DESIGN OF BOILER STACK ABSTRACT Chimney, which form the lat com!onent of a ytem "in# a fl"e #a "ch a feoiler, IC en#ine, !lay a $ital role in maintainin# efficiency, %raft, etc, of a ytem an% alo in minimi&in# minimi&i n# the atmo!heric !oll"tion' The (oiler !lant of )OCL ha% "e% LS)S *low S"l!h"r hea$y toc+ a a f"el' Recently they chan#e% the f"el to LSFO *low S"l!h"r f"rnace oil' A a com(ine% effect of increae% i ncreae% corroion rate an% nat"ral calamitie the tac+ ha% "n%er#one fail"re' A !er the Kerala State State -oll"tion Control Boar% the hei#ht of tac+ i not eno"#h e no"#h to a$oi% the atmo!heric !oll"tion' So they %eci%e to contr"ct a new tac+ for the (oiler' A !er their %eire we %eci%e% to %o the %ei#n of the (oiler tac+ a o"r !ro.ect' The !ro.ect %eal with %ei#n coni%eration of (oiler tac+ a !er tan%ar% !roce%"re o"tline% in IS /01123453 an% the norm of Kerala Kerala State -oll"tion Control Boar%' In the !ro.ect wor+ rele$ant ection of co%e relate% to tac+ are t"%ie%' Detaile% toichiometry wor+o"t to i%entify the fl"e #a emiion rate i %one' The t"%y of $ario" !rinci!le o"tline% in the co%e for %ei#n of tac+ in$ol$e %ei#n of hol%in# %own (olt, (ae !late, fo"n%ation etc' The %ei#n i i chec+e% a#aint earth6"a+e, Sta(ility, Sta(ility, Sli%in# an% fo"n% that the aei#n i afe a#aint thee factor' The %ynamic analyi i carrie% o"t to en"re e n"re the afety of the %ei#n' Finally it in$ol$e a CAD %rawin# of the %ei#ne% tac+' -RO7ECT RE-ORT
S"(mitte% (y ANIS) 'S )ARIKRIS)NA 8ENON 'A -RASANT) 8'9 ROB: 7O: C)A-TER; INTROD9CTION 3'3 ABO9T )OCL )OCL Kochi "nit at Am(alam"#al , 30 +m away from Erna+"lam city wa commiione% m the year 34<5 to man"fact"re -henol an% Acetone ' The intalle% ca!acity i =>>>> T-A of -henol an% ?=/=> Acetone' A new !ro.ect wa commiione% in the year 3445 to man"fact"re )y%ro#en -ero@i%e with an intalle% ca!acity of 0??0
T-A' )OCL i a reci!ient of $ario" Awar% ince it ince!tion incl"%in# ytem certificate of "ality mana#ement an% en$ironment 8ana#ement' The technolo#y for -henol an% Acetone i (ae% on 9O-, 9SA which !ro$i%e the tate of art technolo#y in a in#le i n#le !ac+a#e' The hy%ro#en -ero@i%e i man"fact"re% in )OCL a!!lyin# KR9--29h%e *#erman technolo#y' -)ENOL -henol i a $eratile in%"trial or#anic chemical' The lar#et l ar#et en% "e of !henol i in !henol2formal%ehy%e rein "e% in woo% a%%iti$e a well a mo"l%in# an% laminatin# rein, !aint, $arnihe an% enamel' -henol which i alo referre% to a car(olic aci% or monohy%ro@i(en&ene i "e% to !ro%"ce a wi%e $ariety of chemical interme%iate, incl"%in# !henolic rein thi !henol a ca!rolact"m, al+yl !henol,a%!ic aci%,!latici&er, etc' -henol i alo "e% in the man"fact"re of !reer$ati$e, %iinfectant, %iinfectant, l"(ricatin# oil her(ici%e inectici%e, !harmace"tical etc ACETONE Acetone i an im!ortant commercial ol$ent an% raw material with wi%e "a#e in the chemical e@!loi$e an% lac6"er in%"tiy it i commonly "e% a a ol$ent for cell"loe acetate, nitro cell"loe, cell"loi%, cell"loe ether, ether, chlorinate% r"((er $ario" rein fact an% oil an% a(or(ent for acetylene #a' It i (ein# increain#ly "e% in the ynthei of a n"m(er of chemical "ch a %iacetone alcohol, methyl methacrylate an% certain rein, !haramac"tical !haramac"tical an% !erf"me ):DROGEN -EROIDE 0> A )y%ro#en !ero@i%e 0> ww i an eco frien%ly !ro%"ct from )OCL Kochi "nit with wi%e a!!lication in !a!er an% te@tile in%"try for (leachin# !"r!oe a a "(tit"te for ha&ar%o" chlorine' It i alo "e% in electronic an% metall"r#ical in%"trie, effl"ent treatment !lant, ewa#e treatment an% for remo$al of to@ic !oll"tant from in%"trial #a tream' 3'? -RO-OSED -RO7ECT The (oiler !lant of )OCL ha% a teel tac+ which ha% a hei#ht of 14metre* A !er IS /01123453' The f"el "e% wa LS)S *low S"l!h"r hea$y toc+ with a S"l!h"r content of 3'0' After
T-A' )OCL i a reci!ient of $ario" Awar% ince it ince!tion incl"%in# ytem certificate of "ality mana#ement an% en$ironment 8ana#ement' The technolo#y for -henol an% Acetone i (ae% on 9O-, 9SA which !ro$i%e the tate of art technolo#y in a in#le i n#le !ac+a#e' The hy%ro#en -ero@i%e i man"fact"re% in )OCL a!!lyin# KR9--29h%e *#erman technolo#y' -)ENOL -henol i a $eratile in%"trial or#anic chemical' The lar#et l ar#et en% "e of !henol i in !henol2formal%ehy%e rein "e% in woo% a%%iti$e a well a mo"l%in# an% laminatin# rein, !aint, $arnihe an% enamel' -henol which i alo referre% to a car(olic aci% or monohy%ro@i(en&ene i "e% to !ro%"ce a wi%e $ariety of chemical interme%iate, incl"%in# !henolic rein thi !henol a ca!rolact"m, al+yl !henol,a%!ic aci%,!latici&er, etc' -henol i alo "e% in the man"fact"re of !reer$ati$e, %iinfectant, %iinfectant, l"(ricatin# oil her(ici%e inectici%e, !harmace"tical etc ACETONE Acetone i an im!ortant commercial ol$ent an% raw material with wi%e "a#e in the chemical e@!loi$e an% lac6"er in%"tiy it i commonly "e% a a ol$ent for cell"loe acetate, nitro cell"loe, cell"loi%, cell"loe ether, ether, chlorinate% r"((er $ario" rein fact an% oil an% a(or(ent for acetylene #a' It i (ein# increain#ly "e% in the ynthei of a n"m(er of chemical "ch a %iacetone alcohol, methyl methacrylate an% certain rein, !haramac"tical !haramac"tical an% !erf"me ):DROGEN -EROIDE 0> A )y%ro#en !ero@i%e 0> ww i an eco frien%ly !ro%"ct from )OCL Kochi "nit with wi%e a!!lication in !a!er an% te@tile in%"try for (leachin# !"r!oe a a "(tit"te for ha&ar%o" chlorine' It i alo "e% in electronic an% metall"r#ical in%"trie, effl"ent treatment !lant, ewa#e treatment an% for remo$al of to@ic !oll"tant from in%"trial #a tream' 3'? -RO-OSED -RO7ECT The (oiler !lant of )OCL ha% a teel tac+ which ha% a hei#ht of 14metre* A !er IS /01123453' The f"el "e% wa LS)S *low S"l!h"r hea$y toc+ with a S"l!h"r content of 3'0' After
mo%ification of the (oiler they chan#e% the f"el to LSFO *low S"l!h"r f"rnace oil with a S"l!h"r content of = "in# the ame tac+' ith increae of S"l!h"r content the corroion rate ha% increae% an% alon# with the nat"ral calamitie the tac+ ha% "n%er#one fail"re' So they rewor+e% it 'B"t a !er the Kerala State -oll"tion Control Boar% the hei#ht of tac+ %e!en% on S>? content in fl"e #a' hile "in# LSFO the S"l!h"r content i 3?>K#)r' An% a !er the Kerala State -oll"tion Control Boar% the hei#ht of tac+ m"t (e 3= @ *3?>1' Thi i e6"al to 0<'0/, a!!ro@imately />mm' So they %eci%e to contr"ct a new tac+ for the (oiler A !er their %eire we %eci%e% to %o the %ei#n of the (oiler tac+ a o"r !ro.ect' The !ro.ect incl"%e 3' Collect the re6"ire% %ata for the (oiler tac+ %ei#n ?' St"%y of the %ei#n !roce%"re 1' Stoichiometry calc"lation =' Dei#n calc"lation 0' Chec+in# the re"lt o(taine% /' Dynamic analyi 5' -re!aration of %rawin# 3'1 ABO9T BOILER )OCL Am(alam"#hal ha ? ?>'< T-A alchan% Na#ar In%"trie ma+e (oiler, (oiler, it wa Commiione% in the year of 34<12 <= ' The (oiler were ori#inally %ei#ne% for coal on tra$elin# #rate a the main f"el with hea$y oil a warm "! "!!ort alternate f"el' Coal fire ha (een %icontin"e% for the !at few many year an% the (oiler are o!eratin# with oil a the only f"el, There were !ro(lem li+e +in#erin# on the ("rner f"rnace floor , fre6"ent choc+in# of ("rner ti!' The main !arameter of the (oiler after re$am! i Boiler ma+e 2 alchan% na#ar ma+e with ? ("rner 8a@im"m contin"o" ratin# *3>> 8CR 2?='?0T-A Steam !re"re at main team to! $al$e o"tlet2 ?>K#cm Steam tem!erat"re2 ?3=HJC Fee% water tem!erat"re at economi&er inlet2 3=0HJC F"el fire%2LSFO
Contr"ction ty!e 2 Bi %r"m ty!e ioiMn7iiir *-i Ban+ TIHJ825?G )HJ HJP1 )i%ar )ea%er r SiQ+ )eHJr SiiiHJ )ai%er frnit )ea%er Fi# 3'3 Line %ia#ram of (oiler 3'= STEEL C)I8NE: Chimney, which form the lat com!onent of a ytem "in# a fl"e #a "ch a (oiler, !lay a $ital role in maintainin# efficiency, %raft, etc, of a ytem an% alo in minimi&in# the atmo!heric !oll"tion' The %ei#n an% contr"ction of chimney ha$e chan#e% coni%era(ly with the a%$ancement of technolo#y' For e@am!le it ha now (ecome c"tomary to !ro$i%e in#le chimney for a n"m(er of "nit an% re%"ce% fl"e #a tem!erat"re for increae% efficiency' Thi in t"rn ha create% the !ro(lem of %ifferential e@!anion when one or more "nit are h"t %own an% for the chimney in"lation o that the #a tem!erat"re %oe not %ro! (elow the %ew !oint' Steel chimney are alo +nown a teel tac+ 'The teel chimney are ma%e of teel !late an% "!!orte% on fo"n%ation' The teel chimney are "e% to eca!e an% %i!ere the fl"e #ae to "ch a hei#ht that the #ae %o not contaminate "rro"n%in# atmo!here' The cro ectional area of the teel chimney i +e!t lar#e eno"#h to allow the !aa#e of ("rnt #ae' The cro ectional area of the teel chimney %e!en% on the ty!e an% 6"antity of f"el to (e "e% in a !lant' The cro ectional area of the teel chimney %e!en% on the ty!e an% 6"antity of f"el "e% in the !lant' The hei#ht of the teel chimney i +e!t to !ro$i%e the re6"ire% %ra"#ht' The %ra"#ht i %efine% a the %ifference (etween the a(ol"te #a !re"re at any
!oint in the %e!th or teel chimney an% the am(ient atmo!heric !re"re' The %ra"#ht %e!en% on the hei#ht of the teel chimney a(o$e ea le$el, the ty!e of f"el to (e ("rnt, the ty!e of f"rnace an% the tem!erat"re of the ("rnt #ae' hen the #ae in a teel chimney are heate%, then the #ae e@!an% ' The hot #ae occ"!y lar#er $ol"me than (efore' The wei#ht of #ae !er c"(ic meter (ecome le' For the !"r!oe of the tr"ct"ral %ei#n of the teel chimney, the hei#ht an% %iameter of chimney at the to! are +nown %ata' The teel chimney i ma%e cylin%rical in ha!e' The lower !ortion of teel chimney i wi%ene% or flare%, in or%er to !ro$i%e a lar#e (ae an% #reater ta(ility' The wi%ene% ection of the chimney at the (ae re%"ce the "nit tree in the teel at the (ae of the chimney' The loa% actin# on the teel chimney are tranferre% to the fo"n%ation eaily (y wi%ene% ection' The conical (ae i !ro$i%e% #enerally' The teel chimney i %ei#ne% an% contr"cte% conformin# to co%e of !ractice for %ei#n an% contr"ction of teel chimney IS /01123453 3'0 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL C)I8NE: The teel chimney are of two ty!e 3' Self2"!!ortin# teel chimney' ?' G"ye% teel chimney' 3' Self2"!!ortin# teel chimney 7555 Fi# '3'? Self "!!orte% chimney hen the lateral force *win% or eimic force are tranmitte% to the fo"n%ation (y the cantile$er action of the chimney, then the chimney i +nown a elf2"!!ortin# chimney' The elf2"!!ortin# chimney to#ether with the fo"n%ation remain ta(le "n%er all wor+in# con%ition witho"t any a%%itional "!!ort' The elf2"!!ortin# chimney are ma%e "! to 3>2meter %iameter an% from 0> meter to 3>> meter in hei#ht' ?' G"ye% teel chimney Fi# 3'1 G"ye% chimney In hi#h teel chimney, the mil% teel wire ro!e or #"y are attache% to tranmit the lateral force "ch teel chimney are +nown a #"ye% teel chimney' In #"ye% teel chimney, all the e@ternally a!!lie% loa% *win%, eimic force etc' are not totally carrie% (y the chimney
hell' Thee attache% #"y or tay en"re the ta(ility of the #"ye% teel chimney' Thee teel chimney may (e !ro$i%e% with one, two or three et of #"y' In each et of the #"y, three or fo"r or ometime i@ wire are attache% to the collar' hen one et of the #"y i "e%, then the #"y are attache% to a collar at one2thir% or one fo"rth of the hei#ht from the to!' hen more than one et of #"y are "e%, then thee are "e% at $ario" hei#ht' A !artic"lar ty!e of teel chimney i electe% %e!en%in# on the a%$anta#e an% %ia%$anta#e with reference to economy' A choice (etween elf2"!!ortin# an% #"ye% teel chimney i ma%e (y coni%erin# ome of the im!ortant factor' N"m(er of "nit, ty!e of e6"i!ment an% the ty!e of f"el to (e "e% are coni%ere%' The mo%e of o!eration of the e6"i!ment hall alo (e coni%ere%' TER8INOLOG: Acce )oo+2 Fittin# wel%e% to a chimney to !ermit the attachment of tee!le.ac+ e6"i!ment' lAnchor for G"y2 The fo"n%ation for fi@in# of #"y' Bae G"et2 ""ally trian#"lar or tra!e&oi%al fin of teel fi@e% to the hell of the chimney an% to the (ae !late' Bae -late2 A hori&ontal !late fi@e% to the (ae of the chimney Chimney2 The arran#ement (y which fl"e #ae are lea% into the atmo!here for %i!erion' Cleanin# Door2 A %oor, normally at the (ae of the chimney to !ermit the remo$al of fl"e %"t an% or to !ro$i%e acce' Co!e Ban%2 A teel flat or an#le attache% to the to! of the chimney aro"n% it !erimeter to !re$ent %itortion an% to !ro$i%e a%%itional tren#th at thi area' Cowl2 A conical or %ihe% ca! attache% to the to! of the chimney aro"n% it !erimeter to !re$ent %itortion an% to !ro$i%e a%%itional area to thi area' Cowl tay2Steel tay, which connect the cowl to the to! of the chimney' Cra$at2 An "! tan% fi@e% to the roof or roof !late to !re$ent water enterin# the ("il%in#' Draft2 The %ifference (etween a(ol"te #a !re"re at any !oint in
the %"ct or chimney hell an% the atmo!heric !re"re' Draft loe2 The !re"re loe ca"e% (y friction an% other coni%eration (etween any !oint in the chimney hell or %"ct' Flare2 The (ottom !ortion of the chimney in the form of tr"ncate% cone' Gallery2 The !latform aro"n% the haft for o(er$ation an% maintenance' G"y (an%2 A teel (an% fitte% aro"n% the o"ti%e of a chimney with l"# for the attachment of #"y wire' G"ye% chimney2 A chimney in which all e@ternally a!!lie% loa% *win%, eimic force, etc are not totally carrie% (y the chimney hell an% for which #"y or tay are !ro$i%e% to en"re ta(ility' G"y or tay2 Arran#ement for "!!ortin# the chimney haft' )ei#ht2 The hei#ht of the chimney to! from %at"m' )ei#ht of the teel haft2 The hei#ht (etween the to! of fo"n%ation an% to! of chimney, )ol%in# %own (olt2 Bolt ("ilt into a concrete fo"n%ation, (ric+ (ae or "!!ortin# frame wor+' Inlet2 A circ"lar or rectan#"lar o!enin# in the i%e of a chimney, to !ermit the entry of e@ha"t #ae from connectin# fl"e' 7oinin# flan#e2 A teel flat or an#le fitte% to each en% of a chimney ection to ena(le ection to (e connecte% to#ether' Nominal chimney %iameter2 Internal %iameter at the to! mot o!enin# of the teel hell' Roof !late2 A !late which follow the conto"r of the roof ro"n% the chimney where it !ae thro"#h the roof' It i alo +nown a flahin# aro"n% the chimney' Self "!!ortin# chimney2 A chimney which to#ether with the fo"n%ation will remain ta(le "n%er all wor+in# con%ition witho"t any a%%itional "!!ort' Stac+2 Normally the trai#ht !ortion of the chimney' eather hoo%2 A tr"ncate% cone %ei#ne% to he% rain water clear of the cra$at an% !re$ent it entry into the ("il%in#' C)A-TER2? DESIGN COSIDERATINS ?'3 SELECTION OF C)I8NE:
Factor to (e coni%ere% while coni%ere% while chooin# chimney are a follow 3' Characteritic of the e6"i!ment for which chimney are %ei#ne% that i, ty!e, n"m(er of "nit, etc ?' Ty!e of f"el "e% 1' In the cae of (oiler, "rface area, o"t!"t efficiency, %raft re6"ire%, etc =' 8o%e of o!eration 0' Tem!erat"re of the fl"e #a (efore enterin# the chimney an% it li+ely $ariation /' Com!oition of the fl"e #a 2it !ecific wei#ht, 6"antity of %"t %ata a(o"t a##rei$ene of the #ae' Thee factor %eci%e the ty!e of linin#' 5' Local tat"tory re#"lation, relatin# to hei#ht, %i!erion of ah, !ro$iion for earthin#, a$iation warnin# lam!, health etc an% <' The mo%e of erection of chimney ?'? SITE INFOR8ATION HJUei#n win% $elocity =0m Dei#n win% !re"re )ei#ht from #ro"n% le$el meter +Nm? 3> 3'?< ?> 3'=/ 1> 3'0= => 3'/> => 3'/5 /> 3'51
Ri+ coefficient KiVl Terrain cate#ory V 3 To!o#ra!hy K1 V3 Seimic Factor A !er IS 3<41 Seimic Wone III Seimic coefficient >'>= Seimic &one factor >'30 to > '? ?'1 LOAD CONSIDERATION 3' Dea% loa% ?' in% loa% 1' Seimic loa% ?'= C)I8NE: -ARA8ETERS 3' Baic %imenion A elf "!!ortin# chimney of hei#ht => meter an% a(o$e hall (e !ro$i%e% with a flare of one 2thir% the hei#ht of the chimney, at the (ae to achie$e (etter ta(ility' The minim"m o"ti%e %iameter of "nline% chimney hell at the to! i +e!t I?>th of hei#ht of the cylin%rical !ortion of chimney an% for line% chimney it i +e!t at l?0th of the cylin%rical !ortion' The minim"m o"ti%e %iameter of flare% chimney hell i +e!t at 3'/ time the o"ti%e %iameter of chimney hell at to!' The thic+ne of linin# $arie from 3>cm to ?0cm %e!en%in# on the tem!erat"re of fl"e #ae' 3?' Allowa(le tree In or%er to control ("c+lin# in teel chimney the com!rei$e tre ca"e% (y the com(ination X of e@treme fi(er tree %"e to (en%in# an% %irect loa% ho"l% not e@cee% the $al"e #i$en in ta(le for teel conformin# to IS ??/ an% IS ?>/?'TABLE ?'3 ALLOABLE STRESS IN BENDING FOR CIRC9LAR STEEL C)I8NE: TABLE ?'? ALLOABLE STRESS IN AIAL CO8-RESSION FOR CIRC9LAR STEEL C)I8NE: Allowa(le tre in Nmm 3>> Y le
/>> %t ratio 3?0 30> 350 ?>> ??0 ?0> 1>> 10> =>> =0> 0>> 00> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?='>> 3>5'>> 4?'<> <0'<> 5<'1> 53'<> 4> 3>> 33> 3?> 31> 3=> 30> 3/> 35> 3<> 34> ?>> ?3> ??> ?1> ?=> ?0> 1>> 10> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 33/'>> 3>1'0> 4>'/> 5<'/> /<'>> 0<'4> 03'1> =0'>> 14'5> 10'1> 13'0> ?<'=> ?0'0> ?1'?> ?3'3> 34'?> 35'/> 3/'?> 30'>> 3>'/> 5'5? 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?0'>> 3?='>> 33/'>> 3>5'>> 3>1'0> 4?'<> 4>'<> <0'<> 5<'/> 5<'1> /<'>> 53'<> /<'>> 0<'4> 03'1> =0'>> 14'5> 10'1> 13'1> ?<'=> ?0'0> ?1'?> ?3'3> 34'?> 35'/> 3/'?> 30'>> 3>'/> 5'5? Note For ratio of %t an% h3+ in the &one a(o$e &i# &a#, the tre from the to! line may rea% For ratio of %t an% h3+ in the &one (elow &i# &a#, the tre from the colo"mn hea%e% 3>> an% le may (e rea% A(o$e $al"e of the tree ha$e (een con$erte% in SI "nit from thoe #i$en in 8KS "nit ?'0 STEEL -LATES FOR C)I8NE: The wi%th of teel !late re6"ire% for the teel chimney $arie from >'4m to ?'0m' The teel !late of 3'0>m wi%th are mot commonly "e% 'The thic+ne of teel !late ho"l% not (e le than /mm' The thic+ne of teel !late in the two "!!er ection of the chimney ho"l% not (e le than
ho"l% not (e le than the thic+ne at the lowet ection of the cylin%rical !ortion' The teel !late are a$aila(le in thic+ne of 0,/,3>,3?,3=,3/,3<,?>,??,?0,?<,1?,1/,=>,=0,0>,0/an% /1mm' For the eae in contr"ction, the "!!er %iameter of !late formin# the i%e of chimney i +e!t le than the lower %iameter' Each co"re fit teleco!ic o$er the lower co"re' The teel !late are heare% or !lane% to !ro!er (e$el for ca"l+in#' The teel !late of chimney are ca"l+e% from the inner i%e of chimney' The ca"l+in# i %one with a ro"n% noe% ca"l+in# tool' The teel !late *or all teel wor+ are !ainte% in or%er to a$oi% corroion' One coat of a!!ro$e% !aint i a!!lie% (efore lea$in# the ho!' Two coat of a!!ro$e% !aint are a!!lie% (oth ini%e an% o"ti%e after the chimney i erecte%' The !aint a!!lie% ho"l% (e heat reitant' Gra!hite or car(on !aint or other trie% heat reitant !aint may (e a!!lie%' The !aintin# ho"l% ne$er (e %one in wet or free&in# weather' The thic+ne hall not (e le than /mm' The corroion reitant teel !late may (e "e% in the chimney' Co!!er (earin# teel !late may (e "e% for elf2"!!ortin# teel chimney' The thic+ne of teel chimney o(taine% from tre calc"lation an% %eflection coni%eration hall (e increae% (y !ermittin# an allowance for corroion %etermine% from the coni%eration of the %ei#n life of the chimney an% a##rei$ene of the fl"e #ae' The allowance for corroion !ermitte% i %eci%e% %e!en%in# "!on the e@!ecte% amo"nt of internal corroion of teel !late' For 3> year of %ei#n life, the corroion allowance for non2co!!er (earin# 6"ality of teel for li#ht, normal an% e@ce!tional internal corroion i ?mm, 1mm an% 0mm, re!ecti$ely' In cae the %ei#n life for the teel chimney i ?>year, then thi allowance for ai% 6"ality of teel an% amo"nt of internal corroion i =mm, 0mm an%
The thic+ne of hell o(taine% from calc"lation an% %eflection coni%eration hall (e increae% (y an amo"nt %etermine% from the coni%eration of the %ei#n life of the chimney an% a##rei$ene of fl"e #ae' The corroion allowance for the %ei#n life of 3> an% ?> year are #i$en in ta(le ?'3 Ta(le?'3 Amo"nt of internal Corroion allowance Tc for %ei#n Life con2oion e!icte% 3 O:ear ?>:ear Non co!!er Co!!er Non co!!er Co!!er (earin# (earin# (earin# (earin# 6"ality 6"ality 6"ality 6"ality Sli#ht *for e@am!le, line% or in"late% ?mm 2 =mm ?mm Normal *for e@am!le "n!rotecte% for coal fire% 1mm ?mm 0mm 1mm E@ce!tional *for e@am!le "n!rotecte% for oil fire% 0mm 1mm >>HJF'The linin# i re6"ire% from (elow the (reach o!enin# to the hei#ht, where the heat of #a %oe not %ama#e the chimney' The hei#ht of linin# ho"l% not (e le than lOtime the %iameter or one2 thir% hei#ht a(o$e the (reach o!enin#' The linin# may (e %one from the (ae to the to! of chimney' The elf2"!!ortin# chimney are ""ally line% thro"#ho"t the f"ll hei#ht of chimney' LINING 8ATERIALS The (rief %ecri!tion of linin# ma%e of %ifferent material, contr"ction
an% maintenance of linin# i a follow' 3' Fire (ric+ In or%er to "it the %imenion of the teel chimney, the fire(ric+ are ma%e in ra%ial form' The Al"mina content (etween ?< an% 1? !ercent in fire(ric+ i atifactory for mot of the a!!lication' Thee (ric+ are et in the mortar' The mortar i ma%e from #ro"n% clay or any other "ita(le heat reitant cement' The fire(ric+ linin# act a a !rotecti$e linin#' It re%"ce the corroion' It alo !rotect the chimney "! to a tem!erat"re of 3?>>HJC' The fire(ric+ ha$e hi#h %enity' A "ch thi ty!e of linin# i not "ita(le in maintainin# the tem!erat"re of fl"e #ae' It tren#th an% har% "rface #i$e neceary !rotection to the teel chimney from a(raion' hen the teel chimney are to %ichar#e fl"e #ae ha$in# a tem!erat"re hi#her than 3?>>HJC tem!erat"re, then the !ecial %"ty linin# hall (e "e%' ?' In"latin# refractory (ric+ Three %ifferent #ra%e of thee (ric+ are a$aila(le to "it tem!erat"re of <0>HJC an% 30>>HJC re!ecti$ely' 1' Soli% #ra%e %iatomaceo" *molar earth (ric+ Thee (ric+ are ma%e to "it %iameter of chimney an% to "it thic+ne a nee%e% (y the %ei#ner' Thee (ric+ are et in mortar' The mortar i ma%e from the (ric+ material #ro"n% to !ow%er with the a%%ition of -ortlan% or al"mina cement %e!en%in# on the tem!erat"re of fl"e #ae' The linin# !ro$i%e% with thee (ric+ #i$e neceary !rotection from heat an% alo maintain the tem!erat"re of fl"e #ae' Thee (ric+ !ro$i%e !rotecti$e co$er %e!en%in# "!on the nat"re of fl"e #ae' Thee (ric+ are "e% tem!erat"re of 30>2<>>HJC' =' Aci% reitin# hen the fl"e #ae are hi#hly aci%ic an% ha$e a tem!erat"re (elow 30>HJC, then the linin# i ma%e from the aci%ic reitin# (ric+' Thee (ric+ are et in aci%ic reitin# cement' Thi ty!e of linin# i not "ita(le to reit hort fl"ct"ation in tem!erat"re' 0' 8oler concrete The a##re#ate for molar concrete i ma%e from molar earth (ric+ in a!!ro!riate #ra%in# an% mi@e% withy al"mina cement' The moler concrete may (e !recate% to ha!e nee%e%, cate% in it" or #"nite%' In no cae, the thic+ne of monolithic linin# hall (e le than 0>mm' A minim"m co$er of ?0mm hall (e !ro$i%e%
to anchora#e where the corroi$e con%ition e@it' Thi linin# !rotect the chimney from heat an% maintain the tem!erat"re of the #ae' Thi linin# !ro$i%e !rotecti$e co$erin# in tem!erat"re ran#e of 30>HJ to 4<>HJ C %e!en%in# "!on the ty!e of fl"e #ae' /' Refractory concrete Thi ty!e of linin# may (e cate% in it" or #"nite%' Thi linin# i imilar to fire (ric+ linin# in it "e an% f"lfill the imilar re6"irement' The a##re#ate for thi ty!e of concrete i ma%e from fire (ric+ or in"latin# refractory (ric+ of a!!ro!riate #ra%in#' Thi linin# i "e% to line the chimney le than lm in %iameter with (ric+' 5' San% an% cement mi@t"re Thi i "ef"l a linin# (y #"nnin# for low tem!erat"re ran#e, normally (elow 30> HJC ' ?'< 8ISCELLANEO9S CO8-ONENTS In a%%ition to tr"ct"ral !art li+e (ae !late, (ae #"et an% hol%in# %own (olt of tac+, other micellaneo" item are nee%e% for the !ro!er f"nction, maintenance an% afety of tac+' Thee are a follow 3' Breech o!enin# ?' Baffle !late 1' Clean o"t %oor =' Gallerie 0' Ste! an% la%%er ' arnin# lam! 5' Li#htenin# con%"ctor 3' Breech o!enin# Thee are o!enin# in the hell of the tac+ for the entrance of the fl"e #a' They are ""ally ?> lar#er than the internal cro ectional area of the chimney' The minim"m wi%th of the o!enin# ho"l% not e@cee% ?1 of the %iameter' The reinforcement at the $ertical i%e ho"l% (e #reater than the material remo$e%, in the ratio of the %iameter to the lon# chor% normal to the face o!enin#' The ame amo"nt of reinforcement may (e !ro$i%e% at the to! an% (ottom of the o!enin#' The o!enin# i !ro$i%e% a(o$e the conical (ae for elf2"!!ortin# tac+, in or%er to a$oi% !lacement of reinforcement in the conical (ae' Two (reach o!enin# at Three (reach o!emn# ri#ht an#le
Fi# ?'3 Breach O!enin# ?'Baffle !late here there are two or more (reach o!enin# in the hell, (affle !late are !ro$i%e% to !ro!erly %irect the #ae from each fl"e of the chimney, to !re$ent them from interferin# with the o!eration of other fl"e' The (affle !late ho"l% e@tent from (elow the (ottom of the (reach o!enin# to the to! of (reach o!enin# o that the fl"e #ae come to#ether when they are mo$in# in !arallel line The facin# of fire(ric+ i !ro$i%e% to !re$ent teel from hot #ae' 1' Clean o"t %oor Clean o"t %oor of i&e ??>> 3?>>mm are #enerally !ro$i%e% at the (ae of the tac+, tho"#h the minim"m i&e (ein# 0>><>>mm' ZIT <9C '7L' ZTZ III III III ' 7ll [\IIL III ll )ANDLE VffV III Vlll III ST IFF 8E RS ]2]27L2S7; )INGE Fi# ?'? Clean o"t %oor LOCKING ARRANGE8ENT =' Gallerie Gallerie of wi%th <>>mm, with han%rail of hei#ht lm, are !ro$i%e% aro"n% the chimney for erection an% er$ice of the lam!, earthin#, in!ection etc' 0' Ste! an% la%%er Ste! are wel%e% to the hell at a !acin# of 1>>mm, the wi%th (ein# 30>mm'The !ro.ection of a te! i +e!t at ?0>mm'Ini%e the chimney if the te! are "!!orte% (y linin# their minim"m thic+ne i ?>>mm'If the %iameter of the tac+ i more than 1m, a econ% raw of te! ho"l% (e wel%e% to the hell' The !acin# (etween the raw i
""ally +e!t at 1<>mm an% the econ% raw i ta##ere%' Fi# ?'1 La%%er /' arnin# lam! Fi# ?'= Location of warnin# lam! on the chimney S"ita(le warnin# lam! %e!en%in# on the hei#ht of the chimney ho"l% (e !ro$i%e% at !ecifie% !oint' Two n"m(er m"t alway (e !ro$i%e%, %iametrically o!!oite to each other' -oition of lam! )ei#ht of lam! in m for chimney hei#ht a ( c 1?'> 0/'> /1'> 5>'> <>'> 4>'> 3>>'> 33>'> 1>'0> 0='0> /3'> /<'0> 5<'0> <<'0> 4<'0> 3><'>> ?5'> 13'0> 11'0> 1<'0> =1'0> =<'0> 51'0> 1<'0> !' Li#htnin# con%"ctor Chimney ho"l% (e !ro$i%e% with a li#htnin# !rotection arran#ement in the form of "ita(le metal connection, well #ro"n%e% to !re$ent %ama#e from li#htnin# %ichar#e' ?'4 8AINTANANCE It i eential that (oth line% an% "nline% chimney ho"l% (e in!ecte% !erio%ically an% neceary maintenance wor+ carrie% o"t to en"re the %ei#ne% life of chimney' 3' 9nline% chimney 9nline% teel chimney ho"l% (e in!ecte% (y a com!etent !eron ann"ally to chec+ the thic+ne of the hell' Thi co"l% (e %one (y "ltraonic tetin# or (y any other "ita(le a!!ro$e% metho% to en"re that the hell thic+ne i not le than that re6"ire% from %ei#n coni%eration' here$er the thic+ne i fo"n% in"fficient it ho"l% (e com!enate% (y new !late' The e@terior "rface ho"l% alo (e in!ecte% (y an% maintaine% (y !aintin#' In the cae of lar#e %iameter chimney the ini%e may (e in!ecte% (y the "e of !ainter trolley or cra%le caffol%in#' For chimney of %iameter e@cee%in# 1m at the to!, two "ch !ainter trolley hall (e !ro$i%e%' *?'Line% chimney Line% chimney ho"l% (e in!ecte% e$ery alternate year in a manner
imilar to that %ecri(e% for the "nline% chimney' In a%%ition to that the con%ition of the linin# or the in"lation ho"l% (e HJPchec+e% in or%er to en"re that it er$e the !"r!oe for which it i !ro$i%e%' In the cae of chimney with ri$ete% or (olte% contr"ction the an#le flan#e ho"l% (e in!ecte% o a to remo$e any acc"m"lation of r"t (etween them a thi will o$er loa% the ri$et(olt in tenion an% ca"e fail"re an% alo the ri$et hea% on the interior ho"l% (e in!ecte% to en"re that they are not corro%e% to a %an#ero" limit lea%in# to %ama#e or fail"re In the cae #"ye%, chimney, the #"y wire an% fittin# ho"l% (e in!ecte% ann"ally to en"re the afety of the wire' The #"y wire ho"l% (e cleane%, #reae% an% re2tenione% to the %ei#ne% con%ition' The earthin# connection an% connection to the warnin# lam! ho"l% alo (e in!ecte% an% maintaine% in #oo% con%ition o that they are f"nctionally efficient' HJ^he ty!ical fi#"re of a !ainter trolley i hown (elow' <'> >>> A =1,0>CIC 2?=,0>>> [\30,>>>> ,0>>> 1'0 33 Q0 235'0>>>2 3[\3='0 >OC) Fi# ?'0 Detail of !ainter trolley ?'3> AS) DIS-OSAL General Breach o!enin# Fi# ?'/ Ah remo$al ytem for chimney In any coaloil fire% (oiler a !artic"lar !ercenta#e of ah which eca!e alon# with the fl"e #a will (e !reci!itate%, %"e to chan#e in %irection of fl"e, at the (ottom of the chimney' Thi will re6"ire !erio%ical
%i!oal %e!en%in# "!on the 6"antity of ah' For mall (oiler, 6"antity will (e $ery mall an% thi will not re6"ire ela(orate arran#ement while for me%i"m an% hi#her ca!acity (oiler the 6"antity will (e coni%era(le an% will re6"ire e!arate arran#ement for %i!oin# the ah' lAh %i!oal ytem In cae of (i##er (oiler, where the 6"antity i more, a e!arate arran#ement ha to (e !ro$i%e% an% ""ally thi will (e a ho!!er at the (ottom of the chimney an% ."t (elow (reach o!enin# left for fl"e connection' In the cae of mall (oiler, the ah may (e %i!oe% (y !ro$i%in# a ho!!er on the fo"n%ation' Thi conit of a ho!!er with a #ate at the (ottom which when a !artic"lar wei#ht or $ol"me of ah i collecte%, will a"tomatically o!en an% %ichar#e the ah in to the !it at the (ottom' Thi ah can (e %i!oe% of (y mechanical or !ne"matic or hy%ra"lic ytem, %e!en%in# on the ytem a%o!te% for the %i!oal of the ah from the com("tion cham(er' In the cae of a mechanical ytem a con$eyer will (e !ro$i%e% in the !it ,o that the ah can (e remo$e% an% loa%e% in the tr"c+ o"ti%e' In the !ne"matic ytem ah will (e remo$e% (y e.ector or "c+in# (y com!ree% air an% %ichar#e% in to the main ah %i!oal ytem' In the cae of hy%ra"lic ytem, eno"#h 6"antity of water will fl"h into the main ah %i!oal ytem' C)A-TER21 DESIGN 1'3 STOC)IO8ETR: A"me %enity a 3 +# m1' The f"el "e% in (oiler tac+ i LSFO *Low S"l!h"r f"rnace oil'The com!oition of the f"rnace oil incl"%e Car(on <0'=4 )y%ro#en 3>'=3 S"l!h"r ='> Ah 2m o_` The f"el i "!!lie% at a rate of 30>>+#hr REACTIONS INOLED 3' CARBON
The main reaction in$ol$e% with car(on are C >? 2C>? *3 ?C >?M?CO *?'3 ? CO >? 2 ?C>? *?'? On com(inin# the reaction ?'3, ?'? we #et ?C ?>?M ?C>? *1 Therefore the total reaction i 1C 1>?2 1C>? *31 From the a(o$e e6"ation it i een that the ratio of C, >? an% C>? 333, that 3 +mole of C react with lKmole of >? to #i$e 3 +mole of C>?' The Car(on !reent in the f"el V 30>> <0'=4 3>> V 3?/'? !ro%"ce% V 3>/'3'<= +#hr' ?' ):DROGEN The reaction in which hy%ro#en i in$ol$e% i ?)? >? 2HJ^ ? )? O' )? !reent in the f"el V 30>> 3>'=3 3>> V30/'30 +# hr' N"m(er of mole of hy%ro#en V 30/'30 ? V 5<'>50 +mole' ? +mole of )? #i$e ?Kmole of ) ?> or the ratio i 3 3, 5<'>50 +mole of )? GIES 5<'>50 +mole of ) ?> Therefore ) ?> !ro%"ce% V 5<'>50 3< V 3=>0'10 +# hr' 1' S9L-)9R The reaction in which "l!h"r i in$ol$e% i S >? 2HJ^ S>? S"l!h"r !reent in the f"el V = 30>> 3>>V /> +# hr' N"m(er of mole of "l!h"r V /> 1? V 3'<50 3 +mole of S #i$e 3 +mole of >? an% 3 +mole of S>?' Therefore S>? !ro%"ce% V 3'<50 /= V 3?> +# hr' =' O:GEN Re6"irement From the e6"ation C >?b C>? 3>/'/'?, So the >? re6"ire% V 3>/'?' So the >? re6"ire% V 5<'>50 1? ?V3?=4'? +# hr' From the e6"ation S >? 2HJ^ S>? >? re6"ire% V 3'<50 1? V /> +# hr'
Therefore the total >? re6"ire% V 1=34'0? 3?=4'? /> V =5?<'5? +# hr' Now an a%%itional "!!ly of >? "! to = i alo "!!lie%, o >? "!!lie% V = =5?<'5? 3>>V =435'?' N? "!!lie% V =435'> +#hr' So, Air "!!lie% V 3<0>> =435'? "nreacte% V =435'>'0? +#hr' O9T-9T The followin# are the 6"antity of fl"e #ae l'C>? =5>3'40 +#hr ?' )? > 3=>0'10 +#hr 1' S>? 3?> +# hr =' >? *"nreacte% 3<4'3= +# hr 0'N? 3<0>>'0? +#hr Therefore, the total fl"e #a o"t!"t V ?=43/'4/ +# hr For chan#e o$er !"r!oe a%%itional 1>> +#hr will "!!ly' Then the total f"el "!!ly (ecome 3<>> +#hr' Then the fl"e #a emiion (ecome 1>>>> m1 hr' So the internal %iameter i %ei#ne% for ma@im"m fl"e #a emiion' 1'? DESIGN FOR89LAE 1'?'3'T)E FORCES ACTING ON T)E STEEL C)I8NE: The $ario" force actin# on the elf "!!ortin# teel chimney are a follow' 3 'Self wei#ht of the teel chimney ?' ei#ht of linin# 1' in% !re"re =' Seimic force 3' Self wei#ht of the chimney The elf wei#ht of the teel chimney act $ertically' Coni%er a hori&ontal ection ' The thic+ne of the teel !late a(o$e the ection may (e a"me% contant' The wei#ht of the chimney i #i$en (y, V D1'3=%th' D V 9nit wei#ht of teelV5<'0 +Nm1 % V Diameter of chimney in m
t VThic+ne of teel !late in m h V )ei#ht of teel chimney a(o$e the ection in m' The com!rei$e tre in the teel !late at the ection %"e to the elf2wei#ht of the chimney i #i$en (y, Ft V *1'3=%t V >'>5<0hNmm? *1'3 ?' ei#ht of linin# The wei#ht of the linin# in the teel chimney, L, alo act $ertically' The thic+ne of concrete linin# may(e a"me% a lOOmm'The wei#ht of linin#, L V Dc1'3=%*>'3h Dc V9nit wei#ht of concrete linin#V?>KNm L V *?1'3=%h+N The com!rei$e tre in the teel !late at the ection , %"e to the wei#ht of linin# E) VL *1'3=%tV*?1'3=%h*1'3=%t V>'>>?*hf Nmm? *1'? 1' in% !re"re The win% !re"re act hori&ontally' The win% !re"re on a tr"ct"re %e!en% on the ha!e of the tr"ct"re, the wi%th of the tr"ct"re, the hei#ht of the tr"ct"re, the location of the tr"ct"re, an% the climatic con%ition' The win% !re"re !er "nit area increae with the hei#ht of the tr"ct"re a(o$e the #ro"n% le$el' In or%er to im!lify the %ei#n, the teel chimney i %i$i%e% in to n"m(er of e#ment of e6"al hei#ht' The hei#ht of each e#ment may (e +e!t 3>m'The intenity of win% !re"re o$er each e#ment may (e a"me% a "niform' The win% !re"re on the flare% !ortion may (e fo"n% (y "in# a$era#e %iameter' The win% !re"re may (e a"me% to act at the mi% hei#ht of each e#ment an% a alo in the flare% !ortion' It ha alo (een !ractice to ta+e "niform win% !re"re o$er the hei#ht of chimney' The win% !re"re, - V K! i *!ro. ecte% area K Sha!e factor' It acco"nte% for the ha!e of tr"ct"re' The ha!e factor for cylin%rical !ortion i >'5' -i 2 Intenity of win% !re"re'
V>'5*!i %h+N *1'1 D VO"ter %iameter of the chimney' In a%%ition to the win% effect the o$er t"rnin# effect %"e to win% !re"re, the win% ha alo aero%ynamic effect' The aero%ynamic effect of the win% ha not (een ta+en into coni%eration for %ei#n of teel chimney' =' Seimic force The eimic force alo act hori&ontally' The eimic force act on tr"ct"re, when the tr"ct"re are locate% in the eimic area' The followin# the loa% com(ination for the calc"lation of tre at any !oint of teel chimney are coni%ere% *iDea% loa% in% loa% Tem!erat"re effect' *ii Dea% loa% Earth6"a+e *eimic loa% Tem!erat"re effect' The effect of tem!erat"re i coni%ere% only when the tem!erat"re of the fl"e #a i more than ?0>HJ C' Only one effect i coni%ere% for the %ei#n of the tr"ct"re o"t of the two force' 1'?'?' DIA8ETER OF T)E C)I8NE: The ini%e %iameter of the chimney i calc"late% a follow %V **=6 *IT +$ *1'= 6 "antity of fl"e #a in m1 the theoretical $elocity of #a in m V *#) *T#Ta23 ) )ei#ht of the chimney in m # acceleration %"e to #ra$ity in m?, + V a contant V act"al $elocity theoretical $elocity, an% thi may (e ta+en a >'/' )owe$er, the %iameter hall (e o choen that the $elocity will not e@cee%, "n%er any circ"mtance, 1>m'
The mot o!tim"m ran#e for $elocity will (e 30 to ?> m' 1'?'1 )EIG)T OF T)E C)I8NE: The hei#ht of the chimney may (e calc"late% (y the followin# form"la, a !er the Kerala tate !oll"tion control (oar%' )V3=* >'1 *1'0 here, ) V )ei#ht of the chimney, an% V "antity of S"l!h"r emiion in +#hr' 1'?'= STRESS IN C)I8NE: S)ELL The total tre in any !artic"lar ection of the chimney i, fc V *GA *8W *1'/ here, *A !er IS /01123453 fc Vtotal tre in Nmm? *com!reion, G V ei#ht of the !art of the chimney a(o$e the ection in N, area of teel at the !artic"lar ection, (en%in# moment at the ection in N mm, mo%"l" of ection "n%er coni%eration in mm1 1'?'0 )OLDING DON BOLTS The ma@im"m force in one (olt -i i, -i V *=8(n'D,2*n *1'5 *A !er IS /01123453 here, 8( V (en%in# moment at (ae of the chimney, n V n"m(er of (olt, Di V %iameter of (olt rin#, Vwei#ht of teel tac+' 1'?'/ BASE -LATE *i Force in (ae !late Com!rei$e force !er "nit len#th of !late, circ"mferentially, V *=8( n'D? *, n'D, *1'< *A !er IS /01123453 here, V wei#ht of teel tac+, V wei#ht of linin#, D V %iameter of hell, D V %iameter of (olt rin#, an%
8( V (en%in# moment at the (ae of the chimney' *ii The thic+ne of the (ae !late ho"l% (e calc"late% from, t( V >' *( Com!"te eDf an% F V A d Fin% K0 an% Fma@ *% Chec+ K0DV>'/ an% eDQV>'?00 *A !erlS /01123453 here DfV Diameter of the footin# 8>Vo$er t"rnin# moment FV A V Total wei#ht of the tac+ AVArea of circ"lar footin# Fma@ 2 ma@im"m "nit (earin# !re"re incl"%in# o$ert"rnin# moment' 1'1 DESIGN CALC9LATIONS Ini%e Diameter of the teel tac+ % V **=1>>>> *1'3=>'/30 *A !er IS /01123453 V 3'><23'lm Total f"el con"m!tion in +#hr i 30>>' B"t there are two (oiler' So for chan#e o$er !"r!oe the f"el con"m!tion (ecome 3<>> +#h' hen thi f"el ("rnin# the amo"nt of S>? i 3?> +#h So the hei#ht of teel tac+ V 3=' *3?>A>'1 V 0<'0/m
b />m *(y Kerala tate !oll"tion control (oar% Intenity of win% !re"re At 3>m V3'?< +Nm2 At ?>m V3'=/ +Nm? At 1>m 3'0= +Nm? At =>m V 3'/ +Nm? At 0>m V3'/5 +Nm? At />m V3'51 +Nm? Flare% !ortion hei#ht V )1 V />1 V ?>m So the o"t i%e %iameter of teel tac+ D V *% *?T *?tm V 3'3*?>'3 *?'>>/ V 3'1>m here, % V ini%e %iameter of the teel tac+ in m T V thic+ne of linin# in m tm V minim"m thic+ne of teel hell in m Bottom %iameter of the teel hell V *01D VV*01 3'1> V ?'>4m b ?'3>m *a !er IS/01123453 From Ta(le ?'3, Corroion allowance for oil fire% (oiler an% ?> year life, V 0 mm *a !er IS /01123453 OERT9RNING 8O8ENT D9E TO IND LOAD To ma+e the calc"lation eaier %i$i%e whole ection in to / !art *3> m each, Fi# 1'3 Sha!e factor for ro"n% ection of the chimney hell, S V >'5 *a !er IS /01123453 3> m I
3> ? 3> m 1 3> 7 = 3>. 5555555555W Fi# 1'3 Section of tac+ 3' At,, O$er t"rnin# moment at ii, !i h.V S in% loa%-ro.ecte% areahl V >'53'513'13>0 V5<'00 +Nm here S V Sha!e factor -i V in% loa% at !art 3 hX V !oint of a!!lication of the win% loa% ? At?? -i h, V '53'513'13>30 !?h?V >'53'/53'13>0 Total V 13?'>< +Nm 1' At 11 !, hi V >'53'513'13>?0 !? h? V >'53'/53'13>30 !1 h1V >'53'/3'13>0 Total V/4='?00 +Nm =' At,= !i hi V>'53'513'13>10 !? h? V>'53'/53'13>?0 !1 h 1V>'53'/3'13>30 !=h=V>'5 3'0=3'13>0 Total V3?34'?40 +Nm 0' At 00 -i h, V>'53'513'13>=0 !?h? V >'53'/53'13>10 !1h1 V >'53'/3'13>?0 != 33= V >'53'0=3'13>30 !0h0 V>'53'=/3'03>0 Total V3<<5'4>0 +Nm /At// !, h, V>'53'513'13>00 !?h? V >'53'/53'13>=0 !0 h1 V >'53'/3'13>10 !=h= V >'53'0=3'13>?0 !0h0 V
>'53'=/3'03>30 !/h/V >'53'?<3'43>0 TotalV ?530'310 +Nm STRESS CALC9LATION -art 3 8inim"m thic+ne of the hell, t V D0>> V 31>>0>> V ?'// mm b 1mm Corroion allowance V 0 mm Dt V31>>1 V =11'11 )e I+ V3>>>> *>'5>5 3'1 V ?3'4/ *)e V L for (en%in# tre an% for com!rei$e tre )e V ?L in the cae of circ"lar teel chimney From ta(le ?'3 Allowance tenile tre, F, From ta(le ?'? Allowa(le com!rei$e tre, F, Stre %"e to moment, Fmo Stre %"e to chimney wei#ht, Ft Stre %"e to chimney linin#, Fy, 8a@im"m tenile tre, Ft 8a@im"m com!rei$e tre, Fc V 331''3= 3'1? >'>>1 V 34'55 +Nmm? V >'>54h V >'54 Nmm? V >'>>?ht V'>>?3>'>>1 V /'//Nmm? V 34'552>'54V 3<'4< Nmm? V 34'55>'54/'// V ?5'?? Nmm? Ft Q Fta an% Fc Q Fca' So %ei#n i afe' -art ? 8inim"m thic+ne 3>20 V 0mm From ta(le ?'3 Dt )e+ ?/> =1'4? 3=> Nmm? From ta(le ?'? Fca
V 3?0 Nmm V =5'>= Nmm? Ft F,i Ft Fc V 3'0< Nmm? V < Nmm? V =0'=/ Nmm? V0/'/? Nmm? Ft Q Ffa an% Fc Q Fca' So %ei#n i afe'' -art 1 8inim"m thic+ne 0 mm Dt V ?/> )e+ V /0'4= From ta(le ?'3 Fta V 3=> Nmm? From ta(le ?'? Fca V 3?0 Nmm? Fmo V 3>='// Nmm? Ft V?'10 Nmm? Fii V3? Nmm? F, V3>?'?=0 Nmm? Fc V33<'4?0 Nmm? Ft Q Fto an% Fc Q F, So %ei#n i afe' -art = 8inim"m thic+ne V 3=20 V 4mm Dt V 3=='= )e+ V <5'4 From ta(le?'3 Fta V301 Nmm? From ta(le ?'? Fca V3?0 NmmZ F 3 mo F) 3>?'334 Nmm 1'3= Nmm <'<< Nmm? F, Fc
V 4<'45 Nmm2 33='314 Nmm? Ft Q F,a an% Fc Q Fca' So %ei#n i afe' -art 0 8inim"m thic+ne 3/20 V 33mm Fca 3 IDC 3?0 Nmm? 45'35>/ Nmm? 1'40 Nmm? F) V3>'=0=/ Nmm? F, V 41'?? Nmm? FC V330'05 Nmm? F, Q Fta an% Fc Q Fca' So %ei#n i afe' -art / 8inim"m thic+ne From ta(le ?'3 From ta(le ?'? V 3<20V 31 mm Dt V3=/'30 )e+ V 34?'== FTA V 301Nmm? FCA V3?0 Nmm? Fmo V 51'5 Nmm? Ft V ='5= Nmm? F) V 3>'/3 Nmm? F, V /<'4/ Nmm? FC V <4'>0 Nmm? F, Q Fta an% Fc Q Fca' So %ei#n i afe' The tre at the flare% !art i m"lti!lie% (y 3 co > here > V half of the flare an#le > V tan]3**?'323'1y?? V 3'3=0 3COS>23 )ence no chan#e in the tre' C)ECK FOR EART)9AKE Seimic factor a !er IS 3<41, 34<= with Amen%ment 3 reaffirme% in 3443'
Seimic &one III Seimic coefficient >'>= Seimic &one factor >'30 to >'? A$era#e thic+ne of the teel hell A$era#e %iameter ei#ht of teel V *< 3>? 3= 3/ 3</V 3?'// V * 3'1?' l?V 3'5mm V $ol"me %enity V1'3=3'5>'>3?///>54V13<'< +N ei#ht of linin# Increae the wei#ht (y 0 for ti Therefore, total wei#ht Area of cro ection of the (ae Ra%i" of #yration Therefore h+ V 1'3=3'5/>>'3?1 V 51/'/= +N , !latform an% la%%er etc' V 3'>0*13<'<51/'/= V33><'?3 +N V 1'3=?'3>'>3< V >'33'5>5?'3 V>'510 mm V />>'510 V <3'/1 Ta(le 1'3 al"e of CT an% C$ Ratio K CT C$ 0 3='= 3'>? 3> ?3'? 3'3? 30 ?4'/ 3'34 ?> 1<'= 3'?0 ?0 =5'? 3'1> 1> 0/'> 3'10 10 /0'> 3'14 => 51'< 3'=1 =0 or more 3'<+ 3'0> From ta(le 1'3 C, V 3'<h+ V3'<<3'/1 V 31> -erio% of free $i(ration T! V C, *h)EA# *1'3>
here, h V wei#ht of the chimney incl"%in# tiffne !latform an% la%%er' ) V hei#ht of the chimney A V area of (ae E V mo%"l" of elaticity # V acceleration %"e to #ra$ity Therefore -erio% of $i(ration T! V 31> *33><'?3 3>>>/>>>> *?>> 3>>>>'33/4<3> V?'34 Fi# 1'3 A$era#e acceleration V 3'0>'>3?//33><'?33'11 V 30'+Nm Similarly force %"e to #ra$ity i increae% (y 3> Force %"e to #ra$ity V *33><'?33'3*1'3=?'3 V 3<='55 N Therefore total force, F 3<='554<>V 33/='55 Allowa(le (earin# !re"re for concrete V =Nmm i%th of (ae -ro$i%e a wi%th b 1>>mm -re"re "n%er the (ae V *33/='553>>> *=3>>> V ?43'34 mm V *33/='55 3>>>*1>> 3>>> V1'<< Nmm? Thic+ne of (ae !late >''> *= *>'50?0> 15'/< mm ? Thic+ne (ae% on 3'55 Nmm !re"re V 15'/< *3'55= V ?0'>/ mm b ?>?< mm )OLDING DON BOLTS Tna@ Allowa(le tre
V =8(*nD,2*n V =?530*3??'?02*13<'<>3? V =>?'??2?/'0/ V150'/0 +N V 3'?03?0 Nmm? Net area of (olt re6"ire% V 150'/0*3'?03?0 V?'=>= mm? Therefore %iameter of the (olt, %( V **?=>='3/=1'3= V00'1= mm Selectin# (olt 8/> FO9NDATION Try a circ"lar la( *raft fo"n%ation ha$in# %iameter 5m *o(taine% (y trial an% error metho% De!th V ? m ei#ht of fo"n%ation, f V 1'3= 1'0? ? ?0V34? 1'?0 +N ei#ht of chimney an% linin# Total wei#ht, t V 51/3'3 V <>4'/ +N V ?51?'<0 +N Area of fo"n%ation, Ar 1'3=1'0? V 1<'=5 mm? Direct !re"re at fo"n%ation F% V tAf V ?51?'<01<'=5V 53'>= +Nmm? For %ei#n the total lateral force at (ae of the chimney i increae% (y =0 Total lateral force at the (ae of chimney, - V *-i-?-1-=-0-/ 32=0, where ! i the loa% at ection at 3,?, 1,=,0,/ re!' Therefore 8oment at the (ae V *30'5= 30'3453='0/3='>3=3='55'>?= 3'=0 V313'<4+N V *?530'3103'=0 *313'<4? V =?>>'5 +Nm Eccentricity, V 8 V =?>>'5?51?'<0 V3'01 So %ei#n i afe' e D V3'015 V >'?3, which i le than >'?00
> >'3= >'?> >,?0 >'1> [\Jg'10 >'=> >'=0 >'0> ' [\ eD al"e [\ Fi# 1'? 8a@im"m oil !re"re an% ne"tral a@i for HJP n From Fi# 1'?, The $al"e of K0 D From chart 1'?, V>'51 >'/, o %ei#n afe' Fma@ F V153'>=V?31'3? +Nmm?Q?0> +Nmm? So %ei#n afe' STABILIT: Chec+ a#aint o$ert"rnin# O$ert"rnin# moment, 8> V =?>>'5 +Nm Reol$in# moment, 8R V *?51?'0251/1'0 V 344/'01'0 V /4<5'50 Factor of afety V 8R8 V /4<5'50=?>>'5 V 3'// 3'0 So %ei#n i afe' C)ECK FOR SLIDINGS Friction coefficient (etween concrete an% oil b >'10 Frictional force V ?51?'0>'10V40/'150 35='/ KN, So %ei#n i afe' C)A-TER2= D:NA8IC ANAL:SIS *aStiffhe of the flare% chimney b ? time that of the !rimatic chimney' T! V?'34?V 3'>40 ec Fr V 33'>40 V >'43 cycleec Stron#hol% critical $elocity, c V 0Df V 03'1>'43 0'41 m ( K, V K1 V 3 K?V 3'30 Dei#n win% $elocity T Critical ran#e for reonance )ence there i no reonance effect
*(Time !erio% Baic win% !ee% V 14 m V (K,K?K1 V 14333'30 V =='<0 2=0 m V >'0 to >'< % V ??'0 to 1/ m V 3'>40 Sec >'?0 Sec So Dynamic effect i to (e coni%ere% Dynamic coefficient %i $al"e of % for Line% chimney 9n line% chimney > 3'?> 3'1 '>?0 3'5> ?'0 '>0 3'4> 1'3 '>50 ?'3> 1'0 '3> ?'1> 1'50 '3?0 ?'=0 ='3> '30> ?'/> ='1> '350 ?'5> ='0> '?>> ?'50 ='5> -"lation coefficient Ty!e of location )ei#ht a(o$e #ro"n% le$el in metre 9! to 3> ?> => /> 3>> ?>> 1>> an% a(o$e A >'/> >'00 >'=< >'=/ >'=? >'1< >'10 3' Ty!e A relate to o!en location *%eert, ea coat, La+e Etc' ?' Ty!e B relate to o"t+irt of town ha$in# o(tacle of li#ht more than 3>m' B >'<1 >'5? >'/0 >'/> >'0= >'=/ >'=> Dynamic !arameter %o From ta(le ='3 Dynamic coefficient From ta(le ='? he )ei#ht coefficient 8a for !art 3 Steel 1'3= 3'1>'>>< 3>5<0>>4'<3 Linin#1'3=*3'12>'3 >'3 3>?>>>>4'<3 Total 8a for !art ? Y 1 are ame Steel 1'3=3'1>'>3 3>5<0>>4'<3
Linin#1'3=*l' 12>'3>'33>?>>>>4'<3 Total V T!(3?>>V 3'>40143?>> V>'>100 V 3'< V >'/0 V ?/31'3 +# V 5/<3'4 +# 3>?40'> +# 1?//'= +# 5/<3'4 + 3>4=<'> +# 8a for !art = Steel1'3=3'1>'>3=3>5<0>>4'<3 V=051'> +# Linin#1'3=*3'12>'3>'33>?>>>>4'<3 V 5/<3'40 +# Total V 3??00'> +# 8a for !art 0 Steel1'3=3'0>'>3/3>5<0>>4'<3 V />1>'1 +# Linin#1'3=* 3'02>'3 >'3 3>?>>>>4'<3 V <4/?'? +# Total V 3=44?'0 +# 8a for !art / Steel1'3= 3'4>'>3< 3>5<0>>4'<3 V <041'? +# Linin#1'3=*3'42>'3>'33>?>>>>4'<3 V 330??'4 +# Total V?>33/'3 +# A"me firt mo%e ha!e i re!reente% (y ?n% %e#ree !ara(ola whoe or%inate at 00 are "nity' So that the or%inate, y at a %itance @ i y V *@00? A"me ty!e of location i B in Ta(le ='1 The %ata re6"ire% i ta("late% (elow 00b 3>?40'> >'/3?0 bTb 30'5= =0 3>4=<'> >'/150 >'//4 30'5= 10 3>4=<'> >'//50 >'=>0 3='0/ ?0 3??00'> >'5>?0 >'?3 3='>3= 30 3044?'0 >'550 >'>5= 3='5 0 ?>33/'3 >'<1 >'>> 35'>?= )ei#ht 8a *+# ! y -t*+N I :+-t+-+ V *4'/= /'=< 1'4= ?'>5 >'<= V ??'45
y+?8+V*'=3540'< =<44'< 3>?40'>V 35/31'3 Ratio V??'4535/31'3 ai a? a1 a a0 De%"ce% acceleration 3'>>'>>31 >'//4>'>>31 >'=>0>'>>31 >'?3>'>>31 >'>5=>'>31 -i -a -= - Dynamic inertia force V 3>?40'>3'<>'/0>'>>31 V 3>4=<'>3'<>'/0>'>>>4=<'>3'<>'/0>'>>>0?/ V 3??00'>3'<>'/0>'>>>?51 V 3=44?'03'<>'/0>'>>>>4/? Dynamic moment 8r V30'//0 8?Z V*30'//133'3=0 81 V*30'//0 33'3=1 /'5=0 V*30'//5 33'3=0 /'5=1 1'430 V '>>31 V >'>>31 V >'>>>'>>>0?/ V >'>>>?51 V >'>>>>4/? V >'>> J 30'//+N V 33'3=+N V /'5= +N V 1'43 +N V 3'/4 +N V >'>> +N V 5<'?4 +Nm V?4>'05 +Nm V 04?'?=0 +Nm V 4=5'3< +Nm 80 V*30'//4 33'3=5 /'5=0 1'431 3'/40 2 311>'31 +Nm V*30'//33 33'3=4 /'5=5 1'430 3'/41 >0 V 35?3'03 +Nm Chec+ for hell thic+ne -arti t V 5<'5 V =/'<mm fcma@ V 0/'/? V *=5'>5?4>'0513?'>< V 3>>'== Nmm? Q the allowa(le tre
-art1 t V 3>mm fcma@ V 33<'4?0 *3>='//04?'?=0/4='?00 V ?><'?>/ Nmm? Q the allowa(le tre -art= t V 3=mm fcma@ V 33='314 *3>?'3344=5'3<03?34'?40 V 341'=/< Nmm? Q the allowa(le tre -art 0 t V 3/mm fcma@ V 333'05 *45'35 311>'31>3<<5'4>0 V 3<>'>1 Nmm? Q the allowa(le tre -art / t V30 *51'5> 35?3'03?530'310 V 310'5< Nmm? Q the allowa(le tre So the %ei#n i afe C)A-TER20 RES9LT AND CONCL9SION The Re"lt o(taine% from the %ei#n of (oiler tac+ are )ei#ht of teel tac+ V /> m Ini%e %iameter at the to! V 3'3 m O"ti%e %iameter at to! V 3'1 m O"ti%e %iameter at the (ae V ?'3 ra Thic+ne of the teel !late at %ifferent ection are J Section 3 V < mm J Section ?V3> mm J Section 1 V 3> mm J Section =V3= mm J Section 0 V 3/ mm J Section /V3< mm Bae !late %imenion i 1>>?< mm teel !late )ol%in# %own (olt 8 /> *3? no' Fo"n%ation 8?> #ra%e concrete J Diameter of the fo"n%ation V 5m J De!th of fo"n%ation V ? m ' The linin# thic+ne V 3>> mm J Linin# material i Refractory Concrete'
The %ei#n coni%eration of (oiler tac+ "(.ect to $ario" r"le an% re#"lation of IS /01123453 an% Kerala State -oll"tion Control Boar% i %one' It incl"%e the %ei#n coni%eration of $ario" %imenion of tac+, fo"n%ation, (ae !late, hol%in# %own (olt' The %ei#n i chec+e% a#aint earth6"a+e, Sta(ility, Sli%in# an% fo"n% that the %ei#n i afe a#aint thee factor' The %ynamic analyi i alo %one' Finally the %rawin# of the %ei#ne% !art are !re!are% "in# A"to Ca% oftware' The new %ei#n i $ery efficient in maintainin# the !ro!er %ra"#ht an% the corroion rate i alo $ery le' Since the hei#ht i %ei#ne% a !er the nonn of Kerala State -oll"tion Control Boar% the atmo!heric !oll"tion i $ery le' D9CT Ffi8 i2BOllE MA. DOOR SIDE SECTION BB 2LADDER 2SAFET RING ENLARGED IE S)OING C)I8NE: DOOR 'AND BOILER D9CTS ( FLAT SO@S FLAT /> / DETAIL AT : FOR DETAIL CcFIG' < /A =>@=>/ FIA7 hell !late A Ty!ical Self S"!!orte% Chimney C)A-TER2/ BIBLIOGRA-): In%ian Stan%ar% Co%e /01123457 Dei#n of teel tr"ct"re (y 8'Ra#h"!athy Tata 8cGraw2)ill !"(liher y Dei#n of teel tr"ct"re Ram Chan%ra Stan%ar% !"(liher Stoichiometry (y B'I'Bhatt an% S'8'ora Tata 8cGraw2)ill
