See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/279211294
Development of mechanistic erosion equation for solid particles ARTICLE in
WEAR · MAY 2015
Impact Factor: 1.91 · DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2015.01.031 10.1016/j.wear.2015.01.031
CITATIONS
READS
2
58
4 AUTHO AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Hadi Arabnejad
Amir Mansouri
University of Tulsa
University of Tulsa
9
10 PUBLICATIONS 12 CITATIONS
PUBLICATIONS 12 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
Available from: Hadi Arabnejad Retrieved on: 14 December 2015
Wear 332-333 (2015) 1044 –1050
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Wear jo ur nal hom ep ag e: www.elsevier.com/locate/wear
Development of mechanistic erosion equation for solid particles H. Arabnejad n, A. Mansouri, S.A. Shirazi, B.S. McLaury Erosion/Corrosion Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 17 September 2014 Received in revised form 9 December 2014 Accepted 14 January 2015 Keywords: Erosion equation Mechanistic model Solid particle PIV SEM
a b s t r a c t
A semi-mechanistic model for the erosion of different target materials due to solid particles has been proposed based on the experimental data from direct impingement testing. As a �rst step in erosion experiments, particle velocity has been measured with Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) at different gas velocities. A new mechanistic model, with incorporated empirical constants, has been developed by assuming that erosion caused by particle impact is due to two mechanisms, cutting and deformation. This hypothesis is supported by the SEM images of the surface of the eroded specimen at different locations. Empirical constants have been obtained for different target materials using data from erosion tests with 150 m m sand particles. In contrast to the angle functions that are currently being used for all particles and impact velocities, the angle dependence in the new model changes with the particle shape and velocity and showed fair agreement with experimental data. & 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Erosion of materials due to the impingement of solid particles is one form of wear degradation that jeopardizes integrity of the �ow boundaries and functionality of moving components in particle-contained �ows. The application includes but not limited to production, process, and transportation facilities in petroleum, power plant and aerospace industries. Sand production from oil and gas reservoirs may cause rapid erosion and wear of production and process components and transportation lines [1]. So, predicting erosion caused by the sand particles of varying sizes and shapes is of great importance from both economical and safety aspects. A comprehensive approach to predict erosion damage for a desired geometry and �ow condition has three major steps: �ow modeling, particle tracking, and erosion prediction. The �ow solution and particle impact speed and angle may be approximated from simpli�ed models or obtained more accurately from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Generally in a CFD simulation of particle erosion, an Eulerian –Lagrangian model is employed. In other words, the �uid �ow solution is obtained from Navier–Stokes equations (Eulerian approach) and then particle traces are determined using a Lagrangian particle tracking scheme. The CFD and particle tracking are done to determine particle impact speed and angle that affect erosion of materials. The next step is to substitute the impact speed and angle in an appropriate erosion equation and �nd the erosion ratio. The �nal
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 1 918 631 2997; fax: þ 1 918 631 2397. E-mail address:
[email protected] (H. Arabnejad).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.01.031 0043-1648/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
step is to multiply the erosion ratio by the mass of impacting particles to � nd the erosion rate. The erosion equation, which is a function of target material speci�cations, particle properties and particle impact condition, is very important in this calculation procedure. Currently, erosion prediction models including CFDbased erosion models or a simpli�ed version such as Sand Production Pipe Saver (SPPS) program [2] which is developed at the Erosion/Corrosion Research Center (E/CRC) rely on empirical erosion equations. These equations do not account for the particle size and shape accurately, and they have been developed for each erodent particle and target material separately. Zhang et al. [3] implemented an empirical erosion equation which had been obtained from gas testing into a CFD code to predict the erosion ratio occurring on a �at specimen and bend for air and water �ows. Also, Wong et al. utilized an empirical erosion equation originally proposed by Chen [5] to predict the erosion ratio in a pipe annular cavity via CFD simulation [4]. In addition, many other works are conducted to predict the erosion rate in various geometries, by coupling the CFD simulation and an erosion equation [6–8]. Parsi et al. [9] reviewed some of these erosion equations as well as other modeling approaches in the literature. Mechanistic erosion equations that are available in the literature are developed based on the calculation of the displaced volume by a single particle or energy dissipation during particle impact. Finnie et al. [10] developed an erosion equation for ductile materials based on the material cutting volume by a single particle. Bitter [11,12] used energy balance and proposed that erosion is proportional to the part of the particle kinetic energy that is absorbed by the target material and caused plastic deformation. Sheldon [13] developed an equation based on single particle indentations for spherical and angular particles for normal
