp iaetkgead `{ Okel @p% bfdpftbf f`gza kx hgexkxtaet |ktb f dfta h 61>> @H% Tba Ifbà`bàpftf "@båx%if ^fpzfe# Hb%8# z%6<+ iaetkgex tba igzaiaet gj Dbpqzf tba ^gca Xtfp fx f `fd giae `ajgpa tba Lpaft \fp% Tbkx xtftaiaet fx fcxg tba igxt ~pg`f`ca dfta gj tba |fp kx ke bfpige{ |ktb tba f`gza ~apkgd:%

D KXHQXXKGE Tba f`gza pazka| fed fefc{xkx kx f pa~paxaetftkza daxhpk~tkge gj Dbpqzf ke tba ^qpàe% fx fed `ajgpa tbai ke tba [fmqpzadf [fmqpzadf tartx% Tba hbfpfhtapk}ftkge gj  Dbpqzf fx f haetpfc ~kzgt fed ~gca jgp ~qp~gxax gj ar~cfkekel tba igtkge gj tba

DBPQZFTBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA ^ GCA XTFP

81

bafzaec{ `gdkax xbgqcd bfza cafd tg tba efia gj tba fxtpgegikhfc hggpdkefta dbpqzfof gj tba xkddbàetf fxtpgegiapx azae tbgqlb tbapa |fx eg pahglek}f`ca xtfp ft tba EH^ ke tba `alkeekel gj tba Hgiige Apf <% Ki~gptfet fx tbkx kx jgp tba bkxtgp{ gj Kedkfe fxtpgegi{# |a xkda xta~ tbkx ~gket tg dkxhqxx tba fehkaet xo{ ~khtqpa lkzae ke tba f`gza tartx% Tba hgextaccftkge gj Ýkýqiàpf hgexkxtkel gj jgqptaae g`xapzf`ca xtfpx tbft ifoa q~ f jklqpa zap{ iqhb ckoa f hgkcad dgc~bke gp ~gp~gkxa kx |acc ~paxapzad ke tba ^qpàe% f fed tba Zadkh Zadkh cktapftqpa% Tba ~pghaxx `{ |bkhb tbkx jklqpa |fx ~aphakzad kx egt fzfkcf`ca `qt tba ^fehfzki% ýf @pàbife  % f gj tba Xàifzadf bfx fe ketapaxtkel calaed bketkel ft tba hgxiglpf~b{ `abked tba Ýkýqiàpf% Kt kx xfkd tbft kektkfcc{ tbkx |fx f P% x% k gp xaap gj tba xfia efia ke tba ghafe% Fjtap bfzkel ~pfkxad Kedpf `{ tba ýfpofpf Xàife xgel tba xaap fttfkead tba xo{ fx tba hgextaccftkge gj tbft efia% Tba |gpd ýfpofpf iafex hgextaccftkge |bkhb f~~afpx tg `a f zfpkfet gj tba |gpd ýàozfpf |ktb tba xfia iafekel fx xaae ke tba TF% Tba tart jqptbap xf{x tbft tba Ýfpofpf Xàife kx iafet jgp hpgxxkel tba ghafe2% Tbkx hgqcd `a fe g`ckvqa pajapaeha tg tba hkphqi~gcfp eftqpa gj tba `pklbt xtfpx gj tbkx hgextaccftkge |bkhb bac~ad fehkaet ifpkeapx tg hpgxx tba xafx% Tba ~b{xkhfc iafekel gj tba calaed |gqcd `a tbft tba hgextaccftkge cggokel ckoa f dgc~bke igzax fed xatx ke tba Ikco{ \f{ tba hacaxtkfc ghafe% ”  

Kt bfx `aae hgiige ~pfhtkha tg tpfexcfta tba |gpd ýkýqiàpf fx Lfelatkh ~gp~gkxa# bg|azap kef~~pg~pkfta tbkx if{ `a% @qt tba f`gza azkdaehax kedkhfta tbft tba fehkaet iafekel |fx igpa fx f xaf |bfca gp dgc~bke% \ktb \ktb fcc tba f`gza datfkcx# pahglektkge gj tba hgextaccftkge fx tba igdape Dpfhg xbgqcd `a g`zkgqx% Bg|azap# Fccae; ke bkx hcfxxkh `ggo ge xtfp efiax lkzax t|g iafekelx tg ýkxÿiàpf efiac{# Dpfhg fed Dac~bkekqx# tba cfttap `akel eg|bapa fttaxtad ke tba fehkaet cktapftqpa% Tba pafxge jgp tbkx hfe `a tpfhad tg tba jfqct{ paedapkel gj tba ^qpàe% fx `{ xgia tpfexcftgpx% Jgp arfi~ca tba Iftx{f ^qpàe % f fppfelad `{ Xkelb bfx f jggtegta tbft ifoax ýkýqiàpf tg iafe ‒tba }gdkfh ~apxgekjkad fed eg gtbap tbfe tba hbkcd Zkx% e% q6>% Dqtt ke bkx tpfexcftkge gj tba Z^ tfoax jfehkjqcc{ ýkýqiàpf ke gea ~cfha fx tba xtaccfp x~bapa66% Azae tba igdape tpfexcftkge gj tba @p%^ `{ Tflfpa60 fddx f |bgcc{ qeeahaxxfp{ jggtegta hktkel tba @bàlfzftf tbft ‒fcc tba xtfpx fed hgextaccftkgex fpa cghftad fx dkjjapaet ~fptx gj tba `gd{ gj tbkx bafzaec{ ~gp~gkxa‛% Bg|azap# fx xaae ~pazkgqxc{ tba @bàlfzftf iaetkgex tbft gec{ xgia ~ag~ca jgp iadktftkge iadktftk ge jgccg| xqhb f ~pghadqpa fed fx jfp fx tba @p%^ tart kx hgexkdapad xqhb fe ketap~patftkge paifkex f`xqpd% Kj gea |apa tg `ckedc{ jgccg| tba zqclfta Aelckxb tpfexcftkgex gj tba ^qpàe% fx tfokel tba }gdkfh gp tba hgextaccftkge Dac~bkeqx "Ifofpf+ gp tba |bgca gj tba xo{

8:

KEDKFE MGQPEFC MGQPEF C GJ BKXTGP[GJ XHKAEHA

fx tba Ýkýqiàpf tbapa kx bfpdc{ fe{ hfxa jgp Dbpqzf tg `a tba ^gca Xtfp% @qt fx ~ap tba gpklkefc tartx ke tba  @p%^ fed tba Z^ tbapa kx eg |f{ tg hgehakza tba hgextaccftkge gtbap tbfe ~cfhkel tba jgqptaae xtfpx ge tba `gd{ gj f dgc~bke jgp ktx zkxqfc ~khtqpa% Tba jqptbap xtftaiaet tbft jgqp gj tba xtfpx ge tba tfkc# |ktb Dbpqzf fx tba jgqptb dg egt xat hcafpc{ ifoax tbaxa xtfpx tg `a hkphqi~gcfp% Tba gea tg gea hgppax~gedaeha `at|aae tba Zadkh fed tba ^qpàe% kh daxhpk~tkge cafdx qx tg tba hgehcqxkge tba hgextaccftkge hgextaccftkge iafet fx ýkýqiàpf xbgqcd `a tba Dpfhg ke tba egptbape xo{% xo{% Pajappkel tg Jkl% 6# tba fehkaet daxhpk~tkge xtg~~ad |ktb Tbq`fe |ktbgqt kehcqdkel tba of~~f fed cfi`df xtfpx% Tba efiax gj tba xtfpx ft tba bafd hfe `a afxkc{ pahglek}ad% Dbfpif fed @pfbif ke Zadkh ~fpcfeha jpgi tba TF hfe `a kdaetkjkad fx  θ ) fed ΰ)Dpfhgekx "iflektqda 0%04 fed 0%<;+ pax~ahtkzac{% Tba ^qpàe% fx hbfelad @pfbif tg Qttàef~àdf xg tbft bkx xge Dbpqzf "F`bf{f+ paifkex ft tba aed gj tba xfia jklqpa# fcgel |ktb bkx igtbap Xqeåtk kdaetkjkf`ca fx 6>)Dpf gj iflektqda 4%11% F xtfp gj iflektqda 8%<8 ft tba bafd kx Lpqikqi gp ό) Dpfhgekx tbft hfe `a kdaetkjkad fx [fmef gp Opftq% Tba t|g Fýzkex ft tba jgpacalx if{ `a eafp tba ;>> `aed gj tba jklqpa% Tba `pklbtaxt ke tba hgextaccftkge kx μ) Dpfhgekx# ~pg`f`c{ oeg|e fx Flek gp Xfizftxfpf% \a hfe lqaxx tba kdaetkt{ gj  tba gtbap xtfpx `qt tbkx kx egt ki~gptfet jgp tba ~paxaet dkxhqxxkge% ”   ”  

Tba f`gza datfkcx bac~ qx tg xaa tba hgetpgzapx{ f`gqt Dbpqzf `akel tba fehkaet ^gca Xtfp jpgi f dkjjapaet ~apx~ahtkza% Tba fplqiaetx jgp fed flfkext Dbpqzf `akel tba ^gca Xtfp dqpkel tba Zadkh Zadkh tkiax bfza `aae xqhhkehtc{ ~paxaetad ~p axaetad 68 `{ Cf| ke bkx `ggo ge tba fla gj tba P% lzadf % Mfhg`k xgiabg| pajappad gec{ tg tba cfta ifppkfla hgdax jgp ~paxaetkel bkx hfxa% Bkx g~~geaetx ~pamqdkhad fx tba{ |apa flfkext dftkel tba  P% lzadf tg fe{ ~apkgd `ajgpa 61>> @H# tpaftad Dbpqzf fx fe keda~aedaet aetkt{ iaetkgead gec{ ke tba Lp   % b{f Xÿtpf |ktbgqt fe{ hgeeahtkge tg tba Zadkh Ýkýqiàpf% T{~khfc |fx tba dkxikxxfc `{ \bktea{64 |bae ba |pgta –…%fe{ xtfp egt tgg dkxtfet jpgi tba ~gca |gqcd bfza xftkxjkad `gtb tba ea|c{ |addad |gife fed tba arbk`ktgp? tbapa kx eg eaad gj fxxqikel tbft tba hqxtgi kx gea bfedad dg|e jpgi tba paigta ~apkgd |bae ζ)Dpfhgekx |fx pafcc{ zap{ hcgxa tg tba ~gca# fhpgxx fe ketapzfc gj t|g gp tbpaa tbgqxfed {afpx dqpkel |bkhb tbapa kx eg iaetkge gj ~gca)xtfp# aktbap ke Zadf gp ke @pàbife% f%’ Oaktb61 |bg tpfexcftad xazapfc Zadkh Zadkh tartx |gpokel ke tba Hgcgekfc Gjjkha# |fx dapkxkza gj  tba Bkedq ifppkfla pktqfc fed hgiiaetad –…tba fplqiaet jpgi tba ~gca xtfp fxxqiax fe fhhqpfh{ ke tba daifedx gj tba ~pkiktkza Kedkfe |addkel pktqfc |bkhb kx |bgcc{ qeeftqpfc%’ \bkca hpktkhk}kel tba Ýftf~ftbf @pàbife  % f tart iaetkgekel tbft tba ^cakfdax dg egt xck~ jpgi tba afxt ba |pgta –f ~fxxfla |bkhb hgexkxtx gj 

DBPQZFTBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA ^ GCA XTFP

8<

jggckxb pafxgex jgp ~pajappkel gea gp gtbap gj tba efox% ftpfx? |a fpa ke tba xfia palkge gj ~g~qcfp `ackaj fx |bae ke tba Xÿtpf cktapftqpa tba arkxtaeha gj Dbpqzf# f jkrad ~gcfp xtfp# kx fccalad%’ Ba fddad f jggt egta# fx tbgqlb egt xftkxjkad |ktb bkx fplqiaetx "~ <;+? –Tba ~gca xtfp# Dbpqzf# f~~afpx ke tba Lp   % b{f Xÿtpfx gec{%’ \bktea{ fed Oaktb |apa g`zkgqxc{ klegpfet gj tba Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe% {fof tart fx tba `fxkx jgp tba Zadkh xtftaiaetx ki~c{kel tba arkxtaeha gj F`bf{f)Dbpqzf ge tba tfkc gj tba Dpfhg fed tba Aoàlek tart fx tba tpfhaf`ca Zadkh Zadkh xgqpha jgp tba Bkedq ifppkfla pktax% Tbaxa tartx hgqcd egt bfza `aae fx cfta fx tba xÿtpf cktapftqpa laeapfcc{ fxxklead tg h 1>> @H% Fegtbap kejcqaetkfc xhbgcfp gj {axtap{afpx# \ketapekt}6: klegpad tba azkdaehax ke tba @p%^ fed tba TF tg hgiiaet –…\a hfeegt dae{ tba ~gxxk`kckt{ gj gea gj tba caxxap xtfpx ke tba Ckttca @afp bfzkel `aae zkxk`ca "f`gqt 601> @H fed azae cftap xtkcc+ fx tba ^gca Xtfp ke tba hcafp Kedkfe jkpifiaet%’ Kt paifkex f ~q}}ca |b{ ba klegpad tba hgextpfket gj Dbpqzf `akel xfkd tg `a fcgel |ktb tbkptaae gtbap xtfpx ge tba `gd{ gj f jklqpa cggokel ckoa f dgc~bke% Kj xgia xhbgcfpx tbgqlbt tbft tba Ckttca @afp |fx ~fpt gj tba tfkc gj tba fehkaet ýkýqiàpf hgextaccftkge tba{ xbgqcd bfza bfz a ~paxaetad bfpd azkdaehax jpgi tba Zadkh Zadkh fed ^qpàe% f tartx tg xq~~gpt tbakp `ackajx% Tba f`gza dkxhqxxkge `pkelx gqt tbft tbapa fpa xqjjkhkaet ~gxktkza azkdaehax ke tba fehkaet Xfexopkt tartx tg kdaetkj{ tba Bkedq Dbpqzf |ktb tba xtfp Tbq`fe% Oeg|cadla gj Dbpqzf fx fe kiigzf`ca xtfp cghftad ge tba ýkýqiàpf aktbap `{ dkpaht g`xapzftkge gp fx ~fpt gj tpfdktkgefc |kxdgi ~fxxad ge jpgi tba ~fxt kx |acc ~paxapzad ke tba Zadkh Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe% {fof fed Aoàlek tartx% Tba f`xaeha gj  pajapaeha tg f jkrad egptb xtfp ke tba P% lzadff dgax egt zktkfta tba f`gza kejapaeha% Ke jfht tbkx ~gketx tg tba xtkcc igpa fehkaet eftqpa gj tba  P% lzadf Xfibktà% Tg dkxhqxx |batbap tbkx hfe `a f iatbgd jgp dftkel tba Zadkh Zadkh hgi~gxktkgex kx `a{ged tba xhg~a gj tba ~paxaet |gpo% \a bfza tg fhha~t# ft tba cafxt ikekiqi# tbft zgtfpkax gj f ~fptkhqcfp Zadkh lpgq~ ke Kedkf `abacd fed ~paxapzad f xo{ ~khtqpa gj f dgc~bke ckoa jklqpa |ktb jgqptaae xtfpx# tba cfxt xtfp ge tba tfkc cggokel jkrad |ktbgqt fe{ g`xapzf`ca igtkge |ktb pax~aht tg gtbap xtfpx# xgia tkia ke tba 4 tb) 8pd ikccaeekqi @H% ^qpàe% fx `fxkhfcc{ hcfki tg ~paxaet fehkaet calaedx% Baeha xqhb tartqfc ~fptx gj tba  @p%^ pajappkel tg tba Ýkýqiàpf eaad egt `a dftad fx `akel zap{ fehkaet% Tbkx ~gket eahaxxktftax fegtbap cggo ft tba kdaetkt{ gj Dbpqzf% Kx kt ~gxxk`ca tba @p%^ tggo xgia xtfp gtbap tbfe ζ)Dpfhgekx fx tba xacj pgtftkel Dbpqzf# |bkhb hgqcd bfza `aae xtkcc c{kel ge tba artaedad tfkc gj tba hgextaccftkge7 Xqhb f ~gxxk`kckt{ hfeegt `a daekad# xkeha @p%^ hfe `a ketap~patad tg xtfta 61 xtfpx# `{

82

KEDKFE MGQPEFC MGQPEF C GJ BKXTGP[GJ XHKAEHA

hgqetkel Iàpåhf fed Ofý{f~f xa~fpftac{# ge tba `gd{ gj tba Dgc~bke% Tba gec{ acklk`ca hfedkdfta jgp tbkx ~gxxk`ca fctapefta ^qpàe% kh kdaetkjkhftkge gj Dbpqzf kx ν) Dpfhgekx# |bkhb |fx eafpaxt tg tba EH^ ke 68>> @H |ktb dahckeftkge 21 >68‰% Tbkx ~gxxk`kckt{ dgax egt ke fe{ |f{ fjjaht tba hgehcqxkgex f`gqt Dbpqzf `akel oeg|e fx f jkrad xtfp ke tba Zadkh Zadkh ~apkgd%

HGEHCQXKGE Fe{ fttai~t tg tpfha tba bkxtgp{ gj Kedkfe fxtpgegi{ hfe egt gzapcggo tba ^qpàe% fx fed tba zfxt Zadkh cktapftqpa xtfptkel jpgi tba P% lzadf% Tba kdaetkjkhftkge fed hgextpfketx jgp cghftkel Dbpqzf# tba fehkaet ^gca Xtfp# fx zkzkdc{ daxhpk`ad ke tba  @pfbiàe  % %d f ^qpàe  % f fed tba igpa fehkaet Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe  % {fof gj tba [fmqpzadf fpa ~paxaetad ke tbkx fptkhca% Tba cfttap tart ~paxaetx tba gcdaxt daxhpk~tkge gj f hgextaccftkge hgi~pkxkel gj jgqptaae xtfpx c{kel ke tba xo{ efiad tba ýkýqiàpf gp tba Dgc~bke% Tba ^fe  % hfzkiýf @pàbife  % f iaetkgex tbkx Dgc~bke fx `akel bac~jqc ke efzklftkel ghafex |bkhb eftqpfcc{ xbgqcd `a fe fccqxkge tg tba hkphqi~gcfp eftqpa gj tba xtfpx gj tbkx hgextaccftkge% Tartqfc azkdaehax xbg| tbft tba gpklkefc efia jgp Dbpqzf |fx F`bf{f hgejklqpad tg `a xaftad ft tba tfkc aed gj tba hacaxtkfc Dgc~bke% Cgel `ajgpa tba Lp   %b{f Xÿtpf cktapftqpa tbft kedgcglkxtx qxad fx tba xgqpha tg ~pgza tba fccalad cftaeaxx gj tba hgeha~t gj Dbpqzf tba ^gca Xtfp ke Kedkf# tba Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe  % {fof bfd f b{ie avqftkel F`bf{f fed Dbpqzf# egea gtbap tbfe tba xtfp ζ)Dpfhgekx "Tbq`fe+ tbft |fx eafpaxt tg tba Egptb Hacaxtkfc ^gca dqpkel tba ~apkgd 80>>)04>> @H% FHOEG\CADLAIAET Dkxhqxxkgex |ktb Z%B%Xftaaxboqifp# @f{cgp Qekzapxkt{# QXF |apa bac~jqc% Tbfeox fpa dqa tg Zkxbfc Zkxbfc Flfp|fc jgp xaedkel tba Xfexopkt hgiiaetfpkax ge tba Tfkttkpå{f Àpfe  % {fof% EGTAX 6%

^%E% Xb Xbfeofp "6 "6;24+ F Lqkda tg tba Eklbt Xo{# OPZ^# @felfcgpa

0%

B%L% Mfh B%L% Mfhg` g`kk "62 "62;4 ;4++ Ge Ge tba tba df dfta ta gj tba tba  P% lzadf# "Tpfexc% jpgi Lapife+ Tba Kedkfe  Fetkvqfp{ # 08# 614)61;%

8%

\%A% Hcfpoa Hcfpoa "6;08+ "6;08+ F egta ge ge ^fplktap‛ ^fplktap‛xx Fehkae Fehkaett Kedkfe Kedkfe Bkxtgpkh Bkxtgpkhfc fc Tpfdk Tpfdktkge# tkge#   M Fi% Gpkaetfc Xgh%# 48# 68>)686

4%

P%E%% K{ae P%E K{aelfp lfp "0> "0>>1+ >1+ Ahc Ahck~x k~xaa ^apk ^apkgd gd Eqi Eqi`ap `ap 888 888;; ke ke tba tba P% lzadf# KMBX# 4>%0# 68;)610%

DBPQZFTBA FEHKAET KEDKFE ^GCA ^ GCA XTFP 1%

8;

% T%X %X%O %O%% Xfx Xfxtp tp{{ "6; "6;24 24++ "Ad "Ad%+ %+ Zadàelf M{fqtkx% f gj Cflfdbf# KMBX# 6;%4% Xq~~caiaet# 6)<4%

:%

P%E%K{aelf P%E%K{a elfpp "0>>:+ "0>>:+ Xgia Xgia Hacaxtk Hacaxtkfc fc G`xapz G`xapzftk ftkgex gex Fxx Fxxghk ghkfta ftadd |ktb Op% x% e% f)Cgpa#  KMBX 46%6# 6)68%

<%

O%D% F`b{ F`b{feof feofpp "0>>:+ "0>>:+ Dbpq Dbpqzfof zfof)zk )zkoxba oxba~f ~f x{xta x{xtai i gj Fxtp Fxtpgegi gegikhfc khfc Hggp Hggpdkef dkeftax# tax# KMBX 46%0# 616)61<%

2%

\%Hfcfed "6;86+ Aelckxb Tpfexcftkge gj tba ^fe% hfzkiýf)@pàbife% f# @k`ckgtbahf Kedkhf Xapkax# 011# Hfchqttf%

;%

P%B% Fccae "6 "6;:8+ Xtfp Efiax fed Tbakp Iafekelx# Dgzap ^q`cex% Keh%# QXF%

6>%

Tba   Iftx{f ^qpàe "Tart art fed Tpfexc% Tpfexc% 6;;<+ Fppfelad `{ E%X%Xkelb# Jgpa|gpd `{  % f "T B%B%\kcxge# Efl ^q`c% Dacbk#

66%

I%E% I% E% Dq Dqtt tt "6 "6;< ;<0+ 0+ Aelckxb Tpfexcftkge gj tba Zkx  % %e q ^qpàe  % f# Hbg|ofi`f ^q`c% Zfpfefxk%

60%

L%Z% Tfl L%Z Tflfp fpaa "0> "0>>> >>++ Aelckxb Tpfexcftkge gj tba @pfbiàe  %  %d f ^qpàe  % f# Igtkcfc @fefpxkdfx ^q`ce%# E%Dacbk%

68%

E%E% E% E%Cf Cf| | "6; "6;:1 :1++ Fla gj tba P% lzadf# Jkpif O%C%Iqobg~fdb{f{# Hfchqttf%

64% \%D% \bktea{ \bktea{ "62;1+ "62;1+ Ge f pahaet pahaet fttai~t fttai~t `{ Mfhg`k Mfhg`k fed Tkcfo Tkcfo tg datapik datapikea ea ge Fxtpgegikhfc Azkdaeha tba Dfta gj tba afpckaxt Zadkh ^apkgd fx 4>>> @H% Tba Kedkfe  Fetkvqfp{ # 04# 8:6)8:; 61%

@%Oa @% Oakktb "6 "6;0 ;011+ Tba Packlkge fed ^bkcgxg~b{ gj tba Zadf fed Q~fekxbfdx Bfpzfpd Qekz% ^paxx# QXF%

6:%

I% \ke keta tape pekt kt}} "6; "6;0< 0<++  F Bkxtgp{ gj Kedkfe Cktapftqpa# "Tpfexc% jpgi Lapife+ Pa~pket# Igtkcfc @fefpxkdfx ^q`ce% E%Dacbk