= Gbtrld{ntglb ="= Tyl Ec{gd Ecly~ M ecly ~gt{mtglb yfkrkgb tyl ghhg~ngock# blb rkmntgbi ec{gd~ ecly tliktfkr g~ ablyb m~ tyl(ec{gd ecly" ^lhk gb~tmbnk~ yfkrk tfkw lnn{r gb kbigbkkrgbi ~w~tkh~ mrk ecly le hlctkb hktmc d{rgbi nm~tgbi# ecly gb zgzk nmrrwgbi ~tkmh mbd ymtkr# cg}{gd ~cl~fgbi gb tmbakr~# cg}{gd `kt g~~{gbi gbtl im~kl{~ kbugrlbhkbt~# o{oock elrhmtglb# orkma{z mbd zrlzmimtglb gb tfk ~{rrl{bdgbi ec{gd" Mbmcw~g~ le ~{nf ecly~ lnn{rrgbi gb kbigbkkrgbi ~w~tkh~ g~ rk}{grkd tl ok dlbk" Lbk tfgbi tfmt ~kzmrmtk~ tfk mbmcw~g~ le tyl(ec{gd ecly~ erlh ~gbick ec{gd ecly g~ kvg~tkbnk le gbtkremnk &ol{bdmrw yfgnf ~kzmrmtk~ tfk tyl ec{gd~' mnrl~~ yfgnf ~tkz nfmbik gb zrlzkrtgk~ kvg~t~" Mt tfk gbtkremnk tfk ~{remnk tkb~glb nlhk~ gbtl keeknt mbd gb ~lhk ecly ~gt{mtglb~ zfm~k nfmbik zrlnk~~ mt gbtkremnk mc~l lnn{r~"
="? B{hkrgnmc Hktfld~ elr Tyl(Ec{gd Ecly~ Zfw~gnmc kvzkrghkbt~ gb tyl(ec{gd ecly ~gt{mtglb~ mrk dgeegn{ct mbd kvzkb~guk tl zkrelrh# b{hkrgnmc ~gh{cmtglb hktfldlcligk~ lb tfk ltfkr fmbd nmb ok {~kd elr umrgktw le zrlockh~ mbd zrluk m~ m rkcmtguk nfkmzkr tllc elr mbmcw~g~" B{hkrgnmc ~lc{tglb le ~gbick ec{gd zrlockh rk~{ct~ gb ukclngtw# zrk~~{rk mbd tkhzkrmt{rk &ge & ge gt g~ blb(g~ltfkrhmc ecly' mt m t dg~nrktk zlgbt~ gb tfk ecly,nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb" Gb m ddgtglb tl tfmt# gb tyl(ec{gd ecly ~gh{cmtglb hktfldlcliw# rkzrk~kbtmtglb le gbtkremnk gb tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb# gt~ mdumbnkhkbt ygtf rk~zknt tl tghk mbd mzzcgnmtglb le tfk ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ mt tfk gbtkremnk mrk hmgb g~~{k~" Tfkrk kvg~t hmbw tyl(ec{gd ecly ~gh{cmtglb hktfldlcligk~ ~{nf m~ Hmrakr mbd Nkcc &HMN' hktfld QFwhmb &=764'X# Ulc{hk le Ec{gd hktfld QFgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76='X mbd Ckukc ~kt hktfld Q^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774'X" Gb mcc tfk hktfld~ m ecmi lr ~lhk hmakr zmrtgnck~ mrk {~kd tl rkzrk~kbt rkiglb le m ec{gd lr tfk gbtkremnk" Ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb le tfmt ecmi lr mbw hmrakr zmrtgnck g~ dkrgukd erlh zfw~gnmc zrgbngzck~ mbd g~ m z{rk nlbukntglb k}{mtglb" Gb Hmrakr mbd Nkcc &HMN' hktfld# hm~~(ck~~ cmirmbigmb zmrtgnck~ mrk ~zrkmd gb lbk le tfk ec{gd" Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd gb tfk rkiglb lnn{zgkd ow tfmt ec{gd" Lbnk tfk ukclngtgk~ gb tfk rk~zkntguk nkcc~ mrk ablyb tfkgr umc{k~ mrk gbtkrzlcmtkd tl hmrakr zmrtgnck~ mbd tfkb tfl~k hmrakr zmrtgnck~ mrk hlukd gb tfk irgd ygtf gbtkrzlcmtkd ukclngtgk~" Gbtkremnk g~ dkegbkd =
m~ tfk –ol{bdmrw‘ oktykkb rkiglb~ ygtf mbd ygtfl{t hmrakr zmrtgnck~" Tfg~ hktfld fm~ bl mzzcgnmogcgtw rk~trgntglb o{t gt rk}{grk~ nmrke{c ghzckhkbtmtglb mbd mc~l tfk lukrmcc nl~t le ~gh{cmtglb g~ kblrhl{~" Gb Ulc{hk le Ec{gd hktfld# gbtkremnk hltglb g~ blt elcclykd o{t ulc{hk ermntglb le tfk nkcc &rmtgl le ulc{hk le lbk ec{gd tl ulc{hk le tfk nkcc' g~ {~kd tl ~tlrk gbelrhmtglb le m rkiglb le m ec{gd" Ulc{hk le Ec{gd ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ g~ dkrgukd bmt{rmccw erlh tfk hm~~ nlb~krumtglb cmy mbd gt~ ~lc{tglb zrlugdk~ {zdmtkd gbelrhmtglb le tfk rkiglb lnn{zgkd ow tfmt ec{gd" Gbtkremnk gbelrhmtglb g~ dkrgukd erlh tfk ulc{hk le ec{gd e{bntglb egkcd om~kd lb tfk mzzrlvghmtglb le tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk" Hm~~ nlb~krumtglb nfmrmntkrg~tgn le ulc{hk le ec{gd hktfld~ mrk illd o{t oknm{~k le dg~nlbtgb{l{~ bmt{rk le ulc{hk le ec{gd e{bntglb# ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk g~ nmcn{cmtglb n mcn{cmtglb g~ gbmnn{rmtk" Ckukc ~kt hktfld~ egbd m ukrw cmrik rmbik le mzzcgnmtglb~ cgak tyl(ec{gd ecly~# ecmhk zrlzmimtglb# nrw~tmc irlytf# ghmik zrlnk~~gbi mbd hmbw hlrk" Gb ckukc ~kt hktfld {~kd erl tyl( ec{gd ecly~ tfk gbtkremnk g~ hldkckd m~ tfk pkrl ckukc ~kt le m ~hlltf e{bntglb ablyb m~ ckukc ~kt e{bntglb# dkegbkd lukr yflck nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb" Tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ mdukntkd ygtf tfk omnairl{bd ecly egkcd" M~ tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ m nlbtgb{l{~ e{bntglb nmcn{cmtglb le gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk mrk km~w mbd mnn{rmtk o{t ckukc ~kt hktfld~ mrk ablyb tl uglcmtk hm~~ nlb~krumtglb"
="> Cgtkrmt{rk ^{rukw Gb tfg~ ~kntglb tlzgn om~kd cgtkrmt{rk ~{rukw elr Ulc{hk le Ec{gd &ULE'# Ckukc ^kt Hktfld &C^H' mbd Nlhogbkd Ckukc ^kt(Ulc{hk le Ec{gd &NC^ULE' hktfld g~ zrk~kbtkd" Lbk le tfk kmrcgk~t mbd hl~t rkekrrkd ylra~ lb Ulc{hk le Ec{gd &ULE' mbd Ckukc ^kt &C^' hktfld~ mrk dg~n{~~kd gb dktmgc gb ~{o~kntglb =">"= mbd =">"># rk~zkntgukcw" E{rtfkr dkukclzhkbt~ gb tfk~k hktfld~ mrk rkugkykd orgkecw gb ~{o~kntglb =">"? elr ULE hktfld mbd =">"4 elr C^ hktfld" Tfkrkmetkr# ylra lb Nlhogbkd Ckukc ^kt Ulc{hk le Ec{gd &NC^ULE' hktfld g~ hkbtglbkd gb ~{o~kntglb =">";" Egbmccw# tfk cgtkrmt{rk rkugky g~ ~{hhmrgpkd gb ~{o~kntglb =">"5"
=">"= ULE Hktfld zrlzl~kd ow Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' Gt ym~ hkbtglbkd gb cm~t ~kntglb tfmt tfk hmgb g~~{k~ gb mbw tyl(ec{gd ~gh{cmtglb hktfldlcliw mrk# &m' _kzrk~kbtmtglb le gbtkremnk gb tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb" &o' Kulc{tglb le gbtkremnk gb ~zmnk mbd tghk" &n' Mzzcgnmtglb le tfk ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ mt tfk gbtkremnk" ?
Gb tfg~ ~kntglb# ~lc{tglb~ tl tfk moluk hkbtglbkd g~~{k~ ow ULE hktfld le Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' mrk zrk~kbtkd# yfgnf {ctghmtkcw ~{h {z tl ULE tyl(ec{gd ~lc{tglb hktfldlcliw"
=">"="= _kzrk~kbtmtglb le Gbtkremnk gb ULE hktfld Gb ULE hktfld tfk gbtkremnk dmtm g~ nlbukrtkd gbtl dg~nrktk ulc{hk dmtm &ulc{hk lnn{zgkd ow m zmrtgn{cmr ec{gd gb m nkcc'" Tfk ulc{hk dmtm g~ rktmgbkd gb erlh le ermntglbmc ulc{hk le tfk nkcc &N' &rmtgl le ulc{hk le lbk ec{gd gb m nkcc tl ulc{hk le tfk nkcc'" Egi" ="=&m' ~fly~ tfk mnt{mc gbtkremnk zl~gtglb gb m nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb mbd Egi" ="=&o' ~fly~ tfk umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ lr ULE e{bntglb &N' gb mcc nlhz{tmtglbmc nkcc~" ^{nf rkzrk~kbtmtglb le gbtkremnk mulgd~ tfk clignmc zrlockh~ gbulcukd gb kvzcgngt gbtkremnk trmnagbi1 mc~l lbk umrgmock zkr nkcc g~ rk}{grkd tl ~tlrk tfk gbelrhmtglb le tfk nkcc"
&m' &o' Egi{rk ="=0 Tyl(ec{gd ecly ~gt{mtglb0 &m' Mnt{mc Gbtkremnk Zl~gtglb &o' Dg~nrktgpkd dlhmgb ygtf ULE e{bntglb umc{k~" Yfkb tfk gbtkremnk gbelrhmtglb g~ rk}{grkd l{t le tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd# gt g~ dlbk ~l iklhktrgnmccw" Gb m dg~nrktk ~zmnk tfk gbtkremnk fm~ tl ok rkzrk~kbtkd ow m n{ruk gb m nkcc" Tfk nlcckntglb le n{ruk~ gb dlhmgb rkzrk~kbt~ tfk gbtkremnk" Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' mzzrlvghmtkd tfk gbtkremnk g~ m~ m cgbk ~kihkbt gb tfk nkcc yfgnf nmb ok mcgibkd tl mbw le tfk nl(lrdgbmtk mvg~ g"k" kgtfkr flrgplbtmc lr ukrtgnmc gb Nmrtk~gmb nl(lrdgbmtk~" Tfg~ twzk le gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb g~ ablyb m~ ^ghzck Cgbk Gbtkremnk Nmcn{cmtglb &^CGN'" Tfk ^CGN gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb hktfld gbulcuk~ &m' dktkrhgbmtglb le tfk mcgibhkbt le tfk gbtkremnk# &o' dktkrhgbmtglb le tfk zl~gtglb le lbk ec{gd rkcmtguk tl ltfkr mnrl~~ tfk gbtkremnk mbd &n' clnmtgbi tfk gbtkremnk gb nkcc" Nflgnk le tfk mcgibhkbt le tfk gbtkremnk g~ hmdk ow nmcn{cmtgbi tfk irmdgkbt le ULE e{bntglb mclbi v mbd w dgrkntglb" Tfk gbtkremnk cgk~ blrhmc tl tfk dgrkntglb gb yfgnf tfk mo~lc{tk umc{k le irmdgkbt g~ hlrk g"k" ge umc{k le N nfmbik~ hlrk mclbi v(dgrkntglb tfmb mclbi w(dgrkntglb# tfkb tfk gbtkremnk g~ ukrtgnmc mbd ugnk ukr~m"
>
Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' zrk~kbtkd kvzrk~~glb~ le irmdgkbt le N elr blb({bgelrh Nmrtk~gmb irgd~1 tfk ~ghzcgegkd kvzrk~~glb~ elr ?D ~}{mrk Nmrtk~gmb irgd~ ~flyb gb Egi" =">&o' mrk dkrgukd m~
∏N N K* ∟ NY* ∏N N B* ∟ N^ * # 8 8 ?Δ v ?Δ w ∏ v ∏w
Yfkrk# * Y
N
N^*
8 &N
' Δw# N 8 & NBK ! NK ! N^K 'Δ w 8 & N^Y ! N^ ! N^K ' Δv# N 8 & NBY ! NB ! NBK ' Δv BY
!N !N Y
&="='
* K
^Y
* B
Gt g~ ~kkb erlh K}" ="= tfmt tfk kvzrk~~glb~ le tfk irmdgkbt mrk hkrkcw m hkm~{rk le nfmbik gb umc{k le N gb v mbd w dgrkntglb" Tfk rkcmtguk zl~gtglb le tfk ec{gd~ mnrl~~ tfk gbtkremnk g~ dktkrhgbkd ow kvmhgbgbi tfk ~gib tfk irmdgkbt le N mclbi tfk blrhmc dgrkntglb tl tfk gbtkremnk" Nlb~gdkr m nm~k yfkb tfk gbtkremnk g~ el{bd tl ok ukrtgnmc mbd tfk ~gib le irmdgkbt le N mclbi v g~ * * bkimtguk# tfg~ hkmb~ tfmt tfk umc{k le N Y g~ hlrk tfmb N K mbd ~l tfk ec{gd &lb yfgnf tfk ULE
e{bntglb g~ dkegbkd' cgk~ lb tfk yk~t ~gdk tl tfk gbtkremnk" Tfk zl~~gock nm~k~ le gbtkremnk lrgkbtmtglb mbd rkcmtguk zl~gtglb le ec{gd g~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="?&m'"
&m'
&o'
&n'
Egi{rk ="?0 ^ghzck Cgbk Gbtkremnk Nmcn{cmtglb &^CGN' &m' Zl~~gock nm~k~ le gbtkremnk lrgkbtmtglb mbd rkcmtguk zl~gtglb le ec{gd &o' Ngrn{cmr Ec{gd Oldw &n' ^CGN rknlb~tr{ntglb le ngrn{cmr ec{gd oldw" Metkr dktkrhgbgbi tfk lrgkbtmtglb le gbtkremnk mbd zl~gtglb le ec{gd# nl(lrdgbmtk~ le m cgbk mrk dktkrhgbkd ~{nf tfmt tfk rknlb~tr{ntkd gbtkremnk dgugdk~ tfk nkcc gb tl tyl zmrt~ ygtf nlrrknt mhl{bt le ec{gd ulc{hk cwgbi lb tfk ec{gd ~gdk" Tfk ^CGN rknlb~tr{ntglb le m ngrn{cmr ec{gd oldw &Egi" ="?&o'' g~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="?&n'# gt g~ ~kkb tfmt ^CGN g~ ukrw gbmnn{rmtk o{t gt g~ tfk ~ghzck~t hktfld le gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb"
=">"="? Kulc{tglb le ULE e{bntglb gb ^zmnk mbd Tghk Tfk ULE hktfld le Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' g~ {~kd elr erkk ~{remnk ecly~# tfk dwbmhgn~ le cgiftkr ec{gd gb nlhzmrg~lb tl fkmugkr ec{gd g~ bkickntkd" bkickntkd" Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd 4
lbcw gb tfk rkiglb lnn{zgkd ow fkmugkr ec{gd1 tfk gbtkremnk g~ trkmtkd m~ nlhz{tmtglbmc ol{bdmrw" Tfk ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ mrk# Nlbtgb{gtw K}{mtglb0
∉ ⋋{ 8 :
&="?'
Hlhkbt{h K}{mtglb0
⎭ ∏{ ! ∉ ⋋ {{ ⎤ 8 ∟∉z ! γ∉ ?{ ∟ ύ i˅` ύ ⎯ & '⎫ ⎮ ∏t ⎥
&=">'
Elr mnn{rmtk nmcn{cmtglb le gbtkremnk zl~gtglb ygtf tghk mbd ~zmnk tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd h{~t ok kulcukd mnn{rmtkcw" Tfk ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb le ULE e{bntglb m~ igukb ow Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' g~#
∏N ! { ⋋ ∉N 8 : ∏t
&="4'
Tfk rkm~lbgbi igukb ow Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' elr tfk {~k le K}" ="4 g~# tfk ULE e{bntglb N ~ghzcw hluk~ ygtf tfk ec{gd mbd gb m cmirmbigmb hk~f tfk umc{k le ULE e{bntglb ygcc rkhmgb nlb~tmbt ygtf tghk" tghk" Tfg~ ~tmtkhkbt ~kkh~ tl ok gb~zgrkd ow tfk HMN hktfld# yfkrkgb tfk hmrakr zmrtgnck~ mrk ~ghzcw nlbukntkd ygtf tfk ecly" Nlb~krumtguk elrh le ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb &K}" ="4' g~ lotmgbkd ow {~gbi nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb &K}" ="?' m~
∏N ! ∉ ⋋ & N{ ' 8 : ∏t
&=";'
K}" ="; g~ ~lcukd kvzcgngtcw metkr K}" ="? mbd K}" ="> mrk ~lcukd gb dlhmgb" K}" ="; g~ m z{rk nlbukntglb k}{mtglb mbd ulc{hk nlb~krumtglb k}{mtglb" Yfkb K}" ="; g~ gbtkirmtkd lukr m nkcc# ec{v le N mt tfk nkcc emnk g~ bkkd~ tl ok kumc{mtkd" M nlbukntglb ~nfkhk g~ {~kd tl gbtkrzlcmtk tfk umc{k le tfk N mt tfk nkcc emnk# o{t {~k le m nlbukntglb ~nfkhk gb nm~k le ULE hktfld ygcc ~hkmr tfk ULE e{bntglb gb zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc~ oknm{~k le gbtkrzlcmtglb" D{k tl ~hkmrgbi# tfk gbtkremnk ygcc cll~k gt~ dkegbgtglb" Tl lukrnlhk tfg~ zrlockh# Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' {~kd tfk dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld" Dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld g~ nlhogbmtglb le {zygbd mbd dlybygbd dgeekrkbnk ~nfkhk~ tl egbd tfk ec{v le ec{gd mt nkcc emnk~ gb zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc~" Tfk tghk mdumbnkd umc{k le ULE e{bntglb &N' g~ el{bd m~ N b !=
8 Nb ∟
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Ec{gd Ec Ec{vkd L{ L{t ' e
&="5'
Tfk kvzrk~~glb elr tfk mhl{bt le ec{gd ec{vkd l{t le m nkcc emnk gb lbk tghk ~tkz g~ le &Ulc{hk le
Ec{gd Ec Ec{vkd L{ L{t ' e
Yfkrk# Mddgtglbmc Ec{gd# ME
8 ~gib &{ e ' & HGB qN MD
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! ME # N D Δv D x' Δ^ e
8 HMV q&= ∟ N MD ' { e Δt ∟ &= ∟ N D ' ΔvD # :":x # ;
&="9'
^gib le ukclngtw mt emnk# ~gib & { Gb K}" ="9#
Δ^ e
' 8 { e
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g~ tfk nkcc emnk mrkm ukntlr" ^{o~nrgzt M ^{o~nrgzt M hkmb~ mnnkztlr,dlybygbd nkcc# D nkcc# D
hkmb~ dlblr,{zygbd nkcc mbd MD mbd MD hkmb~ kgtfkr dlblr lr mnnkztlr nkcc# tfk nflgnk le tfk dlblr lr mnnkztlr nkcc g~ hmdk gb elcclygbi ymw# N MD
⎩N 8 ⎦ M ⎧N D
# ge gbtkremnk hluk~ blrhmc blrhmc tl gt~kce # Ltfkryg~k Ltfkryg~k
&="6'
Flykukr# ge tfk mnnkztlr nkcc g~ khztw lr tfk nkcc {z~trkmh le tfk dlblr nkcc g~ khztw# tfkb NMD 8 NM rkimrdck~~ le tfk lrgkbtmtglb le tfk gbtkremnk# tfg~ g~ dlbk tl kb~{rk tfmt m dlblr nkcc h{~t egcc okelrk mbw ec{gd nmb kbtkr m dlyb~trkmh khztw nkcc" Elr tfk nkcc~ yfgnf mrk nlhzcktkcw egcckd lr khztw# dlblr nkcc mzzrlvghmtglb &N MD 8 ND' g~ {~kd" Kukb ge tfk mnnkztlr nkcc g~ {~kd &N MD 8 NM' tl nmcn{cmtk mhl{bt le ec{gd ec{vkd# tfk mhl{bt le ec{gd ec{vkd g~ mcymw~ ~{otrmntkd erlh lr mddkd tl tfk dlblr nkcc ec{gd" Tfk HGB ekmt{rk gb K}" ="9 zrkukbt~ ec{vgbi hlrk ec{gd tfmb m nkcc nmb dlbmtk" Mddgtglbmc ec{gd# ME g~ tfk mhl{bt le ec{gd gb tfk dlblr nkcc tfmt g~ bkkdkd tl ok ec{vkd gb nm~k tfk mnnkztlr nkcc &NMD 8 NM' g~ {~kd tl nmcn{cmtk ec{v tl mulgd gbnlrrknt ec{v nmcn{cmtglb" Dlblr(Mnnkztlr hktfld g~ om~gnmccw m =D hktfld mbd gt g~ kvtkbdkd gb ?D ow lzkrmtlr ~zcgttgbi g"k" gbtkrhkdgmtk umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd ow ~lcugbi =D elrh le K}" ="; gb lbk le tfk dgrkntglb~ mbd tfkb om~kd lb tfl~k gbtkrhkdgmtk umc{k~# egbmc ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk lotmgbkd ow ~lcugbi tfk ltfkr =D elrh le K}" ="; gb tfk rkhmgbgbi dgrkntglb"
=">"="> Mzzcgnmtglb le Ol{bdmrw Nlbdgtglb mt Gbtkremnk M~ mcrkmdw hkbtglbkd# Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' trkmtkd tfk gbtkremnk m~ nlhz{tmtglbmc ol{bdmrw" ^{remnk tkb~glb lb tfk gbtkremnk g~ bkickntkd mbd zrk~~{rk g~ m~~{hkd tl ok nlb~tmbt lb tfk gbtkremnk" Tl ghzckhkbt tfg~ ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb# zrk~~{rk gb tfk zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc g~ ~kt k}{mc tl zrk~~{rk lotmgbkd ow cgbkmr gbtkrzlcmtglb &lr kvtrmzlcmtglb' oktykkb tfk dk~grkd gbtkremnk zrk~~{rk mbd zrk~~{rk le m e{ccw egcckd bkmrk~t bkgifolr nkcc" Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ mrk blt ~lcukd gb tfk zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc~"
=">"="4 ULE mcilrgtfh le Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' & =76=' Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' {~kd m HMN twzk b{hkrgnmc mcilrgtfh tl ~lcuk Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ &K}" ="? mbd K}" =">'" Tfkgr ULE mcilrgtfh nmb ok ~{hhmrgpkd m~ &=' Gbgtgmcgpk ukclngtgk~# zrk~~{rk mbd ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb mcc nkcc~" &?' Mcc tfk zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc~ mrk hmrakd m~ ol{bdmrw nkcc~" &>' [~gbi lcd tghk ckukc zrk~~{rk# ukclngtgk~ mrk zrkdgntkd" 5
&4' Zrkdgntkd ukclngtgk~ gb ikbkrmc dl blt ~mtg~ew tfk nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb" Zrk~~{rk gb tfk gbtkrglr nkcc~ g~ nfmbikd mbd tfk ukclngtw nfmbik d{k tl tfk zrk~~{rk nfmbik g~ mddkd tl zrkdgntkd ukclngtgk~" Zrk~~{rk gb tfk zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc~ g~ nmcn{cmtkd m~ kvzcmgbkd gb ~knt" =">"=">" Gtkrmtglb~ mrk dlbk tgcc tfk nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb g~ ~mtg~egkd" &;' Tfk ULE k}{mtglb g~ ~lcukd kvzcgngtcw {~gbi tfk bkycw nmcn{cmtkd ukclngtw egkcd" &5' Il tl ^tkz ? {btgc tfk kbd tghk lr ~tkmdw ~tmtk" Hmbw tghk~ tfk umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi dlblr mnnkztlr hktfld kvnkkd = lr oknlhk bkimtguk# gb ~{nf nm~k tfk ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk ~ghzcw rk~kt tl = lr : rk~zkntgukcw" Tfg~ rk~kttgbi gbtrld{nk~ hm~~ krrlr"
=">"? Dkukclzhkbt~ gb ULE hktfld Tfkrk fm~ okkb m nlb~gdkrmock ylra gb ULE hktfld ~gbnk tfk lrgigbmc mcilrgtfh" Tfkrk fmuk okkb dkukclzhkbt~ gb bkmrcw mcc m~zknt~ le ULE hktfld cgak rkzrk~kbtmtglb le gbtkremnk# kulc{tglb le gbtkremnk ygtf tghk# mzzcgnmtglb le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ mbd lukrmcc ULE mcilrgtfh" Hm`lr dkukclzhkbt~ gb mcc tfk m~zknt~ le ULE hktfld mrk rkugkykd mbd zrk~kbtkd gb tfg~ ~kntglb"
=">"?"= Dkukclzhkbt gb _kzrk~kbtmtglb le Gbtkremnk Tfk ^CGN hktfld le Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' g~ blt mock tl rknlb~tr{nt m n{rukd gbtkremnk mnn{rmtkcw" Tfkrk fmuk okkb hmbw dgeekrkbt mzzrlvghmtglb~ mol{t tfk ~fmzk le tfk gbtkremnk gb~gdk m nkcc"
bv
bw d &m'
&o' Egi{rk =">0 Zgknkyg~k Cgbkmr Gbtkremnk Nmcn{cmtglb &ZCGN' Hktfld &m' Gbtkremnk rkzrk~kbtmtglb &o' ^tkbngc rk}{grkd elr dktkrhgbmtglb le blrhmc gb Wl{bi‗~ hktfld" Lbk ~tkz mfkmd le ^CGN g~ tl m~~{hk tfmt tfk gbtkremnk gb~gdk m nkcc nmb ok umrgmocw mcgibkd# m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="> &m'" Gbtkremnk gb~gdk m nkcc g~ rkzrk~kbtkd ow#
b v v ! bw w 8 d 9
&="7'
b v # b w mrk nlhzlbkbt~ le blrhmc ukntlr &zlgbtgbi gb tl tfk ec{gd' le gbtkremnk mbd d g~ tfk cgbk nlb~tmbt gb K}" ="7" Mbmclil{~ tl ^CGN tfk hmgb ~tkz~ gb ZCGN hktfld mrk &m' dktkrhgbmtglb le gbtkremnk blrhmc# &o' dktkrhgbmtglb le ec{gd zl~gtglb rkcmtguk tl gbtkremnk mbd &n' clnmtgbi tfk gbtkremnk gb tfk nkcc" Dgeekrkbt ZCGN hktfld~ mrk nfmrmntkrgpkd ow dgeekrkbt gbtkremnk blrhmc egbdgbi tknfbg}{k~" Wl{bi~‗ &=76?' imuk ~ghzck~t le mcc blrhmc egbdgbi hktfld~" Gb Wl{bi~‗ &=76?' hktfld tfk irmdgkbt~ le tfk ULE e{bntglb mrk tmakb m~ tfk nlhzlbkbt~ le blrhmc ukntlr" Ikbkrmccw tfk Wl{bi~‗ hktfld g~ {~kd elr ~}{mrk nmrtk~gmb irgd~ o{t kvtkb~glb le Wl{bi‗~ hktfld tl blb( {bgelrh nmrtk~gmb irgd~ g~ zrk~kbtkd ow _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776'" M ~tkbngc le >v> nkcc~ g~ {~kd tl dktkrhgbk tfk gbtkremnk blrhmc m~ ~kkb erlh Egi" =">&o'" Nlhzlbkbt~ le blrhmc ukntlr# b v mbd b w elr ~}{mrk nmrtk~gmb irgd~ mrk igukb m~
& Nk ∟ N y ' Δ v N ∟ N ~ b w 8 b Δ
b v
8
&="=:' &="=='
Ygtf Nbk 8 :"?; & N Z ! N K
~k 8 :"?; & NZ ! N K ! N^K ! N ^ ' ! N BK ! N B ' # N Nby 8 :"?; & NZ ! NY ! N BY ! N B ' # N ~y 8 :"?; & N Z ! NY ! N ^Y ! N ^ ' Ny 8 :"; & Nby ! N ~y ' # N ~ 8 :"; & N~y ! N ~k ' # Nk 8 :"; & N~k ! N bk ' # Nb 8 :"; & Nbk ! N by ' Lygbi tl tfk ZCGN m~~{hztglb# tfk gbtkremnk ~kihkbt nmb ok gbncgbkd gb tfk nkcc mrogtrmrgcw
ckmdgbi tl kvg~tkbnk le umrgl{~ nm~k~ le gbtkremnk gbncgbmtglb~ mbd rkcmtguk ec{gd zl~gtglb~" Tfk rkcmtguk zl~gtglb le ec{gd ygtf tfk gbtkremnk ow m zrlnkd{rk ~ghgcmr tl ^CGN hktfld# m~ mb kvmhzck ge oltf bv mbd bw mrk bkimtguk tfkb tfk ec{gd g~ cgakcw tl ok clnmtkd gb tfk ~l{tf(yk~t nlrbkr le nkcc m~ ~flyb gb Egi" =">&m'"
Hmv Gtkr =
Hgb
Ec{gd Zlcwilb
Gtkr ?
&m' &o' Egi{rk ="40 Clnmtgbi gbtkremnk gb m nkcc gb ZCGN hktfld &m' Gtkrmtglb~ zkrelrhkd ow zl~gtglbgbi gbtkremnk ygtfl{t nfmbigbi mcgibhkbt oktykkb hmvgh{h mbd hgbgh{h zl~~gock cghgt~" &o' _knlb~tr{ntkd ec{gd zlcwilb mt tfk kbd le tfk gtkrmtglb~"
6
Clnmtgbi tfk gbtkremnk ~kihkbt gb tfk nkcc g~ k}{gumckbt le egbdgbi tfk cgbk nlb~tmbt# d " d " M~ ~{nf tfkrk g~ bl egvkd ylragbi hktfld tl zkrelrh tfg~ tm~a# _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' {~kd mb gtkrmtguk zrlnkd{rk" Gb tfkgr hktfld tfk gbtkremnk ~kihkbt le ablyb mcgibhkbt mbd ec{gd zl~gtglb g~ zcmnkd gb m nkcc nlrrk~zlbdgbi tl hmvgh{h mbd hgbgh{h ulc{hk ermntglb~ zl~~gock elr tfmt nlbegi{rmtglb le gbtkremnk" Tfkb tfk gbtkremnk g~ hlukd hlukd gtkrmtgukcw gb tfk nkcc yfgck akkzgbi gt~ mcgibhkbt nlb~tmbt tgcc tfk ulc{hk kbncl~kd ow tfk rknlb~tr{ntkd gbtkremnk ~kihkbt rkzrk~kbt~ tfk mnt{mc ec{gd ulc{hk gb tfmt nkcc m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="4&m'" Tfk ec{gd rkiglb rkzrk~kbtgbi tfk ulc{hk ermntglb gb m nkcc g~ ablyb m~ ec{gd zlcwilb# ~flyb gb Egi" ="4&o'" _{dhmb &=779' fm~ igukb ghzckhkbtmtglb le Wl{bi~‗ hktfld yfkrkgb mcikormgn kvzrk~~glb~ mrk {~kd mbd iklhktrgnmc rknlb~tr{ntglb g~ nlhzcktkcw mulgdkd" Kvzrk~~glb~ igukb ow _{dhmb &=779' mrk dkrgukd erlh tfk ~mhk iklhktrgnmc zrgbngzck~ le Wl{bi~‗ &=76?' mbd zrlugdk ukrw km~w ghzckhkbtmtglb le Wl{bi~‗ hktfld"
&m' &o' Egi{rk =";0 Ckm~t ^}{mrk~ Ulc{hk(le(ec{gd Gbtkremnk _knlb~tr{ntglb Mcilrgtfh &CUG_M' &m' Nmcn{cmtglb le ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb bkgifolrgbi nkcc~ ow kvtkbdgbi gbtkremnk" &o' Nfmbigbi tfk lrgkbtmtglb le gbtkremnk tl hgbghgpk krrlr gb bkgifolrgbi nkcc~# tfk ulc{hk ermntglb gb tfk nkbtkr nkcc fm~ tl ok ~mhk m~ mnt{mc ulc{hk mt mcc tghk~" Zgccgld mbd Z{naktt &?::4' imuk m nrgtkrglb tl dktkrhgbk lrdkr le mbw ZCGN ~nfkhk1 mbw hktfld g~ le ~knlbd lrdkr ge gt g~ mock tl kvmntcw rknlb~tr{nt m cgbk tfmt g~ blt flrgplbtmc lr ukrtgnmc" Wl{bi~‗ hktfld Q Wl{bi~‗ &=76='X mnnlrdgbi tl Zgccgld mbd Z{naktt &?::4' g~ fmugbi lrdkr oktykkb = mbd ?" Zgccgld mbd Z{naktt &?::4' zrlzl~kd m ~knlbd lrdkr gbtkremnk blrhmc nmcn{cmtglb zrlnkd{rk bmhkd m~ Ckm~t ^}{mrk~ Ulc{hk(le(ec{gd Gbtkremnk _knlb~tr{ntglb Mcilrgtfh &CUG_M'" Gb CUG_M# egr~tcw gbtkremnk g~ rknlb~tr{ntkd gb m nkcc ow Wl{bi~‗ hktfld" Tfk rknlb~tr{ntkd gbtkremnk g~ kvtkbdkd tl gt~ bkgifolrgbi nkcc~ gb m >v> ~tkbngc" Ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk dktkrhgbkd gb tfk mcc tfk bkgifolrgbi nkcc~ d{k tl gbtkr~kntglb ow kvtkbdgbi tfk rknlb~tr{ntkd gbtkremnk m~ ~kkb erlh Egi" =";&m'" Tfk dgeekrkbnk le mnt{mc ulc{hk ulc{hk ermntglb~ le tfk nkcc~ mbd tfk nmcn{cmtkd ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb tfk bkgifolrgbi nkcc~ g~ dkegbkd m~ krrlr" k rrlr" Tfk z{rzl~k le CUG_M g~ tl hgbghgpk rllt hkmb ~}{mrkd umc{k le krrlr & rh~ krrlr ' elr mcc bkgifolrgbi nkcc~" Tfk krrlr g~ 7
hgbghgpkd ow nfmbigbi tfk lrgkbtmtglb le gbtkremnk {bdkr tfk nlb~trmgbt tfmt tfg~ rknlb~tr{ntkd gbtkremnk ~kihkbt kvmntcw rkzrld{nk~ tfk ulc{hk ermntglb gb tfk nkbtkr nkcc m~ ~flyb gb Egi" =";&o' g"k" ulc{hk ermntglb nmcn{cmtkd gb nkbtkr nkcc g~ mcymw~ ~mhk m~ mnt{mc ulc{hk ermntglb" Gb ~{hhmrw# CUG_M hgbghgpk~ tfk krrlr d{k tl ZCGN mzzrlvghmtglb gb bkgifolrflld le >v> nkcc~" Tfk dg~nlbtgb{gtw oktykkb ~{nnk~~guk gbtkremnk ~kihkbt~ gb CUG_M g~ el{bd tl ok ck~~ tfmb elr Wl{bi~‗ hktfld" Ghzrlukhkbt lukr CUG_M g~ mc~l igukb ow Zgccgld mbd Z{naktt &?::4'# bmhkcw tfk Keegngkbt Ckm~t ~}{mrk~ ULE Gbtkremnk _knlb~tr{ntglb Mcilrgtfh &KCUG_M'" Gb KCUG_M tfk om~gn hktfldlcliw g~ ~mhk o{t tfk krrlr blrh {~kd elr hgbghgpmtglb g~ dgeekrkbt"
lcd b˅ bky b˅
Egi{rk ="50 Gcc{~trmtglb le Ngrnck Egt tknfbg}{k0 M ngrnck g~ egttkd tfrl{if hgdzlgbt~ le gbtkremnk ~kihkbt~ le tyl ~kckntkd bkgifolr~" Bky dgrkntglb le gbtkremnk blrhmc g~ tfk mclbi tfk cgbk `lgbgbi tfk hgdzlgbt le gbtkremnk ~kihkbt le nkbtkr nkcc mbd nkbtkr le ngrnck" Ngrnck egt tknfbg}{k zrlzl~kd ow Hl~~l kt mc" &=775' ym~ ~{nnk~~e{ccw ghzckhkbtkd ow Imrrglnf mbd Omcgim &?::5'" Gb tfg~ tknfbg}{k# gbgtgmccw tfk gbtkremnk ~kihkbt~ mrk nlb~tr{ntkd {~gbi Wl{bi~‗ hktfld" Ygtf rkekrkbnk tl mb gbtkremnk ~kihkbt gb nkcc# m ngrnck g~ drmyb tfrl{if gt~ hgdzlgbt mbd tfk hgdzlgbt~ le tyl gt~ bkgifolr~ m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="5" Tfk bky gbtkremnk blrhmc g~ tmakb tl ok gb tfk dgrkntglb `lgbgbi tfk hgdzlgbt le rkekrkbnk cgbk ~kihkbt mbd hgdzlgbt le ngrnck" M~ tfk nfmbik le blrhmc gb lbk nkcc meeknt~ tfk ngrnck nmcn{cmtglb le bkgifolrgbi nkcc# gtkrmtglb~ mrk bkkdkd tl ok zkrelrhkd" Gtkrmtglb~ mrk ~tlzzkd yfkb tfk gbtkremnk blrhmc nmcn{cmtkd d{rgbi ~{nnk~~guk gtkrmtglb~ g~ ~mhk" Ikbkrmccw# tfk gbtkremnk g~ mzzrlvghmtkd tl ok clnmtkd gb~gdk m nkcc o{t gb Ec{v Cgbk( ~kihkbt hldkc elr Mdukntglb mbd Gbtkremnk _knlb~tr{ntglb &ECMG_' le M~firgp mbd Zll &=77='# tfk gbtkremnk ~kihkbt~ mrk egttkd mt tfk ol{bdmrw le kukrw tyl bkgifolrgbi nkcc~" Gb Zmrmolcgn _knlb~tr{ntglb le ^{remnk Tkb~glb Elrnk &Z_L^T' hktfld le _kbmrdw mbd _kbmrdw &?::?' tfk ~fmzk le tfk gbtkremnk gb m nkcc g~ mzzrlvghmtkd m~ m zmrmolcm" Tfk zmrmhktkr~ le tfk n{ruk mrk el{bd ~{nf tfmt tfk dgeekrkbnk oktykkb tfk ablyb ulc{hk ermntglb~ mbd tfl~k om~kd lb tfk zmrmolcgn rknlb~tr{ntglb g~ hgbghgpkd gb tfk >v> ~tkbngc le nkcc~"
=:
Hmbw rk~kmrnfkr~ Q_{dhmb &=779'# [oogba mbd G~~m &=777'X fmuk rkzrk~kbtkd tfk gbtkremnk ow ulc{hk ermntglb nlbtl{r le ckukc :"; yfgck zclttgbi tfk gbtkremnk" Ow rkzrk ~kbtgbi tfk gbtkremnk ow m nlbtl{r zclt# ~hlltf gbtkremnk g~ lotmgbkd yfgnf g~ ltfkryg~k dgeegn{ct tl ikt erlh m ZCGN hktfld"
=">"?"? Dkukclzhkbt gb Ulc{hk Ermntglb Mdukntglb Tfk dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld {~kd elr ulc{hk mdukntglb zrk~kruk~ tfk ~tkz dg~nlbtgb{gtw le ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd mbd ikbkrmccw hmgbtmgb~ iclomc hm~~ nlb~krumtglb" O{t gt g~ el{bd gb dgeekrkbt ~t{dgk~ Q _{dhmb &=779'# _gdkr mt mc" &=77;'X tfmt dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld iguk~ gbmnn{rmtk rk~{ct~ gb ulrtgnmc ecly~ m~ gt gbtrld{nk~ ec{gd orkma{z d{k tl lukr mcc =D bmt{rk le mcilrgtfh" Tl lukrnlhk tfk cghgtmtglb~ le dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld# umrgl{~ hktfld~ mrk {~kd elr ~lc{tglb le ULE mdukntglb k}{mtglb ~{nf m~ tfk iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld# ec{v nlrrkntkd trmb~zlrt hktfld mbd fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ mrk dg~n{~~kd gb tfg~ ~kntglb" _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' zrk~kbtkd tfk iklhktrgnmc gbtkrzrktmtglb le dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld" Nlb~gdkr m nm~k m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="9&m'# ec{v nmcn{cmtglb mnrl~~ m emnk nmb ok nmcn{cmtkd ow dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld gb elcclygbi ymw" Gb dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld &K}" ="9' tfk }{mbtgtw {
Δt Δ~ e
rkzrk~kbt~ tfk bkt ec{gd ec{vkd mnrl~~ m nkcc emnk" Ge tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le tfk
dlblr,{zygbd nkcc g~ h{ctgzcgkd tl tfk bkt ec{gd ec{v tfkb tfk rk~{ctgbi }{mbtgtw & N D { e Δt
Δ~ e '
g~
tfk mhl{bt le ec{gd le gbtkrk~t ec{vkd mnrl~~ km~t emnk le dlblr nkcc" e >
e 4 Mnnkztlr Nkcc
Dlblr Nkcc {k
k4
{k
n4
Δ ~k 8 Δwg˅ k># n>
NMD 8 ND k=
e =# =# n=
e ?# k?# n?
{k Δt Egi{rk ="90 Iklhktrgn gbtkrzrktmtglb le mdukntglb &m' Mdukntglb {~gbi dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld" &o' Iklhktrgn mdukntglb" Tfk ~mhk gbelrhmtglb nmb ok lotmgbkd iklhktrgnmccw m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="9&o'" Gt g~ ~kkb tfmt tfk mrkm le zlcwilb ‖e =e ?e >e 4‗ rkzrk~kbt~ tfk }{mbtgtw { e Δt
Δ~ e # zlcwilb ‖e =e ?e >e 4‗ g~ ablyb m~ tfk
ec{v zlcwilb" Zlcwilb ‖k =k?k>k4‗ rkzrk~kbt~ tfk ec{gd le gbtkrk~t gb~gdk tfk nkcc1 zlcwilb ‖k=k?k>k4‗ &ec{gd zlcwilb' g~ nlb~tr{ntkd ow gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb mcilrgtfh~" Tfk nlhhlb mrkm tl oltf tfk zlcwilb~# rkzrk~kbtkd ow zlcwilb ‖n =n?n>n4‗ g~ tfk mhl{bt le ec{gd le gbtkrk~t g~ ec{vkd mnrl~~ ==
m nkcc" Mrkm le tfk zlcwilb fm~ tfk umc{k le N[ { e Δt
Δ~ e
gb tfg~ nm~k" Tfk mdumbtmik le tfg~
iklhktrgn gbtkrzrktmtglb g~ tfmt okttkr gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb mcilrgtfh nmb ok {~kd gb tfk mdukntglb zrlnkd{rk g"k" ZCGN hktfld~ nlhogbkd ygtf iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld tl ~lcuk ULE mdukntglb k}{mtglb" Metkr tfk ec{gd zlcwilb g~ nlb~tr{ntkd {~gbi gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb zrlnkd{rk# ec{v zlcwilb~ mt mcc emnk~ mrk iklhktrgnmccw nlb~tr{ntkd" Gb Egi" ="9&o' ec{v zlcwilb &‖e =e ?e >e 4‗' g~ nlb~tr{ntkd mt tfk km~t emnk le m nkcc# ukrtgnk~ ? mbd > le tfk ec{v zlcwilb mrk mt nkcc ukrtkv ~k mbd bk rk~zkntgukcw# ~l elr e ?
↟ & v# w '?# km~t 8 & v ~k # w~k ' km~t ec{v ec{v zlcw zlcwilb ilb
e >
↟ & v# w '>#km~t 8 & vbk # wbk ' km~t ec{v ec{v zlcw zlcwil ilb b
M~ tfk mrkm kbncl~kd ow tfk ec{v zlcwilb ~fl{cd ok k}{mc tl { e Δt
&="=?'
Δ~ e # tfk nl(lrdgbmtk~ le
rkhmgbgbi tyl ukrtgnk~ le tfk ec{v zlcwilb mrk# e= ↟ & v# w '=#km~t 8 & v ~k ∟ {kΔt # w~k ' km~t ec{v ec{v zlcw zlcwilb ilb e 4
↟ & v# w '4# km~t 8 & vbk ∟ {kΔt # wbk ' km~t ec{v ec{v zlcwil zlcwilb b
Tfk mrkm le gbtkr~kntglb le ec{gd zlcwilb mbd ec{v zlcwilb rkzrk~kbt~ tfk mhl{bt le ec{gd le gbtkrk~t ec{vkd mnrl~~ tfk nkcc emnk" M~ lbcw tfk blrhmc ukclngtw mt tfk nkcc emnk ym~ nlb~gdkrkd# tfk ec{vk~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd gb lzkrmtlr ~zcgt ymw# yfgnf hkmb~ tfk mdukntglb mcilrgtfh g~ egr~t lrdkr" Gb emnt# ^CGN hktfld nl{zckd ygtf lzkrmtlr ~zcgt iklhktrgn mdukntglb iguk~ kvmnt rk~{ct m~ dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld"
* Δt ubk
e > e 4 { Δt
* Δt u ~k
e ? e =
Egi{rk ="60 Dktkrhgbmtglb le nl(lrdgbmtk~ le h{ctg dghkb~glbmc ec{v zlcwilb" _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' gb tfkgr iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld gbnlrzlrmtkd tfk keeknt le trmb~ukr~k ukclngtw mt m emnk tl mulgd tfk lzkrmtlr ~zcgttgbi mbd kbmock ~lc{tglb le ULE k}{mtglb gb ~gbick ~tkz" Tfkw nlb~tr{ntkd h{ctg(dghkb~glbmc ec{v zlcwilb" Nmcn{cmtglb le nl(lrdgbmtk~ le tfk ukrtgnk~ le h{ctg(dghkb~glbmc ec{v zlcwilb g~ dkhlb~trmtkd {~gbi Egi" ="6" Gb Egi" ="6 tfk tyl ukrtgnk~ le tfk km~t ec{v zlcwilb# ? mbd > mrk ~mhk m~ tfmt elr lzkrmtlr ~zcgt ec{gd zlcwilb &K}" ="=?'" ^gbnk tfk ec{v zlcwilb rkzrk~kbt~ h{ctg(dghkb~glbmc ec{v zm~~gbi mnrl~~ m emnk# tfk nl( =?
lrdgbmtk~ le ltfkr tyl ukrtgnk~ le tfk h{ctgdghkb~glbmc ec{v {~k trmb~ukr~k ukclngtw mt nkcc ukrtgnk~# tfk ltfkr tyl nl(lrdgbmtk~ le h{ctg(dghkb~glbmc ec{v zlcwilb mrk dktkrhgbkd m~ e= ↟ & v# w '=#km~t km~t ec{v ec{v zlcw zlcwil ilb b e 4
8 & v ~k ∟ {kΔt # w~k ∟ u*~kΔ t '
↟ & v# w '4# km~t 8 & vbk ∟ {kΔt # wbk ∟ ub*kΔ t ' km~t ec{v ec{v zlcwi zlcwilb lb
Dgeekrkbt h{ctg(dghkb~glbmc iklhktrgn hktfld~ mrk nfmrmntkrgpkd ow dgeekrkbt zrlnkd{rk~ tl ikt ukrtkv ukclngtgk~" _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' {~kd {zygbdgbi tl ikt ukrtkv ukclngtw# elr km~t emnk gb nm~k le u le u ukclngtw#
&u ' 8 & u ' * bk g # `
b g# `
&u ' 8 & u ' ! * bk g # `
mbd
b g =# `
&u ' 8 & u '
mbd
* ~k g # `
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ge
&u ' 8 & u ' ! * ~k g # `
~ g =# `
& {k 'g#` ≫ ge
:
& { k ' g #` 3
:
Imrrglnf mbd Omcgim &?::5' nmcn{cmtkd m nlhhlb ukclngtw elr oltf ukrtgnk~ m~ ub*k
8 u~*k 8 :"; & ub ! u~ 'g
ge
& {k 'g#` ≫
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ub*k
8 u~*k 8 :"; & ub ! u~ 'g !=
ge
& {k 'g#` 3
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&="=>'
^ghgcmrcw# nl(lrdgbmtk~ le ukrtgnk~ le ec{v zlcwilb~ elr ltfkr emnk~ mrk dktkrhgbkd" Lbnk ec{gd zlcwilb mbd mcc tfk ec{v zlcwilb~ mrk gb lrdkr# tfk nlhhlb mrkm tl oltf ec{gd zlcwilb mbd kmnf le ec{v zlcwilb~ g~ dktkrhgbkd" Tfk nlhhlb mrkm ~flyb gb Egi" ="7# rkzrk~kbt~ mhl{bt le m zmrtgn{cmr ec{gd zm~~gbi mnrl~~ km~t nkcc emnk gb lbk tghk ~tkz" Tfk tltmc nlhhlb mrkm elr mcc tfk emnk~ g~ tfk tltmc mhl{bt le m zmrtgn{cmr ec{gd ec{vkd ec {vkd l{t le tfk nkcc" nk cc" Tfk bky ulc{hk ermntglb ermn tglb g~ dktkrhgbkd ow ~lcugbi K}" ="5" Tfk iklhktrgn mdukntglb zrlnkd{rk g~ lbcw mzzcgkd gb tfk nkcc~ yfgnf fmuk gbtkremnk# elr mcc ltfkr nkcc~ egr~t lrdkr {zygbd iguk~ mnn{rmtk rk~{ct~"
Egi{rk ="70 Nlhhlb mrkm le Ec{gd zlcwilb mbd Ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk0 ^fmdkd mrkm g~ tfk nlhhlb tl Ec{gd zlcwilb mbd Ec{v zlcwilb# rkzrk~kbtgbi tfk m hl{bt le ec{gd ec{vkd l{t erlh km~t emnk gb lbk tghk ~tkz"
=>
Dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld {~kd ow Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76='# dg~n{~~kd gb ~{o~kntglb =">"="? g~ m umrgmtglb le Ec{v Nlrrkntkd Trmb~zlrt &ENT' hktfld o{t gt g~ =D mcilrgtfh" Pmck~ma &=797' fmd zrk~kbtkd h{ctgdghkb~glbmc mcilrgtfh le ec{v nlrrkntkd trmb~zlrt hktfld o{t dgd blt {~k gt tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb" Tfk om~gn hktfldlcliw le ENT hktfld m~ igukb ow Pmck~ma &=797' g~# &m' Ec{gd ec{v mnrl~~ m nkcc emnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi m clykr lrdkr ~nfkhk &k"i" EL['" [~k le clykr lrdkr ec{v gbtrld{nk~ tfk b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb gb tfk ~lc{tglb o{t dlk~ blt zrld{nk lukr~fllt &N 2 =' lr {bdkr~fllt {bdkr~fllt &N 3 :'" &o' ^knlbdcw# ec{gd ec{v mnrl~~ tfmt nkcc emnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi mbw fgifkr lrdkr ~nfkhk# [~k le clykr lrdkr ec{v gbtrld{nk~ hgbgh{h b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb gb tfk ~lc{tglb o{t hmw zrld{nk lukr~fllt lr {bdkr~fllt" &n' Tfk dgeekrkbnk le tfk fgifkr lrdkr ec{v mbd clykr lrdkr ec{v g~ ablyb m~ mbtg( dgee{~guk ec{v" &d' Tfk hmvgh{h zl~~gock ec{v erlh tfk mbtg(dgee{~guk ec{v g~ mddkd tl tfk clykr lrdkr ec{v ygtfl{t zrld{ngbi lukr~fllt~ lr {bdkr~fllt~" Tfk hmvgh{h zl~~gock mbtg(dgee{~guk ec{v g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow zrlnkd{rk nmcckd ec{v cghgtgbi" &k' Tfk kbd rk~{ct g~ tfmt m ec{v mnrl~~ m emnk g~ lotmgbkd fmugbi hgbgh{h b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb ygtfl{t zrld{ngbi lukr~fllt~ mbd {bdkr~fllt~" Mctfl{if _{dhmb &=779' {~kd ENT hktfld le Pmck~ma &=797' tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~# tfk rk~{ct~ ykrk blt nlhzmrmock tl iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld" Lb tfk ltfkr fmbd# ghzckhkbtmtglb le iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld tmak~ clt le keelrt mbd gt g~ blt km~gcw kvtkbdgock tl {b~tr{nt{rkd irgd~ mbd >D yfkrkm~ ENT hktfld g~ km~w tl ghzckhkbt mbd kvtkbd" Mctkrbmtguk tl iklhktrgn hktfld mbd ENT g~ {~k le fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~" Yfkb tfk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb g~ dg~nrktgpkd# umc{k le tfk ulc{hk ermntglb g~ rk}{grkd tl ok nmcn{cmtkd mt nkcc emnk nkbtkr" M~ umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk mumgcmock lbcw mt nkcc nkbtkr~# m hktfld g~ {~kd tl gbtkrzlcmtk lr kvtrmzlcmtk tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb {~gbi tfk bkgifolrgbi nkcc nkbtkr umc{k~" Tfk ulc{hk ermntglb~ dg~trgo{tglb kvfgogt~ m ~tkz dg~nlbtgb{gtw mbd ~ghzck gbtkrzlcmtglb gb plbk le dg~nlbtgb{gtw g~ mb gbmnn{rmtk mzzrlvghmtglb" D{k tl fgifkr lrdkr gbtkrzlcmtglb cgak gb nkbtrmc dgeekrkbnk ~nfkhk mbd ][GNA# {bdkr~fllt~ mbd lukr~fllt~ ablyb m~ ~z{rgl{~ l~ngccmtglb~ lnn{r mt plbk lb dg~nlbtgb{gtw QYmbi mbd F{ttkr &?::='X" Fgif(rk~lc{tglb hktfld~ mrk blbcgbkmr hktfld~ tfmt {~k m cghgtgbi hknfmbg~h tl nlbtrlc tfk ~z{rgl{~ l~ngccmtglb~ mt plbk lb dg~nlbtgb{gtw" Gb tfk cghgtgbi hknfmbg~h# tfk nlkeegngkbt~ le gbtkrzlcmtgbi zlcwblhgmc mrk hldgegkd ow h{ctgzcwgbi tfkh ygtf m ~clzk cghgtkr" M ~clzk cghgtkr g~ m e{bntglb le clnmc ~clzk~ le tfk ulc{hk ermntglb" Hmbw dgeekrkbt gbtkrzlcmtglb ~nfkhk~ mbd
=4
~clzk cghgtkr e{bntglb~ kvg~t QYmbi mbd F{ttkr &?::='X mbd nmb ok {~kd gb mbw nlhogbmtglb igugbi rg~k tl hmbw dgeekrkbt ~nfkhk~" _gdkr kt mc" &=77;' {~kd m Zgknkyg~k Zmrmolcgn Hktfld &ZZH' QNlckccm mbd Ylldymrd &=764'X mbd [oogba mbd G~~m &=777' zrk~kbtkd tfk Nlhzrk~~guk Gbtkremnk Nmzt{rgbi ^nfkhk elr Mrogtrmrw Hk~fk~ &NGN^MH'" NGN^MH nmb ok km~gcw ghzckhkbtkd lb ?D mbd >D {b~tr{nt{rkd irgd~1 gt fm~ mc~l okkb ghzckhkbtkd gb cmtk~t ukr~glb le lbk le tfk nlhhkrngmc ~letymrk"
=">"?"> Dkukclzhkbt gb Mzzcgnmtglb le Ol{bdmrw Nlbdgtglb mt Gbtkremnk Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' bkickntkd cgiftkr ec{gd le tfk tyl ec{gd~ mbd trkmtkd tfk gbtkremnk m~ m nlhz{tmtglbmc ol{bdmrw" Mzzcgnmtglb le zrk~~{rk ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb gb ZCGN hktfld g~ hlrk dgeegn{ct" Gb ZCGN hktfld tfk gbtkremnk hmw ok gbncgbkd gb m nkcc mbd gbtkrzlcmtglb le zrk~~{rk mnrl~~ mb gbncgbkd gbtkremnk ygcc rk}{grk kvtrm keelrt d{rgbi ghzckhkbtmtglb" Mc~l# gb ~lhk ghzlrtmbt zrlockh~ cgak rg~k le im~ o{oock gb m cg}{gd# tfk im~ zfm~k &cgiftkr ec{gd' dwbmhgn~ nmbblt ok bkickntkd" Tl lukrnlhk tfk zrlockh le ghzckhkbtmtglb le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ mbd ~lc{tglb le Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ gb g b nlhzcktk dlhmgb# m ~gbick ec{gd e c{gd hldkc ygtf hkmb zrlzkrtgk~ g~ {~kd gb hldkrb ULE hktfld Q_gdkr kt mc" &=77;'# _{dhmb &=776'# Ykcnf mbd Ygc~lb &?:::' Igbpo{ri mbd Ygtt{h &?::='# Imrrglnf mbd Omcgim &?::5'X" Tfk hkmb zrlzkrtgk~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd gb mcc tfk nkcc~ ow ~ghzck ulc{hk ykgifkd mukrmik#
ύ h
8 ύ ? ! N & ύ= ∟ ύ ? '
&="=4'
γh
8 γ? ! N & γ= ∟ γ ? '
&="=;'
Fkrk# ύ = mbd ύ ? mrk dkb~gtgk~ le ec{gd = mbd ec{gd ? rk~zkntgukcw# γ = mbd γ ? mrk dwbmhgn ug~nl~gtgk~ le ec{gd = mbd ec{gd ? rk~zkntgukcw mbd N g~ tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le tfk nkcc# dkegbkd m~ rmtgl ulc{hk le ec{gd = tl ulc{hk le nkcc" Elr m nm~k le gbnlhzrk~~gock# g~ltfkrhmc# ghhg~ngock tyl(ec{gd ecly ~gt{mtglb tfk ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ mrk0 Nlbtgb{gtw K}{mtglb0
∏ ύ h ! ∉ ⋋ & ύ h{ ' 8 : ∏t
&="=5'
Nlb~krumtglb le Hlhkbt{h0
∏ & ύ h{ ' T ! ∉ ⋋ & ύh{{ ' 8 ∟∉z ! ∉ ⋋ γh & ∉{ ! & ∉{ ' ' ∟ ύ h i˅` ! E^T ∏t
&
'
&="=9'
Tfk kvzrk~~glb elr mukrmik dkb~gtw &K}" ="=4' nmb ok lotmgbkd erlh k}{mtglb le nlb~krumtglb le hm~~ o{t tfk `{~tgegnmtglb le {~gbi mukrmik ug~nl~gtw &K}" ="=;' g~ blt kvzcgngtcw
=;
kvzcmgbkd gb cgtkrmt{rk" Igbpo{ri mbd Ygtt{h &?::=' fmuk hkbtglbkd tfmt# elr ghhg~ngock zfm~k~# dkb~gtw mbd ug~nl~gtw mrk nlb~tmbt mclbi m zmrtgn ck zmtf mbd ~l tfk elcclygbi rkcmtglb flcd~#
∏ ύ h ! { ⋋ ∉ ύ h 8 : ∏t
&="=6'
∏γ h ! { ⋋ ∉γ h 8 : ∏t
&="=7'
[~gbi K}" ="=4 mbd K}" ="=; gb K}" ="=6 mbd K}" ="=7 rk~zkntgukcw# ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb &K}" ="4' g~ lotmgbkd" _gdkr kt mc" &=77;' fmuk igukb m ~ghgcmr `{~tgegnmtglb" Umcgdgtw le mukrmigbi ug~nl~gtw om~kd lb ~lhk zfw~gnmc zrgbngzck mbd gt~ keeknt lb ~lc{tglb mnn{rmnw g~ blt hkbtglbkd gb tfk cgtkrmt{rk" Flykukr# Ykcnf mbd Ygc~lb &?:::' fmuk ~gh{cmtkd egch olgcgbi {~gbi mukrmik zrlzkrtgk~ mbd zrk~kbtkd mnn{rmtk rk~{ct~" Gt g~ nlbnc{dkd tfmt mukrmigbi ug~nl~gtw g~ m zrmihmtgnmccw hmdk b{hkrgnmc mzzrlvghmtglb tl akkz tfk hldkc ~ghzck" Oknm{~k le tfk mukrmigbi le zrlzkrtgk~# tfk gbtkremnk bl clbikr rkhmgb~ ~fmrz m~ gt g~ dgee{~kd ygtfgb lbk nkcc ygdtf"
=">"?">"= ^{remnk Tkb~glb Hldkc
^{remnk tkb~glb g~ hldkckd ow hl~t le tfk rk~kmrnfkr~ {~gbi tfk Nlbtgb{{h ^{remnk Elrnk &N^E' hktfld le Ormnaogcc kt mc" &=77?'" Gb N^E mzzrlmnf# ~{remnk tkb~glb g~ hldkckd m~ m oldw elrnk mzzcgkd gb m tfgb trmb~gtglb rkiglb bkmr tfk gbtkremnk" Tfk oldw elrnk mzzrlmnfk~ tfk tr{k ~{remnk elrnk yfkb tfk trmb~gtglb rkiglb oknlhk~ ukrw ~hmcc g"k" lb ukrw egbk irgd" Gb N^E hktfld tfkrk g~ bl bkkd le gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb# lbcw tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd h{~t ok ablyb" Tfk ~{remnk tkb~glb zkr {bgt ulc{hk ow N^E hldkc g~# E^T
8 ώΰ b˅δ ~
&="?:'
Gb K}" ="?:# ώ g~ tfk ~{remnk tkb~glb nlkeegngkbt# ΰ mbd b˅ mrk n{rumt{rk mbd tfk {bgt blrhmc ukntlr le tfk gbtkremnk# δ ~ g~ tfk Dgrmn dkctm e{bntglb# yfgnf g~ pkrl kukrwyfkrk kvnkzt mt tfk gbtkremnk" Gb ULE hktfld~# gbtkremnk blrhmc g~ nmcn{cmtkd m~ b 8 ∉N mbd b˅ 8
∉N ∉N
&="?='
N{rumt{rk le tfk gbtkremnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd erlh tfk gbtkremnk blrhmc m~
⎑ ∉N ⎒ ⎜ ⎘ ∉N ⎪
ΰ 8 ∟∉⋋ b˅ 8 ∟∉⋋ ⎓
&="??'
K}" ="?= mbd K}" ="?? mrk dg~nrktgpkd {~gbi nkbtrmc dgeekrkbnk ~nfkhk" Tfk Dgrmn dkctm e{bntglb gb nm~k le ULE hktfld g~ igukb ow Ormnaogcc kt mc" &=77?' m~
δ ~
8 ∉N 8
b
&="?>' =5
Gb ULE hktfld# nmcn{cmtgbi gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk {~gbi K}" ="?= mbd K}" ="?? gbulcuk~ nmcn{cmtgbi egr~t lrdkr mbd ~knlbd lrdkr dkrgumtguk~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~" M~ tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd fm~ ~tkz dg~nlbtgb{gtw# {~k le nkbtrmc dgeekrkbnk ~nfkhk g~ gbumcgd mbd ckmd~ tl gbnlrrknt blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk nmcn{cmtglb" Ormnaogcc kt mc" &=77?' ~{iik~tkd ~hlltfgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb~ ow nlbulcugbi ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd ow m rmdgmccw ~whhktrgn akrbkc e{bntglb" Tfk ~hlltfkbkd ulc{hk ermntglb
' & N
egkcd nmb ok {~kd tl nmcn{cmtk gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk" Tfk ~hlltfkbkd ulc{hk ermntglb erlh tfk rmy ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ lotmgbkd m~
⎑ rg # ` ∟ r a #c ⎒ ⎜ΔvΔw f ⎘ ⎪ 8 a #c N b ⎑ rg # ` ∟ r a #c ⎒ A ⎓ ⎜ΔvΔw ∝ f ⎘ ⎪ a #c b
∝N
Gb K}" ="?4# r ?
A⎓
a #c
8 v ? ! w ? # f 8 ? Δv
&="?4'
g~ tfk ~hlltfgbi ckbitf lr tfk ygdtf le dgee{~k gbtkremnk"
M akrbkc e{bntglb {~kd h{~t ok tygnk nlbtgb{l{~cw dgeekrkbtgmock" Lbk le tfk hl~t ygdkcw {~kd akrbkc e{bntglb g~ A 6 akrbkc e{bntglb
⎩⎠&= ∟ u ? '4 A & u ' 8 ⎦ ⎧⎠:
ge u 3 =
&="?;'
Ltfkryg~k
Gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk nmb mc~l ok nmcn{cmtkd ow gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb mcilrgtfh~ ~{nf m~ ngrnck egt tknfbg}{k mbd Z_L^T ygtfl{t tfk ~hlltfgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd" N{rumt{rk nmcn{cmtglb g~ m hm`lr mdumbtmik le ngrnck egt tknfbg}{k mbd g~ ~ghzcw tfk gbukr~k le rmdg{~ le tfk ngrnck egttkd gb tfk nkcc" Gb Z_L^T# m~ tfk k}{mtglb le tfk gbtkremnk &zmrmolcm' g~ tygnk dgeekrkbtgmock# tfk gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk mrk nmcn{cmtkd ow dgeekrkbtgmtgbi tfk k}{mtglb le gbtkremnk Q_kbmrdw mbd _kbmrdw &?::?'X"
=">"?"4 Hldkrb ULE mcilrgtfh mbd ~lhk _k~{ct~ Hl~t le tfk rk~kmrnfkr~ rk~kmrnfkr ~ {~k Zrl`kntglb hktfld Q Zkwrkt mbd Tmwclr &=76>'# & =76>'# Okcc mbd Hmrn{~ &=77?' X tl ~lcuk Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~# m hldkrb ULE hktfld mcilrgtfh om~kd lb ~gbick ec{gd hldkc nmb ok ~{hhmrgpkd m~ &=' Gbgtgmcgpk ukclngtgk~# zrk~~{rk mbd ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb mcc nkcc~" &?' Nmcn{cmtk Zrlzkrtgk~ gb mcc nkcc~ {~gbi K}" ="=4 mbd K}" ="=; &>' Bmugkr(^tlak~ &>' Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd gb tfk nlhzcktk dlhmgb" &4' ULE k}{mtglb g~ ~lcukd kvzcgngtcw {~gbi tfk bkycw nmcn{cmtkd ukclngtw egkcd" &;' Il tl ^tkz ? {btgc tfk kbd tghk lr ~tkmdw ~tmtk"
=9
Gt g~ zl~~gock tl ikt {bdkr~fllt~ &N 3 :' lr lukr~fllt~ &N 2 =' gb ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd# gb tfmt nm~k tfk ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb tfk nkcc mrk rk~kt tl : lr = rk~zkntgukcw"
&o'
&m'
&n' Egi{rk ="=:0 ^lhk _k~{ct~ le ?D ULE hktfld &m' O{oock o{r~tgbi tfrl{if tfk gbtkremnk gb m zmrtgmccw egcckd nmugtw ow Hmrtgbkp kt mc"&?::5'" mc"&?::5'" &o' Hkctgbi le ‖M^HK‗ clil c lil b{ Altfk kt mc" &=777' &n' ^gh{cmtglb le flrgplbtmc egch olgcgbi ow Ykcnf mbd Ygc~lb &?:::'X" ^gbnk gbtrld{ntglb# trkhkbdl{~ zrlirk~~ fm~ okkb hmdk gb ghzckhkbtgbi tfk ULE om~kd hktfld~" Hmrtgbkp kt mc" &?::5' ~lcukd tfk zrlockh le o{oock o{r~tgbi tfrl{if tfk gbtkremnk gb m zmrtgmccw egcckd nmugtw# ~flyb gb Egi" ="=: &m'" Egi" ="=:&o' ~fly~ tfk hkctgbi ~gh{cmtglb le ‖M^HK‗ clil dlbk ow Altfk kt mc" &=777'" Flrgplbtmc egch olgcgbi g~ ~gh{cmtkd ow Ykcnf mbd Ygc~lb &?:::'# ~flyb gb Egi" ="=:&n'"
=6
Olbgtl kt mc" &?::>' fmuk dkukclzkd m >D ULE nldk elr ~gh{cmtgbi hltglb le ug~nlkcm~tgn ec{gd# ~flyb gb Egi" ="== &m'" Nfkb mbd Cg &=776' ~gh{cmtkd tfk rg~k mbd nlmck~nkbnk le o{oock~ gb >D ~flyb gb Egi" ="==&o'" Omraf{dmrlu &?::5' ~gh{cmtkd tfk >D orkma {z le cg}{gd `kt# ~flyb gb Egi" ="== &n'"
&o'
&m' &n' Egi{rk ="==0 ^lhk _k~{ct~ le >D ULE hktfld &m' Elrhmtglb le tfgb egcmhkbt~ ow z{ccgbi tlz mbd olttlh emnk~ mzmrt le m ug~nlkcm~tgn ec{gd &blb(Bkytlbgmb' ec{gd oldw ow Olbgtl kt mc" &?::>' &o' Nlmck~nkbnk le o{oock~ gb ~mhk mvgmc zl~gtglb yfgck rg~gbi Nfkb mbd Cg &=776' &n' >D ~gh{cmtglb le orkma{z le cg}{gd `kt ow Omraf{dmrlu &?::5'"
=">"> Ckukc ^kt Hktfld Ckukc ^kt hktfld fm~ okkb ~{nnk~~e{ccw {~kd gb zrlockh~ cgak agbktgn nrw~tmc irlytf# dkbdrgtgn ~lcgdgegnmtglb# nlhz{tkr ug~glb mbd ghmik zrlnk~~gbi# hkdgnmc ghmigbi mbd hmbw ltfkr~" ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' zrk~kbtkd m hktfldlcliw tl {~k ckukc ~kt hktfld~ elr gbnlhzrk~~gock tyl(ec{gd ecly~" Gb tfg~ ~kntglb# rkzrk~kbtmtglb le gbtkremnk# mdukntglb le gbtkremnk# mzzcgnmtglb le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ gb ckukc ~kt hktfld~ mbd ckukc ~kt ~lc{tglb hktfldlcliw zrlzl~kd ow ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' g~ zrk~kbtkd"
=">">"= _kzrk~kbtmtglb le Gbtkremnk gb C^H
=7
Gbtkremnk rkzrk~kbtmtglb gb C^H g~ om~kd {zlb nlbnkzt le ghzcgngt ~{remnk~# yfkrkgb m e{bntglb g~ dkegbkd gb m dlhmgb fmugbi m egvkd umc{k mt tfk gbtkremnk" Gb ckukc ~kt hktfld tfk gbtkremnk g~ hldkckd ow dkegbgbi m ckukc ~kt e{bntglb# υ gb tfk nlhzcktk dlhmgb g"k" elr oltf tfk ec{gd~" Tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ nfl~kb gb ~{nf m ymw tfmt gt m~~{hk~ bkimtguk umc{k~ gb lbk ec{gd mbd zl~gtguk umc{k~ gb ltfkr ec{gd mbd tf{~ tfk gbtkremnk g~ dkegbkd yfkrk tfk umc{k le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ pkrl" Ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ tmakb m~ m ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb hkm~{rkd erlh tfk gbtkremnk m~ gt ~mtg~egk~ rk}{grkhkbt~ le ckukc ~kt gbtkremnk rkzrk~kbtmtglb" Egi" ="=? &m' ~fly~ m tyl ec{gd ecly ~gt{mtglb ygtf mnt{mc gbtkremnk# tfk umc{k le tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb gb tfk dlhmgb# ~flyb gb Egi" ="=? &o'"
: ": 5 5 ? ? : : > > 9 9 =
: " = : 4 4 4 ;
: " = 4 5 6 ; ?
: ": = 7 5 5 ? ? 7 7 9 9
: ": 5 5 ? ? : : > > 9 9 =
: " = 6 7 ? ; 7
Ec{gd ?
: " = 6 7 ? ; 7
Ec{gd ?
( : :" : ? ?? 9 ? 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
υ2:
( : : ": 5 5 ; ; =6 ; ; = (:"=:9 ;7>
: " = 4 5 6 ; ?
: ": =7 5 5 ? ? 7 7 9 9
Ec{gd ?
( : :" : ? ?? 9 ? 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
: " = : 4 4 4 ;
υ2:
( : : ": 5 5 ; ; =6 ; ; =
Gbtkremnk
Ec{gd Ec{gd =
= 9 > : ? 5 : " :
υ3:
Ec{gd =
: " = : 4 4 4 ;
(:"=:9 ;7>
Gbtkremnk
υ8:
Ec{gd Ec{gd =
:"=456;?
= 9 > : ? 5 : " :
υ3:
: " = : 4 4 4 ;
:"=456;?
&m' &o' Egi{rk ="=?0 Gbtkremnk rkzrk~kbtmtglb gb C^ hktfld &m' Mnt{mc Gbtkremnk Zl~gtglb &o' Umc{k le Ckukc ~kt e{bntglb gb tfk dlhmgb ygtf nlbtl{r~ le tfk blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb"
=">">"? Mdukntglb le Gbtkremnk gb C^H Gb ckukc ~kt hktfld~# tfk ~gbick ec{gd hldkc elcclykd gb ULE hktfld g~ {~kd Q^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774'# Nfmbi kt mc" &=775'# L~fkr mbd Ekdagy &?::='X" Elr m nm~k le gbnlhzrk~~gock# g~ltfkrhmc# ghhg~ngock tyl(ec{gd ecly ~gt{mtglb tfk ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ le ecly gb ckukc ~kt hktfld mrk0 Nlbtgb{gtw K}{mtglb0
∉ ⋋{ 8 :
&="?5'
Nlb~krumtglb le Hlhkbt{h0
∏{ T = ! ∉ ⋋ & {{ ' 8 ⎭⎯∟∉z ! ∉ ⋋ γ h & ∉{ ! & ∉{ ' ' ! E^T ⎤⎫ ∟ i`˅ ⎥ ύ h ⎮ ∏t
&
'
&="?9'
Gb m ecly egkcd tfmt ~mtg~egk~ nlbtgb{gtw mbd hlhkbt{h k}{mtglb~# tfk gbtkremnk ~ghzcw hluk~ ygtf tfk ecly" Tf{~# tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ ~ghzcw nlbukntkd ygtf ecly mbd gt~ tkhzlrmc kulc{tglb g~ hldkckd m~ ?:
∏υ ! { ⋋ ∉υ 8 : ∏t
&="?6'
Tfg~ g~ m z{rk nlbukntglb k}{mtglb le m ~hlltf ~nmcmr e{bntglb# υ " [~k le m clykr lrdkr nlbukntglb ~nfkhk ygcc gbtrld{nk b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb yfgnf ygcc nm{~k dgrknt hm~~ krrlr" ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' {~kd m ~knlbd lrdkr K~~kbtgmccw Blb L~ngccmtlrw ~nfkhk &KBL' elr ~zmtgmc dg~nrktgpmtglb le K}" ="?6"
=">">"> _kgbgtgmcgpmtglb le Ckukc ^kt E{bntglb C^H Ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ gbgtgmcgpkd m~ ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb mbd lbnk tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ mdukntkd# gt bl clbikr rkhmgb~ m blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb mbd oknlhk grrki{cmr" Gb m ec{gd ecly zrlockh gt g~ bknk~~mrw tl hmgbtmgb nlb~tmbt ygdtf le ombd g"k" tfk dg~tmbnk mnrl~~ yfgnf tfk zrlzkrtgk~ umrw bkmr tfk gbtkremnk" Ge tfk ygdtf le ombd g~ blt ~mhk mclbi tfk gbtkremnk tfkb tfk Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb &K}" =">>' ygcc ok nmcn{cmtkd gbmnn{rmtkcw mbd fkbnk tfk zrlzkrtgk~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd gbmnn{rmtkcw &K}" =">?'" Mc~l ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' hkbtglbkd tfmt ge ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ blt hmgbtmgbkd m~ blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb tfkb ~tkkz irmdgkbt~ le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb ygcc mzzkmr mbd gbnlrrknt ec{v nmb ok nmcn{cmtkd yfgck ~lcugbi K}" ="?6" Tl hmgbtmgb tfk nlb~tmbt ygdtf le tfk ombd# ckukc ~kt e{bntglb h{~t ok ‖rkzmgrkd‗ tl ok ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb kukrw tghk metkr tfk ckukc ~kt mdukntglb k}{mtglb g~ ~lcukd o{t tfk zl~gtglb le tfk gbtkremnk & υ 8 : ' lotmgbkd ow ~lc{tglb le K}" ="?6 ~fl{cd blt ok nfmbikd" Tfk gbtkremnk blrhmc g~ nmcn{cmtkd gb ckukc ~kt hktfld m~
b 8 ∉υ
&="?7'
Tfk {bgt blrhmc le tfk gbtkremnk g~ igukb m~ b˅ 8 Ge hmibgt{dk le tfk blrhmc g"k"
∉υ
∉υ ∉υ
&=">:'
g~ hmdk k}{mc tl lbk gb K}" =">? tfkb tfk {bgt blrhmc
ukntlr le tfk gbtkremnk ygcc ok k}{mc tl gbtkremnk blrhmc & b˅ 8 b '# {bdkr tfmt nm~k tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb ygcc ok blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' zrk~kbtkd m zrlnkd{rk tl rkgbgtgmcgpk m e{bntglb & υ l ' tl ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb & υ ' ow lotmgbgbi ~tkmdw ~tmtk ~lc{tglb le#
∏υ ! ^ &υ ' & ∉υ ∟ =' 8 : ∏τ ~ λ l Gb K}" =">># τ ~ g~ z~k{dl(tghk# ^ λ &υ l ' g~ tfk ~hlltfkbkd ~gib e{bntglb#
?=
&=">='
^ λ &υ l ' 8
υ l υl
?
! λ
?
# Ikbkrmccw# λ 8 Δ v
Tfk ~tkmdw ~tmtk ~lc{tglb le K}" =">> fm~ tfk zrlzkrtw tfmt tfk umc{k le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb mt tfk gbtkremnk rkhmgb~ {bnfmbikd g"k" tfk clnmtglb le υ 8 : ygcc rkhmgb {bnfmbikd o{t mymw erlh tfk gbtkremnk υ ygcc nlbukrik tl ∉υ
8 =#
g"k" ckukc ~kt e{bntglb ygcc ok rkgbgtgmcgpkd tl blrhmc
dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" Hlrklukr# tfk ~gib e{bntglb# ^ λ &υ ' mc~l kb~{rk~ tfmt tfk blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb rkhmgb~ m~ ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' ~flykd K}" =">? tl ok m fwzkrolcgn k}{mtglb mbd tfkw dg~nrktgpkd gt {~gbi ~knlbd lrdkr KBL ~nfkhk"
=">">"4 Mzzcgnmtglb le Ol{bdmrw Nlbdgtglb mt Gbtkremnk Gb C^H# tfk ~gbick ec{gd hldkc g~ {~kd tl ~lcuk Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ mbd tf{~ tfkrk g~ bl bkkd tl kvzcgngtcw ghzckhkbt tfk ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ lb gbtkremnk" ^{~~hmb kt mc " &=774' {~kd ~hlltfkbkd ec{gd zrlzkrtgk~ mnrl~~ tfk gbtkremnk" Zrlzkrtgk~ ykrk ~hlltfkbkd gb lrdkr tl mulgd b{hkrgnmc gb~tmogcgtgk~ gb tfk ~lc{tglb" Tfk ~hlltfkbkd,hkmb dkb~gtw mbd ug~nl~gtw mrk dkegbkd m~
8 ύ ? ! & ύ= ∟ ύ ? ' F λ &υ ' γh 8 γ? ! & γ= ∟ γ ? ' F λ &υ '
ύ h
&=">?'
Fkrk# ύ = mbd ύ ? mrk dkb~gtgk~ le ec{gd = mbd ec{gd ? rk~zkntgukcw# γ = mbd γ ? mrk dwbmhgn ug~nl~gtgk~ le ec{gd = mbd ec{gd ? rk~zkntgukcw# F λ &υ ' g~ tfk ~hkmrkd l{t Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb# ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' {~kd tfk kvzrk~~glb le fkmug~gdk e{bntglb m~ :# ⎩ ⎠υ ! λ = ϊυ ⎠ F λ &υ ' 8 ⎦ ! ~gb ⎑⎓ ⎒⎜ # ⎠ ?λ ?ϊ ⎘ λ ⎪ ⎠⎧ =#
ge υ 3 (λ ge υ
≤ λ
&=">>'
ge υ 2 λ
λ g~ m ~hmcc zmrmhktkr {~{mccw tmakb m~ =";Δ v # yfgnf hkmb~ tfk gbtkremnk g~ ~hkmrkd mnrl~~ > nkcc~ yfkb υ g~ blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb# tfk ~hkmrkd gbtkremnk g~ ablyb m~ tfk ombd ygtf ygdtf > nkcc~" ^{remnk tkb~glb gb C^H g~ hldkckd {~gbi tfk Nlbtgb{{h ^{remnk Elrnk &N^E' hktfld le Ormnaogcc kt mc"&=77?' mc"&=77?' m~ kvzcmgbkd gb ~kntglb ="=">"=1 K}" ="?: g~ iguk~ tfk kvzrk~~glb le ~{remnk tkb~glb zkr {bgt ulc{hk ow N^E hldkc" Tfk umcgdgtw le {~k le N^E hldkc gb ckukc ~kt ermhkylra g~ igukb ow Nfmbi kt mc" &=775'"
??
Tfk {bgt blrhmc ukntlr mbd n{rumt{rk le tfk gbtkremnk mbd tfk Dgrmn dkctm e{bntglb rk}{grkd tl kumc{mtk ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk gb K}" ="?: mrk nmcn{cmtkd gb m dgeekrkbt ymw gb C^H tfmb ULE hktfld" Tfk {bgt blrhmc ukntlr le tfk gbtkremnk & b˅ ' g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" =">? mbd Gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk & ΰ ' g~ igukb m~
⎑ ∉υ ⎒ ⎜ ⎘ ∉υ ⎪
ΰ 8 ∟∉⋋ b˅ 8 ∟∉⋋ ⎓
&=">4'
Ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ m ~hlltf e{bntglb# ~l K}" =">? mbd K}" =">4 mrk dg~nrktgpkd {~gbi nkbtrmc dgeekrkbnk ~nfkhk" Tfk Dgrmn dkctm e{bntglb Q^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774'X gb nm~k le C^H g~ igukb m~
⎩=⎑ ⎑ ϊυ ⎒ ⎒ = n l ~ ! ⎠ ⎓ ⎜⎜ δ ~ 8 ⎦ ?λ ⎘⎓ ⎘ λ ⎪ ⎪ ⎠: Ltfkryg~k ⎧
ge υ
3 λ
&=">;'
=">">"; Ckukc ^kt ^lc{tglb Hktfldlcliw ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' {~kd m zrl`kntglb hktfld tl ~lcuk Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ gb tfk dlhmgb# tfkgr ckukc ~kt ~lc{tglb hktfldlcliw nmb ok ~{hhmrgpkd m~ &=' Gbgtgmcgpk ukclngtgk~# zrk~~{rk mbd ckukc ~kt e{bntglb umc{k~ gb mcc nkcc~" &?' Nmcn{cmtk Fkmug~gdk E{bntglb gb mcc nkcc~ {~gbi K}" =">: &>' Nmcn{cmtk Zrlzkrtgk~ gb mcc nkcc~ {~gbi K}" ="?7" &4' Bmugkr(^tlak~ &4' Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd gb tfk nlhzcktk dlhmgb" &;' Ckukc ^kt ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb g~ ~lcukd gb tfk dlhmgb kvzcgngtcw elr tfk bkvt tghk ~tkz {~gbi tfk bkycw nmcn{cmtkd ukclngtw egkcd" &5' Ckukc ^kt e{bntglb g~ rkgbgtgmcgpkd tl blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb ow ~lcugbi K}" =">4 tgcc ~tkmdw ~tmtk &le z~k{dl tghk' gb nlhzcktk dlhmgb" &9' Il tl ^tkz ? {btgc tfk kbd tghk lr ~tkmdw ~tmtk"
=">"4 Dkukclzhkbt~ gb C^ hktfld C^H hktfld fm~ blt {bdkrilbk drm~tgn nfmbik m~ emr m~ gbtkremnk rkzrk~kbtmtglb mbd mdukntglb mbd ~lc{tglb le ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ g~ nlbnkrbkd o{t gt g~ rkzlrtkd Q Nfmbi kt mc" &=775'X tfmt ckukc ~kt hktfld gb gt~ lrgigbmc elrh g~ {bmock tl nlb~kruk hm~~ gb tyl(ec{gd ecly ~gh{cmtglb" Hm`lr ylra fm~ okkb dlbk tl gdkbtgew mbd rkntgew tfk ~l{rnk le hm~~ krrlr gb tfk ~lc{tglb zrlnkd{rk"
?>
Mctfl{if blt hkbtglbkd kvzcgngtcw mbwyfkrk# lbk nmb ~kk tfk dgeekrkbnk le elrh{cmtglb gb C^H mbd ULE hktfld" Gb ULE hktfld# hkmb dkb~gtw g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" ="=4 mbd ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ nlb~krukd ow ~lcugbi ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb &K}" =";''" [~gbi K}" ="=4 gb K}" =";# nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb {~kd gb ULE hktfld &K}" ="=5' g~ lotmgbkd" Tf{~ ow ~lc{tglb le ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb tfk hm~~ nlb~krumtglb g~ kb~{rkd" Gb ckukc ~kt hktfld# tfk elrh le nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb &K}" ="?5' g~ gbnlrrknt elr dk~nrgogbi m tyl(zfm~k ecly ~gt{mtglb1 tfk nlrrknt elrh le nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb ~fl{cd ok K}" ="=5" Hlrklukr# gb ckukc ~kt hktfld# tfk hkmb dkb~gtw g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow K}" ="?7 o{t nlb~krumtglb le Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd g~ blt kbelrnkd# fkbnk tfk nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb {~kd gb ULE hktfld &K}" ="=5' g~ blt ~mtg~egkd" Hm~~ nlb~krumtglb gb C^H ygcc ok kb~{rkd yfkb mdukntglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb mbd gt~ rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb ygcc kb~{rk nlb~krumtglb le Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd" M~ gb ckukc ~kt hktfld le ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' tfkrk g~ bl ~{nf nlb~trmgbt# hm~~ nlb~krumtglb g~ uglcmtkd"
=">"4"= Dkukclzhkbt~ tl rkd{nk Hm~~ Krrlr Nfmbi kt mc" &=775' lo~krukd tfmt tfk elrh{cmtglb le ckukc ~kt hktfld m~ igukb ow ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=775' ym~ nlrrknt o{t tfk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk bkkdkd hldgegnmtglb" Tfkw hkbtglbkd tfmt tfklrktgnmccw K}" =">> ygcc rkgbgtgmcgpk tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb tl ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bn e{bntg tglb lb o{t o{t d{k d{k tl tl b{h b{hkr krgnm gnmcc krrl krrlr~ r~ tfk tfk gbtkr gbtkrem emnk nk zl~ zl~gtg gtglb lb & υ 8 : ' nfmbik~ d{rgbi rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb# tfk krrlr gbd{nkd mnn{h{cmtk~ mbd rk~{ct~ gb hm~~ cl~~,imgb" Nfmbi kt mc" &=775' zrk~kbtkd mb ‖mrkm(zrk~krugbi‗ rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb k}{mtglb#
∏υ ! & hl ∟ h & t ' ' &ΰ ∟ =' ∉υ 8 : ∏τ ~
&=">5'
Gb K}" =">5# h l g~ tfk tltmc hm~~ mt gbgtgmc nlbdgtglb# h &t' g~ tfk hm~~ mt tghk gb~tmbt t" Bg kt mc" &?::5' zrk~kbtkd m umrgmock tghk(~tkz hktfld elr rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb# gb tfkgr hktfld tfk umc{k le z~k{dl tghk(~tkz g~ nfmbikd ghzrluk hm~~ nlb~krumtglb" Tfk tghk(~tkz nfl~kb g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow tfmt nlb~trmgbt igukb ow K}" =">9"
∏ t ∡dlhmgb F &υ ' 8 :
&=">9'
=">"4"? Dkukclzhkbt~ gb ~lc{tglb le C^ mdukntglb k}{mtglb @gmbi mbd Zkbi &?:::' fmuk zrk~kbtkd fgifkr lrdkr KBL ~nfkhk mbd tfk Ykgiftkd K~~kbtgmccw Blb L~ngccmtlrw ~nfkhk &YKBL'" Yfkb K}" ="?6 g~ dg~nrktgpkd# irmdgkbt le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb bkkd~ tl ok nmcn{cmtkd mt nkcc nkbtkr" Gb KBL ~nfkhk# ~nfkhk# irmdgkbt le tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb gb tfk dg~nrktgpkd k}{mtglb g~ ~kckntkd erlh m tyl lr hlrk nmbdgdmtk irmdgkbt~ nmcn{cmtkd lb dgeekrkbt ~tkbngc~" Irmdgkbt le tfk ckukc ~kt ?4
e{bntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow mzzrlvghmtgbi m fgifkr lrdkr zlcwblhgmc gb kmnf le tfk ~tkbngc" Tfk irmdgkbt le tfk ~hlltfk~t ~tkbngc g~ ~kckntkd l{t le mcc nmbdgdmtk irmdgkbt~# ow dlgbi ~l tfk {bzfw~gnmc l~ngccmtglb~ gbtrld{nkd d{k tl {~k le fgifkr lrdkr ~nfkhk mrk kcghgbmtkd" Gb YKBL ~nfkhk~# irmdgkbt le tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb gb tfk dg~nrktgpkd k}{mtglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow tmagbi ykgiftkd mukrmik le mcc tfk irmdgkbt~ nmcn{cmtkd lb dgeekrkbt ~tkbngc~" Tfk ykgift~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd ~l tfmt hmvgh{h ykgift g~ igukb tl ~hlltfk~t ~tkbngc" Gb YKBL ~nfkhk tfk clignmc ~tmtkhkbt~ gbulcukd gb KBL yfgck ~kckntgbi tfk ~hlltfk~t ~tkbngc mrk mulgdkd"
&m'
&o'
&n' Egi{rk ="=>0 ^lhk rk~{ct~ le ?D C^ hktfld &m' _mwckgif(Tmwclr gb~tmogcgtw ygtf h{ctgzck zkrt{romtglb~ mt gbtkremnk ow Bml{rimcgku mbd Tfklembl{~ &?::5' &o' Erkk emccgbi cg}{gd drlzckt gb m nfmbbkc bkmr m ymcc ow Bg kt mc"&?::5' mc"&?::5' &n' _g~k mbd hkrigbi le tyl o{oock~ gb m nfmbbkc egcckd ygtf cg}{gd ow Nfmbi Nfmbi kt mc" &=77;'"
=">"4"> ^lhk _k~{ct~ le C^ hktfld M~ nlhzmrkd tl ULE hktfld# eky rk~{ct~ {~gbi ckukc ~kt hktfld mrk mumgcmock lb cgtkrmt{rk" Hl~t le tfk rk~{ct~ mumgcmock mrk elr fwzltfktgnmc tk~t zrlockh~" Egi" ="=> &m' ~fly~ rk~{ct le ?;
_mwckgif(Tmwclr gb~tmogcgtw ygtf h{ctgzck zkrt{romtglb~ mt gbtkremnk ow Bml{rimcgku mbd Tfklembl{~ &?::5'" Bg kt mc" &?::5' ~t{dgkd tfk keeknt le ymcc lb emccgbi drlzckt1 lbk le tfkgr rk~{ct~ le bkmr ymcc o{oock drlz g~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="=>&o'" Nfmbi kt mc" &=77;' ~lcukd tfk zrlockh le rg~k mbd hkrigbi le tyl o{oock~ gb m nfmbbkc egcckd ygtf cg}{gd m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="=>&n'" L~fkr mbd Ekdagy &?:::' fmuk zrk~kbtkd m >D ~gh{cmtglb rk~{ct le mb gbug~gock ~lcgd lo`knt ~zcm~fgbi gb ymtkr zllc# ~flyb ~ flyb gb Egi" ="=4"
Egi{rk ="=>0 _k~{ct le >D C^ hktfld0 ~gh{cmtglb le gbug~gock lo`knt ~zcm~fgbi gbtl ymtkr zllc ow L~fkr mbd Ekdagy &?:::'"
=">"; Nlhogbkd Ckukc ^kt ULE &NC^ULE' hktfld M~ tfk bmhk ~{iik~t~# Nlhogbkd Ckukc ^kt Ulc{hk le Ec{gd &NC^ULE' hktfld zrlzl~kd ow ^{~~hmb mbd Z{naktt &?:::' g~ nlhogbmtglb le ckukc c kukc ~kt mbd ulc{hk le ec{gd hktfld gbtkbdkd tl nlhogbk mdumbtmik~ le C^H mbd ULE hktfld" Gb NC^ULE hktfld tfk ulc{hk ermntglb~ &Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb' mrk {~kd tl rknlb~tr{nt tfk gbtkremnk mbd ~lcuk ULE mdukntglb k}{mtglb# kb~{rgbi hm~~ nlb~krumtglb" Tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd erlh tfk rknlb~tr{ntkd gbtkremnk" Tfk gbtkremnk blrhmc rk}{grkd tl rknlb~tr{nt gbtkremnk gb nkcc &ZCGN' mbd n{rumt{rk mrk nmcn{cmtkd erlh tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb egkcd" NC^ULE hktfld fm~ mdumbtmik~ le ULE mbd ckukc ~kt hktfld o{t gt fm~ m ogi dg~mdumbtmik le ULE hktfld g"k" Gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb"
?5
=">"5 ^{hhmrw le Cgtkrmt{rk _kugky Kvtkb~guk cgtkrmt{rk g~ mumgcmock lb ULE hktfld gbdgnmtgbi tfmt kvtkb~guk ylra fm~ okkb dlbk lb ULE hktfld" Tfkrk mrk hmbw hktfld~ tl nlb~tr{nt tfk gbtkremnk ow ablygbi tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd gb dlhmgb o{t blbk rkzrld{nk~ tfk mnt{mc ~{remnk oknm{~k le ZCGN mzzrlvghmtglb mbd kvg~tkbnk le egbgtk b{hokr le nkcc~" Gb ULE# ikbkrmccw dg~nlbtgb{l{~ gbtkremnk ygcc ok rknlb~tr{ntkd# flykukr keelrt~ fmuk okkb hmdk ow rk~kmrnfkr~ tl ikt nlbtgb{l{~ gbtkremnk" Emgrcw mnn{rmtk gbtkremnk nmb ok rknlb~tr{ntkd lb m egbk irgd {~gbi CUG_M Q Zgccgld mbd Z{naktt &?::4'X# ngrnck Egt tknfbg}{k Q Hl~~l kt mc" &=775'# Imrrglnf mbd Omcgim &?::5'X lr Z_L^T Q _kbmrdw mbd _kbmrdw &?::?'X o{t tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc keelrt ygcc gbnrkm~k ~{nf hktfld~ gbulcuk gtkrmtglb~ tl clnmtk gbtkremnk gb nkcc# m trmdk(lee cghgt ygcc fmuk tl ok el{bd" Tl lotmgb tfk mnn{rmtk ~lc{tglb le ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb# hl~t le tfk rk~kmrnfkr~ zrkekr tfk iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld" ULE hktfld fm~ okkb kvtkbdkd tl >D QCõr~tmd mbd E{nf~ &?::4'X" [~k le ~gbick ec{gd hldkc fm~ ~ghzcgegkd tfk ~lc{tglb zrlnkd{rk le tfk tyl(zfm~k zrlockh~" [~k le N^E hldkc fm~ okkb rkzlrtkd tl iguk iguk emgrcw mnn{rmtk rk~{ct~" [~k le ckukc ~kt hktfld g~ blt ygdk m~ nlhzmrkd tl ULE# wkt ~lhk irkmt zrlockh~ fmuk okkb ~lcukd {~gbi ckukc ~kt hktfld" Tfkrk mrk m rk umrgl{~ mzzrlmnfk~ mumgcmock tl tmnack tm nack tfk zrlockh le hm~~ cl~~ o{t gt ym~ el{bd tfmt mcc tfk hktfld~ trw tl nlb~kruk tfk Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd" NC^ULE hktfld~ mrk {~kd tl kvzcgngtcw nlb~kruk tl Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb yfkrkm~ Nfmbi kt mc" &=775' mbd Bg kt mc" &?::5' fmuk trgkd tl gbdgrkntcw nlb~kruk Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb ow mzzcwgbi nlb~trmgbt gb rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk"
="4 Lo`kntguk mbd Hltgumtglb le Zrk~kbt Ylra Gt g~ ~kkb erlh cgtkrmt{rk ~{rukw# nlb~gdkrmock ylra fm~ okkb dlbk gb ec{gd ecly mcilrgtfh~ {~gbi ULE mbd C^ hktfld~ gb ?D mbd >D" ^gh{cmtgbi olgcgbi g~ m nfmcckbigbi tm~a# ~lhk ylra g~ mumgcmock gb ?D o{t ~gh{cmtglb le >D olgcgbi g~ ~kcdlh mttkhztkd" Tfk lo`kntguk le zrk~kbt ylra g~ dkukclzhkbt le m >D tyl(zfm~k ecly nldk nmzmock le ~gh{cmtgbi olgcgbi1 tfk nldk ygcc ok {~kd tl ~gh{cmtk tyl(zfm~k ecly lukr b{nckmr rld o{bdck~ gb m nwcgbdrgnmc ~fkcc" Tl mnfgkuk tfk lo`kntguk gb ~w~tkhmtgn ymw# &m' ?D tyl(ec{gd ecly nldk~ om~kd lb ULE mbd C^ hktfld~ ygcc ok dkukclzkd elr hmagbi dktmgckd nlhzmrg~lb~ mbd {bdkr~tmbdgbi tfk b{hkrgnmc ~trkbitf~ mbd cghgtmtglb~ le oltf hktfld~" M hktfld tfmt ~{gt~ tfk rk}{grkhkbt~ le zrk~kbt lo`kntguk ygcc ok ~kckntkd elr e{rtfkr dkukclzhkbt" ?9
&o' Gt g~ gbtkbdkd tl rkntgew tfk ~flrtnlhgbi~ le ~gh{cmtglb hktfldlcliw ~kckntkd metkr nlhzmrmtguk ~t{dw ow zrlzl~gbi m bky elrh{cmtglb gb ?D" &n' Olgcgbi fkmt trmb~ekr mt gbtkremnk ygcc ok hldkckd gb tfk zrlzl~kd,ghzrlukd hktfld gb ?D" &d' >D kvtkb~glb le tfk tyl(zfm~k ecly nldk ygcc ok dlbk"
="; L{tcgbk le _kzlrt Gb nfmztkr ?# tfk hmtfkhmtgnmc elrh{cmtglb le tyl(ec{gd ~lc{tglb hktfldlcliw g~ zrk~kbtkd" B{hkrgnmc hktfldlcliw mbd ghzckhkbtmtglb dktmgc~ elr dkukclzhkbt le tyl(ec{gd ecly nldk~ dkukclzkd gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra g~ kvzcmgbkd gb Nfmztkr >" M bky NC^ULE hktfld g~ kvzcmgbkd gb Nfmztkr 4" Mcc b{hkrgnmc tk~t~# tfkgr rk~{ct~ mbd dg~n{~~glb~ mrk zrk~kbtkd gb Nfmztkr ;" Nlbnc{~glb~ drmyb erlh zrk~kbt ylra mbd e{t{rk ylra zrlzl~mc mrk zrk~kbtkd gb Nfmztkr 5"
?6
? Hmtfkhmtgnmc Elrh{cmtglb Gb tfg~ nfmztkr tfk hmtfkhmtgnmc elrh{cmtglb le tyl(ec{gd ~lc{tglb hktfldlcliw g~ zrk~kbtkd" Gb nlhz{tmtglbmc h{ctg(ec{gd,gbtkremngmc h{ctg(ec {gd,gbtkremngmc dwbmhgn~# tyl ~kt~ le trmb~gkbt k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd0 Bmugkr(^tlak~ mbd gbtkremnk kulc{tglb k}{mtglb~# dg~n{~~kd gb ~kntglb ?"= mbd ?"? rk~zkntgukcw" Tfk egr~t ~kt le k}{mtglb~ mrk {~kd tl lotmgb ecly zrlzkrtgk~ &ukclngtw mbd zrk~~{rk' mbd tfk ~knlbd ~kt g~ {~kd tl lotmgb tfk clnmtglb le gbtkremnk" Zfw~gnmccw# oltf ecly zrlzkrtw mbd gbtkremnk nfmbik ~gh{ctmbkl{~cw ygtf rk~zknt tl tghk o{t fkrk# b{hkrgnmccw tfk tyl ~kt~ le k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd gb m ~k}{kbnk" Elr kvmhzck# ge Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd egr~t# tfkb tfk gbtkremnk clnmtglb bkkdkd g~ cmiikd ow lbk tghk ~tkz" Tfkrkmetkr# tfk {zdmtkd ukclngtw egkcd le bky tghk ~tkz g~ {~kd tl ~lcuk k}{mtglb~ ilukrbgbi kulc{tglb le gbtkremnk tl lotmgb gbtkremnk clnmtglb le bky tghk ~tkz"
?"= Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra ~gbick ec{gd m~~{hztglb hldkc g~ {~kd g"k" B^ k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd gb tfk nlhzcktk dlhmgb {~gbi ulc{hk ykgiftkd zrlzkrtgk~" ^gbick ec{gd ecly ~lc{tglb zrlnkd{rk~ nmb ok km~gcw {~kd gb nm~k le ckukc ~kt hktfld &K}" ="?5 mbd K}" ="?9' o{t blt gb nm~k le ULE hktfld m~ tfk hkmb dkb~gtw tkrh g~ zrk~kbt gb K}" ="=5" Tl akkz tfgbi~ ~ghzck# gt g~ dk~grkd tl {~k ~mhk b{hkrgnmc hktfld~ le ~gbick ec{gd ecly gb nm~k ULE hktfld" K}" ="=5 g~ kvzmbdkd m~#
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^{o~tgt{tgbi K}" ="=4 gb K}" ?"> mbd mzzcwgbi tfk emnt tfmt gb gbnlhzrk~~gock ecly tfk gbdgugd{mc ec{gd dkb~gtw dlk~ blt nfmbik ygtf tghk lr ~zmnk# ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb &K}" ?"4' g~ lotmgbkd" ^ghgcmrcw tfk hlhkbt{h k}{mtglb {~kd gb C^ hktfld &K}" ="?9' g~ lotmgbkd erlh K}" ="=9 {~gbi K}" ?"=" Tfk nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb &K}" ="?5' g~ lotmgbkd erlh K}" ?"?" Fkbnk# tfk elrh le Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb {~kd gb ULE hktfld g~ ~mhk m~ tfmt elr C^ hktfld" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh tfg~ trmb~elrhmtglb tfmt ~lcugbi tfk nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb &K}" ="?5' mbd tfk ?7
ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb &K}" ="4' g~ ~mhk m~ ~lcugbi K}" ="=5" Gt g~ lo~krukd tfmt ULE hktfld fm~ m o{gct(gb hm~~ nlb~krumtglb zrlzkrtw yfkrkm~ gb nm~k le C^H# hm~~ ygcc ok nlb~krukd lbcw ge ~lcugbi K}" ="?6 kb~{rk~ ~lc{tglb le K}" ="4"
?"="= Blb(Dghkb~glbmc elrh le Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb Ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ mrk yrgttkb gb blb(dghkb~glbmc elrh tl ikbkrmcgpk m cmrik mrrmw le zrlockh~ mbd zkrelrh tfk zmrmhktrgn ~t{dw ~ t{dw km~gcw" Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra blb(dghkb~glbmc elrh le ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb mrk ~lcukd" Tfk Nlbtgb{gtw &K}" ="?5' mbd Hlhkbt{h k}{mtglb~ &K}" ="?9' mrk yrgttkb gb blb(dghkb~glbmc elrh m~#
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?"? Hmtfkhmtgnmc _kzrk~kbtmtglb le Kulc{tglb le Gbtkremnk Tfg~ rkzrk~kbtmtglb dkzkbd~ lb tfk b{hkrgnmc hktfld {~kd mbd g~ dg~n{~~kd gb ~{o~kntglb ?"?"= elr ULE hktfld mbd ?"?"? elr C^ hktfld"
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?"?"= Ulc{hk le Ec{gd Ilukrbgbi K}{mtglb M~ hkbtglbkd kmrcgkr# gb ULE hktfld# gbtkremnk hltglb g~ blt elcclykd o{t ulc{hk le ec{gd e{bntglb &N' &rmtgl le ulc{hk le lbk ec{gd tl ulc{hk le tfk nkcc' g~ {~kd tl ~tlrk gbelrhmtglb le m rkiglb le m ec{gd" K}" ="; g~ tfk ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb le ULE e{bntglb" ULE e{bntglb g~ m ~tkz e{bntglb mbd tfkrk t fkrk g~ dl{ot lukr kvg~tkbnk le gt~ dkrgumtguk~ mbd tf{~ kvg~tkbnk le ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb gt~kce" [~k le egbgtk dgeekrkbnk lr egbgtk ulc{hk tknfbg}{k tl dg~nrktgpk tfk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb &K}" =";' g~ mc~l gbmzzrlzrgmtk" Flykukr# tfk ulc{hk nlb~krumtglb fm~ tl ok ~mtg~egkd mbd gb~tkmd le yrgtgbi K}" =";# ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb nmb ok yrgttkb m~ K}" ="5" Tfkrk g~ bl mdumbtmik gb nlbukrtgbi m nlb~krumtglb ~tmtkhkbt gbtl m dgeekrkbtgmc k}{mtglb mbd tfkb {~gbi dg~nrktgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk~ tl nlbukrt tfk dgeekrkbtgmc k}{mtglb omna tl nlb~krumtglb ~tmtkhkbt"
?"?"? Ckukc ^kt k}{mtglb~ Gb nm~k le C^ hktfld tfk kulc{tglb le gbtkremnk g~ dkegbkd ow tyl k}{mtglb~0 Nlbukntglb k}{mtglb mbd m _kgbgtgmcgpmtglb k}{mtglb"
?"?"?"= Nlbukntglb K}{mtglb Tfk ckukc ~kt nlbukntglb k}{mtglb mc~l ablyb m ckukc ~kt ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb# ilukrb~ tfk tkhzlrmc kulc{tglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb" Ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ mdukntkd ygtf tfk omnairl{bd ecly egkcd# ~l tfk nlbukntglb k}{mtglb le gbtkremnk g~ K}" ="?6"
?"?"?"? _kgbgtgmcgpmtglb K}{mtglb Ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ dkegbkd m~ m blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" Lbnk m tghk mdumbnkd ckukc ~kt e{bntglb egkcd g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow ~lcugbi K}" ="?6# tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb egkcd bl clbikr rkhmgb~ m blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb egkcd# zrlzkrtgk~ mbd n{rumt{rk nmcn{cmtglb zrlnkd{rk~ rk}{grk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb tl ok m blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" ^{~~hmb kt mc" &=774' hkbtglbkd tfmt ~lc{tglb le K}" =">= metkr kukrw tghk ~tkz rkgbgtgmcgpk~ tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb tl ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" Tl ~lcuk K}" =">=# gt g~ nlbukrtkd tl m fwzkrolcgn k}{mtglb" Tfk irmdgkbt le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~#
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>"= Egbgtk Ulc{hk Dg~nrktgpmtglb0 Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb M b{hkrgnmc hktfld mdlztkd tl mzzrlvghmtk tfk ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ mclbi ygtf tfk rkckumbt ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ ow m ~w~tkh le cgbkmr mcikormgn k}{mtglb~ g~ ablyb m~ dg~nrktgpmtglb hktfld" Mb mcilrgtfh# ablyb m~ ~lc{tglb hktfldlcliw g~ dkug~kd tl lotmgb ~lc{tglb~ tl tfk mcikormgn k}{mtglb~ lotmgbkd ow dg~nrktgpmtglb" Tfk dlhmgb lb yfgnf tfk ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd g~ mc~l dg~nrktgpkd gb tl egbgtk b{hokr le nlbtrlc ulc{hk~# mbd ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ mrk ~lcukd elr tfl~k nkcc~"
>"="= Dlhmgb Dg~nrktgpmtglb0 ^tmiikrkd Irgd Tfk ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ mrk dg~nrktgpkd lb m ~}{mrk ~tmiikrkd irgd mrrmbikhkbt m~ ~flyb gb Egi" >"=" Tfk zrk~~{rk g~ clnmtkd mt nkcc nkbtkr mbd ukclngtw nlhzlbkbt~ mrk ~tmiikrkd mbd tf{~ clnmtkd mt tfk nkcc emnk nkbtkr~"
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Gb K}" >"=# [ a # e gb tfk nlbukntguk ec{v tkrh g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi m nlbukntglb ~nfkhk" Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra# Tfrkk nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~# egr~t lrdkr {zygbd &EL['# ^knlbd Lrdkr [zygbd &^L[' mbd ]{mdrmtgn [zygbd Gbtkrzlcmtglb elr Gbtkremnk Agbkhmtgn~ &][GNA' ~nfkhk g~ ghzckhkbtkd# kgtfkr lbk nmb ok {~kd om~kd lb tfk zrlockh mt fmbd" Tfk irmdgkbt le ukclngtw mnrl~~ m nkcc emnk gb dgee{~glb tkrh le K}" >"= g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi nkbtrmc dgeekrkbnk ~nfkhk"
>"="> ^lc{tglb Hktfldlcliw0 Zrl`kntglb mcilrgtfh Gb zrl`kntglb hktfld# nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb &K}" ?"4' g~ ~lcukd ghzcgngtcw yfkrkm~ tfk nlbukntguk mbd dgee{~guk tkrh~ le hlhkbt{h k}{mtglb &K}" ?";' mrk nlb~gdkrkd kvzcgngtcw" Tfk zrlzl~kd tghk ckukc~ mrk#
∉ ⋋ [ b != 8 : >4
&>"?'
b !=
[
b
∟ [
&
b b
8 ∟∉ ⋋ [ [
Δτ
= = ' ! ύ ⎭⎯∟∉Zb!= ! _k ∉ ⋋ & γ b α
b ι
⎮
&
b
b T
&
'
∉[ ! ∉ [
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!
= b & ΰ b˅δ ~ ' ⎤⎫ ∟ ? Yk ⎥ Er =
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Gb Tfk ~lc{tglb mcilrgtfh gb zrl`kntglb hktfld g~# =" Gbtkrhkdgmtk ukclngtw g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow dlgbi kvzcgngt tghk gbtkirmtglb erlh tghk ckukc b le K}" >"> ygtfl{t zrk~~{rk tkrh~#
[ * ∟ [ b
Δτ
8 ∟∉ ⋋ &[ b[ b ' !
⎑ γ b ∉[ b ! ∉[ b T ! = ΰ b˅δ b ⎒ ∟ = ∉ ⋋ & ' Yk & ~ ' ⎜⎪ Er ? ⎓ ι ύ α b _k ⎘ =
'
&
˅`
&>"4'
?" Tl dktkrhgbk tfk zrk~~{rk egkcd tfmt ~mtg~egk~ tfk nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb# K}" >"4 g~ ~{otrmntkd erlh K}" >">#
[ b != ∟ [ *
Δτ
8∟
∉Z b != ύ α b
&>";'
>" Tmagbi dgukrikbnk lb oltf ~gdk~ le K}" >"; mbd {~gbi K}" >"?# tfk zrk~~{rk Zlg~~lb k}{mtglb g~ lotmgbkd m~# ⎑ ∉ Z b != ⎒ = ∉ ⋋ ⎓ b ⎜ 8 ∉ ⋋ [ * ⎘ ύα ⎪ Δτ
&>"5'
4" K}" >"5 g~ ~lcukd elr Z b != ~{o`kntkd tl flhlikbkl{~ Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb#
∏ Z b != 8:" ∏b ;" Lbnk tfk zrk~~{rk le bky tghk ckukc g~ lotmgbkd erlh K}" >"5# Ukclngtgk~ mt bky tghk ckukc mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" >";" Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra# tfk zrk~~{rk zlg~~lb k}{mtglb &K}" >"5' g~ ~lcukd {~gbi Mctkrbmtgbi Dgrkntglb Gbtkirmtglb &MDG' hktfld"
>"="4 Nmcn{cmtglb le Tghk ^tkz Tfk zrl`kntglb hktfld ghzckhkbtkd gb tfg~ ylra g~ le ~khg(kvzcgngt bmt{rk m~ tfk nlbukntguk mbd dgee{~guk tkrh~ mrk trkmtkd kvzcgngtcw" Tfk ULE mbd ckukc ~kt ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb~ mrk mc~l ~lcukd kvzcgngtcw" Tf{~ tfkrk g~ m zrlockh le b{hkrgnmc gb~tmogcgtw ge fgifkr tghk ~tkz g~ tmakb" Tghk ~tkz nmcn{cmtkd h{~t lokw tfk Nl{rmbt(Ergkdrgnf~(Ckyw &NEC' nlbdgtglb# tfk rk~trgntglb d{k tl irmugtw mbd ~{remnk tkb~glb mbd tfk rk~trgntglb d{k tl ug~nl{~ tkrh~" Tfk blb( dghkb~glbmc tghk ~tkz g~ nmcn{cmtkd m~#
Δτ 8 _ hgb & Δτ NEC # Δτ ^T # Δτ UG^ ' Yfkrk#
>;
&>"9'
_ g~ tfk rkd{ntglb emntlr1 gt~ umc{k g~ zrlockh dkzkbdkbt"
Δ V ⎤ Δτ NEC 8 hgb dlhmgb ⎭⎯ ⎮ ? [ ⎫⎥
Δτ NEC
g~ rk~trgntglb lb tghk ~tkz d{k tl NEC nrgtkrglb"
Δτ ^T
g~ rk~trgntglb lb tghk ~tkz d{k tl ~{remnk tkb~glb"
Δτ UG^
g~ rk~trgntglb lb tghk ~tkz d{k tl ug~nl{~ elrnk"
"
⎭ &= ! α 'Yk > ? ⎤ Δτ ^T 8 hgb dlhmgb ⎯ Δ V ⎫ 6ϊ ⎮ ⎥
⎭ Δ V ? ΔW ? _k ⎤ Δτ UG^ 8 hgb dlhmgb ⎯ ⎫ ⎮ 4 & Δ V ? ! ΔW ? ' ⎥
"
"
>"? Ghzckhkbtmtglb le ULE hktfld Gb zrk~kbt ylra# ULE mcilrgtfh kvzcmgbkd gb ^kntglb =">"?"4 g~ elcclykd" Tfk ULE e{bntglb g~ clnmtkd mt tfk nkcc nkbtkr ygtf zrk~~{rk" Ghzckhkbtmtglb dktmgc~ le hktfldlcligk~ mdlztkd tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb g~ kvzcmgbkd gb ~{o~kntglb >"?"=# mzzcgnmtglb le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb le ulc{hk ermntglb g~ dg~n{~~kd gb ~{o~kntglb >"?"?# hldkcgbi le ~{remnk tkb~glb mbd zrlnkd{rk tl nmcn{cmtk zrlzkrtgk~ mt rk}{grkd clnmtglb~ g~ zrk~kbtkd ~kntglb >"?"> mbd >"?"4 rk~zkntgukcw"
>"?"= ^lc{tglb le ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb Erlh cgtkrmt{rk rkugky gt g~ ~kkb tfmt hmbw mzzrlmnfk~ mrk zrk~kbt tl ~lcuk ULE k}{mtglb Flykukr# rk~{ct~ le dktmgckd nlhzmrg~lb~ oktykkb dgeekrkbt ULE ~lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~ lb ygdk umrgktw le zrlockh~ mrk blt mumgcmock" _{dhmb &=779' fmd zkrelrhkd nlhzmrmtguk ~t{dw le ec{v nlrrkntkd trmb~zlrt hktfld mbd Wl{bi~‗ hktfld ygtfl{t iklhktrgn rknlb~tr{ntglb lb _mwckgif Tmwclr gb~tmogcgtw ygtf cly zrlzkrtw rmtgl mbd ygtfl{t ~{remnk tkb~glb" Gb tfg~ ylra# mcc tfrkk ~lc{tglb mzzrlmnfk~ le ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb dg~n{~~kd gb =">"?"? mrk ghzckhkbtkd" Dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld# m twzk le ec{v nlrrkntkd trmb~zlrt hktfld g~ ghzckhkbtkd" Fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ gb elrh le Zgknkyg~k Cgbkmr Hktfld &ZCH' mbd Zgknkyg~k Zmrmolcgn Hktfld &ZZH' mrk {~kd gb egbgtk ulc{hk dg~nrktgpkd ULE k}{mtglb" Tfk hl~t zlz{cmr ~lc{tglb mzzrlmnf gb elrh le h{ctgdghkb~glbmc iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld {~gbi Wl{bi~‗ ZCGN hktfld g~ ghzckhkbtkd" M~ mcc tfk dgeekrkbt mzzrlmnfk~ mrk ghzckhkbtkd# rkcmtguk mdumbtmik~ mbd ~flrtnlhgbi~ nmb ok dktkrhgbkd lb ~mhk ~kt le nlbdgtglb~" Ghzckhkbtmtglb dktmgc~ le kmnf hktfld mrk kvzcmgbkd fkrk" M tk~t zrlockh g~ nlb~gdkrkd tl kvzcmgb ylragbi le dlblr(mnnkztlr mbd iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld"
>5
>"?"="= Ghzckhkbtmtglb le Dlblr(Mnnkztlr hktfld Dlblr(mnnkztlr &DM' hktfld le Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76=' {~kd tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb g~ ~ghzck~t mbd kmrcgk~t le ULE ~lc{tglb mzzrlmnf" Gt g~ m elrh le ec{v nlrrkntkd trmb~zlrt hktfld# yfkrkgb tfk b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb gb ~lc{tglb g~ rkd{nkd ygtfl{t gbd{ngbi {bdkr~fllt~ lr lukr~fllt~" Tfk om~gn mcilrgtfh g~ kvzcmgbkd gb ~kntglb =">"="?" Ghzckhkbtmtglb le DM hktfld nmb ok {bdkr~tlld ygtf tfk fkcz le m tk~t zrlockh" Umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb m ~}{mrk dlhmgb &;v;' mrk ~flyb gb Tmock >"=" Nlb~gdkr tfk nkbtrmc ~tkbngc le >v> nkcc~# tfk nkbtrmc nkcc fm~ ulc{hk ermntglb :";" Gt g~ gbtkbdkd tl nmcn{cmtk tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb nkbtkr nkcc mt bky tghk ckukc" Iklhktrgnmc dktmgc~# ukclngtw egkcd mbd tghk ~tkz g~ igukb gb Tmock >"?"
Tmock >"=0 Umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb dlhmgb" Nkbtrmc ^tkbngc le >v> nkcc~ g~ nlb~gdkrkd elr nmcn{cmtglb" : : : : : : :"=559 : : : : = :"=559 :"; :"6>>4 :"6>>4 = = = = = = = = = Tmock >"?0 Iklhktrw# ukclngtw egkcd mbd tghk ~tkz elr tk~t zrlockh Irgd ~zmngbi Δ V 8 ΔW 8 = Nkcc Emnk Mrkm Ukntlr~ Δ^ y 8 Δ^ ~ 8 ∟= mbd Δ^k 8 Δ^ b 8 = Ukclngtw Egkcd Tghk ^tkz
[ 8 :"5 mbd U 8 = kukrwyfkrk gb dlhmgb Δτ 8 :"5
Tghk mdumbnkd umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb nkbtrmc nkcc nmb ok el{bd ow elcclygbi ~tkz~# elr ltfkr nkcc~ ~mhk ~tkz~ bkkd tl ok zkrelrhkd" M~ mcrkmdw hkbtglbkd# tfk DM hktfld g~ ghzckhkbtkd {~gbi lzkrmtlr ~zcgttgbi mbd tfk egbmc umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow kvkn{tgbi v(~ykkz mbd w(~ykkz" Tfk ~tkz~ rk}{grkd tl kvkn{tk v(~ykkz elr tfg~ nm~k mrk# ^tkz =0 Tfk irmdgkbt le ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" ="= m~#
N v
8 :">>
mbd N w 8 ∟=";
^tkz ? 0 Gb DM hktfld lbcw tfk gbelrhmtglb le lrgkbtmtglb le gbtkremnk g~ rk}{grkd# m umrgmock elr
lrgkbtmtglb g~ dkegbkd m~#
⎩⎠: ge mo~ & N v ' 3 mo~ & N w ' Q Flrgplbtmc GbtkremnkX L_T 8 ⎦ c~k QUkrtg krtgnm nmcc Gbtkr btkrem emnk nkX ⎠⎧= kc~k Gb tfg~ nm~k elr tfk nkbtrmc nkcc# L_T 8 :"
>9
^tkz >0 Tl ~lcuk ULE k}{mtglb &K}" ="5'# tfk mhl{bt le ec{gd ec{vkd mnrl~~ m nkcc emnk g~
nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" ="9" Tfk dlblr mbd mnnkztlr nkcc~ mnrl~~ km~t mbd yk~t nkcc emnk~ mrk dktkrhgbkd om~kd lb tfk dgrkntglb le ukclngtw egkcd# elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh umc{k~ le N D mbd NM mrk# Ulc{hk Ermntglb~ [z~trkmh tl dlblr nkcc &NDD' Dlblr Nkcc &ND' :"=559 :"; : :"=559
Emnk Km~t Yk~t
Mnnkztlr nkcc &NM' :"6>>4 :";
^tkz 40 Tfk nflgnk le N MD gb K}" ="9 g~ hmdk lb om~g~ le lrgkbtmtglb le gbtkremnk mbd ecly
dgrkntglb m~# N MD
8 L_T Ù N M ! &= ∟ L_T ' Ù N D
Elr tfk km~t emnk# NMDk 8 NDk 8 :"; o{t gb nm~k le yk~t emnk# tfk nkcc {z~trkmh tl dlblr nkcc g~ khztw ~l# N MDy 8 NMy 8 :";" ^tkz ;0 Elr tfk km~t emnk m~ tfk umc{k le NMD g~ k}{mc tl ND# ME k 8 : mbd elr yk~t emnk#
ME y
8 hmv q∟:"5;>># :x 8 :
^tkz 5 0 ^gib le emnk ukclngtw mt km~t mbd yk~t emnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd tl ok =" ^tkz 9 0 Z{ttgbi kukrwtfgbi tliktfkr gb K}" ?"9 tfk ec{gd ec{vkd l{t le km~t mbd yk~t emnk g~#
& Ec{gd & Ec{gd
Ec{vkd L{t ' k
8 HGB q:"=6# :";x Δ^ k 8 :"=6
Ec{vkd L{t ' y
8 HGB q:"=6# :"=559x Δ^ y 8 ∟:"=559
Gt g~ ~kkb tfmt tfk HGB ekmt{rk zrkukbtkd hlrk ec{gd ec{v tfmb tfk dlblr nkcc nmb iguk mnrl~~ tfk yk~t emnk" ^tkz 60 Gbtkrhkdgmtk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb & N * ' gb nkbtrmc nkcc g~ dktkrhgbkd {~gbi K}" ="5 m~#
N *
8 :"; ∟ & :"=6 ∟ :"=559 ' = 8 :"4659 "
Gbtkrhkdgmtk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb mcc nkcc~ m~
~flyb gb Tmock >"> mrk el{bd ow elcclygbi ^tkz = tl ^tkz 6 elr mcc nkcc~" Tmock >">0 Umc{k~ le gbtkrhkdgmtk ulc{hk ermntglb~ metkr v(~ykkz gb dlhmgb" : : : : : : : : : : : :"74 : :"465559 :"9=>>>> :"9=>>>> = :"74 = = = = = = = Lbnk tfk gbtkrhkdgmtk ulc{hk ermntglb umc{k~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd tfk w(~ykkz g~ kvkn{tkd ow elcclygbi ~tkz~# ^tkz 7 0 Tfk lrgkbtmtglb le tfk gbtkremnk om~kd lb gbtkrhkdgmtk ulc{hk ermntglb~ hmw nfmbik ~l
tfk irmdgkbt le gbtkrhkdgmtk ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd mimgb {~gbi K}" ="=#
>6
N v*
8 :">659
mbd N *w
8 ∟="49
^tkz =:0 Gb tfg~ nm~k elr tfk nkbtrmc nkcc# tfk lrgkbtmtglb fm~ blt nfmbikd ~l# L_T 8 :" ^tkz ==0 Tfk dlblr mbd mnnkztlr nkcc~ mnrl~~ blrtf mbd ~l{tf nkcc emnk~ mrk dktkrhgbkd m~#
Ulc{hk Ermntglb~ [z~trkmh tl dlblr nkcc &NDD' Dlblr Nkcc &ND' = :"4659 = =
Emnk Blrtf ^l{tf
Mnnkztlr nkcc &NM' : :"4659
^tkz =?0 Elr tfk blrtf emnk m~ tfk gbtkremnk &flrgplbtmc' g~ hlugbi blrhmc tl gt~kce &gb ukrtgnmc
dgrkntglb'# NMDb 8 NMb 8 :" ^ghgcmrcw elr ~l{tf emnk N MD~ 8 NM~ 8 :"4659" ^tkz
=>0
Elr
blrtf
emnk#
ME b
8 hmv q& :"5 ∟ :";=>> ' # :x 8 :":659 mbd
elr
~l{tf
emnk#
ME ~ 8 hmv q:">:6# :x 8 :">:6 " Gt g~ ~kkb tfmt gb nm~k le blrtf mbd ~l{tf emnk tfk umc{k le mddgtglbmc ec{gd g~ blt pkrl# tfk iklhktrgnmc gbtkrzrktmtglb elr tfk nmcn{cmtglb le mddgtglbmc ec{gd gb nm~k gb blrtf emnk g~ ~flyb gb Egi" >"># gt g~ ~kkb tfmt mctfl{if tfk ulc{hk ermntglb umc{k le mnnkztlr nkcc g~ {~kd tl nmcn{cmtk tfk ec{gd ec{v# tfkrk g~ ~tgcc ~lhk ec{gd tfmt nmb ok ec{vkd mnrl~~ tfk blrtf emnk rkzrk~kbtkd ow tfk t fk lukrcmzzgbi mrkm lb tfk ec{gd zlcwilb mbd ec{v zlcwilb" ^ghgcmr gbtkrzrktmtglb nmb ok hmdk elr tfk ~l{tf emnk"
Mnnkztlr Nkcc
ub &= ∟ N D ' Δ w Mddgtglbmc Ec{gd
ubΔt
Iklhktrgnmccw# Mddgtglbmc Ec{gd0 M Eb
8 & u b Δ t ∟ &= ∟ N D ' Δ w ' Δ v
Dlblr nkcc
Egi{rk >">0 Iklhktrgnmc gbtkrzrktmtglb le nmcn{cmtglb le mddgtglbmc ec{gd elr tfk nm~k le blrtf emnk le tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh" ^tkz =40 ^gib le emnk ukclngtw mt km~t mbd yk~t emnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd tl ok =" ^tkz =;0 Z{ttgbi kukrwtfgbi tliktfkr gb K}" ="9 tfk ec{gd ec{vkd l{t le blrtf mbd ~l{tf emnk g~#
& Ec{gd & Ec{gd
Ec{vkd L{t ' b
8 HGB q: ! :":659# :"4659x Δ^ b 8 :":659
Ec{vkd L{t ' ~
8 HGB q:"?7? ! :">:6#=x Δ^ ~ 8 ∟:"5
^tkz =5 0 Tghk mdumbnkd umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb & N b != ' gb nkbtrmc nkcc g~ dktkrhgbkd {~gbi K}"
?"5 m~# N b!=
8 :"4659 ∟ & :":659 ∟ :"5 ' = 8 = "
>7
Gt g~ bltkd tfmt ge tfk dlblr nkcc mzzrlvghmtglb ym~ {~kd elr mcc tfk emnk~ &egr~t lrdkr {zygbd hktfld' tfkb tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb nkbtrmc nkcc yl{cd fmuk okkb k}{mc tl :"56# ~gibgewgbi b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb" Mc~l tfk HGB mbd HMV ekmt{rk zrlugdkd tfk lztgh{h nlhogbmtglb le dlblr mbd mnnkztlr ec{v ~l tfmt tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb dgd blt il l{t le ol{bd~ &N 2 = lr N 3 :'" Tfk tghk mdumbnkd umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb g b mcc nkcc~ mrk el{bd ow elcclygbi ^tkz 7 tl ^tkz =5 elr mcc nkcc~" Tmock >"4 ~fly~ tfk tghk mdumbnkd umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb mcc nkcc~# gt g~ ~kkb tfmt tfk ~tkz nfmbik gb umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb ~tgcc kvg~t~" Tmock >"40 Tghk mdumbnkd umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~" : : : : : : :":65559 :">=>>>> :">=>>>> :";4 = = = = = = = = = =
: :";4 = = =
>"?"="? Ghzckhkbtmtglb le Iklhktrgn Mdukntglb Hktfld Iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld g~ tfk hl~t zlz{cmr hktfld tl ~lcuk tfk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb" Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra h{ctgdghkb~glbmc iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld le Imrrglnf mbd Omcgim &?::5' nl{zckd ygtf Wl{bi~‗ ZCGN hktfld g~ ghzckhkbtkd tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb" Tfk om~gn hktfldlcliw le iklhktrgn hktfld g~ kvzcmgbkd gb ~kntglb =">"?"? o{t tfkrk kvg~t~ bl egvkd,~tmbdmrd ghzckhkbtmtglb zrlnkd{rk" Ghzckhkbtmtglb zrlnkd{rk le iklhktrgn hktfld dkukclzkd gb tfg~ ylra g~ kvzcmgbkd gb tfg~ ~kntglb ygtf tfk fkcz le m tk~t zrlockh" Umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb m ~}{mrk dlhmgb &;v;' mrk ~flyb gb Tmock >"=" Nlb~gdkr tfk nkbtrmc ~tkbngc le >v> nkcc~# tfk nkbtrmc nkcc fm~ ulc{hk ermntglb :";" Gt g~ gbtkbdkd tl nmcn{cmtk tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb nkbtkr nkcc mt bky tghk ckukc" Iklhktrgnmc dktmgc~# ukclngtw egkcd mbd tghk ~tkz g~ igukb g~ Tmock >"?" Tghk mdumbnkd umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb nkbtrmc nkcc g~ el{bd ow m tyl ~tkz zrlnk~~ gb yfgnf K}" ?"5 g~ ~lcukd ow ~krgk~ le iklhktrgn tm~a~" Egr~tcw# gbtkremnk g~ clnmtkd gb~gdk tfk nkcc om~kd lb tfk mzzrlvghmtglb le tfk ~fmzk le tfk gbtkremnk" Tfkb mhl{bt le m zmrtgn{cmr ec{gd ec{vkd mnrl~~ m nkcc emnk~ g~ dktkrhgbkd iklhktrgnmccw"
>"?"="?"= Gbtkremnk _knlb~tr{ntglb _knlb~tr{ntglb ow Wl{bi~‗ ZCGN hktfld
Gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb g~ tfk egr~t ~tkz gb iklhktrgn mdukntglb yfkrk gbtkremnk nl( lrdgbmtk~ mrk dktkrhgbkd gb nkcc" Gbtkremnk g~ mzzrlvghmtkd m~ m cgbk ~kihkbt gb m nkcc &K}" ="7' m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="> &m'" ^tkz~ rk}{grkd tl clnmtk tfk gbtkremnk gb m nkcc mrk m~ elccly~#
4:
^tkz =0 Gbtkremnk blrhmc nmcn{cmtglb
Gb Wl{bi~‗ hktfld tfk gbtkremnk blrhmc g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" ="=: mbd K}" ="==" Elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh tfk nlhzlbkbt~ le gbtkremnk blrhmc mrk# b v
:"=559# 8 :"=559#
bw
8 ∟:";
Tfk mo~lc{tk umc{k le ~clzk le tfk gbtkremnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd m~# mo~ ⎑⎓
⎘
b v
⎒ 8 :">>>4 b w ⎜⎪
Egi{rk >"4 0 Zl~~gock nm~k~ le Gbtkremnk lrgkbtmtglb mbd ec{gd clnmtglb
^tkz ?0 Dktkrhgbmtglb le ec{gd zl~gtglb rkcmtguk tl gbtkremnk
Egi" >"4 ~fly~ mcc tfk zl~~gogcgtgk~ le tfk ~fmzk le tfk gbtkremnk mbd tfk rkcmtguk clnmtglb le ec{gd gb tfk nkcc" Gt g~ el{bd tfmt l{t le mcc tfk zl~~gogcgtgk~ lbk nmb rkd{nk tl > zl~~gogcgtgk~ &elr gbtkrem gbtkremnk~ nk~ blt blt mcgib mcgibkd kd tl mvg~' mvg~' ow `{~t `{~t ably ablygbi gbi tfk tfk umc{k~ umc{k~ le b v # b w # tfg~ gdkm ym~ olrrlykd erlh tfk dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld QFgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76='X# yfkrkgb tfk zl~gtglb le ec{gd rkcmtguk tl gbtkremnk g~ dktkrhgbkd ow nfknagbi tfk ~gib le tfk b v # b w " Tmock >"; g~ {~kd tl dktkrhgbk tfk kvg~tgbi nm~k erlh Egi" >"4# elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh m~ b v
2 :# b w 3 : mbd
mo~ ⎑⎓
⎘
b v
⎒ 3= b w ⎜⎪
tfk ec{gd cgk~ gb ~l{tf yk~t ~gdk le tfk gbtkremnk mbd tfk
kvg~tgbi nm~k g~ M?"
4=
Tmock >";0 Dktkrhgbmtglb le ec{gd zl~gtglb rkcmtguk tl gbtkremnk Zl~~gock Nm~k le Umc{k le b w b v gbtkremnk mbd ec{gd gb mo~ & b v b w ' nkcc erlh Egi" >"4 2: 3: 2= M= 2: 3: 38 = M? 2: : (BM( U= 2: 2: 2= O= 2: 2: 38 = O? : 2: (BM( F? 3: 2: 2= N= 3: 2: 38 = N? 3: : (BM( U? 3: 3: 2= D= 3: 3: 38 = D? : 3: (BM( F= ^tkz >0 Dktkrhgbmtglb le ec{gd ~fmzk erlh > zl~~gock ~fmzk~
Erlh ~tkz ? gt g~ el{bd tfmt tfk kvg~tgbi nm~k elr tfk tk~t zrlockh g~ M? o{t ~tgcc tfk ~fmzk le tfk ec{gd zlcwilb nmb ok trgmbick lr m trmzkplgd lr m zkbtmilb m~ ~flyb gb Egi" >";"
&m' &o' &n' Egi{rk >";0 Tfrkk zl~~gock ~fmzk~ le ec{gd zlcwilb &m' Trgmbick &o' Trmzkplgd &n' Zkbtmilb Gt g~ ~kkb tfmt bl hmttkr yfmt tfk ~fmzk le tfk ec{gd zlcwilb g~# tfkrk yl{cd mcymw~ ok lbk ukrtkv le nkcc gb ec{gd# bmhkd m~ egvkd nlrbkr" Gb tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh# tfk ~l{tf(km~t nlrbkr g~ tfk egvkd nlrbkr"
&m' &o' Egi{rk >"50 Dktkrhgbmtglb le Ec{gd ^fmzk &m' Cmrik~t trgmbi{cmr ec{gd zlcwilb elr zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh &o' Cmrik~t trmzkplgdmc ec{gd zlcwilb elr zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh
4?
Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" >"5 &m' tfmt elr zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh yfkb tfk gbtkremnk g~ clnmtkd mt ~l{tf(yk~t ukrtkv elr tfk igukb blrhmc mbd kvtkbd tgcc tfk km~t emnk# tfk ec{gd zlcwilb elrhkd ~l g~ tfk cmrik~t zl~~gock trgmbi{cmr ec{gd zlcwilb" ^l{tf(yk~t ukrtkv gb tfg~ nm~k g~ ablyb m~ tfk trgmbick elrhgbi ukrtkv" Trgmbick elrhgbi ukrtkv elr ltfkr nm~k~ nmb ok dktkrhgbkd gb ~ghgcmr em~fglb" ^ghgcmrcw# elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh blrtf(km~t ukrtkv g~ tfk trmzkplgd elrhgbi ukrtkv m~ ~flyb gb Egi" >"5 &o'" Lbnk tfk egvkd ukrtkv# trgmbick elrhgbi ukrtkv mbd trmzkplgd elrhgbi ukrtkv mrk ablyb# tfk ~tkz~ tl dktkrhgbk tfk ~fmzk le ec{gd zlcwilb l{t le tfrkk zl~~gock ~fmzk~ mrk#
&='
[~gbi dmtm le blrhmc le gbtkremnk# ogiik~t zl~~gock ec{gd trgmbick g~ nlb~tr{ntkd mbd gt~ mrkm
g~ dktkrhgbkd" Tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le tfk cmrik~t zl~~gock trgmbi{cmr ec{gd zlcwilb g~ nmcn{cmtkd mbd nlhzmrkd ygtf tfk mnt{mc umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb" Elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh tfk nl(lrdgbmtk~ le egvkd ukrtkv mrk &v# w' trgmbick elrhgbi ukrtkv mrk &v# w'
tri 8
evd 8
&># ?' mbd le
&?# ?'" Tfk ~{o~nrgzt ‖evd‗ ~tmbd~ elr ‖egvkd ukrtkv‗ mbd
~{o~nrgzt ‖tri‗ ~tmbd~ elr ‖trgmbick elrhgbi ukrtkv‗" Tfk cgbk ygtf blrhmc# &bv# bw' 8 &:"=5559# ( :";' g~ clnmtkd mt tfk trgmbick elrhgbi ukrtkv mbd kvtkbdkd tl km~t emnk# tfk tfgrd nl(lrdgbmtk le ogiik~t zl~~gock trgmbi{cmr ec{gd zlcwilb m~ ~flyb gb g b Egi" >"5&m' g~ el{bd tl ok# &v# w'
tri?
8 &>#
?">>>>'" Tfk ~{o~nrgzt ‖tri?‗ ~tmbd~ elr ‖~knlbd trgmbick elrhgbi ukrtkv‗" Tfk mrkm kbncl~kd ow mb b(~gdkd zlcwilb gb Nmrtk~gmb iklhktrw erlh ukrtgnk~ &v u# wu' nlcckntkd gb mbtg(nclnayg~k dgrkntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi Q_gdkr mbd Altfk &=776'X#
⎑= b ⎒ Mrkm zlcwilb 8 mo~ ⎓ ∝ & vu w u!= ∟ vu!= wu ' ⎜ ⎘ ? u 8= ⎪
&>"6'
Elr tfk zrk~kbt nm~k tfk mrkm le tfk cmrik~t zl~~gock trgmbick g~ el{bd tl ok# Mrkm HmvTrg N HmvTrg
8 :"=5559
mbd tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le cmrik~t zl~~gock trgmbick g~ el{bd tl ok#
8 :"=5559 = 8 :"=5559 " Tfk ulc{hk ermntglb gb tfk nkbtrmc nkcc g~ :"; tf{~#
N
m vT r g
3 N mnt{mc "
M~ tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le ogiik~t zl~~gock trgmbick g~ ck~~ tfmb tfk mnt{mc ulc{hk ermntglb tfk ec{gd ~fmzk g~ blt trgmbi{cmr"
&?'
Ge tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le tfk ogiik~t zl~~gock trgmbick g~ el{bd tl ok ck~~ tfmb tfk mnt{mc
ulc{hk ermntglb tfkb tfk ec{gd zlcwilb ~fmzk ygcc ok nlbegrhkd m~ trgmbick" Tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le tfk ogiik~t zl~~gock trmzkplgd g~ nmcn{cmtkd gb m ~ghgcmr ymw mbd gt g~ el{b el{bd d tl ok# ok# N HmvTrz mbd m~ N
mvTrz
:"6>>> >>> > = 8 :"6> :"6>>> >>> > " Tfk mnt{mc ulc{hk ermntglb gb tfk nkbtrmc nkcc g~ :"; 8 :"6>
2 Nmnt{mc 2 N HmvTrg " Tfk ec{gd ~fmzk g~ nlbegrhkd tl ok trmzkplgdmc"
4>
&>'
Ge tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le tfk ogiik~t zl~~gock trmzkplgd g~ el{bd tl ok ck~~ tfmb tfk mnt{mc
ulc{hk ermntglb tfkb tfk ec{gd zlcwilb ~fmzk ygcc ok nlbegrhkd m~ zkbtmilb"
^tkz 40 Clnmtgbi gbtkremnk gb nkcc
Lbnk tfk ec{gd ~fmzk g~ dktkrhgbkd erlh ~tkz ># tfk gbtkremnk clnmtglb gb tfk nkcc g~ dktkrhgbkd {~gbi mb gtkrmtguk zrlnkd{rk" Dktkrhgbgbi clnmtglb le tfk gbtkremnk ~kihkbt gb tfk nkcc g~ k}{gumckbt le egbdgbi tfk cgbk nlb~tmbt &d & d '" '" Gbtkremnk ~kihkbt ~fl{cd ok zl~gtglbkd gb tfk nkcc gb ~{nf m ymw tfmt tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le ec{gd zlcwilb g~ ~mhk m~ tfk mnt{mc ulc{hk ermntglb"
Egi{rk >"90 Clnmtgbi tfk gbtkremnk oktykkb ablyb cghgt~ le gbtkremnk zl~gtglb" Gb tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh# erlh ~tkz > gt ym~ nlbegrhkd tfmt tfk ec{gd zlcwilb g~ m trmzkplgd" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" >"9 tfmt l{t le nl(lrdgbmtk~ le el{r ukrtgnk~ &ukrtkv & ukrtkv =# ?# > mbd 4' 4 ' le ec{gd zlcwilb# nl(lrdgbmtk~ le tyl ukrtgnk~ &ukrtkv & ukrtkv = mbd ?' ?' mrk ablyb nlhzcktkcw mbd v nl( lrdgbmtk le ltfkr tyl ukrtgnk~ &ukrtkv &ukrtkv > mbd 4' 4' mrk ablyb" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" >"9# tfk w nl(lrdgbmtk le ukrtkv > le ec{gd zlcwilb ~fl{cd ok oktykkb w nl(lrdgbmtk le trmzkplgd elrhgbi ukrtkv le nkcc &w trz' mbd w nl(lrdgbmtk le ltfkr trgmbick elrhgbi zlgbt &wtri?'" Tfk ~{o~nrgzt ‖trz‗ ~tmbd~ elr ‖trmzkplgd elrhgbi ukrtkv‗" Elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh elcclygbi gbelrhmtglb g~ ablyb# & v# v# w' w'= #edz 8 & v# v# w' w'tri 8 & v# v# w' w'~y 8 &?# ?' & v# v# w' w'?# edz 8 & v# v# w' w' evd 8 & v# v# w' w'~k 8 &># ?' & v# v# w' w'># edz 8 & v v ~k# < ' 8 &># <' & v# v# w' w'4# edz 8 & v v ~y# < ' 8 &?# <' Umc{k le w># ec{gd zlcw g~ oktykkb > &whmv 8 wtrz' mbd ?">>>> &w hgb 8 wtri?'" ^tkz~ tl dktkrhgbk w># edz mbd
="
w4# edz mrk m~ elccly~#
Gbgtgmccw umc{k le w># edz g~ i{k~~kd erlh tfk hmvgh{h mbd hgbgh{h umc{k~# elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh w># edz# i{k~~= 8 :";&whmv ! whgb' 8 :";&>!?">>>>' 8 ?"5559" Tfk gbtkremnk le igukb blrhmc g~ kvtkbdkd tl yk~t emnk mbd w 4# edz# i{k~~ g~ nmcn{cmtkd# elr zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh w4# # edz# i{k~~
g~ nmcn{cmtkd tl ok ?">>>>"
44
?"
Tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le tfk ec{gd zlcwilb {~gbi tfk i{k~~kd nl(lrdgbmtk~ le ukrtgnk~ g~ nmcn{cmtkd tl ok# NI{k~~=
8 :"; = 8 :"; 8 N mnt{mc " Gb tfk zrk~kbt tk~t nm~k tfk rk~{ct g~ lotmgbkd
gb ~gbick gtkrmtglb" Flykukr# ge tfk ulc{hk ermntglb le ec{gd zlcwilb ygtf i{k~~kd nl( lrdgbmtk~ g~ blt k}{mc tl mnt{mc ulc{hk ermntglb tfkb gtkrmtglb g~ rk}{grkd" >"
Tfk i{k~~ le w ># edz g~ ghzrlukd m~# tfkb w># edz# bky
8 :"; & w># edz# lcd ! whgb '
ge NI{k~~= 3 Nmnt{mc tfkb w># edz# bky
8 :"; & w># edz# lcd ! whmv '
ge NI{k~~=
4"
2 Nmnt{mc
^tkz~ = tl > mrk rkzkmtkd gb m ikbkrmc nm~k tgcc tfk nlbdgtglb# mo~ & NI{k~~= ∟ N mnt{mc ' 3 =k ∟ =? g~ ~mtg~egkd"
;"
Lbnk tfk egbmc umc{k~ le w>#
edz
mbd w4#
edz
mrk lotmgbkd tfk cgbk nlb~tmbt le gbtkremnk g~
lotmgbkd erlh K}" ?"7" Tfk k}{mtglb le tfk gbtkremnk elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t nm~k g~ el{bd tl ok#
:"=5559 v ∟ :"; w 8 ∟:"6>>>>
⇟ :">>>>v ∟ =w 8 ∟="55559
Tfk nl(lrdgbmtk~ le tfk ec{gd zlcwilb mrk el{bd tl ok# & v# & v# w' w'=#edz 8 &?# ?'# & v# w' w'?#edz 8 &># ?'# & v# v# w' w'>#edz 8 &># ?"5559' # & v# w' w'4#edz 8 &?# ?">>>>'" Gbtkremnk gb mcc zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc~ g~ dktkrhgbkd gb tfk ~mhk ymw" Lbnk tfk ec{gd zlcwilb~ gb mcc tfk zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc~ mrk nlb~tr{ntkd# bkvt tm~a g~ iklhktrgn mdukntglb"
>"?"="?"? H{ctgdghkb~glbmc iklhktrgn mdukntglb
Dktkrhgbmtglb le tfk mhl{bt le ec{gd ec{vkd mnrl~~ nkcc emnk~ iklhktrgnmccw ow nlb~tr{ntgbi ec{v zlcwilb~ mt nkcc emnk~ g~ ablyb m~ iklhktrgn mdukntglb" Iklhktrgn mdukntglb g~ kvkn{tkd ow elcclygbi ~tkz~#
Egi{rk >"60 Dgugdgbi ec{v zlcwilb gb tl tyl elr okttkr ghzckhkbtmtglb"
4;
^tkz =0 Nlb~tr{ntglb le ec{v zlcwilb~ mt nkcc emnk~
H{ctgdghkb~glbmc ec{v zlcwilb nlb~tr{ntkd mol{t km~t emnk g~ ~flyb gb Egi" ="7" Elr ghzckhkbtmtglb z{rzl~k tfk h{ctgdghkb~glbmc ec{v zlcwilb g~ rkzrk~kbtkd m~ nlhogbmtglb le tyl zlcwilb~ m~ ~flyb gb Egi" >"6# tfk ec{v zlcwilb nlb~tr{ntkd gb tfk {zygbd nkcc g~ bmhkd m~ blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mbd tfk ec{v zlcwilb nlb~tr{ntkd gb tfk trmb~ukr~k {zygbd nkcc g~ bmhkd m~ trmb~ukr~k ec{v zlcwilb# tfk bltmtglb~ {~kd elr ukrtgnk~ le oltf tfk ec{v zlcwilb~ g~ mc~l ~flyb" Egr~tcw blrhmc mbd trmb~ukr~k ukclngtgk~ mt nkcc emnk~ mrk dktkrhgbkd" Elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh tfk blrhmc ukclngtw mt km~t nkcc emnk g~ [ k
8 :"5
mbd tfk trmb~ukr~k ukclngtw g~ el{bd
{~gbi hktfld le Imrrglnf mbd Omcgim &?::5' &K}" ="=>' mbd g~ Ub*k
8 U ~*k 8 =" M~ ~flyb gb Egi" >"6#
tfk nl(lrdgbmtk~ le tfk blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk mrk lotmgbkd m~#
& v# w '=#bez #k 8 & v ~k ∟ [ k Δt # w~k ' & v# w ' ?# bez #k 8 & v ~k # w~k ' & v# w '># bez #k 8 & vbk # wbk ' & v# w '4# b ezez #k 8 & vbk ∟ [ k Δt # wbk ∟ Ub*kΔt ' Tfk ~{o~nrgzt ‖bez ‖bez‗‗ ~tmbd~ elr blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mbd ‖k‗ elr km~t emnk" M~ ~flyb gb Egi" >"6# tfk nl(lrdgbmtk~ le tfk trmb~ukr~k ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk mrk lotmgbkd tl m~#
& v# w '=#tez #k 8 & v ~k ∟ [ kΔt # w~k ∟ U~k* Δt ' & v# w '?#tez #k 8 & v ~k # w~k ' & v# w '>#tez #k 8 & v ~k ∟ [ k Δt # w ~k ' Tfk ~{o~nrgzt ‖tez ‖tez‗‗ ~tmbd~ elr trmb~ukr~k ec{v zlcwilb Elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh tfk nl( lrdgbmtk~ le blrhmc mbd trmb~ukr~k ec{v zlcwilb~ mrk# & v# w '=#bez #k
& v# w '>#bez #k 8 & ># >' # & v# w ' 4# bez #k 8 & ?"54# ?"4'
mbd
8 & ?"54# ?' # & v# w '?# bez #k 8 & ># ?' #
& v# w '=#tez #k 8 & ?"54#="4' # & v# w '?#tez #k 8 & ># ? ' #
& v# w '>#tez #k 8 & ?"54# ?' " ^ghgcmrcw nl(lrdgbmtk~ le ukrtgnk~ le blrhmc mbd trmb~ukr~k ec{v zlcwilb~ elr ltfkr emnk~ mrk dktkrhgbkd" Lbnk ec{gd zlcwilb mbd mcc tfk ec{v zlcwilb~ mrk gb lrdkr# tfk nlhhlb mrkm tl oltf ec{gd zlcwilb mbd kmnf le ec{v zlcwilb~ g~ dktkrhgbkd"
^tkz ?0 Dktkrhgbmtglb Dktkrhgbmtglb le tfk nlhhlb mrkm oktykkb ec{gd zlcwilb mbd ec{v zlcwilb
Dktkrhgbmtglb le nlhhlb mrkm rk}{grk~ egbdgbi tfk zlgbt~ le gbtkr~kntglb oktykkb ec{gd mbd mcc ec{v zlcwilb~" Tfk zlgbt~ le gbtkr~kntglb h{~t ok el{bd gb m ~zkngegn lrdkr &nclnayg~k lr mbtg( nclnayg~k' tl nmcn{cmtk tfk mrkm zrlzkrcw"
45
M~ m egr~t ~tkz# blrhmc mbd cgbk nlb~tmbt le tfk ~gdk~ le ec{gd mbd ec{v zlcwilb~ mrk dktkrhgbkd {~gbi K}" ="7" Tfk bltmtglb {~kd elr dkbltgbi tfk ~gdk~ le ec{gd zlcwilb mbd ec{v zlcwilb~ mol{t mol{t km~t emnk emnk g~ ~flyb ~flyb gb Egi" >"7"
Egi{rk >"70 Bltmtglb {~kd tl rkzrk~kbt zlcwilb~ &m' Ec{gd Zlcwilb &o' Blrhmc Ec{v Zlcwilb mt km~t emnk &n' Trmb~ukr~k Ec{v Zlcwilb mt km~t emnk" Elr tfk zrk~kbt tk~t nm~k tfk umc{k~ le blrhmc mbd cgbk nlb~tmbt elr ec{gd mbd ec{v zlcwilb~ g~ g~ igukb gb Tmock Tmock >"5" Tmock >"50 Umc{k~ le nlhzlbkbt~ le blrhmc mbd cgbk nlb~tmbt elr ~gdk~ le ec{gd mbd km~t emnk ec{v zlcwilb~" d b v b v ^gdk = ? > 4 = ? > 4 = ? >
Ec{gd Zlcwilb : = ? = : > (:">>>> = ="5559 = : ? Blrhmc Ec{v Zlcwilb mt Km~t emnk emnk : = ? = : > (="5559 = (? = : ?"54 Trmb~ukr~k Ec{v Zlcwilb mt Km~t emnk (="5559 = (> : = ? = : ?"54
Lbnk tfk blrhmc mbd cgbk nlb~tmbt elr mcc ~gdk~ le ec{gd mbd ec{v zlcwilb~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd# tfk bkvt ~tkz g~ dktkrhgbmtglb le zlgbt~ le gbtkr~kntglb gb nclnayg~k,mbtg(nclnayg~k ~k}{kbnk" Egr~tcw# kmnf ukrtkv le ec{v zlcwilb g~ nfknakd ge gt cgk~ gb tfk ec{gd ow {~gbi tfk {~gbi tfk emnt tfmt# M ukrtkv & vu # wu' cgk~ gb tfk ec{gd zlcwilb ol{bdkd ow gbtkremnk b v #g v ! b w #g w 8 dg ge b v #g vu
! b w #g wu ∟ dg 3 : " Lbnk tfk tk~t fm~ okkb mzzcgkd tl mcc ukrtgnk~ le ec{v zlcwilb# zlgbt~ le
gbtkr~kntglb le ec{gd mbd kmnf ec{v zlcwilb g~ el{bd ~k}{kbtgmccw" 49
Nlb~gdkrgbi tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh# ukrtgnk~ =# ? mbd 4 le blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb & bez' bez' mt km~t emnk mrk el{bd tl ok gb tfk ec{gd zlcwilb m~ ~kkb erlh Egi" >"7&o'" Tfk zlgbt~ le gbtkr~kntglb le ec{gd mbd blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk gb mbtg(nclnayg~k ~k}{kbnk mrk el{bd m~# =" ^kt nl{btkr elr b{hokr le ukrtgnk~ le nlhhlb zlcwilb m~ pkrl" ?" ^tmrt mt ukrtkv = le blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk" M~ ukrtkv = g~ gb~gdk tfk ec{gd zlcwilb# mdd = tl nl{btkr mbd rknlrd tfk nl(lrdgbmtk~ nl(lrdgbmtk~ egr~t ukrtkv le tfk nlhhlb zlcwilb m~# & v# w '=#nhb# b #k
8 & v# w '=# bez #k " Tfk ~{o~nrgzt ‖nhb ‖nhb‗‗ ~tmbd~ elr nlhhlb mbd ‖b‗
g~ elr nlbtrgo{tglb erlh blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb" >" Il tl ukrtkv ? le blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk" M~ ukrtkv ? g~ mc~l gb~gdk tfk ec{gd zlcwilb# mdd = tl nl{btkr mbd rknlrd tfk nl(lrdgbmtk~ nl(lrdgbmtk~ le tfk ~knlbd ukrtkv le tfk nlhhlb zlcwilb m~# & v# w ' ?#nhb# b #k
8 & v# w ' ?# bez #k "
4" Il tl ukrtkv > le blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk" Bly ukrtkv > g~ l{t~gdk tfk ec{gd zlcwilb# fkbnk tfkrk kvg~t~ m zlgbt cwgbi lb gbtkremnk oktykkb ukrtkv ? mbd > lb tfk cgbk `lgbgbi tfkh" Tfk gbtkr~kntglb le gbtkremnk mbd tfk ~gdk ? le blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk g~ el{bd {~gbi K}" ="7 tl iguk tfk tfgrd ukrtkv le nlhhlb zlcwilb m~ m~
& v# w '>#nhb#b#k 8 & ># ?"5559' " Mdd = tl nl{btkr" ;" Il tl ukrtkv 4 le blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk" Bly ukrtkv 4 g~ gb~gdk tfk ec{gd zlcwilb# fkbnk tfkrk kvg~t~ m zlgbt cwgbi lb gbtkremnk oktykkb ukrtkv > mbd 4 lb tfk cgbk `lgbgbi tfkh" Tfk gbtkr~kntglb le gbtkremnk mbd tfk ~gdk > le blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk g~ el{bd {~gbi K}" ="7 tl iguk tfk el{rtf ukrtkv le nlhhlb zlcwilb m~
& v# w '4#nhb#b#k 8 & ?"9;# ?";6>>>' " Mdd = tl nl{btkr" 5" ^gbnk ukrtkv 4 le blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk g~ mc~l gb tfk ec{gd# mdd = tl nl{btkr mbd rknlrd tfk nl(lrdgbmtk~ le egetf ukrtkv le tfk nlhhlb zlcwilb m~#
& v# w ';#nhb# b #k 8 & v# w ' 4#bez #k " 9" Mt tfk kbd# ukrtkv = g~ mimgb ug~gtkd tl nfkna ge tfkrk g~ gbtkremnk gbtkr~kntglb oktykkb tfk cgbk `lgbgbi ukrtkv 4 mbd =# gb tfk zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh tfg~ g~ blt tfk nm~k" 6" Metkr tfk blrhmc ec{v zlcwilb g~ trmukr~kd gb mbtg(nclnayg~k dgrkntglb# eguk zlgbt~ mrk nlcckntkd yfgnf mrk ukrtgnk~ le tfk nlhhlb mrkm m~ ~flyb gb Egi" >"=:" Tfk mrkm le tfk nlhhlb zlcwilb# dkbltkd ow Mbe#k g~ el{bd {~gbi K}" >"6" Tfk ~{o~nrgzt ‖be ‖ be ‗ ~tmbd~ elr ‖blrhmc ec{v‗" Elr zrk~kbt nm~k M be#k 8 :"?=:>>>"
46
Egi{rk >"=:0 Tfk nlhhlb zlcwilb elrhkd ow nlcckntgbi zlgbt~ gb mbtg(nclnayg~k dgrkntglb# rkzrk~kbtgbi blrhmc ec{gd ec{v" Tfk bkvt ~tkz g~ dktkrhgbgbi tfk mrkm le nlhhlb zlcwilb gb tfk trmb~ukr~k ec{v zlcwilb" Gb nm~k le trmb~ukr~k ec{v zlcwilb# ~ghgcmr trmukr~gbi g~ elcclykd o{t tfk ec{gd zlcwilb g~ tmakb le trmb~ukr~k dlblr nkcc g"k" ~l{tf nkcc gb tfk zrk~kbt zrlockh" O{t gb tfk zrk~kbt zrlockh tfk ~l{tf nkcc g~ nlhzcktkcw egcckd mbd tfkrk kvg~t~ bl ec{gd zlcwilb" Gb nm~k~ yfkb tfk nkcc g~ nlhzcktkcw egcckd lr khztw tfk nlhhlb mrkm g~ k}{mc tl tfk ec{vkd mrkm tghk~ tfk dlblr nkcc ulc{hk ermntglb g"k elr zrk~kbt tk~t zrlockh# M te#k 8 N^ &mrkm le trmb~ukr~k ec{v zlcwilb mt km~t emnk' 8 :"=:6" Tfk ec{gd ec{vkd mnrl~~ km~t emnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd m~ M k 8 Mbe#k ! Mte#k 8 :">=6>>>" ^ghgcmrcw tfk ec{gd ec{vkd mnrl~~ yk~t# ~l{tf mbd blrtf emnk g~ (:"?:>:5=# (:"5 mbd :":4:>>>" [~gbi tfk umc{k le ec{gd ec{vkd mnrl~~ kmnf emnk# umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb tfk nkbtrmc nkcc g~ el{bd {~gbi K}" ?"5 tl ok :"744>74" Tghk mdumbnkd umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb mcc nkcc g~ ~flyb gb Tmock >"9
Tmock >"90 Tghk mdumbnkd umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ {~gbi Iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld" : : : : : : :"545559 : :":>??59 :">=559? :"545559 :"744>74 = :">=559? = = = = = = = = = = = Gt ~{hhmrw# iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld g~ dgeekrkbt erlh nlbukntglbmc hktfld~ gb m ymw tfmt ULE e{bntglb g~ blt gbtkrzlcmtkd erlh nkcc nkbtkr umc{k~ tl ikt emnk nkbtkr umc{k~ o{t ULE e{bntglb dg~trgo{tglb g~ {~kd tl k~tghmtk tfk clnmtglb le lbk le tfk ec{gd~ gb m nkcc" Tfkrkmetkr# om~kd lb ukclngtw ukclngtw mt tfk tfk nkcc emnk~# emnk~# mhl{bt mhl{bt le tfmt ec{gd ec{gd ec{vkd ec{vkd mnrl~~ nkcc nkcc emnk~ g~ g~ dktkrhgbkd" dktkrhgbkd"
>"?"="> Ghzckhkbtmtglb le Fgif _k~lc{tglb Nlbukntglb ^nfkhk~ ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb &K}" =";' g~ m ~nmcmr nlbukntglb k}{mtglb" ^lc{tglb le tfk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb {~gbi m egbgtk ulc{hk hktfld g~ dgeegn{ct m~ tfk ULE e{bntglb g~ m ~tkz 47
e{bntglb" Egbgtk ulc{hk dg~nrktgpmtglb le tfk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb elr m nkcc nkbtkrkd mt Z fmugbi ulc{hk
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&>"7'
L{t le mcc tkrh~ lb rgift fmbd ~gdk le K}" >"7# Ukclngtw mt nkcc emnk nkbtkr# [ e g~ lotmgbkd erlh tfk ~lc{tglb le Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~1 N e g~ nkcc emnk nkbtkr umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb" M~ tfk ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk clnmtkd mt nkcc nkbtkr~# mb gbtkrzlcmtglb ~nfkhk g~ rk}{grkd tl dktkrhgbk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb mt nkcc emnk nkbtkr erlh bkgifolrgbi nkcc nkbtkr umc{k~# yfgnf g~ ablyb m~ nlbukntglb ~nfkhk" Egr~t lrdkr {zygbd# ~knlbd lrdkr {zygbd# ][GNA ktn mrk ablyb m~ cgbkmr nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ m~ tfkw {~k m ~mhk kvzrk~~glb mt mcc clnmtglb~ gb dlhmgb" Ge clykr lrdkr nlbukntglb ~nfkhk cgak egr~t lrdkr {zygbd g~ {~kd tfkb {bmnnkztmock b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb g~ gbtrld{nkd mbd gbtkremnk mzzkmr~ tl ok ~hkmrkd" Blrhmc cgbkmr nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ {~k ~mhk dgeekrkbngbi ~tkbngc kukrwyfkrk gb tfk ~lc{tglb dlhmgb" Ge tfkrk g~ m dg~nlbtgb{gtw gb ~lc{tglb dlhmgb tfkb fgifkr lrdkr hktfld~ cgak ~knlbd lrdkr {zygbd mbd ][GNA kvfgogt ~z{rgl{~ l~ngccmtglb~ bkmr tfk plbk le dg~nlbtgb{gtw" Fgif(rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ lb tfk ltfkr fmbd mrk blbcgbkmr hktfld~ tfmt {~k ~lhk agbd le hknfmbg~h tl nlbtrlc tfk l~ngccmtglb~ gb dlhmgb" ^lhk fgif(rk~lc{tglb hktfld~ mttkhzt tl tltmccw kcghgbmtk l~ngccmtglb~ yfgck ltfkr~ ~ghzcw hgbghgpk tfkh" M hktfldlcliw g~ ~mgd tl ok fgif(rk~lc{tglb ge gt fm~ elcclygbi zrlzkrtgk~# &='
Tfk hktfld zrlugdk~ mt ckm~t ~knlbd lrdkr mnn{rmnw gb ~hlltf mrkm~ le ecly"
&?'
Tfk b{hkrgnmc ~lc{tglb zrld{nkd ow tfk hktfld h{~t ok erkk erlh ~z{rgl{~ l~ngccmtglb~"
&>'
Tfk ~hkmrgbi le tfk plbk le dg~nlbtgb{gtw h{~t ok ~hmcc tfmb ~hkmrgbi d{k tl {~k le egr~t
lrdkr hktfld~" Tfkrk kvg~t hmbw Fgif _k~lc{tglb ~nfkhk~1 zrlhgbkbt fgif rk~lc{tglb ~nfkhk~ mrk Hlbltlbgn [zygbd ^nfkhk~ elr Nlb~krumtglb Cmy~ &H[^NC' le Umb ckkr# Zgknkyg~k Cgbkmr Hktfld &ZCH' mbd Zgknkyg~k Zmrmolcgn Hktfld &ZZH' QNlckccm mbd Ylldymrd &=764'X" Tfkw hmgbtmgb fgif mnn{rmnw gb ~hlltf rkiglb~ le tfk ~lc{tglb ow mzzrlvghmtgbi m fgifkr lrdkr zlcwblhgmc zlcwblhgmc tl gbtkrzlcmtk gbtkrzlcmtk ulc{hk ermntglb~ o{t gb rkiglb~ le ~tkz nfmbik lr ~tkkz irmdgkbt~# tfk fgifkr lrdkr ~nfkhk g~ hldgegkd tl iguk rk~{ct k}{gumckbt tl clykr lrdkr ~nfkhk" Ow ~ygtnfgbi oktykkb fgifkr lrdkr mbd clykr lrdkr ~nfkhk~# fgif mnn{rmnw g~ hmgbtmgbkd hmgbtmgbkd gb ~hlltf rkiglb~ mbd {bzfw~gnmc l~ngccmtglb~ mrk mulgdkd mt dg~nlbtgb{gtgk~"
;:
>"?"=">"= Tfk H[^NC ~nfkhk
Gb H[^NC ~nfkhk# tfk zrlegck le ulc{hk ermntglb g~ tmakb m~ m cgbk gb m nkcc" Elr ~}{mrk nkcc~ tfk# kvzrk~~glb le N gb lbk dghkb~glbmc elrh g~ N & v ' 8 Ngb# `
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Egi{rk >"==0 Tyl umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ mt km~t nkcc emnk d{k tl {~k le H[^NC ~nfkhk Tfk egbmc umc{k mt nkcc emnk l{t le tyl umc{k~ g~ dktkrhgbkd ow {zygbdgbi mbd gt g~ dkbltkd ow bl mddgtglbmc ~{o~nrgzt" Gb tfk plbk le dg~nlbtgb{gtw# tfk ~clzk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" >"=? hmw ckmd tl nmcn{cmtglb le nkcc emnk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb yfgnf hmw ok {bol{bdkd erlh bkgifolrgbi nkcc nkbtkr umc{k~ m~ ~flyb Egi" >"=? &m'" Tfk {bol{bdkd ~lc{tglb g~ bltfgbi o{t tfk kvg~tkbnk le ~z{rgl{~ l~ngccmtglb" Tl akkz tfk nkcc emnk umc{k gb cghgt~ le bkgifolrgbi nkcc nkbtkr umc{k~ m hknfmbg~h ablyb m~ ~clzk cghgtgbi g~ {~kd"
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Hl~t le tfk fgif rk~lc{tglb ~nfkhk~ mrk dkrgukd gb lbk dghkb~glb# tfk ?D kvtkb~glb g~ ghzckhkbtkd ow lzkrmtlr ~zcgttgbi g"k" ~krgk~ le v mbd w ~ykkz~" Mcilrgtfh tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb {~gbi H[^NC ~nfkhk g~ ~{hhmrg~kd m~#
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&=' Om~kd lb tfk nflgnk le tfk ~clzk cghgtkr e{bntglb nmcn{cmtk tfk ~clzk# χ g # ` gb mcc nkcc~ {~gbi K}" >"=4" &?' Nmcn{cmtk C Nmcn{cmtk C mbd _ mbd _ umc{k~ le ulc{hk le ulc{hk ermntglb~ mt km~t mbd yk~t emnk {~gbi K}" >"=>" &>' Nmcn{cmtk tfk ~gbick umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb~ mt km~t mbd yk~t nkcc emnk {~gbi K}" >"=;" &4' ^lcuk tfk =D elrh le dg~nrktgpkd k}{mtglb &K}" >"7' le ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb gb v( dgrkntglb tl ikt gbtkrhkdgmtk umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~" &;' _kzkmt ~tkz~ = tl 4 ygtf gbtkrhkdgmtk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd elr blrtf mbd ~l{tf emnk~ tl ikt tghk mdumbnkd umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~"
>"?"=">"? Zgknkyg~k Cgbkmr Hktfld &ZCH'
Gb Zgknkyg~k Cgbkmr Hktfld &ZCH'# tfk zrlegck le ulc{hk ermntglb gb m nkcc g~ tmakb ~mhk m~ gb nm~k le H[^NC g"k" K}" >"==" ZCH ~nfkhk g~ dgeekrkbt erlh H[^NC ~nfkhk ygtf rkimrd tl tfk kvzrk~~glb~ {~kd tl nmcn{cmtk ulc{hk ermntglb mt nkcc emnk" Tl {bdkr~tmbd tfk dgeekrkbnk oktykkb H[^NC mbd ZCH nlb~gdkr Egi" >"=>" >"=>" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" >"=> &m' tfmt gb nm~k le H[^NC ~nfkhk tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb mt nkcc emnk~ g~ mcymw~ mb kvtrkhk umc{k g"k" hmvgh{h lr hgbgh{h gb tfk nkcc"
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&o' &n' Egi{rk >"=>0 Mukrmigbi N gb ZCH hktfld &m' Nmcn{cmtglb le kvtrkhk umc{k mt nkcc emnk gb nm~k le H[^NC ~nfkhk &o' Umrgmtglb le ulc{hk ermntglb~ gb m ~hmcc plbk bkmr nkcc emnk" &n' Tfk mukrmikd umc{k k}{gumckbt le tfk umrgmtglb gb tfk ~hmcc plbk bkmr nkcc emnk" Gb ZCH tfk umc{k mt tfk nkcc emnk g~ mukrmikd gb m ~hmcc plbk bkmr tfk nkcc emnk" Gb lbk tghk ~tkz m~ tfk tltmc ec{v mnrl~~ m nkcc emnk g~ [ e Δτ # tfk ulc{hk ermntglb g~ mukrmikd gb tfk rkiglb le ygdtf [ e Δτ bkmr tfk nkcc emnk" Egi" >"=> &o' ~fly~ tfk cgbkmr egt le ulc{hk ermntglb gb tfk rkiglb rkzrk~kbtgbi [ e Δτ # gt g~ ~kkb tfmt tmagbi tfk kvtrkhk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb mt m nkcc emnk ygcc ok gbmzzrlzrgmtk m~ tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb g~ nlbtgb{l{~cw umrwgbi" Egi" >"=> &n' ~fly~ tfk mukrmikd umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb ugngbgtw le nkcc emnk" M~ tfk dg~tmbnk erlh tfk nkcc nkbtkr g~ blrhmcgpkd ow dgugdkd gt ow nkcc ygdtf [ Δτ g~ mc~l blrhmcgpkd m~# ;>
[ gb# ` Δτ
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8
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8 Ngb# ` ! :"; &= ∟ B g # ` ' χ g # `
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>"?"=">"> Zgknkyg~k Zmrmolcgn Hktfld &ZZH'
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Tfk ~lc{tglb mcilrgtfh le ZZH g~ ~mhk m~ tfk H[^NC kvnkzt tfmt K}" >"=> g~ rkzcmnkd ow K}" >"?? mbd K}" >"?>" ;4
>"?"? Mzzcgnmtglb le Ol{bdmrw Nlbdgtglb elr Ulc{hk Ermntglb M~ ULE k}{mtglb g~ m fwzkrolcgn k}{mtglb# tfklrktgnmccw tfkrk g~ bl bkkd tl ghzckhkbt ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb o{t gb b{hkrgnmc ghzckhkbtmtglb ol{bdmrw umc{k~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk rk}{grkd gb mcc tfk hktfld~ tl nmcn{cmtk irmdgkbt~ le ulc{hk ermntglb~ elr bkmr ol{bdmrw nkcc~" Gb nm~k le dlblr(mnnkztlr mbd fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ tfk Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb#
∏N 8: ∏b
g~ {~kd"
Gb nm~k le ZZH m~ tfrkk nkcc~ mrk rk}{grkd tl nmcn{cmtk tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb mt m nkcc# tfkrk g~ m zrlockh le mumgcmogcgtw le nkcc~ elr bkmr olrdkr nkcc~" Elr km~w nmcn{cmtglb le irmdgkbt~# gb mddgtglb tl tfk ol{bdmrw nkcc# lbk egntgtgl{~ nkcc l{t~gdk tfk ol{bdmrw g~ tmakb" Tfk umc{k~ le ol{bdmrw nkcc mbd tfk egntgtgl{~ nkcc mrk tmakb tl ok ~mhk" Gb nm~k le iklhktrgn hktfld# tfk ulc{hk ermntglb umc{k mt ol{bdmrw g~ rk}{grkd elr zrlzkr nmcn{cmtglb le gbtkremnk blrhmc" Gb tfk nlhzcktkcw egcckd lr khztw nkcc~ Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ {~kd# tfk ghzckhkbtmtglb le tfk ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb gb nkcc~ fmugbi gbtkremnk g~ kvzcmgbkd ygtf mb kvmhzck" Elr m nm~k le yk~t ol{bdmrw m~ ~flyb gb Egi" >"=4# tfk gbtkremnk gbtkr~knt~ tfk yk~t nkcc emnk mt m dg~tmbnk wg erlh tfk ~l{tf yk~t nlrbkr le tfk nkcc" Tfk ulc{hk ermntglb mt tfk ol{bdmrw nkcc g~ ~kt m~# Nol{bdmrw
8 Wg ΔW "
Egi{rk >"=40 Ghzckhkbtmtglb le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb gb iklhktrgn hktfld# kvmhzck le yk~t ol{bdmrw" Gb ~lhk zrlockh~# zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ tl ok ghzckhkbtkd" Tfk ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb elr km~t mbd yk~t ol{bdmrw g~ ~mtg~egkd m~# N: # `
8 N BG ∟=# `
mbd N BG 8 N = # Yfkrk# BG g~ tfk
tltmc b{hokr le nkcc nkbtkr~ gb v(dgrkntglb" Tfk umc{k le egntgtgl{~ nkcc gb nm~k le ZZH g~ ~kt m~# N∟=# `
8 N BG ∟ ?# ` # ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ ~mtg~egkd gb m ~ghgcmr ymw elr ltfkr ol{bdmrgk~" Tfk zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw bkkd~ nmrke{c ghzckhkbtmtglb gb nm~k le iklhktrgn mdukntglb# elr
gb~tmbnk tfk ec{v zlcwilb elr m yk~t emnk elr m yk~t ol{bdmrw nkcc fm~ tl ok nlb~tr{ntkd mt km~t emnk le km~t ol{bdmrw nkcc fmugbi ~mhk ` ~mhk `""
;;
>"?"> ^{remnk Tkb~glb Elrnk Hldkcgbi gb ULE hktfld Gb zrk~kbt ylra tfk N^E hktfld g~ {~kd elr hldkcgbi ~{remnk tkb~glb" Tfk ulc{hk ermntglb~ mrk ~hlltfkbkd {~gbi A 6 akrbkc" Ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ ~hlltfkbkd ow {~gbi K}" ="?4 mbd K}" ="?; gb tfk dlhmgb" Gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk mrk nmcn{cmtkd om~kd lb ~hlltfkbkd ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd {~gbi K}" ="?? mbd ="?= rk~zkntgukcw" Mctfl{if ~trmgift elrymrd# tfk ~hlltfgbi tl ulc{hk ermntglb~ g~ nlhz{tmtglbmccw ukrw kvzkb~guk zrlnk~~" Tfk rkm~lb elr tfg~ g~ tfmt tl nmcn{cmtk ~hlltfkbkd ulc{hk ermntglb gb lbk nkcc# nlhzcktk dlhmgb g~ trmukr~kd" ^l elr B b{hokr le nkcc~# B ? b{hokr le nkcc~ ygcc fmuk tl ok trmukr~kd zkr tghk ~tkz yfgck ~hlltfgbi" Gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk mrk dg~nrktgpkd m~#
⎑
⎒ ? ? # ygtf ∉N 8 N v ! N w ⎜ ⎪ ⎘ ∉N ∉N N w?N vv ∟ ?N vN wN vw ! N v?N ww ΰ 8 ∟ > ? ! N ? ? N & v w '
b˅ 8 ⎓
N v
N w
Tfk dkrgumtguk~ le ~hlltfkbkd ulc{hk le ec{gd e{bntglb mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi ~knlbd lrdkr nkbtrmc dgeekrkbnk ~nfkhk"
>"?"4 Nmcn{cmtglb le Zrlzkrtgk~ gb ULE hktfld Tfk zrlzkrtgk~ mt tfk zrk~~{rk nkcc nkbtkr~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" ="=4 mbd K}" ="=;" Dkb~gtw g~ rk}{grkd mt nkcc nkbtkr~ le {(ukclngtw mbd u(ukclngtw nkcc mbd nkcc emnk nkbtkr~ le zrk~~{rk nkcc" nk cc" Ug~nl~gtw g~ rk}{grkd mt emnk nkbtkr~ le {(ukclngtw mbd u(ukclngtw nkcc" Zrlzkrtgk~ mt mcc rk}{grkd clnmtglb~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi ~ghzck mukrmigbi"
>"> Ghzckhkbtmtglb le C^ hktfld Gb zrk~kbt ylra ckukc ~kt mcilrgtfh kvzcmgbkd gb ^kntglb =">">"; g~ elcclykd" Tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ clnmtkd mt tfk blrtf km~t ukrtkv le tfk nkcc1 ~{nf ~tmiikrgbi le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ dlbk tl ok mock tl {~k m {bgelrh ~tkbngc kukrwyfkrk gb tfk dlhmgb" Ghzckhkbtmtglb dktmgc~ le hktfldlcligk~ mdlztkd tl ~lcuk ckukc ~kt nlbukntglb k}{mtglb g~ dg~n{~~kd gb ~{o~kntglb >">"=# ~lc{tglb zrlnkd{rk le rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb k}{mtglb g~ dg~n{~~kd gb ~{o~kntglb >">"?# mzzcgnmtglb le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb# hldkcgbi le ~{remnk tkb~glb mbd zrlnkd{rk tl nmcn{cmtk zrlzkrtgk~ mt rk}{grkd clnmtglb~ mrk zrk~kbtkd gb ~{o~kntglb~ >">"># >">"4 mbd >">"; rk~zkntgukcw"
;5
>">"= ^lc{tglb le Ckukc ^kt Nlbukntglb K}{mtglb Hmbw rk~kmrnfkr~ fmuk {~kd fgifkr lrdkr nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ cgak K~~kbtgmccw Blb L~ngccmtlrw &KBL' mbd Ykgiftkd KBL &YKBL' tl dg~nrktgpk ckukc ~kt k}{mtglb &K}" ="?6'# m~ gt g~ m nlbukntglb k}{mtglb le m ~hlltf e{bntglb" YKBL mbd KBL ~nfkhk~ mrk om~kd lb egr~t lrdkr Ild{blu ~nfkhk" Gb zrk~kbt ylra Ild{blu ~nfkhk mbd ;tf lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk fmuk okkb ghzckhkbtkd" B{hkrgnmc ~nfkhk~ fmuk okkb ghzckhkbtkd {~gbi m egbgtk dgeekrkbnk hktfld" Egbgtk dgeekrkbnk dg~nrktgpmtglb le ckukc ~kt k}{mtglb mbd ghzckhkbtmtglb le Ild{blu mbd YKBL ~nfkhk~ mrk zrk~kbtkd gb tfg~ ~kntglb"
>">"="= Tkhzlrmc Dg~nrktgpmtglb le Ckukc ^kt Nlbukntglb K}{mtglb Tfk ckukc ~kt k}{mtglb nmb ok yrgttkb m~#
∏υ 8 ∟ C &υ ' ∏t
Yfkrk# C &υ ' 8 {
∏υ ∏υ !u ∏v ∏w
&>"?4'
Tfk tghk dkrgumtguk tkrh g~ dg~nrktgpkd {~gbi m tfgrd lrdkr Tltmc Umrgmtglb Dghgbg~fgbi &TUD' _{bik(A{ttm ~nfkhk m~ Q@gmbi mbd Zkbi &?:::'X# υ=
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⎑ ∏υ # ∏υ ⎒ # dkbltkd ow υ #υ & v w ' ⎜ ⎘ ∏ v ∏w ⎪
Tfk irmdgkbt kbt le cku ckukc ~kt e{bntg ntglb ⎓
g~ nmcn{cmtkd ow egr~t lrdkr
elrymrd dgeekrkbnk lr omnaymrd dgeekrkbnk dg~nrktgpmtglb" Egbgtk dgeekrkbnk dg~nrktgpmtglb le tfk ~zmtgmc tkrh gb K}" >"?4 g~ igukb m~# Cg # ` &υ ' 8 {g # `υv #g # `
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ug # `
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Gb Ild{blu ~nfkhk# tfk elrymrd dgeekrkbnk mbd omnaymrd dgeekrkbnk dg~nrktgpmtglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~# ;9
υ v!
8
∟ υ g # ` Δ v
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8
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^ghgcmrcw elr w(dgrkntglb# tfk elrymrd dgeekrkbnk mbd omnaymrd dgeekrkbnk dg~nrktgpmtglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~# υ w!
8
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Ild{blu ~nfkhk g~ egr~t lrdkr mbd gbd{nk~ b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb gb tfk ~lc{tglb" Gb nm~k le ckukc ~kt hktfld~ KBL mbd YKBL ~nfkhk~ mrk zlz{cmr ygtf rk~kmrnfkr~" Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra ; tf Lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk le @gmbi mbd Zkbi &?:::' g~ ghzckhkbtkd" Kvzrk~~glb~ le elrymrd dgeekrkbnk mbd omnaymrd dgeekrkbnk dg~nrktgpmtglb gb nm~k le ;tf lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk le @gmbi mbd Zkbi &?:::' mrk hldgegkd gb tfg~ ylra elr ~ghzcgewgbi tfk ghzckhkbtmtglb" Tfk hldgegkd kvzrk~~glb~ le elrymrd mbd omnaymrd dgeekrkbnk gb ; tf YKBL elr v(dgrkntglb mrk#
υ v½
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υ w½
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8 &υg # ` ½= ∟ ?υg # ` ½? ! υ g # ` ½> ' Δw
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φ YKBL gb K}" >"?7 mbd K}" >">: g~ igukb m~#
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Ghzckhkbtmtglb le Ild{blu ~nfkhk elr mdukntglb g~ ~trmgift elrymrd# =" Tfk elrymrd mbd omnaymrd dgeekrkbnk~ le gb v mbd w(dgrkntglb~ elrh tfk lcd tghk ckukc umc{k~ le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb &υ b ' mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" >"?9 mbd K}" >"?6" ?" Tfk umc{k le C &υ ' g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" >"?5" >" Egr~t gbtkrhkdgmtk umc{k le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb &υ = ' g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" >"?;" 4" ^tkz~ = tl > mrk elcclykd tl ikt tfk ~knlbd gbtkrhkdgmtk umc{k &υ ? ' le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb {~gbi K}" >"?;# tfk umc{k~ le C &υ = ' mbd C &υ b ' mrk {~kd" ;" ^tkz~ = tl > mrk elcclykd tl ikt tfk tghk mdumbnkd umc{k &υ b ' le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb {~gbi K}" >"?;# tfk umc{k~ le C &υ ? ' # C &υ = ' mbd C &υ b ' mrk {~kd" Ild{blu ~nfkhk g~ Egr~t lrdkr {zygbd k}{gumckbt gb egbgtk ulc{hk hktfld" Tfk dgeekrkbnk oktykkb Ild{blu mbd YKBL ~nfkhk g~ dgeekrkbnk gb tfk hktfld tl t l nmcn{cmtk tfk irmdgkbt g"k" K}" >"?7 mbd K}" >">: mrk {~kd gb~tkmd le K}" >"?9 mbd K}" >"?6" Tfk rk~t le mcilrgtfh g~ ~mhk"
>">"? ^lc{tglb Zrlnkd{rk le _kgbgtgmcgpmtglb K}{mtglb Ghzlrtmbnk le rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb g~ mcrkmdw hkbtglbkd gb ~kntglb =">">">" ^lc{tglb le K}" =">= ygcc kb~{rk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb le m e{bntglb υ l tl ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" Tfk e{bntglb
υ l bkkd blt ok m blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb gbgtgmccw" K}" =">= g~ ~flyb tl ok m fwzkrolcgn k}{mtglb &K}" ?"9' gb ~kntglb ?"?"?"?" Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra# ~zmtgmc dg~nrktgpmtglb le K}" ?"9 g~ dlbk {~gbi ; tf lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk mbd tkhzlrmc dg~nrktgpmtglb {~gbi egr~t lrdkr kvzcgngt K{ckr ~nfkhk" K}" ?"9 nmb ok yrgttkb m~#
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Δτ ~ 8 :"=Δ V " Tfk
nlbukrikbnk nrgtkrgm le ~tkmdw ~tmtk g~ tmakb m~ :"=Δ V > mbd tfk krrlr blrh tl nfkna nlbukrikbnk g~#
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Hlccgegkd ~gib e{bntglb & ^ λ &υ l ' ' g~ nmcn{cmtkd gb mcc nkcc~"
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Tfk elrymrd mbd omnaymrd dgeekrkbnk le irmdgkbt le gbgtgmc e{bntglb lr lcd gtkrmtglb e{bntglb &υ v½ # υ w½ ' g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi ;tf lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk"
>"
Tfk tkrh υ v #g # ` g~ dktkrhgbkd m~# m" Ge ^λ #g # ` &υl ' υv∟#g # `
≤:
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;"
Umc{k~ le ^ λ #g # ` &υ l ' # υ v #g # ` mbd υ w #g # ` mrk zc{iikd gb K}" >">? tl ikt m bky umc{k le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb"
5"
Tfk krrlr g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" >">? mbd nlbukrikbnk g~ nfknakd {~gbi tfk nlbdgtglb K _KGBGT ≤ :"=ΔV > " Ge tfk nlbukrikbnk nrgtkrglb g~ blt hkt# gtkrmtglb~ mrk zkrelrhkd ow
elcclygbi ~tkz~ ? tl 5"
>">"> Mzzcgnmtglb le Ol{bdmrw Nlbdgtglb elr Ckukc ^kt E{bntglb M~ gb nm~k le ULE k}{mtglb# ckukc ~kt ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb g~ m fwzkrolcgn k}{mtglb ~l tfkrk g~ bl bkkd tl ghzckhkbt ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb o{t gb b{hkrgnmc ~gh{cmtglb# ol{bdmrw umc{k~ le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb~ mrk rk}{grkd tl nmcn{cmtk irmdgkbt~ le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb~ elr bkmr ol{bdmrw nkcc~" Yfkb tfk Ild{blu ~nfkhk g~ {~kd# Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb lb mcc ol{bdmrgk~ g~ {~kd#
∏υ 8 : " Gb nm~k le YKBL ~nfkhk# elr egr~t nkcc gb~gdk tfk nkcc tfkrk g~ bkkd le tyl nkcc~ gb ∏b
mddgtglb tl tfk ol{bdmrw nkcc tl nmcn{cmtk tfk irmdgkbt mbd YKBL ykgift~ zrlzkrcw" Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra# tyl egntgtgl{~ nkcc~ gb mddgtglb tl tfk ol{bdmrw nkcc mrk dkegbkd l{t~gdk tfk dlhmgb" Tfk mzzrlmnf tl ~kt tfk ol{bdmrw umc{k~ g~ kvzcmgbkd ygtf tfk kvmhzck le yk~t ol{bdmrw m~ ~flyb gb Egi" Egi" >"=;1 ~ghgcmrcw ~ghgcmrcw elr ltfkr ol{bdmrgk~ ol{bdmrgk~ tfk kvzrk~~glb~ kvzrk~~glb~ nmb ok ok dkrgukd"
Egi{rk >"=;0 ^tkbngc rk}{grkd elr ghzckhkbtgbi ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb mt yk~t ol{bdmrw le dlhmgb elr YKBL ~nfkhk" Tfk umc{k~ le egntgtgl{~ nkcc~ mbd ol{bdmrw nkcc nmb ok tmakb ~mhk m~ tfk egr~t rkmc nkcc gb~gdk tfmt ol{bdmrw# elr yk~t ol{bdmrw tfk kvzrk~~glb g~# υ∟? # `
8 υ∟=# ` 8 υ:# ` 8 υ=# ` "
Mbltfkr ymw g~ tl nmcn{cmtk tfk umc{k~ le egntgtgl{~ nkcc~ mbd ol{bdmrw nkcc erlh gbtkrglr nkcc~ ow zkrelrhgbi }{mdrmtgn kvtrmzlcmtglb" Tfk kvzrk~~glb~ elr yk~t ol{bdmrw mrk# υ:# `
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ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ ~mtg~egkd m~# υ:# `
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nlbdgtglb mbd ~kttgbi umc{k~ le egntgtgl{~ nkcc~ g~ rk}{grkd gb YKBL ~nfkhk tl ghzckhkbt zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb" nlbdgtglb"
>">"4 ^{remnk Tkb~glb Elrnk Hldkcgbi gb C^ hktfld M~ gb nm~k le ULE nldk# tfk N^E hktfld g~ {~kd elr hldkcgbi ~{remnk tkb~glb gb ckukc ~kt nldk mc~l" Gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" =">: mbd =">4 rk~zkntgukcw" Tfk Dgrmn dkctm e{bntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" =">;" Tfk ~hlltfgbi ckbitf# λ gb K}" =">; g~ tmakb m~ =";Δ V " Gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk mrk dg~nrktgpkd m~
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>">"; Nmcn{cmtglb le Zrlzkrtgk~ gb C^ hktfld Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd mt tfk nkcc nkbtkr~ le ckukc ~kt NU" g"k tfk ukrtkv le tfk nkcc" Tfk zrlzkrtgk~ mt tfk ckukc ~kt nkcc nkbtkr~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" =">?" Dkb~gtw g~ rk}{grkd mt nkcc nkbtkr~ le {(ukclngtw mbd u(ukclngtw nkcc mbd nkcc emnk nkbtkr~ le zrk~~{rk nkcc" Ug~nl~gtw g~ rk}{grkd mt emnk nkbtkr~ le {(ukclngtw mbd u(ukclngtw nkcc" Zrlzkrtgk~ mt mcc rk}{grkd clnmtglb~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi ~ghzck mukrmigbi"
5?
4 M Bky Nlhogbkd Ckukc ^kt(Ulc{hk le Ec{gd Hktfld Nlhogbkd Ckukc ^kt(Ulc{hk Le Ec{gd &NC^ULE' hktfld ym~ zrlzl~kd ow ^{~~hmb mbd Z{naktt &?:::' tl rkntgew tfk hm~~ cl~~ zrlockh gb C^ hktfld mbd gbmnn{rmtk nmcn{cmtglb le ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk gb ULE hktfld" Gb NC^ULE hktfld tfk nlb~krumtglb k}{mtglb le Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd g~ ~lcukd {~gbi m iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld# nlb~krumtglb le Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb ygcc hkmb nlb~krumtglb le hkmb dkb~gtw m~ zrlzkrtgk~ mrk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" =">? mbd tf{~ hm~~ ygcc ok nlb~krukd" Tfk nlb~krumtglb k}{mtglb le Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb g~#
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Lbnk tfk bky Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd g~ lotmgbkd erlh ~lc{tglb le K}" 4"=# tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd erlh tfk Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd ygtf tfk fkcz le gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb" Tfk gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk elr ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk mbd blrhmc {~kd elr ZCGN gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb mrk nmcn{cmtkd erlh ckukc ~kt e{bntglb egkcd" NC^ULE hktfld le ^{~~hmb mbd Z{naktt &?:::' fm~ okkb el{bd tl iguk illd rk~{ct~ elr ~{remnk tkb~glb dlhgbmbt ecly~ ygtf cgak o{oock elrhmtglb mbd olgcgbi" Gb NC^ULE hktfld tfk hm~~ g~ nlb~krukd m~ gb ULE hktfld mbd tfk ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd m~ mnn{rmtkcw m~ gb C^ hktfld~"
4"= Hltgumtglb tl Dkukclz Bky Hktfld Tfk NC^ULE hktfld le ^{~~hmb mbd Z{naktt &?:::' fm~ gbfkrgtkd m ogi dg~mdumbtmik le ULE hktfld g"k" ZCGN gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb mbd iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld" D{k tl rk}{grkhkbt le ZCGN gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb mbd iklhktrgn mdukntglb# m bky elrh{cmtglb mbd ghzckhkbtmtglb zrlnkd{rk~ bkkd tl ok dkukclzkd tl kvtkbd NC^ULE hktfld tl nlhzckv iklhktrw" Hltgumtglb tl dkukclz m bky NC^ULE hktfld nlhk~ erlh tfk bkkd tl fmuk m hktfld gb yfgnf hm~~ nlb~krumtglb g~ lokwkd# ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk g~ nmcn{cmtkd mnn{rmtkcw mbd kvtkb~glb tl nlhzckv iklhktrgk~ mbd >D g~ km~w ygtf bl rk}{grkhkbt le gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb mbd iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld"
5>
Tfk iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld g~ zrkekrrkd lukr ltfkr hktfld~ tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb m~ gt hmgbtmgb~ ~tkz dg~nlbtgb{gtw gb ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd ygtfl{t gbd{ngbi hm~~ cl~~" Gt g~ el{bd erlh rk~{ct~ lb hmbw zrlockh~1 ZZH hktfld dlk~ blt gbtrld{nk hm~~ cl~~ gb tfk gbgtgmc tghk~ le ~lc{tglb o{t mt cmtkr tghk clt le hm~~ cl~~ g~ gbn{rrkd" Tfk nlbtgb{l{~ ~hkmrgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ tfl{ift tl ok tfk rkm~lb elr hm~~ cl~~ mt cmtkr tghk~" Ge tfk ~hkmrgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb~ g~ cghgtkd ygtfgb m egvkd dg~tmbnk mnrl~~ tfk gbtkremnk mt mcc tghk~# tfk hm~~ cl~~ ygcc mc~l ok cghgtkd" Ckukc ~kt hktfld zrlugdk~ ~lc{tglb tl fmuk cghgtkd ~hkmrgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb~,Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb gb~gdk tfk ombd"
4"? Ylragbi Zrgbngzck le Bky NC^ULE hktfld Nlb~gdkr tfg~# tfk Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd g~ mdukntkd {~gbi m fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk mbd tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd erlh tfk mdukntkd Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd" Ge tfk mdukntkd Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd g~ {~kd tl ~lcuk K}" 4"= tfkb lukr m zkrgld le tghk tfkrk ygcc clt le b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb gbtrld{nkd gb tfk ~lc{tglb mbd tfk mdumbtmik le {~gbi NC^ULE elrh{cmtglb ygcc ok cl~t" Gb tfk bky mzzrlmnf# tfk Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd g~ mdukntkd {~gbi m fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk mbd tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ nmcn{cmtkd erlh tfk mdukntkd Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd" Tl ~lcuk K}" 4"=# m bky Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" =">> erlh tfk bkycw nmcn{cmtkd ckukc ~kt e{bntglb" Ow elcclygbi tfg~ mzzrlmnf tfk b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb gb blt mcclykd tl gbnrkm~k lukr tfk zkrgld le tghk" Gb tfk bky mzzrlmnf m~ tfk gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb g~ mulgdkd# zrlockh le kvtrmntgbi umc{k~ le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb erlh tfk Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd mrg~k~" L{t~gdk tfk ombd le ygdtf ?λ ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ ~kt m~
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Lbk ltfkr mzzrlmnf tl dktkrhgbk umc{k le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb gb ombd g~ tl ~lcuk K}" =">> dgrkntcw gb tfk ombd" Gb tfk ombd tfk k}{mtglb tl ok ~lcukd g~# e &υ ' 8
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4"> Nlhzcktk Mcilrgtfh le Bky NC^ULE Hktfld Tfk bky NC^ULE g~ nlhogbmtglb le zrlnkd{rk~ tfmt mrk mcrkmdw ghzckhkbtkd elr C^ mbd ULE hktfld" Nlhzcktk mcilrgtfh le bky NC^ULE g~ m~ elccly~# =" Gbgtgmcgpk ukclngtgk~# zrk~~{rk mbd ckukc ~kt e{bntglb gb tfk dlhmgb" ?" Nmcn{cmtk Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb mt ckukc ~kt nkcc~ {~gbi K}" =">>1 nmcn{cmtk zrlzkrtgk~ mt ckukc ~kt nkcc {~gbi K}" =">?" [~k ~ghzck mukrmigbi tl ikt zrlzkrtgk~ mt rk}{grkd clnmtglb~" >" Nmcn{cmtk gbtkremnk blrhmc mbd n{rumt{rk {~gbi ckukc ~kt e{bntglb egkcd" ^lcuk tfk B^ k}{mtglb~ gb tfk dlhmgb {~gbi zrl`kntglb hktfld"
5;
4" [~gbi tfk bkycw nmcn{cmtkd ukclngtw egkcd# ~lcuk tfk Fkmug~gdk mdukntglb k}{mtglb kvzcgngtcw {~gbi ZZH hktfld" ;" Nmcn{cmtk bky ckukc ~kt e{bntglb gb tfk ombd {~gbi K}" 4"> lr ~lcugbi K}" 4"4# ~kt umc{k~ le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb l{t~gdk tfk ombd {~gbi K}" 4"? 5" _kgbgtgmcgpk tfk bkycw nmcn{cmtkd ckukc ~kt e{bntglb egkcd tl ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" 9" Il tl ~tkz ? tgcc tfk kbd tghk g~ mrrgukd mt lr ~tkmdw ~tmtk fm~ rkmnfkd"
4"4 Nlb~krumtguk _kdg~trgo{tglb Gt fm~ okkb el{bd tfmt tfk ~{h le Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb nmcn{cmtkd erlh tfk bkycw nmcn{cmtkd ckukc ~kt e{bntglb dlk~ blt rkhmgb ~mhk m~ tfk ~{h le mdukntkd Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb nmcn{cmtkd ow ZZH hktfld" Gb ~flrt# tfk hm~~ krrlr ym~ el{bd gb tfk Bky NC^ULE hktfld mbd gt ym~ oknm{~k le gbnlrrknt ymw le dktkrhgbgbi ckukc ~kt e{bntglb erlh Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd g"k" K}" 4"> lr {~k le K}" 4"4" Tfk nlb~trmgbt tfmt tfk ~{h le mdukntkd Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb mbd ~{h le Fkmug~gdk e{bntglb nmcn{cmtkd m~ m e{bntglb le bkycw nmcn{cmtkd ckukc ~kt e{bntglb ~fl{cd ok ~mhk fm~ blt okkb dkug~kd dkug~kd mbd ghzckhkbtk ghzckhkbtkd" d" Gb tfg~ ylra# hm~~ nlb~krumtglb g~ kbelrnkd ow k}{mccw dg~trgo{tgbi lr tmagbi mymw tfk mhl{bt le hm~~ dgeekrkbnk gbn{rrkd d{k tl {~k le K}" 4"> lr {~k le K}" 4"4" Tfk umcgdgtw mbd keekntgukbk~~ le nlb~krumtguk hm~~ dg~trgo{tglb g~ okkb ~t{dgkd"
55
; B{hkrgnmc Tk~t~ mbd _k~{ct~ Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra tyl(zfm~k ecly nldk~ om~kd lb ULE# C^ mbd m bky NC^ULE hktfld fmuk okkb dkukclzkd" M tyl(zfm~k ecly nldk nlb~g~t~ le tfrkk hld{ck~# m Bmugkr(^tlak~ &B^' ~lcukr tl ~lcuk ~gbick ec{gd hldkc# mb gbtkremnk rkzrk~kbtmtglb mbd mdukntglb hld{ck g"k" ~lc{tglb hktfld le ULE mbd ckukc ~kt ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb mbd ~{remnk tkb~glb hld{ck" Tl dkukclz m nldk gb ~w~tkhmtgn ymw# kmnf le tfk hld{ck~ g~ ghzckhkbtkd mbd tk~tkd ~kzmrmtkcw" Egbmccw mcc tfk hld{ck~ mrk nlhogbkd tl ~lcuk m tyl(zfm~k ecly zrlockh" Gb tfg~ nfmztkr# tfk rk~{ct~ le tfk okbnfhmra okbnfhmra tk~t~ mbd mbd tyl(zfm~k tyl(zfm~k ecly zrlockh~ zrlockh~ mrk mrk zrk~kbtkd" zrk~kbtkd" B^ ~lcukr g~ okbnfhmrakd okbnfhmrakd lb m ~gbick zfm~k zrlockh le cgd drgukb nmugtw ecly" Tfk ~lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~ ghzckhkbtkd elr ~lc{tglb le ULE# ckukc ~kt mbd bky NC^ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb mrk tk~tkd gbdgugd{mccw lb el{r ~tmbdmrd gbtkremnk mdukntglb tk~t zrlockh~ g"k" trmb~cmtglb# ~lcgd oldw rltmtglb# ec{gd oldw ~{o`kntkd tl ~gbick ulrtkv mbd ec{gd oldw ~{o`kntkd tl h{ctgzck ulrtgnk~ gb elrh le dkelrhmtglb egkcd" Tfk ~{remnk tkb~glb hldkc g~ okbnfhmrakd {~gbi ~tmbdmrd tk~t zrlockh le Wl{bi(Cmzcmnk Cmy tk~t" ULE# ckukc ~kt mbd bky NC^ULE nldk~ mrk dkukclzkd ow nlhogbgbi mcc tfk molukhkbtglbkd hld{ck~" Tfk tyl(zfm~k ecly nldk~ mrk okbnfhmrakd lb tfk ~tmbdmrd orlakb dmh zrlockh" Tfk tyl(zfm~k ecly nldk~ mrk tfkb tk~tkd lb rmtfkr dgeegn{ct# _mwckgif(Tmwclr gb~tmogcgtw# ^zcm~f le ymtkr drlz gb ymtkr zllc mbd rg~k le tyl im~kl{~ o{oock~ ~{rrl{bdkd ow ec{gd gb m nfmbbkc"
;"= B^ ^lcukr Okbnfhmra0 Cgd Drgukb Nmugtw Ecly Tfg~ g~ m ncm~~gn ~gbick zfm~k zrlockh tl tk~t tfk B^ ~lcukr mbd rkcmtguk zkrelrhmbnk le dgeekrkbt nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ elr umrgl{~ _kwblcd~ b{hokr" Tfk zrlockh ~kt{z g~ m ~}{mrk nmugtw nlhzcktkcw egcckd ygtf ec{gd1 tfk ec{gd gb tfk nmugtw g~ igukb hltglb ow cgd le tfk nmugtw hlugbi mt m nlb~tmbt ukclngtw ~flyb gb Egi" ;"=" Ifgm kt mc" &=76?' ~lcukd tfk ~mhk zrlockh {~gbi ~trkmh e{bntglb ulrtgngtw elrh{cmtglb# tfkgr rk~{ct~ mrk nlb~gdkrkd m~ okbnfhmra rk~{ct~" Tfk ~tkmdw ~tmtk umc{k~ le { ukclngtw mclbi tfk ukrtgnmc hgd(zcmbk mbd u ukclngtw mclbi tfk flrgplbtmc hgd(zcmbk {~gbi ][GNA nlbukntglb ~nfkhk elr umrgl{~ _k mrk nlhzmrkd ygtf rk~{ct~ le Ifgm kt mc" &=76?' gb Egi" ;"?# mb kvnkcckbt mirkkhkbt le zrk~kbt rk~{ct~ ygtf okbnfhmra rk~{ct~ g~ ~kkb gb egi{rk" E{rtfkrhlrk# tfk ~trkmhcgbk~ mrk mc~l nlhzmrkd gb Egi" ;"> ygtf m illd mirkkhkbt"
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_k =:: Q5:v5:X &n' _k =::: Q5:v5:X &d' Egi{rk ;"?0 Nlhzmrg~lb le zrk~kbt rk~{ct~ lb m irgd ~gpk le 5:v5: elr umrgmtglb le {(ukclngtw mclbi ukrtgnmc nkbtkrcgbk mbd u(ukclngtw mclbi flrgplbtmc nkbtkr cgbk ygtf okbnfhmra okbnfhmra rk~{ct~ le Ifgm kt mc" &=76?' lb =?7v=?7 irgd &m' _k 8 =:: &o' _k 8 =:::
;"? ULE# C^ mbd bky NC^ULE hld{ck okbnfhmra ULE# C^ mbd bky NC^ULE hld{ck~ mrk ghzckhkbtkd gbdgugd{mccw mbd h{~t ok tk~tkd gbdkzkbdkbt le Bmugkr(~tlak~ ~lcukr" Hm~~ nlb~krugbi zrlzkrtw le m tyl(zfm~k ~lc{tglb hktfldlcliw cmrikcw dkzkbd~ lb tfk mnn{rmnw le ~lc{tglb le gbtkremnk mdukntglb hktfldlcliw" Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra# ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb g~ ~lcukd ow tfrkk dgeekrkbt ~lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~0 =" Dlblr(mnnkztlr &DM' hktfld le Fgrt mbd Bgnflc~ &=76='" ?" Fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk ZZH" >" H{ctgdghkb~glbmc iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld nl{zckd ygtf Wl{bi~‗ ZCGN hktfld &W( ZCGN'"
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_k =::: &n' _k =::: &d' Egi{rk ;">0 ^trkmhcgbk~ elr _k 8 =:: mbd _k 8 =::: lb egbk irgd &5:v5:' &m' % &n' Zrk~kbt rk~{ct~ lb 5:v5: irgd &o' % &d' Okbnfhmra rk~{ct le Ifgm kt mc" &=76?' lb =?7v=?7 irgd" >rd lrdkr TUD ~nfkhk g~ {~kd tl dg~nrktgpk tfk tkhzlrmc tkrh~ mbd ; tf lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk g~ {~kd tl dg~nrktgpk tfk ~zmtgmc tkrh~ le ckukc ~kt nlbukntglb k}{mtglb &YKBL'" Tfk ~zmtgmc tkrh~ le rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb k}{mtglb mrk dg~nrktgpkd {~gbi ; tf lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk" Gb nm~k le bky NC^ULE hktfld# fgif rk~lc{tglb ZZH hktfld g~ {~kd tl ~lcuk tfk fkmug~gdk nlbukntglb k}{mtglb mbd tfk ~zmtgmc tkrh~ le rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb k}{mtglb mrk dg~nrktgpkd tf
{~gbi ; lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk" Gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb hld{ck gb nm~k le W(ZCGN hktfld mbd tfk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb mcilrgtfh om~kd lb YKBL mrk tk~tkd okelrk tfk nlhzcktk ~lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~ mrk tk~tkd"
;"?"= Gbtkremnk _knlb~tr{ntglb Tk~t Mnn{rmnw le Gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb fm~ dgrknt rkcmtglb ygtf tfk hm~~ krrlr gbd{nkd gb ULE hktfld m~ gt g~ ghzlrtmbt zmrt zmrt le iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld" Gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb om~kd lb Wl{bi~‗ ZCGN hktfld g~ tk~tkd ow rknlb~tr{ntgbi m ngrnck &_ 8 :"=;' nkbtkrkd mt &:";# :"9;' gb m ~}{mrk dlhmgb le ~gpk =" Egi" ;"4 ~fly~ tfk rk~{ct~ le rknlb~tr{ntglb le ngrnck lb 6v6# =5v=5 mbd >?v>? irgd" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"4 &m'# lb m ukrw nlmr~k irgd tfk gbtkremnk g~ 57
rknlb~tr{ntkd tl ok nlcckntglb le dg~nlbbkntkd cgbk ~kihkbt~1 tfg~ g~ ~flrtnlhgbi le mbw ZCGN hktfld" Flykukr# tfk rknlb~tr{ntkd gbtkremnk clla~ hlrk cgak m ngrnck lb irgd rkegbkhkbt m~ ~kkb gb Egi" ;"4&o' mbd Egi" ;"4&n'"
&m' &o' &n' Egi{rk ;"40 Gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb le m ngrnck {~gbi Wl{bi~‗ ZCGN hktfld &m' 6v6 irgd &o' =5v=5 irgd &n' >?v>? irgd"
;"?"? _kgbgtgmcgpmtglb hld{ck tk~t _kgbgtgmcgpmtglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ dlbk metkr kukrw tghk ~tkz tl ‖rkzmgr‗ tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb tl ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb" Ckukc ~kt e{bntglb ~fl{cd ok ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb gb tfk ombd bkmr tfk gbtkremnk tl kbmock mnn{rmtk nmcn{cmtglb le zrlzkrtgk~ mbd n{rumt{rk gb tfk ombd" Tfk zl~gtglb le gbtkremnk g"k" υ 8 : cgbk ~fl{cd blt nfmbik d{rgbi rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb" =
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&m' &o' Egi{rk ;";0 Keeknt le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ lb rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb le m ~}{mrk gbtkremnk lb >?v>? irgd &m' Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb &o' Zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb Tfk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb hld{ck dkukclzkd gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra g~ tk~tkd tl rkgbgtgmcgpk m ~}{mrk le ~gpk :"> nkbtkrkd mt &:";# :"9;' gb m ~}{mrk dlhmgb le ~gpk =" Umc{k le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ ~kt m~ = l{t~gdk tfk ~}{mrk mbd (= gb~gdk tfk ~}{mrk" Tfk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb g~ nmrrgkd l{t lb >?v>?# 54v54 mbd =?6v=?6 irgd" Tfk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb g~ nmrrgkd l{t elr Bk{hmbb mbd zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb tl kvmhgbk tfk keeknt le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb lb rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb" Egi" ;"; ~fly~ tfk nlbtl{r~ le rkgbgtgmcgpkd ckukc ~kt e{bntglb lb >?v>? irgd elr Bk{hmbb mbd zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw
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&d' &k' &e' Egi{rk ;"50 Keeknt le dgeekrkbt irgd ~gpk mbd ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb lb mnn{rmnw le rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk &m' >?v>? Bk{hmbb o"n" &o' 54v54 Bk{hmbb Bk{hmbb o"n" &n' =?6v=?6 Bk{hmbb Bk{hmbb o"n" &d' >?v>? Zkrgldgn o"n" &k' 54v54 Zkrgldgn o"n" &e' =?6v=?6 Zkrgldgn o"n" Zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb# ~flyb gb Egi" ;";&o'# bkmr tfk blrtf ol{bdmrw tfk umrgmtglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ ~hlltf bkmr ymcc# mbd tfk ~mhk ckukc ~kt g~ gbtrld{nkd gb~gdk tfk dlhmgb tfrl{if tfk ~l{tf ol{bdmrw" [~k le zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb kb~{rk~ tfmt tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb rkhmgb~ blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb kukrwyfkrk gb tfk dlhmgb# kukb bkmr ol{bdmrgk~" Egi" ;"5 ~fly~ tfk gbtkremnk zl~gtglb okelrk mbd metkr rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb elr dgeekrkbt irgd ~gpk~ mbd ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb" nlbdgtglb" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"5&m' mbd Egi" ;"5&d' elr tfk nm~k le >?v>? irgd# tfk keeknt le dgeekrkbt ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ el{bd tl ok bkicgigock lb m ~mhk irgd ~gpk" Elr ltfkr irgd ~gpk~ mc~l tfk keeknt le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ bkicgigock" Irgd rkegbkhkbt ghzrluk~ tfk ~lc{tglb m~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"5&m'# &o' mbd &n' elr tfk nm~k le Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb"
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;"?"> ULE# C^ mbd NC^ULE Hld{ck Tk~t~ Mdukntglb mcilrgtfh~ {~kd gb ULE# C^H mbd bky NC^ULE hktfld mrk tk~tkd lb el{r fwzltfktgnmc z{rk mdukntglb tk~t zrlockh~ zrlzl~kd ow _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776'" Tfk mdukntglb tk~t zrlockh~ mrk dk~gibkd tl hkm~{rk tfk mnn{rmnw le lbcw tfk gbtkremnk mdukntglb hktfldlcliw le ULE# C^H mbd NC^ULE" Gb mdukntglb tk~t zrlockh~# Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~ mrk blt ~lcukd o{t m ec{gd oldw g~ zcmnkd gb m dlhmgb# ~{o`kntkd tl m zrkdktkrhgbkd zrkdktkrhgbkd ukclngtw egkcd# gbd{ngbi m dk~grkd hlukhkbt mbd dkelrhmtglb le ec{gd oldw gb tfk dlhmgb" D{rgbi tfk hlukhkbt mbd dkelrhmtglb le tfk ec{gd oldw gt~ ulc{hk ulc{hk &mrkm &mrkm gb tfg~ nm~k' nm~k' h{~t h{~t rkhmgb rkhmgb nlb~tmbt mt mt mcc tghk~" tghk~"
;"?">"= Mdukntglb Tk~t~0 Zfw~gnmc Dk~nrgztglb Tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb mbd gbgtgmc nlbdgtglb~ mrk gdkbtgnmc elr mcc el{r tk~t zrlockh~" Tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb g~ m ~}{mrk le ~gpk =v= mbd gb tfg~ dlhmgb m ngrn{cmr ec{gd oldw le rmdg{~ :"=; g~ zcmnkd fmugbi nkbtkr mt &:";:# :"9;' m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"9" =
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Egi{rk ;"90 Dlhmgb mbd Gbgtgmc nlbdgtglb elr mdukntglb tk~t zrlockh"
;"?">"? Mdukntglb Tk~t~0 Ukclngtw Egkcd~ Tfk dgeekrkbt tk~t~ mrk nfmrmntkrgpkd ow dgeekrkbt ukclngtw egkcd~" Mcc tfk ukclngtw egkcd~ mrk ~lckblgdmc mbd tf{~ nlbtgb{gtw k}{mtglb g~ ~mtg~egkd elr mcc tk~t nm~k~"
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tfk ngrn{cmr oldw trmb~cmtk~ mt 4; l mbick mnrl~~ tfk hk~f" Gb lbk tghk {bgt tfk ec{gd oldw nlhk~ omna tl gbgtgmc gbgtgmc zl~gtglb" zl~gtglb" ?" ^lcgd oldw rltmtglb tk~t0 M nlb~tmbt(ulrtgngtw ukclngtw egkcd g~ ghzl~kd mt tfk nkbtkr le tfk
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;"?">"> Mdukntglb Tk~t~0 Krrlr Hkm~{rkhkbt Kmnf hktfld g~ m~~k~~kd }{mbtgtmtgukcw mbd }{mcgtmtgukcw lb mcc tfk el{r tk~t zrlockh~" _k~{ct~ mrk nlhzmrkd ygtf okbnfhmra rk~{ct~ yfkrkukr zl~~gock" ]{mcgtmtguk nlhzmrg~lb~ oktykkb tfk gbgtgmc mbd egbmc gbtkremnk zclt~ mrk hmdk tl lo~kruk tfk gbnlb~g~tkbnw gbnlb~g~tkbnw oktykkb egbmc mbd gbgtgmc ec{gd ~fmzk gb nm~k le trmb~cmtglb# ~lcgd oldw rltmtglb mbd tghk rkukr~kd ulrtkv egkcd~" Gb nm~k le ULE hktfld# ulc{hk ermntglb nlbtl{r ckukc le :"; g~ nlb~gdkrkd m~ gbtkremnk" Gb nm~k le C^H mbd NC^ULE# gbtkremnk g~ rkzrk~kbtkd ow ckukc ~kt e{bntglb nlbtl{r ckukc le :" Hm~~ krrlr gbn{rrkd d{rgbi tfk mdukntglb g~ m }{mbtgtmtguk zmrmhktkr elr nlhzmrg~lb# gb nm~k le ULE hktfld hm~~ krrlr g~ }{mbtgegkd m~#
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nkcc ulc{hk tr{bnmtkd ow tfk ngrnck" Zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ mrk mzzcgkd mt mcc ol{bdmrgk~ gb nm~k le ULE hktfld elr mcc zrlockh~" Gb nm~k le C^H mbd NC^ULE# Tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ gbgtgmcgpkd m~ ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb {~gbi k}{mtglb le ngrnck" Zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ {~kd elr trmb~cmtglb tk~t mbd dkelrhmtglb egkcd tk~t# Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ {~kd elr ~lcgd oldw rltmtglb mbd ~gbick ulrtkv tk~t"
Tmock ;"=0 ^lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~ {~kd elr ULE#C^H mbd NC^ULE hktfld mbd tfkgr ~flrt elrh {~kd gb zrk~kbt ylra Hktfld ^lc{tglb hktfldlcliw mdlztkd gb zrk~kbt ylra ULE Dlblr(Mnnkztlr &DM'# fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk# Zgknkyg~k Zmrmolcgn Hktfld &ZZH' ygtf ~{zkrokk ~clzk cghgtkr mbd iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld ygtf Wl{bi~‗ ZCGN hktfld &W(ZCGN'" C^H ;tf lrdkr YKBL elr mdukntglb mbd rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb &YKBL' Bky NC^ULE ZZH elr mdukntglb le fkmug~gdk e{bntglb mbd YKBL elr rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb &NC^ULE' Tfk ~lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~ {~kd gb tfg~ ylra mrk m~ ~flyb gb Tmock ;"=" El{r zrlockh~ mrk ~lcukd erlh tfk mumgcmock ukclngtw egkcd~ mbd mumgcmogcgtw le kvmnt rk~{ct" Mcc tfk tk~t zrlockh~ mrk ~lcukd lb >?v>?# 54v54 mbd =?6v=?6 irgd ygtf NEC b{hokr :"; elr trmb~cmtglb mbd ~lcgd oldw rltmtglb tk~t~ mbd NEC b{hokr = elr ~gbick ulrtkv mbd dkelrhmtglb egkcd tk~t" Tfk zrlockh nlbdgtglb~ {~kd tl ~lcuk mdukntglb zrlockh~ mrk ~flyb gb Tmock ;"?"
Tmock ;"?0 Dgeekrkbt mdukntglb zrlockh~ ~lcukd gb zrk~kbt ylra Bl" Zrlockh Hmv Tghk Kvmnt rk~{ct mt kbd tghk tghk _kukr~mc = Trmb~cmtglb = Bl Ec{gd oldw rkt{rb~ tl gbgtgmc zl~gtglb ϊ ? ^lcgd Oldw _ltmtglb Bl Ec{gd oldw rkt{rb~ tl gbgtgmc zl~gtglb > ^gbick Ulrtkv > Bl Mumgcmock le _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' 4 Dkelrhmtglb egkcd ? Wk~ &mt t 8 Mumgcmock le _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' mt t =' 8 = mbd ^mhk m~ gbgtgmc nlbdgtglb mt t 8 ?"
;"?">"; Mdukntglb Tk~t~0 _k~{ct~ mbd Dg~n{~~glb Gbtkremnk zclt~ mt tghk# t 8 = elr ~ghzck trmb~cmtglb tk~t elr mcc hktfld~ lb >? ?# 54? mbd =?6 ? mrk ~flyb gb Egi" ;"7" Gdkmccw tfk ec{gd oldw ~fl{cd nlhk tl tfk gbgtgmc zl~gtglb ygtfl{t {bdkrilgbi mbw ~fmzk nfmbik" Gt g~ ~kkb gb Egi" ;"7&m'# gb nm~k le ULE(DM hktfld tfk ~fmzk le ec{gd oldw nfmbik~ drm~tgnmccw lb nlmr~kr igrd# tfk ~fmzk ghzrluk~ lb egbk irgd o{t ~tgcc gt g~ blt tl ngrnck" Tfk egbmc zl~gtglb le gbtkremnk lb nlmr~k irgd g~ mc~l blt bkmr tfk kvmnt gbtkremnk zl~gtglb" Tfk ngrn{cmr ec{gd oldw ~tmrt~ tl dkukclz nlrbkr~ gb ULE(DM hktfld oknm{~k le gt~ ^CGN mzzrlvghmtglb mbd 9;
=D mdukntglb mcilrgtfh" Elr tfk nm~k le ULE(ZZH m~ ~kkb gb Egi" ;"7&o'# tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk rkhmgb~ ngrn{cmr o{t tfk egbmc zl~gtglb le gbtkremnk g~ mymw erlh gbgtgmc clnmtglb" Lb egbk irgd tfk egbmc zl~gtglb mbd ~fmzk tkbd tl hmtnf ygtf kvmnt rk~{ct" Tfk rk~{ct~ le ULE(W(ZCGN m~ ~kkb gb Egi" ;"7&n'# hmtnf ykcc ygtf tfk kvmnt rk~{ct lb nlmr~k irgd ygtf e{rtfkr ghzrlukhkbt lb irgd rkegbkhkbt" Gbtkremnk ~fmzk fm~ blt nfmbikd h{nf gb nm~k le C^H(YKBL m~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"7&d' o{t tfk gbtkremnk zl~gtglb dlk~ blt hmtnf ygtf tfk kvmnt rk~{ct" Tfk rk~{ct~ ghzrluk lb irgd rkegbkhkbt" :"?; =
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&d' &e' &k' Egi{rk ;"70 Egbmc &t 8 =' gbtkremnk zclt~ elr trmb~cmtglb tk~t lb >?v>?# 54v54 mbd =?6v=?6 irgd {~gbi dgeekrkbt hktfld~ &m' ULE(DM &o' ULE(ZZH &n' ULE(W(ZCGN &d' C^H( YKBL &k' NC^ULE(Ygtfl{t nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb &e' NC^ULE(Ygtf nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb Gb nm~k le bky NC^ULE hktfld m~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"7&k'# tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk nfmbikd drm~tgnmccw mbd mzzmrkbtcw clt le hm~~ cl~~ lnn{rrkd elr mcc irgd ~gpk~" Yfkb tfk hktfld ym~ ncl~kcw kvmhgbkd# gt ym~ el{bd tfmt tfk ~{h le mdukntkd fkmug~gdk e{bntglb mbd ~{h le fkmug~gdk e{bntglb nmcn{cmtkd erlh tfk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb ykrk blt ~mhk" M ~tkz ablyb m~ nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb fm~ okkb dkukclzkd tl lukrnlhk tfg~ zrlockh yfkrkgb tfk dgeekrkbnk gb ~{h le mdukntkd fkmug~gdk e{bntglb mbd ~{h le fkmug~gdk e{bntglb nmcn{cmtkd erlh ckukc ~kt e{bntglb g~ 95
dg~trgo{tkd k}{mccw mhlbi tfk zmrtgmccw egcckd nkcc~" Egi" ;"7 &e' ~fly~ tfk rk~{ct le NC^ULE hktfld ygtf nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb# gt g~ ~kkb tfmt tfl{if tfk hm~~ cl~~ fm~ okkb mulgdkd tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk fm~ blt ghzrlukd" Tfk rkm~lb elr ~fmzk nfmbik gb NC^ULE hktfld g~ blt ablyb wkt" Ygtfl{t nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb tfk bky NC^ULE hktfld ygcc gbn{r hm~~ cl~~# ~l elr mcc tfk zrlockh~ NC^ULE g~ {~kd ygtf nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb"
Tmock ;">0 Hm~~ krrlr &+' mt tghk# t 8 = elr trmb~cmtglb tk~t elr mcc ~lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~ lb dgeekrkbt irgd ~gpk~ ULE C^H Bky NC^ULE Ygtfl{t Ygtf Irgd DM ZZH W(ZCGN YKBL Nlb~krumtguk Nlb~krumtguk ~gpk _kdg~trgo{tglb _kdg~trgo{tglb >?v>? 9"?: 4"45 ="7>K(=: ?"::K(:? 4:"6= : 54v54 =":5 ?"=> ="=6K(:5 ?"7;K(:4 4;"?: 7"99K(=4 =?6v=?6 :";7 =":7 ="4=K(:9 ="7:K(:4 4:"54 ;"66K(=4 Egbmc hm~~ cl~~ gbn{rrkd ow mcc tfk hktfld~ lb mcc irgd ~gpk~ elr trmb~cmtglb tk~t g~ ~flyb gb Tmock ;"># ULE(W(ZCGN hktfld zkrelrh~ ok~t elcclykd ow C^H(YKBL" ULE(DM mbd ULE( ZZH gbn{r nlb~gdkrmock hm~~ cl~~ lb nlmr~k irgd1 rkm~lb elr hm~~ cl~~ gb ULE(DM hktfld g~ lnn{rrkbnk le {bdkr~fllt~ mbd lukr~fllt~" Gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH# hm~~ cl~~ g~ gbn{rrkd m~ tfk ~clzk cghgtgbi dlk~ blt kb~{rk tfmt tfk ~{h le ulc{hk ermntglb~ rkhmgb nlb~tmbt gb dlhmgb" Hm~~ cl~~ elr ULE(DM# ULE(ZZH mbd C^H(YKBL ghzrluk ygtf irgd rkegbkhkbt" Hm~~ krrlr gb nm~k le ULE(W(ZCGN ~kkh~ tl gbnrkm~k ygtf irgd rkegbkhkbt# lbk zl~~gock rkm~lb nl{cd ok0 m~ tfk irgd g~ rkegbkd tfk dghkb~glb~ le nkcc oknlhk ukrw ~hmcc mbd tfk nlbukrikbnk nrgtkrgm gb og~kntglb hktfld {~kd tl clnmtk gbtkremnk hmw ok hkt okelrk tfk mnt{mc gbtkremnk zl~gtglb g~ mnfgkukd" Hm~~ cl~~ gbn{rrkd gb NC^ULE hktfld ygtfl{t nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb g~ elr rkm~lb~ ltfkr tfmt mdukntglb mcilrgtfh" NC^ULE hktfld ygtf nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb zrld{nk~ zrmntgnmccw pkrl hm~~ cl~~# yfgnf umcgdmtk~ tfk ghzckhkbtmtglb le nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb mcilrgtfh o{t gt nmbblt ok nlb~gdkrkd m illd rk~{ct m~ hm~~ nlb~krumtglb g~ kbelrnkd ow m tknfbg}{k yfl~k umcgdgtw g~ wkt tl ok zrlukd" Gbtkremnk zclt~ mt tghk# t 8 ϊ elr ~lcgd oldw rltmtglb tk~t elr mcc hktfld~ lb >? ?# 54? mbd =?6? mrk ~flyb gb Egi" ;"=:# gb ~lcgd oldw rltmtglb tk~t mc~l tfk ec{gd oldw ~fl{cd nlhk tl tfk gbgtgmc zl~gtglb ygtfl{t {bdkrilgbi mbw ~fmzk nfmbik" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"=:1 tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk gb nm~k le ULE(DM mbd NC^ULE fm~ nfmbikd" Gbtkremnk ~fmzk gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH mbd ULE(W(ZCGN mrk ngrn{cmr o{t tfk zl~gtglb le gbtkremnk dlk~ blt hmtnf ygtf zl~gtglb le kvmnt gbtkremnk" C^H(YKBL zkrelrh~ ok~t mhlbi mcc hktfld~ kukb lb nlmr~k irgd" _k~{ct~ le mcc hktfld~ ghzrluk lb irgd rkegbkhkbt" 99
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&i' Egi{rk ;"==0 Egbmc &t 8>' gbtkremnk zclt~ elr ~gbick ulrtkv tk~t ygtfl{t tghk rkukr~mc lb =?6 v=?6 irgd {~gbi dgeekrkbt hktfld~ &m' ‖Kvmnt‗ ~lc{tglb {~gbi Hmn hktfld ow _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' &o' ULE(DM &n' ULE(ZZH &d' ULE(W(ZCGN &k' C^H(YKBL {~gbi zkrgldgn On &e' C^H(YKBL {~gbi Bk{hmbb Bk{hmbb On &i' NC^ULE(Ygtf nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb Gbtkremnk zclt~ elr ~gbick ulrtkv tk~t ygtfl{t tghk rkukr~mc mt tghk# t 8 > elr mcc hktfld~ lb =?6? irgd mrk ~flyb gb Egi" ;"==" Tfk gbtkremnk zclt~ mrk nlhzmrkd ygtf kvmnt rk~{ct le _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"==&m'" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"== tfmt mcc hktfld~ zrld{nk m nr{dk ~fmzk ~ghgcmr tl tfk kvmnt ~lc{tglb flykukr gb nm~k le ULE(DM m~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"==&o'# ~hmcc ec{gd oldgk~ dktmnf erlh tfk hmgb oldw# k~zkngmccw tfk tmgc" Tfk dktmnfhkbt le tfk ec{gd oldw g~ blt mnnkztmock m~ gt ygcc ckmd tl gbnlrrknt zrlzkrtw nmcn{cmtglb gb dlhmgb" Gt g~ mc~l lo~krukd erlh Egi" ;"==&m' tfmt bkmr tfk nkbtkr le dlhmgb# tfk ec{gd oldw fm~ dkukclzkd nlrbkr mbd tfk gbtkremnk mzzkmr~ ymuw mt mcc zcmnk~1 gb ~{nf nm~k tfk gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk nmcn{cmtglb ygcc ok gbmnn{rmtk " 97
Gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"==&n'# bl dktmnfhkbt le ec{gd zmrtgnck~ tmak zcmnk bkmr tfk tmgc mbd tfk gbtkremnk g~ ~hlltf kukrwyfkrk o{t d{k tl ~hkmrgbi tfk tmgc g~ ~flrtkbkd" ULE(W(ZCGN kvfgogt~ ok~t rk~{ct mhlbi ULE hktfld~ yfkb nlhzmrkd tl kvmnt rk~{ct m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"==&d'# m~ gt zrld{nk~ ~hlltf gbtkremnk tfmb ULE(DM mbd fm~ bl ~hkmrgbi cgak gb ULE(ZZH" Lbcw nlbnkrb gb ULE(W(ZCGN g~ tfk dktmnfhkbt le ~lhk ec{gd mt tfk tmgc" Gt g~ lo~krukd tfmt yfkb tfk ec{gd oldw oknlhk~ ukrw tfgb# le tfk lrdkr le tfk nkcc ~gpk tfkb gbnlrrknt umc{k le gbtkremnk blrhmc g~ nmcn{cmtkd mbd tfk zgknkyg~k cgbkmr mzzrlvghmtglb le tfk gbtkremnk emgc~ gb tfmt rkiglb ckmdgbi tl gbnlrrknt ec{v nmcn{cmtglb" Emc~k ulgd rkiglb g~ ikbkrmtkd tfkrk yfgnf ckmd~ tl orkma{z le ec{gd" Tfk zfkblhkblb le orkma{z le ec{gd gb tfk tfgb ec{gd rkiglb~ gb ZCGN hktfld~ fm~ okkb tkrhkd m~ ‖b{hkrgnmc ~{remnk tkb~glb‗ ow _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' mbd g~ lo~krukd gb mcc ZCGN hktfld~ grrk~zkntguk le tfk hktfld le tfk blrhmc nmcn{cmtglb" Gb nm~k le C^H(YKBL# tyl dgeekrkbt ~gh{cmtglb~ mrk dlbk tl ~t{dw tfk keeknt le dgeekrkbt ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb yfgck akkzgbi mcc ltfkr zmrmhktkr~ nlb~tmbt" Egi" ;"==&k' ~fly~ tfk rk~{ct le {~gbi zkrgldgn ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb elr ckukc ~kt e{bntglb mbd Egi" ;"==&e' ~fly~ tfk rk~{ct le {~gbi Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb elr ckukc ~kt e{bntglb" Nckmrcw# tfk gbtkremnk lotmgbkd ow {~gbi Bk{hmbb ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ okttkr elr tfg~ zrlockh# yfgnf nlbtrmdgnt~ mb kmrcgkr tk~t yfkrkgb tfk keeknt le {~gbi dgeekrkbt ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ ym~ el{bd bkicgigock yfkb ckukc ~kt e{bntglb le ~tmtglbmrw ~}{mrk ec{gd oldw ym~ rkgbgtgmcgpkd rkgbgtgmcgp kd &Egi" ;"5'" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"==&k' mbd Egi" ;"==&e'# gb m ec{gd ecly zrlockh tfk nflgnk le ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb le ckukc ~kt e{bntglb zcmw~ hm`lr rlck gb hm~~ nlb~krumtglb" Tfk rk~{ct~ le C^H {~gbi kgtfkr le tfk ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb dl blt hmtnf ygtf tfk kvmnt rk~{ct" Tfk gbtkremnk zclt le NC^ULE hktfld m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"==&i' g~ ok~t mhlbi ckukc ~kt hktfld~" Tfk ec{gd oldw mzzkmr~ tl fmuk gbn{rrkd ck~~ hm~~ krrlr tfmb C^H(YKBL o{t ~tgcc dlk~ blt mzzkmr tl hmtnf ygtf tfk kvmnt rk~{ct" Hm~~ cl~~ gb nm~k le NC^ULE hktfld g~ pkrl# d{k tl nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb tfk tmgc tfgnabk~~ g~ bkukr mcclykd tl dknrkm~k mbd tf{~ tfk ec{gd oldw mzzkmr~ tl ok {bgelrhcw ygdk mcc mclbi tfk ~zgrmc# erlh fkmd tl tmgc" Gb tfk kvmnt rk~{ct &Egi" ;"==&m'' tfk ec{gd oldw mzzkmr~ tl ok tfgb gb tmgc rkiglb mbd tfgna bkmr tfk fkmd le tfk ~zgrmc" Tfk egbmc hm~~ krrlr &t 8 >' elr tfk ~gbick ulrtkv tk~t g~ igukb gb Tmock ;";# tfk hm~~ cl~~ gb nm~k le ULE(DM g~ ukrw fgif gb zrk~kbnk le ulrtgnmc ukclngtw egkcd elr mcc irgd ~gpk~ d{k tl tfk =D mcilrgtfh" Hm~~ krrlr elr ULE(ZZH g~ ukrw fgif lb nlmr~k irgd# gt rkd{nk~ lb irgd rkegbkhkbt o{t tfk hm~~ krrlr {~gbi ULE(ZZH hktfld g~ nlhzmrmock tl hm~~ krrlr lb nlmr~k irgd {~gbi ULE(W(ZCGN" Gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH# d{k tl zrk~kbnk le ulrtgnmc ukclngtw egkcd tfk =D ~clzk nmcn{cmtglb t{rb l{t ok gbmnn{rmtk mbd d{k tl ~clzk cghgtgbi hm~~ krrlr g~ gbn{rrkd" Tfk rkm~lb elr hm~~ cl~~ gb ULE(W(ZCGN g~ ~mhk m~ elr ~lcgd oldw rltmtglb g"k" lukrcmzzgbi le ec{v zlcwilb~ lr hg~~gbi ~lhk ec{gd d{rgbi mdukntglb" 6:
Tmock ;";0 Hm~~ krrlr &+' mt tghk# t 8 > elr ~gbick ulrtkv tk~t ygtfl{t tghk rkukr~mc elr mcc ~lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~ lb dgeekrkbt irgd ~gpk~ ULE C^H Bky NC^ULE Ygtf DM ZZH W(ZCGN YKBL Nlb~krumtguk Bk{hmbb On _kdg~trgo{tglb >?v>? =4"=4 =6"79 4"7? 7?"== : 54v54 =:":: 9"7> :"45 69">4 : =?6v=?6 =4">9 4"9> :":6 46";7 : Gb nm~k le C^H tfk hm~~ krrlr g~ trkhkbdl{~ gb zrk~kbnk le ulrtgnmc ecly egkcd1 hm~~ cl~~ rkd{nk~ lb irgd rkegbkhkbt o{t ~tgcc g~ ukrw fgif gb nlhzmrg~lb tl ULE hktfld~" Gbtkremnk zclt~ elr tghk rkukr~kd dkelrhmtglb egkcd ygtf tghk zkrgld# T 8 ? elr mcc hktfld~ lb =?6? irgd mrk ~flyb gb Egi" ;"=?" Tfk gbtkremnk zclt~ mrk nlhzmrkd ygtf kvmnt rk~{ct le _gdkr mbd Altfk &=776' m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"=?&m'" Tl ikt m hkm~{rk le b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb gb ULE hktfld~# ulc{hk ermntglb nlbtl{r~ le :":;# :"; mbd :"7; mrk zclttkd elr ULE(DM# ULE(ZZH mbd ULE(W(ZCGN" =
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&i' &f' Egi{rk ;"=50 Gbtkremnk zclt mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk gbtkrumc le :"; elr mcc hktfld~ lb 5:v?: mbd =6:v5: irgd" _k~{ct~ le ULE(W(ZCGN mbd C^H mrk gb okttkr mirkkhkbt tfmb tfk rk~{ct~ le ULE(ZZH mbd NC^ULE" Gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH m ~tmgr ~fmzkd zrlegck g~ ~kkb ~{iik~tgbi# tfk nfmbik~ gb tfk umc{k le ulc{hk ermntglb gb nkcc~ bkmr ~l{tf ymcc mrk blt nlbtgb{l{~ o{t zkrgldgn g"k" tfk ec{gd yl{cd blt fmuk kbtkrkd m nkcc d{k tl ~clzk cghgtgbi elr ~lhk tghk ~tkz~ mbd elr tfk bkvt nfmbik tl lnn{r gt yl{cd fmuk tmakb ~lhk hlrk tghk ~tkz~" Le mcc tfk hktfld~# C^H kvfgogt~ ok~t rk~{ct~ m~ gt~ zrlegck hmtnfk~ ygtf kvzkrghkbtmc rk~{ct~ mt cmtkr tghk" ULE(W(ZCGN mbd NC^ULE fmuk zmrmcckc zrlegck tl kvzkrghkbtmc rk~{ct~"
6;
Gbtkremnk zclt~ mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk gbtkrumc le :"; elr mcc hktfld~ lb 5:v?: mbd =6:v5: irgd mrk zclttkd gb Egi" ;"=5" Keeknt le irgd rkegbkhkbt elr tfk nm~k le ULE(ZZH g~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"=5# tfk gbtkremnk oknlhk~ ~hlltf lb tfk egbk irgd o{t mt cmtkr tghk~ gbtkremnk oknlhk~ ymuw bkmr tfk ymcc" _k~{ct~ le ULE(W(ZCGN mrk gbtkrk~tgbi m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"=51 tfk bl ~cgz ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb mt ~l{tf ymcc ghzkdk~ erkk hlukhkbt le gbtkremnk mt tfk ymcc mbd ckmd~ tl ec{gd orkma{z lb egbk irgd" Gbtkremnk gb nm~k le C^H mbd NC^ULE g~ ~hlltfkr tfmb gb nm~k ULE hktfld~ m~ ~kkb gb Egi" ;"=5" Gb nm~k le tfk nlmr~k irgd gb C^H# gbtkremnk dmtm mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk ="; g~ blt mumgcmock m~ hm~~ krrlr g~ ukrw fgif" _k~{ct~ lb nm~k le C^H ghzrluk lb irgd rkegbkhkbt hlrklukr tfk keeknt le {~gbi bl ~cgz ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb elr ukclngtw mt ~l{tf ymcc g~ blt mdukr~k" Gbtkremnk ~fmzk gb nm~k le NC^ULE g~ gbmnn{rmtk# oknm{~k le tfk zrlnkd{rk {~kd tl nmcn{cmtk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb erlh fkmug~gdk e{bntglb {~gbi og~kntglb hktfld" Tfk umrgmtglb le hm~~ cl~~ ygtf blb dghkb~glbmc tghk elr mcc tfk hktfld~ lb 5:v?: mbd =6:v5: irgd g~ zclttkd gb Egi" ;"=9# ukrw ck~~ hm~~ cl~~ g~ gbn{rrkd gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH mbd ULE(W(ZCGN lb oltf nlmr~k mbd egbk irgd" Hm~~ cl~~ gb nm~k le ckukc ~kt hktfld lb nlmr~k irgd gbnrkm~k~ ygtf tghk mbd rkmnfk~ m ukrw fgif umc{k mt bkmrcw ="; blb dghkb~glbmc tghk {bgt~" Lb irgd rkegbkhkbt tfk hm~~ cl~~ gbn{rrkd gb C^H hktfld dknrkm~k~ o{t gt~ umc{k g~ el{bd tl ok hlrk tfmb hm~~ cl~~ gbn{rrkd ow ULE hktfld~ lb nlmr~k irgd" Hm~~ cl~~ gb NC^ULE hktfld ym~ elrnkd tl pkrl1 tfk ~mhk g~ rkeckntkd gb tfk rk~{ct" Gt g~ lo~krukd erlh tfk gbtkremnk zclt~ &Egi" ;"=5' mbd tfk trkbd le hm~~ cl~~ &Egi" ;"=9'# ULE(ZCH g~ okttkr hktfld le tfk tyl ULE hktfld~" Tfl{if C^H ~kkh~ tl iguk m okttkr rk~{ct tfk hm~~ cl~~ kukb lb egbk irgd g~ ukrw fgif" NC^ULE dlk~ iguk m ~hlltf gbtkremnk mbd hmgbtmgb~ hm~~ nlb~krumtglb o{t tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk g~ {bmnnkztmock" =: 6
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;"4 ^{remnk Tkb~glb Hld{ck Tk~t0 Wl{bi(Cmzcmnk cmy ?D Wl{bi(Cmzcmnk cmy tk~t# mc~l ablyb m~ k}{gcgorg{h rld tk~t g~ m ~tmbdmrd tk~t zrlockh zrlzl~kd ow Ormnaogcc kt mc" &=77?' tl okbnfhmra ~{remnk tkb~glb hldkcgbi {~gbi N^E hldkc" Gb tfg~ zrlockh mb gbegbgtk nwcgbdrgnmc rld fmugbi rmdg{~# _ g~ zcmnkd gb m }{gk~nkbt ~{rrl{bdgbi ec{gd" Irmugtw mbd ug~nl{~ elrnk~ mrk bkickntkd# ~l ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk g~ omcmbnkd ow zrk~~{rk elrnk lbcw" Tfg~ rk~{ct~ gb zrk~~{rk `{hz mt tfk gbtkremnk igukb ow tfk Cmzcmnk k}{mtglb#
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Nlhz{tkd C ? krrlr g~ nlhzmrkd ygtf rk~{ct~ le Ormnaogcc kt mc" &=77?' tl umcgdmtk tfk ghzckhkbtmtglb le N^E hldkc" Zrk~~{rk umrgmtglb mnrl~~ tfk gbtkremnk h{~t ok ~hlltf" ^{remnk zclt le zrk~~{rk g~ zclttkd elr oltf tfk hktfld~ tl nfkna tfg~ mbd egbmccw# ukclngtw ukntlr~ mrk zclttkd tl nfkna kvg~tkbnk le mbw m bw ikbkrmtglb le n{rrkbt~" n {rrkbt~" Gdkmccw tfkrk ~fl{cd ok bl hlukhkbt gb tfk dlhmgb"
;"4"4 Wl{bi(Cmzcmnk cmy0 _k~{ct~ mbd Dg~n{~~glb _mtgl le nmcn{cmtkd mukrmik zrk~~{rk tl mnt{mc zrk~~{rk gb rld mbd C? krrlr elr mcc hktfld~ g~ ~flyb gb Tmock ;";" Zrk~kbt rk~{ct~ mrk nlhzmrkd ygtf tfk okbnfhmra rk~{ct~ le Ormnaogcc kt mc"
66
&=77?' lb =; ? mbd >:? irgd" Ormnaogcc kt mc" &=77?' {~kd m ULE hktfld mbd ~hlltfkbkd ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd ym~ {~kd tl nmcn{cmtk n{rumt{rk" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Tmock ;"5# elr tfk zrk~kbt rk~{ct le ULE hktfld ygtfl{t ~hlltfgbi# C ? krrlr g~ ukrw fgif lb nlmr~k irgd# yfgnf dlk~ blt ghzrluk tll h{nf lb irgd rkegbkhkbt" Tfk umc{k le mukrmik nmcn{cmtkd zrk~~{rk g~ ymw lee erlh tfk mnt{mc umc{k le zrk~~{rk elr nlmr~k irgd~ o{t ghzrluk~ lb irgd rkegbkhkbt" Gb nm~k le ULE hktfld# ~hlltfgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ hlrk keekntguk lb egbk irgd tfmb lb nlmr~k irgd m~ ~kkb erlh Tmock" ;";" Kukb ygtf ~hlltfgbi# tfk C ? krrlr lb oltf tfk irgd~ g~ fgifkr tfmb okbnfhmra rk~{ct" C^H zrld{nk~ okttkr rk~{ct~ nlhzmrkd tl ULE hktfld~ mbd kukb tfk okbnfhmra rk~{ct~# mbd lb >:v>: irgd C^H zrld{nk~ bkmrcw kvmnt ~lc{tglb" Ckukc ~kt hktfld g~ m ukrw mnn{rmtk hktfld gbulcugbi ~{remnk tkb~glb m~ tfk nmcn{cmtglb le gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk g~ mnn{rmtk gb C^H tfmb ULE hktfld~"
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Egi{rk ;"?:0 Egbmc gbtkremnk zl~gtglb mbd ukclngtw ukntlr~ elr Wl{bi(Cmzcmnk tk~t lb >:v>: irgd Gb nm~k le ULE hktfld ygtfl{t ~hlltfgbi# tfk ukclngtw ukntlr~ mrk hlrk zrlhgbkbt tfmb elr ltfkr hktfld~# lb nmrke{c kvmhgbmtglb gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?: tfmt ukclngtw ukntlr~ mrk zlgbtgbi gb lzzl~gtk dgrkntglb~ bkmr tfk gbtkremnk" Kvg~tkbnk le bkimtguk zrk~~{rk bkmr tfk 7:
gbtkremnk g~ tfk rkm~lb elr tfg~" Tfk egbmc gbtkremnk ~fmzk g~ blt ~hlltf# ~{iik~tgbi tfmt ~lhk hlukhkbt le gbtkremnk fm~ tmakb zcmnk" Elr tfk nm~k le ULE hktfld ygtf ~hlltfkbkd ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd m~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?:# ukclngtw ukntlr~ fmuk blt okkb kcghgbmtkd o{t tfkw zlgbt gb ~mhk dgrkntglb# yfgnf hkmb~ tfk kvg~tkbnk le bkimtguk zrk~~{rk fm~ okkb kcghgbmtkd" Tfk egbmc gbtkremnk ~fmzk gb tfg~ nm~k mc~l fm~ {bdkrilbk ~lhk hlukhkbt" C^H zrld{nk~ tfk gdkmc rk~{ct m~ tfkrk mrk bl hm`lr ukclngtw ukntlr~ mbd tfk gbtkremnk fm~ blt {bdkrilbk mbw hlukhkbt"
;"; _mwckgif(Tmwclr Gb~tmogcgtw Nlb~gdkr m ~w~tkh le tyl ghhg~ngock ~trmtgegkd ec{gd~ {bdkr tfk keeknt le irmugtw ygtf fkmugkr ec{gd okgbi lb tlz" Ge tfk gbtkremnk g~ flrgplbtmc tfk ~w~tkh ygcc rkhmgb ~tmock m~ tfkrk g~ bl ymw elr hlukhkbt tl lnn{r" Ge m ~hmcc zkrt{romtglb g~ igukb mclbi tfk gbtkremnk# d{k tl dkb~gtw dgeekrkbnk tfk fkmugkr ec{gd ygcc trw tl emcc dlyb dg~zcmngbi tfk cgiftkr ec{gd# tfk cgiftkr ec{gd ygcc tf{~ trw tl rg~k gb tfk nmugtw elrhgbi o{oock~# tfg~ zfkblhkblb g~ ablyb m~ _mwckgif(Tmwclr &_T' Gb~tmogcgtw" Tfg~ zrlockh g~ ~trgbikbt tfmb tfk dmh orkma ~gh{cmtglb gb rkimrd tfmt tfkrk g~ ulrtkv elrhmtglb bkmr tfk gbtkremnk yfgnf ~trktnfk~ tfk gbtkremnk ~kukrkcw# tk~tgbi tfk rlo{~tbk~~ le gbtkremnk mdukntglb mcilrgtfh nl{zckd ygtf Bmugkr(^tlak~ ~lcukr" Tfk ~gh{cmtglb tghk g~ h{nf clbikr tfmb tfmt elr orlakb dmh zrlockh# ~l trkbd le hm~~ krrlr elr clbi tghk nmb ok nfknakd"
Bl ^cgz
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7=
;";"= _T Gb~tmogcgtw0 Zfw~gnmc Dk~nrgztglb le Zrlockh Tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb g~ m rkntmbi{cmr nmugtw ygtf ygdtf# c 8 = mbd fkgift# >c >c m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"?=" [bzkrt{rokd fkgift le tfk gbtkremnk g~ ="65 c erlh c erlh tfk om~k ygtf fkmugkr ec{gd okgbi lb tlz" M nl~gb{~lgdmc# ~gbick ymuk zkrt{romtglb ygtf mhzcgt{dk :":>c :":> c g~ g~ gbtrld{nkd mt tfk gbtkremnk" Bl ~cgz ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ mzzcgkd mt tlz mbd olttlh ol{bdmrw mbd erkk ~cgz ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ mzzcgkd mt ~gdk ol{bdmrgk~" [bgelrh irmugtw mnt~ kukrwyfkrk gb tfk dlhmgb# tfkrk g~ bl ltfkr ~l{rnk le hltglb gb tfk dlhmgb"
;";"? _T Gb~tmogcgtw0 Blb Dghkb~glbmc Ilukrbgbi Zmrmhktkr~ Elr tfk z{rzl~k le blb(dghkb~glbmcgpmtglb# ckbitf g~ ~nmckd {~gbi tfk ygdtf le tfk dlhmgb#
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_kwblcd~ b{hokr g~ dkegbkd om~kd lb tfk zrlzkrtgk~ le fkmugkr ec{gd# tfk ckbitf le tfk nlc{hb g~ tmakb m~ c 8 = h" Nlrrk~zlbdgbi tl zrlzkrtgk~# ckbitf ~nmck mbd ukclngtw ~nmck tfk _kwblcd~ b{hokr elr _T gb~tmogcgtw t{rb~ l{t tl ok =;;"5:;" Tfk dkb~gtw rmtgl & α ' α ' mbd tfk Mtylld b{hokr# M 8 &= ∟ α ' &= ! α ' elr tfk igukb dkb~gtgk~ t{rb l{t tl ok :"? mbd :"5559 rk~zkntgukcw" Ykokr b{hokr g~ dkegbkd lb tfk zrlzkrtgk~ le fkmugkr ec{gd1 zmrmhktrgn ~t{dw g~ zkrelrhkd elr dgeekrkbt Ykokr b{hokr"
;";"> _T Gb~tmogcgtw0 Nlhz{tmtglbmc Nlhz{tmtglbmc Dktmgc~ Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra# ~gh{cmtglb~ mrk nmrrgkd ygtf ULE(ZZH# ULE(W(ZCGN# C^H(YKBL mbd NC^ULE hktfld lb =5v46# >?v75 mbd 54v=7? {bgelrh irgd tgcc el{r blb(dghkb~glbmc tghk {bgt~" Gbgtgmccw ukclngtgk~ mbd zrk~~{rk mrk ~kt m~ pkrl" Tfk tghk ~tkz g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" >"9 ygtf rkd{ntglb emntlr m~ :"46" D{rgbi kmnf tghk ~tkz tfk rk~gd{mc le Zrk~~{rk Zlg~~lb k}{mtglb fm~ okkb orl{ift dlyb tl tfk lrdkr le =:K(6" ][GNA nlbukntglb ~nfkhk fm~ okkb {~kd tl dg~nrktgpk nlbukntguk tkrh~ gb hlhkbt{h k}{mtglb" Egr~t ~kt le nlhz{tmtglb~ mrk nmrrgkd l{t ygtfl{t ~{remnk tkb~glb tl ~t{dw tfk keeknt le irgd rkegbkhkbt lb =5v46# >?v75 mbd 54v=7? irgd" Gb tfk ~knlbd ~kt le nlhz{tmtglb~# tfk keeknt le ~{remnk tkb~glb g~ gbnc{dkd" Nlhz{tmtglb~ mrk nmrrgkd l{t elr dgeekrkbt Ykokr b{hokr tl 7?
dktkrhgbk ge tfk ULE# C^H mbd NC^ULE ~lc{tglb hktfldlcligk~ nmb zrlugdk tfk nrgtgnmc Ykokr b{hokr m~ zrkdgntkd ow tfk cgbkmr mbmcw~g~" Yfkb tfk Ykokr b{hokr g~ k}{mc tl nrgtgnmc Ykokr b{hokr bl gb~tmogcgtw lnn{r~" Erlh tfk cgbkmr mbmcw~g~# tfk nrgtgnmc Ykokr b{hokr g~ igukb ow# Yk 8 nr yfkrk a
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ULE(ZZH =5v46
ULE(ZZH >?v75
ULE(ZZH 54v=7?
ULE(W(ZCGN =5v46
ULE(W(ZCGN >?v75
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v=7?
C^H =5v46
C^H >?v75
C^H 54v=7?
NC^ULE =5v46
NC^ULE >?v75
NC^ULE 54v=7?
Egi{rk ;"??0Keeknt le irgd rkegbkhkbt lb gbtkremnk ~fmzk mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk# τ 8 4 elr mcc tfk hktfld~ ygtfl{t ~{remnk tkb~glb
;";"4 _T Gb~tmogcgtw0 _k~{ct~ mbd Dg~n{~~glb Gbtkremnk ~fmzk elr mcc hktfld~ ygtfl{t ~{remnk tkb~glb mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk# τ 8 4 lb =5v46# >?v75 mbd 54v=7? irgd g~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"??" Ulc{hk ermntglb nlbtl{r~ le ckukc :"; mrk {~kd tl rkzrk~kbt gbtkremnk gb ULE hktfld~# yfkrkm~ ckukc ~kt nlbtl{r ckukc : g~ dkegbkd m~ gbtkremnk gb nm~k le C^H mbd NC^ULE"
7>
Egi" ;"?? ~fly~ tfmt ygtf tfk kvnkztglb le NC^ULE# tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk zrkdgntkd g~ emgrcw mnn{rmtk lb nlmr~k irgd" Gbtkremnk ~fmzk gb nm~k le NC^ULE ~kkh~ tl ok kvnk~~gukcw dkukclzkd mbd gt g~ m~whhktrgnmc" Gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH# ec{gd oldw g~ ~whhktrgnmc elr irgd ~gpk~# ec{gd orkma {z ~kkh~ tl ok fmzzkbgbi lb egbkr irgd~ o{t mnt{mccw d{k tl b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb tfk ec{gd oldw gb tfgb ec{gd rkiglb~ g~ fgifcw ~hkmrkd" Tfk ~hkmrkd gbtkremnk gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH g~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"?># tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk lotmgbkd {~gbi ULE(ZZH g~ ncl~k tl kvmnt rk~{ct" Gb nm~k le ULE(W(ZCGN m~ ~kkb gb Egi" ;"??# tfk ec{gd orkma{z ~kkb lb nlmr~k irgd rkd{nk~ lb irgd rkegbkhkbt o{t gt g~ bkukr kcghgbmtkd" [bcgak ULE(ZZH# gb tfk nm~k le ULE(W(ZCGN bl b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb g~ gbtrld{nkd gb tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd mbd tf{~ ec{gd orkma {z lnn{r~" Tl rk~lcuk tfgb ec{gd oldw kukb egbkr irgd ygcc fmuk tl ok tmakb m~ W(ZCGN hktfld nmbblt rk~lcuk ec{gd zmrtgnck~ ~hmcckr tfmb tfk irgd ~gpk"
Egi{rk ;"?>0 Egbmc ec{gd ~fmzk {~gbi ULE(ZZH# ec{gd ~fmzk rkzrk~kbtkd ow =: nlbtl{r ckukc~ oktykkb : mbd =" Tfg~ rk~{ct g~ ncl~k~t tl kvmnt rk~{ct" Gb nm~k le C^H# gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?? tfmt tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk g~ ~whhktrgnmc elr mcc irgd ~gpk~# tfk rk~{ct~ ghzrluk trkhkbdl{~cw lb irgd rkegbkhkbt igugbi kvtrkhkcw ~hlltf gbtkremnk gb egbk~t irgd" Tfk tfgb ec{gd rkiglb~ mrk blt nmzt{rkd gb nm~k le C^H# kukb lb m ukrw egbk irgd" Gb nm~k le C^H# tfk tfgb ec{gd rkiglb~ ikt ~hkmrkd" Egi" ;"?? ~fly~ tfmt NC^ULE zrld{nk~ illd rk~{ct lb egbk irgd# ~whhktrw g~ hmgbtmgbkd mbd gbtkremnk g~ dkukclzkd tl cmrikr kvtkbt m~ nlhzmrkd tl ltfkr hktfld~" Tfk umrgmtglb le hm~~ cl~~ ygtf blb dghkb~glbmc tghk elr mcc tfk hktfld~ lb >?v75 irgd g~ zclttkd gb Egi" ;"?4" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?4# ULE(ZZH gbn{r~ ukrw ck~~ krrlr tgcc blb dghkb~glbmc tghk# τ 8 ? # metkr yfgnf tfk krrlr hlbltlbl{~cw gbnrkm~k~ mbd rkmnfk~ hmvgh{h umc{k gt~ hmvgh{h umc{k g"k" :"54 + mt kbd tghk" Hm~~ krrlr gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH ~tmrt~ tl mzzkmr mt cmtkr tghk oknm{~k le b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb mbd ulrtkv egkcd ~kt {z gb tfk dlhmgb ow tfmt tghk" 74
=
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Egi{rk ;"?40 Umrgmtglb le hm~~ krrlr ygtf blb dghkb~glbmc tghk elr mcc hktfld~ lb >?v75irgd elr _T gb~tmogcgtw ygtf ~{remnk tkb~glb" Egi" ;"?4 ~fly~ tfmt ULE(W(ZCGN gbn{r~ bkicgigock hm~~ cl~~ mt mcc tghk~ mbd hm~~ cl~~ gb nm~k le C^H gbnrkm~k~ tgcc blb dghkb~glbmc tghk# τ 8 > metkr yfgnf gt dknrkm~k~ tl pkrl# tfk hm~~ krrlr ~kkh~ tl gbnrkm~k metkr tl{nfgbi pkrl krrlr oknm{~k mo~lc{tk hm~~ krrlr umc{k~ mrk zclttkd" Trkbd le hm~~ krrlr gb nm~k le NC^ULE g~ rmbdlh# rkm~lb elr yfgnf g~ blt ~tgcc ablyb" Gt g~ bltkd erlh Egi" ;"?4 tfmt tfk hm~~ cl~~ elr mcc hktfld~ g~ ck~~ tfmb = +# cly zrlzkrtw rmtgl~ nmb ok m rkm~lb elr illd rk~{ct le C^H"
ULE(ZZH 54v=7? Yk =44
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v=7? Yk =44
C^H 54v=7? Yk =44
NC^ULE >?v75 Yk =44
ULE(ZZH 54v=7? Yk 6:
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v=7? Yk 6:
C^H 54v=7? Yk 6:
NC^ULE >?v75 Yk 6:
ULE(ZZH 54v=7? Yk ;:
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v=7? Yk ;:
C^H 54v=7? Yk ;:
NC^ULE >?v75 Yk ;:
ULE(ZZH 54v=7? Yk 4:
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v=7? Yk 4:
C^H 54v=7? Yk 4:
NC^ULE >?v75 Yk 4:
Egi{rk ;"?;0Keeknt le dgeekrkbt Ykokr b{hokr le lb gbtkremnk ~fmzk mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk# τ 8 4 elr ULE(ZZH# W(ZCGN # C^H lb 54v=7? irgd mbd NC^ULE lb >?v75 irgd"
7;
Egi" ;"?; ~fly~ tfk gbtkremnk ~fmzk elr mcc hktfld~ kvnkzt NC^ULE ygtf ~{remnk tkb~glb gbnc{dkd elr Ykokr b{hokr k}{mc tl =44# 6:# ;: mbd 4: lb 54v=7? irgd mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk# τ 8 4 # rk~{ct~ le NC^ULE mrk lotmgbkd lb >?v75 irgd" M~ m ikbkrmc lo~krumtglb# gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?; elr mcc hktfld~ tfmt ygtf dknrkm~gbi Ykokr b{hokr# dkukclzhkbt le gbtkremnk g~ rk~trgntkd" Gb nm~k le ULE hktfld~ mbd NC^ULE hktfld tfk ~zgak elrhmtglb elr Yk 8 =44 mbd tfk o{co elrhmtglb elr Yk 8 6: mrk hlrk zrlhgbkbt m~ nlhzmrkd tl C^H" ?";
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ULE(W(ZCGN ULE(W(ZCGN Yk ;:
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Egi{rk ;"?50 Keeknt le irgd rkegbkhkbt lb gbtkremnk ~fmzk mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk# τ 8 4 elr mcc tfk hktfld~ ygtf ~{remnk tkb~glb mt Yk 8 ;:" Mt Yk 8 ;: gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?;# tfkrk g~ ukrw cgttck nfmbik gb tfk egbmc gbtkremnk zl~gtglb erlh tfk gbgtgmc nlbdgtglb le tfk gbtkremnk elr mcc tfk hktfld~" Tfk umc{k le nrgtgnmc Ykokr b{hokr gb tfk zrk~kbt zrlockh# nmcn{cmtkd tfklrktgnmccw g~ 47">;# tf{~ gt g~ ~kkb tfmt mcc tfk hktfld~ zrkdgnt tfk nrgtgnmc Ykokr b{hokr emgrcw mnn{rmtkcw"
75
Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?;# mt Yk 8 4: tfk gbtkremnk g~ kvfgogt~ bkimtguk hlukhkbt mbd g~ ~kkb moluk tfk gbgtgmc zkrt{rokd zl~gtglb mt tfk egbmc tghk gb~tmbt# tfk gbtkremnk mnt{mccw ~tmrt~ tl l~ngccmtk ~gibgewgbi tfmt tfk Ykokr b{hokr nfl~kb g~ ck~~ tfmb tfk nrgtgnmc Ykokr b{hokr" Tfk rk~{ct~ lb egbk irgd mrk gbnlbnc{~guk le kvzl~gbi ykmabk~~ le mbw hktfld gb zrk~kbnk le ~{remnk tkb~glb# ~l tfk keeknt le irgd rkegbkhkbt elr mcc hktfld~ ygtf Yk 8 ;: g~ zclttkd gb Egi" ;"?5" Gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH mbd UZE(W(ZCGN# gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?5 tfmt tfk gbtkremnk {bdkrilk~ nlb~gdkrmock hlukhkbt lb nlmr~k irgd~" Gdkmccw tfk gbtkremnk ~fl{cd hluk ukrw cgttck m~ tfk umc{k le Ykokr b{hokr {~kd elr nlhz{tmtglb g~ bkmr tl tfk nrgtgnmc Ykokr b{hokr umc{k &47">;'" Gb nm~k le ULE hktfld~# gbtkremnk hlukhkbt g~ ~kkb oknm{~k le zrk~kbnk le ~z{rgl{~ n{rrkbt~ bkmr tfk gbtkremnk" ^z{rgl{~ n{rrkbt~ mzzkmr d{k tl gbmnn{rmtk nmcn{cmtglb le gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?5 tfmt tfk rk~{ct~ le ULE(ZZH mrk okttkr tfmb elr ULE(W(ZCGN lb m nlmr~k irgd" Gb ULE(ZZH# tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ ~hkmrkd tl ~lhk kvtkbt d{k tl ~lc{tglb mcilrgtfh le ULE k}{mtglb {~gbi ZZH hktfld# tfk ~hkmrkd ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd mgd~ gb nmcn{cmtgbi ~hlltf n{rumt{rk" Gb nm~k le ULE(W(ZCGN tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ hmgbtmgbkd m~ ~tkz e{bntglb# kukb ~hlltfgbi {~gbi A 6 akrbkc ckmd~ tl gbmnn{rmtk n{rumt{rk nmcn{cmtglb" Tfk gbtkremnk hlukhkbt elr oltf ULE hktfld~ g~ rk~trgntkd lb irgd rkegbkhkbt" Gt g~ ~kkb gb Egi" ;"?5 tfmt gb nm~k le C^H mbd NC^ULE tfk gbtkremnk hlukhkbt g~ bkicgigock elr mcc irgd ~gpk~1 tfg~ nlbegrh~ tfk emnt tfmt gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi ckukc ~kt hktfld g~ ukrw mnn{rmtk" Elr ~{remnk tkb~glb dlhgbmbt ecly~# ULE hktfld~ ygcc rk}{grk ukrw egbk irgd gb nlhzmrg~lb tl C^H lr ckukc ~kt om~kd hktfld~ tl nmzt{rk ~mhk zfkblhkblb" :
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Egi{rk ;"?90 Gbtkremnk zl~gtglb mbd ukclngtw ukntlr~ elr mcc hktfld~ mt blb dghkb~glbmc tghk# elr Yk 8 ;: lb >?v75 irgd"
79
Om~kd lb tfk m~~{hztglb le ~gbick ec{gd hldkc {~kd tl ~lcuk Bmugkr(^tlak~ k}{mtglb~# m nlbtgb{l{~ ukclngtw egkcd g~ kvzkntkd gb dlhmgb# kukb mnrl~~ tfk gbtkremnk" Tl nfkna tfg~# egbmc gbtkremnk zl~gtglb mbd ukclngtw ukntlr~ elr Yk 8 ;: lb >?v75 irgd mrk zclttkd b Egi" ;"?9" Egi" ;"?9 ~fly~ ukclngtw egkcd gb nm~k le ULE(ZZH# C^H mbd NC^ULE g~ ~hlltf mnrl~~ tfk gbtkremnk o{t gb nm~k le ULE(W(ZCGN hktfld tfkrk mrk mor{zt nfmbik~ gb tfk ukclngtw mnrl~~ tfk gbtkremnk" Tfk~k mor{zt nfmbik~ gb ukclngtw# ablyb m~ ~z{rgl{~ n{rrkbt~ QOrmnaogcc kt mc" &=77?'X ghzmrt hltglb tl gbtkremnk kukb ge mcc tfk elrnk~ mrk omcmbnkd" Tfk ~z{rgl{~ n{rrkbt~ mrg~k d{k tl gbmnn{rmtk nmcn{cmtglb le ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk mbd mrk gbfkrkbt ~flrtnlhgbi le ULE(W( ZCGN hktfld" Tl ikt m hkm~{rk le tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc tghk# mukrmik gtkrmtglb~ zkr tghk ~tkz g~ dkegbkd m~ rmtgl le ~{hhmtglb le b{hokr le gtkrmtglb le zrk~~{rk zlg~~lb k}{mtglb zkr tghk ~tkz tl tltmc b{hokr le tghk ~tkz~ rk}{grkd" Umc{k~ le mukrmik gtkrmtglb~ zkr tghk ~tkz elr mcc hktfld~ lb >?v75 irgd elr mcc nm~k~ le Ykokr b{hokr mrk ~flyb gb Tmock ;"9"
Tmock ;"90 Mukrmik gtkrmtglb~ le zrk~~{rk zlg~~lb k}{mtglb rk}{grkd zkr tghk ~tkz mt blb( dghkb~glbmc tghk# τ 8 4 lb >?v75 irgd" Hktfld Ykokr B{hokr =44 6: ;: 4: − ULE(ZZH =799"6= =67;":= =4:6";7 ?>:";=; 6>";> ULE(W(ZCGN =764"?6 =669"6? =4>9"=? >:;"5; =;="?6 C^H =;7="49 =;6?"== =:66";: ;;"6> 5="4= NC^ULE =7>6"76 =7?6":? =5;7"6; 7?"5: ?:7":: Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Tmock ;"9 tfmt b{hokr le gtkrmtglb~ le zrk~~{rk zlg~~lb k}{mtglb zkr tghk ~tkz rk}{grkd gb ULE hktfld~ mrk hlrk tfmb elr C^H" Hlrk b{hokr le gtkrmtglb~ mrk rk}{grkd elr ~lc{tglb le zrk~~{rk zlg~~lb k}{mtglb gb nm~k le ULE hktfld m~ tfk zrlzkrtgk~ fmuk m ~tkz nfmbik yfkrkm~ gb C^H zrlzkrtgk~ mrk ~hkmrkd mnrl~~ tfk ombd" Elr tfk ecly~ gbulcugbi fgif ~{remnk tkb~glb &ecly~ gbulcugbi o{oock~'# ULE(W(ZCGN hmw zrluk tl ok nlhz{tmtglbmccw tll kvzkb~guk m~ lb mb mukrmik# gt tmak~ dl{ock lr hlrk tfmb dl{ock gtkrmtglb~ le zrk~~{rk zlg~~lb k}{mtglb zkr tghk ~tkz tl nlbukrik m~ nlhzmrkd tl C^H elr fgif ~{remnk tkb~glb ecly# mbd lb tlz le tfmt egbkr irgd ygcc ok rk}{grkd elr mnn{rmtk nmcn{cmtglb le ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk gb ULE(W(ZCGN" Yfkb tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc tghk rk}{grkd ow tfk A 6 akrbkc ~hlltfgbi ~tkz g~ nlb~gdkrkd# ULE(W(ZCGN hktfld nlhk~ l{t ok mt ckm~t el{r tghk~ ~clykr tfmb C^H hktfld" Gb NC^ULE hktfld# rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb le m ~tkz e{bntglb tl ~gibkd blrhmc dg~tmbnk e{bntglb g~ dlbk mt kmnf tghk ~tkz mbd tf{~ NC^ULE hktfld g~ tl ok nlhz{tmtglbmccw hl~t kvzkb~guk hktfld l{t le mcc# elcclykd ow ULE(W(ZCGN mbd ULE(ZZH" C^H g~ em~tk~t le mcc tfk hktfld~"
76
;"5 ^zcm~f le Ymtkr drlz gb ymtkr zllc ^zcm~f le m ymtkr drlz gb ymtkr zllc g~ m illd tk~t zrlockh m~ gt gbulcuk~ ec{gd~ ygtf fgif zrlzkrtw rmtgl# tfk ~gh{cmtglb tghk g~ clbikr tfmb mbw le tfk ltfkr hktfld~ mbd hl~t ghzlrtmbtcw mogcgtw le tfk ~lc{tglb hktfldlcliw tl hmgbtmgb tfk ~whhktrw gb tfk ~lc{tglb g~ tk~tkd" Gb tfg~ zrlockh m ymtkr drlz zcmnkd moluk m ymtkr zllc gb tfk dlhmgb# g~ ~{ddkbcw ckt lee tl ~zcm~f gb tl tfk ymtkr zllc {bdkr tfk keeknt le irmugtw gbd{ngbi hltglb gb tfk zllc yfgnf irmd{mccw dmhzkb~" ^{remnk tkb~glb keeknt~ gb tfg~ zrlockh mrk bkickntkd" Tfk lo`kntguk le tfg~ tk~t g~ tl dktkrhgbk gbtkremnk zl~gtglb mt dgeekrkbt tghk~ mbd tfk umrgmtglb le gbtkremnk zl~gtglb mt yk~t ymcc ygtf rk~zknt tl tghk"
;"5"= ^zcm~f le Ymtkr Drlz0 Zfw~gnmc Dk~nrgztglb Tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb m~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"?6 g~ m ~}{mrk nmugtw le ~gpk 6_ egcckd ygtf mgr# ymtkr zllc fmugbi dkztf ?_ g~ mc~l tfkrk gb tfg~ nmugtw" M ymtkr drlz le rmdg{~ _ g~ gbgtgmccw nkbtkrkd mt &4_# 5_'" Tlz mbd Olttlh ol{bdmrgk~ mrk ~lcgd ymcc~# ~l bl ~cgz ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ mzzcgkd lb tfkh" Erkk ~cgz ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb g~ mzzcgkd lb ~gdk ol{bdmrgk~" Tfk ymtkr drlz g~ ~{ddkbcw ckt lee# trgiikrgbi m ~zcm~f gbtl tfk ymtkr zllc okcly" Bl ^cgz , Ymcc
Ymtkr Drlz Erkk ^cgz
6_
Erkk ^cgz
_mdg{~ 8 _ Nkbtkrkd mt &4_# 5_'
Mgr
6_
?_
Ymtkr
Bl ^cgz , Ymcc
Egi{rk ;"?60 Nlhz{tmtglbmc dlhmgb# gbgtgmc nlbdgtglb mbd ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ elr ~zcm~f le ymtkr drlz gb ymtkr zllc"
;"5"? ^zcm~f le ymtkr drlz0 Blb(dghkb~glbmcgpmtglb Blb(dghkb~glbmcgpmtglb Elr tfk z{rzl~k le blb(dghkb~glbmcgpmtglb# ckbitf g~ ~nmckd {~gbi tfk rmdg{~ le tfk ymtkr drlz# C*
8_
Ukclngtw g~ ~nmckd ow dkegbgbi ukclngtw ~nmck# [ *
77
8
i_ mbd tf{~ Erl{dk b{hokr#
Er 8 =# Tghk g~ ~nmckd ow dkegbgbi tfk tghk ~nmck# t *
8 C*
[ * " Zrlzkrtgk~ le mgr mbd ymtkr mrk
tmakb m~ ~mhk gb tfk dmh orkma ~gh{cmtglb zrlockh" Tfk rmdg{~ le tfk drlz gb zrk~kbt ylra g~ tmakb m~ ="?;K(:> h" _kwblcd~ b{hokr g~ dkegbkd om~kd lb tfk zrlzkrtgk~ le ymtkr" Nlrrk~zlbdgbi tl zrlzkrtgk~# zrlzkrtgk ~# ckbitf ~nmck mbd ukclngtw ~nmck tfk _kwblcd~ b{hokr elr tfk zrk~kbt zrlockh nlhk~ l{t tl ok# =>6";9"
;"5"> ^zcm~f le ymtkr drlz0 Nlhz{tmtglbmc Dktmgc~ ^gh{cmtglb g~ nmrrgkd {~gbi mcc tfk hktfld~ lb 54v54 {bgelrh irgd tgcc ;: blb(dghkb~glbmc tghk {bgt~" Gbgtgmccw ukclngtgk~ mbd zrk~~{rk mrk ~kt m~ pkrl1 tfk tghk ~tkz g~ nmcn{cmtkd {~gbi K}" >"9 ygtf rkd{ntglb emntlr m~ :"46" Tfk nlbukrikbnk nrgtkrglb le zrk~~{rk zlg~~lb k}{mtglb mbd ltfkr nlhz{tmtglbmc dktmgc~ mrk ~mhk m~ elr dmh orkma ~gh{cmtglb"
;"5"4 ^zcm~f le ymtkr drlz0 _k~{ct~ mbd Dg~n{~~glb Tfk zrlzmimtglb le tfk drlz ~zcm~f elr mcc hktfld mt umrgl{~ gb~tmbt~ le blb dghkb~glbmc tghk g~ ~flyb gb Egi" ;"?7# tghk gb~tmbt~ d{rgbi yfgnf ymtkr drlzckt tl{nfk~ tfk ymtkr zllc mbd gbd{nk~ hlukhkbt mrk nlb~gdkrkd fkrk" Lukrmcc gt g~ ~kkb tfmt ULE(ZZH# ULE(W(ZCGN mbd C^H nmzt{rk ~ghgcmr ec{gd zl~gtglb mt ~mhk blb dghkb~glbmc tghk" NC^ULE emgc~ tl trkmt hkrigbi le tyl dgeekrkbt ec{gd oldgk~ mbd ~l gt~ ~gh{cmtglb ym~ n{t ~flrt" Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;"?7 tfmt C^H hmgbtmgb~ ~whhktrw le tfk ec{gd oldw mt mcc tghk~" Gb nm~k le ULE(W(ZCGN# m~whhktrw le ec{gd oldw okigb~ tl mzzkmr ow blb dghkb~glbmc tghk#
τ 8 >": lb tfk ltfkr fmbd ULE(ZZH hmgbtmgb~ ~whhktrw tgcc m ogt clbikr tghk o{t kukbt{mccw m~whhktrgk~ gb ec{gd oldw g~ ~kkb mt τ 8 5": " Gb ULE(W(ZCGN mt τ 8 7": # ec{gd orkma{z g~ ~kkb o{t tfk ec{gd rkmnfk~ hmvgh{h fkgift m~ nlhzmrkd tl ltfkr hktfld~" hktfld~" Egi" ;">: ~fly~ tfk umrgmtglb le gbtkremnk zl~gtglb mt yk~t ymcc ygtf tghk elr ULE(W(ZCGN mbd C^H" Tfk gbtkremnk kvfgogt~ ~gb{~lgdmc okfmuglr# ygtf cmrik mhzcgt{dk~ mt gbgtgmc tghk~ mbd d{k tl ug~nl~gtw tfk mhzcgt{dk dknrkm~k~ lukr m zkrgld le tghk mbd gbtkremnk hlukhkbt ~tlz~ mt ~tkmdw ~tmtk"
=::
ULE(ZZH 54v54
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v54
C^H 54v54
NC^ULE 54v54
ULE(ZZH 54v54
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v54
C^H 54v54
NC^ULE 54v54
ULE(ZZH 54v54
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v54
C^H 54v54
NC^ULE 54v54
ULE(ZZH 54v54
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v54
C^H 54v54
ULE(ZZH 54v54
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v54
C^H 54v54
ULE(ZZH 54v54
ULE(W(ZCGN 54v54
C^H 54v54
τ 8 ?":
τ 8 ?"5
τ 8 >":
τ 8 >"4
τ 8 5":
τ 8 7"5
τ 8 ?":
τ8?
τ 8 ?"5
τ 8 ?"5
τ 8 >":
τ 8 >":
τ 8 ?":
τ 8 ?"5
τ 8 >":
τ 8 >"4
τ 8 >"4
τ 8 5":
τ 8 5":
τ 8 7"5
τ 8 7"5
Egi{rk ;"?70 Ec{gd ~fmzk~ mt dgeekrkbt tghk gb~tmbt~ elr mcc hktfld~ lb 54v54 irgd elr ymtkr drlz ~zcm~f zrlockh
=:=
Gt g~ ~kkb erlh Egi" ;">:# tfk trkbd le hlukhkbt le gbtkremnk elr ULE mbd C^H g~ ~ghgcmr o{t tfk mhzcgt{dk le hlukhkbt gb nm~k le ULE hktfld g~ h{nf fgifkr# mbd dlk~ blt rkd{nk m~ km~gcw m~ gb nm~k le C^H" =:
:
=:
7 c c m y 6 t ~ k 9 Y t 5 m k n ; m e r k t b 4 G e l t > f i g k ? F = :
?:
>:
4:
C^H ULE(W(ZCGN
;: =: 7 6 9 5 ; 4 > ? =
:
=:
?: >: Blb Dghkb~glbmc Dghkb~glbmc Tghk
4:
: ;:
Egi{rk ;">:0 Umrgmtglb le gbtkremnk fkgift mt yk~t ymcc ygtf rk~zknt tl blb dghkb~glbmc tghk elr C^H mbd ULE(W(ZCGN" Umrgmtglb le zkrnkbtmik hm~~ krrlr ygtf tghk elr mcc hktfld~ g~ zclttkd gb Egi" ;">=# gt g~ ~kkb tfmt hm~~ krrlr elr ULE(ZZH rkmnfk~ m umc{k metkr tfk ~zcm~f fm~ tmakb zcmnk mb tfkb oknlhk~ nlb~tmbt" Hm~~ krrlr gb ULE(W(ZCGN g~ bkicgigock mt mcc tghk~ m~ kvzkntkd Gb nm~k le C^H hktfld# tfk umrgmtglb le hm~~ krrlr g~ gbtkrk~tgbi" Tfk hm~~ krrlr gb C^H hktfld dlk~ blt gbnrkm~k hlbltlbl{~cw o{t gt kvfgogt~ m zkrgldgn okfmuglr# ~ghgcmr tl tfk gbtkremnk hlukhkbt" : =;
ULE(ZZH =: ULE(W(ZCGN C^H NC^ULE
?:
>:
4:
=?
;: =;
=?
' + & 7 r l r r K ~ 5 ~ m H
7
5
>
>
:
:
:
=:
?: >: 4: Blb Dghkb~glbmc Dghkb~glbmc Tghk
;:
Egi{rk ;">=0 Umrgmtglb le hm~~ krrlr ygtf blb dghkb~glbmc tghk elr mcc hktfld~"
=:?
5 Nlbnc{~glb~ mbd E{t{rk Ylra Zrlzl~mc Gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra# Cgtkrmt{rk ~{rukw le Ulc{hk le Ec{gd &ULE' hktfld mbd Ckukc ^kt &C^' hktfld g~ zkrelrhkd mbd ~{hhmrgpkd" M Bmugkr(^tlak~ ~lcukr om~kd lb zrl`kntglb g~ hktfld dkukclzkd mbd tk~tkd lb cgd drgukb nmugtw ecly zrlockh" Hld{ck tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb {~gbi dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld# h{ctg dghkb~glbmc iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld nlhogbkd ygtf Wl{bi~‗ ZCGN hktfld mbd m fgif rk~lc{tglb nlbukntglb ~nfkhk &ZZH' g~ dkukclzkd mbd tk~tkd gbdgugd{mccw lb el{r z{rk mdukntglb tk~t zrlockh~" Hld{ck tl ~lcuk C^ ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb mbd rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb k}{mtglb {~gbi ; tf lrdkr YKBL ~nfkhk g~ dkukclzkd mbd tk~tkd gbdgugd{mccw lb el{r z{rk mdukntglb tk~t zrlockh~" Tyl(ec{gd ULE nldk g~ dkukclzkd ow nlhogbgbi Bmugkr(^tlak~ ~lcukr ygtf ULE ~lc{tglb hld{ck~ om~kd lb iklhktrgn mdukntglb mbd ZZH hktfld" ^ghgcmrcw# Tyl(ec{gd ckukc ~kt nldk g~ dkukclzkd ow nlhogbgbi Bmugkr(^tlak~ ~lcukr ygtf ckukc ~kt ~lc{tglb hld{ck~" ULE mbd C^ t yl( ec{gd nldk~ mrk tk~tkd lb ~tmbdmrd dmh orkma ~gh{cmtglb tk~t zrlockh" Hld{ck tl gbnc{dk ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk gb ULE mbd C^ hktfld g~ dkukclzkd mbd nlhogbkd ygtf oltf tfk tyl(ec{gd nldk~" Hld{ck le ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk elr ULE mbd C^ g~ tk~tkd lb Wl{bi(Cmzcmnk cmy tk~t" M bky Nlhogbkd Ckukc ^kt Ulc{hk le Ec{gd Hktfld &NC^ULE' g~ dkug~kd# ghzckhkbtkd mbd tk~tkd" Tfk bky NC^ULE hktfld g~ gbtkbdkd tl rkd{nk hm~~ krrlr gb C^ hktfld~ yfgck mulgdgbi gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb" Tyl(ec{gd nldk om~kd lb bky NC^ULE hktfld fm~ mc~l okkb dkukclzkd ygtf ~{remnk tkb~glb keeknt gbnc{dkd mbd g~ {~kd tl ~lcuk dmh orkma ~gh{cmtglb zrlockh" Mcc tfk tyl(ec{gd nldk~ n ldk~ ygtf ygt f ~{remnk ~{rem nk tkb~glb keeknt~ k eeknt~ mrk {~kd tl ~lcuk _mwckgif(Tmwclr gb~tmogcgtw zrlockh mbd ~zcm~f le ymtkr drlz gb ymtkr zllc" Nlhzmrg~lb om~kd lb }{mcgtmtguk mbd }{mbtgtmtguk rk~{ct~ g~ hmdk oktykkb dgeekrkbt hktfldlcligk~ tl ~lcuk ULE ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb gb nm~k le ULE hktfld mbd C^ hktfld" Gt g~ nlbnc{dkd erlh tfk nlhzmrmtguk ~t{dw tfmt0
Gt ym~ ~kkb erlh tfk mdukntglb tk~t~1 mhlbi tfk ULE hktfld~ tfk dlblr(mnnkztlr hktfld zrk~krukd ~fmrzbk~~ le ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd o{t gbd{nkd nlb~gdkrmock nfmbik gb ~fmzk le tfk ec{gd" Hlrklukr gb DM hktfld# orkma {z le ec{gd zmrtgnck~ tlla zcmnk erlh umrgl{~ clnmtglb~ le ec{gd oldw" ZZH hktfld ym~ mock tl hmgbtmgb tfk ~fmzk le tfk ec{gd oldw ygtfl{t ec{gd orkma{z o{t tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd ilt ~hkmrkd d{k tl b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb" Iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld zkrelrhkd ok~t mhlbi mcc hktfld~ m~ gt hmgbtmgbkd ~fmrzbk~~ gb ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd ygtfl{t dg~tlrtgbi tfk ec{gd ~fmzk" Flykukr# ec{gd orkma {z gb tfgb ec{gd rkiglb~ ym~ ~kkb gb nm~k le iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld# tfk ZCGN mzzrlvghmtglb g~ rkm~lb elr ec{gd =:>
orkma{z" Hm~~ krrlr k rrlr elr iklhktrgn mdukntglb ym~ bkicgigock elr mcc m cc tk~t zrlockh~ mbd tfmt elr ZZH hktfld ym~ {bdkr mnnkztmock cghgt~" Flykukr# fgif hm~~ krrlr gb nm~k le DM hktfld ym~ ~kkb lb ulrtgnmc ecly egkcd"
Gb nm~k le mdukntglb tk~t~ le C^ hktfld# tfk hm~~ krrlr rkd{nkd tfk ghzlrtmbnk le ltfkryg~k kvnkztglbmc rk~{ct~" Gt ym~ ~kkb erlh rk~{ct~ le ~gbick ulrtkv tk~t# {~k le dgeekrkbt ol{bdmrw nlbdgtglb~ meekntkd tfk egbmc rk~{ct~ nlb~gdkrmocw"
Gb NC^ULE hktfld# tfk b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb le ulc{hk ermntglb~,fkmug~gdk e{bntglb~ ym~ cghgtkd gb m tfgb rkiglb bkmr tfk gbtkremnk o{t tfk zrlnkd{rk mdlztkd tl nmcn{cmtk ckukc ~kt e{bntglb erlh fkmug~gdk e{bntglb ym~ gbmnn{rmtk mbd hlrk hm~~ krrlr ym~ gbn{rrkd gb rmy NC^ULE# hm~~ nlb~krumtglb ym~ kbelrnkd ow nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb" Umcgdgtw le nlb~krumtguk rkdg~trgo{tglb g~ blt k~tmocg~fkd o{t tfk rk~{ct~ le NC^ULE# m~ gb nm~k le ~gbick ulrtkv tk~t iguk m tm~tk le tfk rk~{ct tfmt nmb ok lotmgbkd {~gbi C^ hktfld yfkb hm~~ nlb~krumtglb ygcc ok lokwkd"
Gb fgbd~gift# gt g~ ~kkb tfmt NC^ULE hktfld ym~ dkug~kd tl rkd{nk hm~~ krrlr o{t# tfk ~mhk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk rk~zlb~gock elr hm~~ cl~~ gb C^ hktfld g~ {~kd gb NC^ULE"
Gt ym~ ~kkb erlh tfk ~lc{tglb le tyl(ec{gd ecly~ tfmt# ="
Hm~~ nlb~krumtglb ym~ lokwkd okttkr gb ULE om~kd hktfld~ m~ nlhzmrkd tl C^ hktfld" Gb C^ hktfld# zrk~kbtcw tfkrk g~ bl nlb~trmgbt gb elrh{cmtglb tfmt zrkukbt~ hm~~ cl~~" D{rgbi rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk tfk gbtkremnk zl~gtglb g~ nfmbikd# tfk krrlr gbd{nkd gb tfg~ hmbbkr g~ mnn{h{cmtkd tl rk~{ct gb hm~~ cl~~"
?"
^{remnk tkb~glb elrnk ym~ nmcn{cmtkd mnn{rmtkcw gb C^ hktfld mbd NC^ULE hktfld" Gb nm~k le ULE hktfld~# kukb tfk ~hlltfgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ gb~{eegngkbt tl nmcn{cmtk mnn{rmtk ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk"
>"
ULE hktfld om~kd lb ZZH ~flykd illd hm~~ nlb~krumtglb ygtfl{t ec{gd orkma {z" Flykukr tfk ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk nmcn{cmtglb zrlnkd{rk g~ ~mhk m~ gb ULE hktfld om~kd lb iklhktrgn mdukntglb" Gb ZZH om~kd ULE hktfld# kukb tfl{if tfk iklhktrgn mdukntglb mbd ec{gd orkma{z g~ mulgdkd# nmcn{cmtglb le ~{remnk tkb~glb elrnk g~ gbmnn{rmtk"
4"
Mctfl{if hm~~ nlb~krumtglb ym~ ok~t gb ULE om~kd hktfld~# tfkrk g~ m ~kukrk zrlockh le ec{gd orkma{z lb nlmr~k irgd~ mbd orkma {z le ~whhktrw le ec{gd oldw gb nm~k le iklhktrgn mdukntglb mbd gbtrld{ntglb le b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb elr fgif dkb~gtw ecly~ gb nm~k le ZZH" Gb nm~k le C^ hktfld# ~whhktrw gb ec{gd oldw g~ hmgbtmgbkd ygtfl{t ec{gd orkma{z"
;"
Ec{gd orkma{z mbd gbmnn{rmtk gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk nmcn{cmtglb gb ULE hktfld om~kd le iklhktrgn mdukntglb mbd b{hkrgnmc dgee{~glb gb nm~k le ZZH nmb ok mulgdkd ow {~gbi m =:4
egbk irgd o{t tfk nlhz{tmtglbmc tghk gbnrkm~k~ trkhkbdl{~cw# m~ ~hlltfgbi ulc{hk ermntglb g~ nlhz{tmtglbmccw kvzkb~guk" 5"
Gb gt~ zrk~kbt elrh# tfk bky NC^ULE hktfld nmbblt trkmt hkrigbi le tyl dgeekrkbt ec{gd oldgk~ mbd gt~ rk~{ct~ mrk blt mnnkztmock"
Lukrmcc gt‗~ dgeegn{ct le nfll~k m okttkr hktfld erlh tfk ULE mbd C^ hktfld# tfk mb~ykr~ tl ghzlrtmbt g~~{k~ rkimrdgbi tfk tyl(ec{gd ecly ~gh{cmtglb hktfldlcligk~ zrk~kbtkd ow ULE mbd C^ hktfld~ metkr ghzckhkbtgbi tfkh mrk ~{hhmrgpkd m~# G~~{k ULE hktfld C^ hktfld G~ tfk gbtkremnk rkzrk~kbtkd Bl# Gbelrhmtglb le rkiglb Wk~# Ckukc ~kt e{bntglb le gb tfk dlhmgb {~gbi m lnn{zgkd ow m zmrtgn{cmr umc{k : dkegbk~ tfk gbtkremnk e{bntglb < ec{gd g~ ~tlrkd gb elrh le dgrkntcw mbd gt~ nlbtl{r iguk~ ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd" tfk kvmnt gbtkremnk" Gbtkremnk g~ rknlb~tr{ntkd erlh tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd# gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb g~ blt mnn{rmtk" Yfmt g~ tfk ~tlrmik Gt ym~ gbtkbdkd tl ok lbk Lbcw lbk umrgmock zkr nkcc g~ rk}{grkhkbt le tfk umrgmock zkr nkcc o{t d{k tl rk}{grkd# kukb gb >D" e{bntglb rkzrk~kbtgbi {~k le iklhktrgn mdukntglb# gbtkremnk < tfk ~tlrmik rk}{grkhkbt zkr nkcc g~ ukrw fgif" &Gt tmak~ 54 umrgmock~ zkr nkcc gb zrk~kbt ghzckhkbtmtglb le iklhktrgn hktfld gb ?D' G~ hm~~ nlb~krumtglb Wk~# o{t lbcw yfkb Bl# blt gb tfk zrk~kbt elrh lokwkd < iklhktrgn mdukntglb hktfld d{k tl cmna le nlb~trmgbt gb g~ {~kd" elrh{cmtglb" [~k le nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ gbd{nk~ hm~~ krrlr" Fly km~w gt g~ tl nmcn{cmtk Blt ~l km~w# Gbtkremnk Ukrw km~w# kvmnt n{rumt{rk g~ gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk n{rumt{rk bkkd~ dl{ock nmcn{cmtkd ygtfl{t mbw rk}{grkd gb ~{remnk tkb~glb dkrgumtguk~ le ulc{hk ~zkngmc trkmthkbt" hldkc < ermntglb~ o{t ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd fm~ ~fmrz dg~nlbtgb{gtw" ^hlltfgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ dlbk o{t gt g~ nlhz{tmtglbmccw kvzkb~guk mbd gt g~ blt kvmnt"
Yfmt g~ ghzckhkbtmtglb keelrt rk}{grkd <
Ghzckhkbtmtglb keelrt rk}{grkd elr iklhktrgn mdukntglb g~ trkhkbdl{~ o{t tfmt elr nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ g~ rkcmtgukcw ukrw ck~~"
=:;
Ukrw ck~~ ghzckhkbtmtglb keelrt rk}{grkd m~ nlhzmrkd tl ULE hktfld
G~~{k Yfmt mol{t kvtkbdgogcgtw tl ?D nlhzckv iklhktrw mbd >D <
ULE hktfld Dgeegn{ct# [bck~~ tfk ?D ghzckhkbtmtglb lb ~ghzck iklhktrw g~ ikbkrmcgpkd"
C^ hktfld Km~w# m~ lbcw nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ mrk bkkdkd tl ok kvtkbdkd"
Kvtkb~glb tl ?D nlhzckv ygcc rk}{grk m bky zrlnkd{rk tl ok dkug~kd mbd m bky nldk tl ok yrgttkb# m~ tfk ~fmzk~ le ec{gd zlcwilb~# ec{v zlcwilb~ mbd tfkgr nlhogbmtglb~ ygcc ok dgeekrkbt lb nlhzckv irgd~ erlh tfl~k ~kkb lb ~ghzck irgd"
Yfkrk dlk~ tfk hktfld il yrlbi <
>D kvtkb~glb g~ hl~t dgeegn{ct o{t gt kvg~t~ Gb kukrw m~zknt le b{hkrgnmc ghzckhkbtmtglb# ~zkngmc trkmthkbt g~ rk}{grkd" Tfk hktfld dkegbk~ tfk rkiglb le ec{gd {~gbi m ~tkz e{bntglb ~l nlbukntglb ~nfkhk~ nmbblt ok {~kd km~gcw tl ~lcuk gt~ ilukrbgbi k}{mtglb" Hmbw rk~kmrnfk~ fmuk trgkd tl ‖ghzrluk‗ tfk ~lc{tglb zrlnkd{rk le ULE hktfld ow igugbi hlrk mbd hlrk nlhzckv gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb mbd mdukntglb mcilrgtfh~" Tl nmcn{cmtk tfk gbtkremnk n{rumt{rk# ~hlltfgbi le ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd g~ {~kd ow hmbw rk~kmrnfkr~ o{t gt g~ gbmnn{rmtk" Gb ULE hktfld# {~k le m ~tkz e{bntglb tl rkzrk~kbt m rkiglb le ec{gd hmak~ tfk ghzckhkbtmtglb le tfk hktfld ukrw dgeegn{ct"
=:5
Tfk elrh{cmtglb fm~ bl nlb~trmgbt le hm~~ nlb~krumtglb"
G~~{k Yfmt g~ tfk ok~t ymw tl lukrnlhk zrk~kbt ~flrt nlhgbi~ <
ULE hktfld Tfk dkegbgtglb le ULE hktfld nmbblt ok nfmbikd mbd mc~l tfkrk g~ bl zlgbt gb dkug~gbi hlrk nlhzckv gbtkremnk mdukntglb mcilrgtfh~ yfgnf dl blt ghzrluk tfk rk~{ct~ tl cmrik kvtkbt" Ghzlrtmbt tfgbi ckmrbt erlh ULE hktfld g~ tfmt elr hm~~ nlb~krumtglb tl ok lokwkd tfk ulc{hk ermntglb egkcd h{~t ok nlb~krukd"
G~ m NC^ULE hktfld ekm~gock <
C^ hktfld Ok~t ymw elrymrd g~ tl gbnc{dk tfk nlb~trmgbt le hm~~ nlb~krumtglb g"k" nlb~krumtglb le ulc{hk ermntglb,fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd gb tfk elrh{cmtglb" NC^ULE g~ m dgrknt ymw le nlb~krugbi fkmug~gdk e{bntglb egkcd"
Mb ghzrlukhkbt gb rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk g~ gbdgrknt ymw le ~mtg~ewgbi tfg~ nlb~trmgbt" Ge tfk lrgigbmc NC^ULE hktfld# ygtf gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb g~ tl ok {~kd tfkb tfk dg~mdumbtmik le gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb g~ gbfkrgtkd" Ge tfk NC^ULE hktfld dkug~kd gb tfk zrk~kbt ylra g~ ghzrlukd# gt hmw ~tgcc blt iguk illd rk~{ct~ m~ tfk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk g~ ecmykd"
M NC^ULE hktfld hmw blt ok bkkdkd ge tfk rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk g~ ghzrlukd" Lukrmcc gt g~ el{bd tfmt Ckukc ~kt hktfld m okttkr nmbdgdmtk hktfld elr e{rtfkr dkukclzhkbt~"
Gb e{t{rk gt g~ gbtkbdkd tl#
Ghzrluk tfk hm~~ nlb~krumtglb gb ckukc ~kt hktfld erlh zrk~kbt ~tmtk ow tfk NC^ULE zrlzl~kd gb tfg~ ylra lr ghzrlugbi rkgbgtgmcgpmtglb zrlnkd{rk ow mzzcwgbi tfk nlb~trmgbt le hm~~ nlb~krumtglb"
Hldkc olgcgbi fkmt trmb~ekr mt gbtkremnk"
=:9
Ogocglirmzfw Q=X
M~firgp# B"# Zll# @" W"# &=77='# ECMG_(Ec{v Cgbk(~kihkbt hldkc elr mdukntglb mbd gbtkremnk rknlb~tr{ntglb# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# 7># 447(456"
Q?X
Omraf{dmrlu# H"_"# &?::>'# ^khg(Cmirmbigmb ULE Mdukntglb Hktfld elr ECLY(>D# _kzlrt E^G(:>(TB5># Ecly ^ngkbnk# Gbn"
Q>X
Ormnaogcc# @" ["# Altfk# D" O"# Pkhmnf# N"# &=77?'# M nlbtgb{{h hktfld elr hldkccgbi ~{remnk tkb~glb# @" tkb~glb# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# =::# >>;(>;4"
Q4X
Okcc# @"O"# Hmrn{~# D"C"# &=77?'# M ^knlbd(Lrdkr Zrl`kntglb Hktfld elr Umrgmock( Dkb~gtw Ecly~# @" Ecly~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"=:=#>>4(>46" Zfw"=:=#>>4(>46"
Q;X
Olbgtl# M"# Zgnm~~l# H"# Cm~l# H"# &?::5'# B{hkrgnmc ~gh{cmtglb ~gh{cmtglb le >D ug~nlkcm~tgn ecly~ ygtf erkk ~{remnk~# @" ~{remnk~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# ?=;# 57=(9=5"
Q5X
Nfmbi# W" N"# N"# Fl{# Fl{# T" W"# Hkrrghmb# O"# L~fkr# ^"# &=775'# M Ckukc ^kt Elrh{cmtglb Elrh{cmtglb le K{ckrgmb Gbtkremnk Nmzt{rgbi Hktfld~ elr Gbnlhzrk~~gock Ec{gd Ecly~# @" Ecly~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# =?4#447(454"
Q9X
Nfkb# C"# Cg# W"# &=776'# M b{hkrgnmc b{hkrgnmc hktfld hktfld elr tyl(zfm~k tyl(zfm~k ecly~ ygtf mb gbtkremnk# Kbu" gbtkremnk# Kbu" Hldkc" ^let"# ^let"# =># ?49(?;;"
Q6X
Nlckccm# Z"# Ylldymrd# Z"_"# &=764'# Tfk Zgknkyg~k Zmrmolcgn Hktfld &ZZH' elr Im~( Dwbmhgnmc ^gh{cmtglb~# @" ^gh{cmtglb~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# ;4# =94(?:="
Q7X
Imrrglnf# ^" F"# Omcgim# Omcgim# O" _"#&?::5' M ZCGN ulc{hk trmnagbi hktfld elr tfk ~gh{cmtglb le tyl(ec{gd ecly~# Gbt" ecly~# Gbt" @" B{hkr" Hktf" Ec{gd~# Ec{gd~# gb zrk~~" zrk~~"
Q=:X Ifgm# ["# Ifgm# A" B"# ^fgb# N"T"#&=76?'# Fgif _k(^lc{tglb~ elr Gbnlhzrk~~gock ecly {~gbi tfk Bmugkr(^tlak~ K}{mtglb~ mbd m H{ctg irgd hktfld# @" hktfld# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# 46# >69(4==" Q==X Igbpo{ri # G"# Ygtt{h# I"# &?::='# Tyl(Zfm~k Ecly~ lb Gbtkremnk _kegbkd Irgd~ Hldkckd ygtf ULE# ^tmiikrkd Egbgtk Ulc{hk~# mbd ^zcgbk Gbtkrzlcmbt~# @" Gbtkrzlcmbt~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# =55# >:?( >>;" Q=?X Fgrt# N"Y"# Bgnflc~# O" D"# &=76='# Ulc{hk Ulc{hk le ec{gd &ULE' hktfld elr tfk dwbmhgn~ le erkk ol{bdmrgk~# @" ol{bdmrgk~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# >7# ?:=(??;" Q=>X Fwhmb# @" H"# &=764'# B{hkrgnmc hktfld~ elr trmnagbi gbtkremnk~# Zfw~gnm gbtkremnk~# Zfw~gnm D# D# =?# >75(4:9" Q=4X @gmbi# I" ^"# ^"# Zkbi# D"# &?:::'# Ykgiftkd KBL ~nfkhk~ elr Fmhgctlb @mnlog K}{mtglb~# ^GMH @" ^ng" Nlhz"# Nlhz" # ?=# ?=?5(?=4>" Q=;X Altfk# D"O"# Ygccgmh~# Ygccgmh~# H"Y"# Cmh# A"C"# A"C"# Alrpkaym# D"_"# T{ok~gbi# T{ok~gbi# Z" A"# Z{naktt# K" I"# &=777'#M ^knlbd(Lrdkr Mnn{rmtk# Cgbkmrgtw(Zrk~krugbi Ulc{hk Trmnagbi Mcilrgtfh elr =:6
Erkk ^{remnk Ecly~ lb >(D [b~tr{nt{rkd Hk~fk~# Zrlnkkdgbi~ Hk~fk~# Zrlnkkdgbi~ le tfk >rd M^HK,@^HK @lgbt Ec{gd~ Kbigbkkrgbi Nlbekrkbnk# Nlbekrkbnk# ^mb Ermbng~nl# Nmcgelrbgm# [^M Q=5X Cõr~tmd# D"# E{nf~ C"# &?::4'# Fgif(lrdkr Fgif(lrdkr ~{remnk tkb~glb ULE(hldkc ULE(hldkc elr >D o{oock ecly~ ygtf fgif dkb~gtw rmtgl# @" rmtgl# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# ?::# =;>(=95" Q=9X Hmrtgb# @"N"# Hlwnk# Hlwnk# Y"@"# &=7;?'# &=7;?'# Zmrt GU" Mb Kvzrkghbtmc ^t{dw le tfk Nlccmz~k le Cg}{gd Nlc{hb~ lb m _gigd Flrgplbtmc Zcmbk# Zfgcl~" Zcmbk# Zfgcl~" Trmb~" _lw" ^ln" Clbdlb ^kr" M# M # ?44# >=?(>?4" Q=6X Hmrtgbkp# @" H"# Nfk~bkm{# V"# Pkifhmtg# O# &?::5'# M bky n{rumt{rk tknfbg}{k tknfbg}{k nmcn{cmtglb nlbtrgo{tglb gb ZCGN(ULE hktfld# Nlhz{t" Hknf"# >9# =6?„=7>" Q=7X Hl~~l# ^" @"# ^ymrtp# O" A"# Altfk# D"O"# Ncmbnw# ^"Z"# &=775'# &=775'# _knkbt kbfmbnkhkbt~ le ulc{hk trmnagbi mcilrgtfh~ elr grrki{cmr irgd~# CMBC irgd~# CMBC _kzlrt CM(NZ(75(??9 CM(NZ(75(??9 # Cl~ Mcmhl~ Bmtglbmc Cmolrmtlrw" Q?:X Bg# H"@"# Alhlrg# ^"# Hlrckw# B"O"# &?::;'# Dgrknt Dgrknt ~gh{cmtglb le emccgbi drlzckt gb m ncl~kd nfmbbkc# Gbt" nfmbbkc# Gbt" @" Fkmt Hm~~ Trmb~ekr# 47# >55(>95" Q?=X Bl{rimcgku# _"_"# _"_"# Tfklembl{~# Tfklembl{~# T"I"# &?::9'# Fgif(egdkcgtw Fgif(egdkcgtw gbtkremnk trmnagbi gb nlhzrk~~gock ecly~0 [bcghgtkd mbnflrkd mdmztguk ckukc ~kt# @" ~kt# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# ??4# 6>5„655" Q??X L~fkr# ^"# Ekdagy# _"# &?::='# Ckukc ^kt Hktfld~0 Mb Lukrugky mbd ^lhk ^lhk _knkbt _k~{ct~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# =57# 45>(;:?" Q?>X Zkwrkt# _# Tmwclr# T" D"# &=76>'# Nlhz{tmtglbmc Hktfld~ elr Ec{gd Ecly# Ecly # ^zrgbikr(Ukrcmi# Bky Wlra" Q?4X Zgccgld# @"K"# Z{naktt# K"I"# &?::4'# ^knlbd(lrdkr ^knlbd(lrdkr mnn{rmtk ulc{hk(le(ec{gd ulc{hk(le(ec{gd mcilrgtfh~ elr hmtkrgmc gbtkremnk~# @" gbtkremnk~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# =77#45;(;:?" Q?;X _kbmrdw# W"# _kbmrdw# H"# &?::?'# Z_L^T0 Z_L^T0 M Zmrmolcgn _knlb~tr{ntglb le ^{remnk Tkb~glb elr tfk Ulc{hk le Ec{gd Hktfld‘# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# =6># 4::(4?=" Q?5X _gdkr# Y"@"# Y"@"# Altfk# D"O" # Hl~~l# ^"@"# Nkr{ttg# Nkr{ttg# @"F"# Flnf~tkgb# @"G" &=77;'# Mnn{rmtk ~lc{tglb mcilrgtfh~ elr gbnlhzrk~~gock h{ctgzfm~k ecly~# MGMM ecly~# MGMM Zmzkr Bl" 7;(:577#>> 7;(:577#>> rd Mkrl~zmnk ^ngkbnk~ Hkktgbi# _kbl# BU " Q?9X _gdkr# Y" @"# Altfk# D" O"# &=776'# _knlb~tr{ntgbi ulc{hk trmnagbi# @" trmnagbi# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# =4=#==?(=;?" Q?6X _{dhmb# H"# &=779'# &=779'# Ulc{hk(trmnagbi Ulc{hk(trmnagbi hktfld~ elr gbtkremngmc ecly nmcn{cmtglb~# Gbt" nmcn{cmtglb~# Gbt" @" B{hkr" Hktfld~ Ec{gd~# Ec{gd~# ?4# 59=(57=" Q?7X _{dhmb# H"# &=776' # M Ulc{hk(Trmnagbi Hktfld elr Gbnlhzrk~~gock H{ctgec{gd ecly~ ygtf Cmrik Dkb~gtw Umrgmtglb~# Gbt" Umrgmtglb~# Gbt" @" B{hkr" Hktf" Ec{gd~# Ec{gd~# ?6# >;9(>96"
=:7
Q>:X ^mcgf# M"# Ifl~f Ifl~f Hl{cgn# ^"# &?::;' &?::;' M Ckukc ^kt Hktfld elr ^gh{cmtglb le Nlmck~nkbnk le Drlzckt~# Zrlnkk~gbi~ Drlzckt~# Zrlnkk~gbi~ le GHKNK?::;# M^HK M^HK Gbtkrbmtglbmc Hknfmbgnmc Kbigbkkrgbi Nlbirk~~ mbd Kvzl~gtglb# Eclrgdm# [^M# [^M # Blukhokr ;(==" Q>=X ^fmrhm# M"# K~ymrmb# U"# &?::>' M Egbgtk Ulc{hk Hktfld # gb Nlhz{tmtglbmc ec{gd ec{gd ecly mbd fkmt trmb~ekr# kdgtkd ow A"H{rcgdfmr mbd T"^{bdmrmrm`mb# T"^{bdmrmrm`mb # Bmrl~m Z{ocg~fgbi fl{~k# Gbdgm" Q>?X ^{~~hmb# H"# ^hkrkam# Z"# L~fkr# ^"# &=774'# &=774'# M Ckukc ^kt Mzzrlmnf Mzzrlmnf elr Nlhz{tgbi Nlhz{tgbi ^lc{tglb~ tl Gbnlhzrk~~gock Tyl(Zfm~k Ecly# @" Ecly# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# ==4#=45(=;7" Q>>X ^{~~hmb# H"# Z{naktt# K"I"# &?:::' M Nl{zckd Ckukc ^kt mbd Ulc{hk(le(Ec{gd Ulc{hk(le(Ec{gd Hktfld elr Nlhz{tgbi >D mbd Mvg~whhktrgn Gbnlhzrk~~gock Tyl(Zfm~k Ecly~# @" Ecly~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"#=5?#>:=(>>9" Zfw"#=5?#>:=(>>9" Q>4X [oogba# L"# mbd G~~m# _"# &=777'# M Hktfld elr Nmzt{rgbi ^fmrz Ec{gd Gbtkremnk~ lb Mrogtrmrw Hk~fk~# @" Hk~fk~# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# =;># ?5(;:" Q>;X Ymbi# W"# F{ttkr# A"# &?::='# Nlhzmrg~lb~ le b{hkrgnmc hktfld~ hktfld~ ygtf rk~zknt tl nlbukntgukcw dlhgbmtkd zrlockh~# Gbt" @" B{hkr" Hktf" Ec{gd~# ?9#9?=(94;" Q>5X Ykcnf# ^" Y" @"# Ygc~lb# @"# &?:::'# &?:::'# M Ulc{hk le le ec{gd om~kd hktfld elr ec{gd ecly~ ygtf zfm~k nfmbik# @" nfmbik# @" Nlhz" Zfw"# Zfw"# =5:# 55?(56?" Q>9X Wl{bi~# D" C"# &=76?'# B{hkrgnmc &=76?'# B{hkrgnmc hktfld~ elr ec{gd dwbmhgn~# kdgtkd ow A"Y" A"Y" Hlrtlb mbd H"@" Omgbk~# Omgbk~# Mnmdkhgn Zrk~~# Clbdlb"
==:
