Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A MARINE PROPELLER 1
1
2
T. CHITTARANJAN KUMAR REDDY, K.NAGARAJA RAO
PG Scholar, Department of MECH, VIVEKANANDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, Ranga Reddy, Telangana, India. 2
Associate Professor (HOD), Department of MECH, VIVEKANANDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, Ranga Reddy, Telangana, India.
Abstract—
and Newton's third law law.. A marine propeller is sometimes colloquially known as a screw propeller or screw.
A propeller is a type of fan fan that transmits power by converting rotational rotational motion into thrust thrust.. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil airfoil-shaped -shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air or water) is accelerated behind the blade. Propeller dynamics can be modelled by both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law law.. A marine propeller is sometimes colloquially known as a screw propeller or screw. The present work is directed towards the study of marine
Marine propeller
propeller working and its terminology,simulation and flow simulation of marine propeller has been performed.The
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT:
von misses stresses ,resultant deformation ,strain and areas below factor factor of safety has been displayed. displayed.
The concept of a propulsion device resembling what is
The velocity and pressure with which the propeller blades
now called the screw propeller is certainly not new. The
pushes the water has been displayed displayed in the results.
experience of ancients with sculling oars, coupled with the later development of rotary engines, obviously suggested a
KEYWORDS: Propeller, Design, Analysis, Static, CDF (Computational (Computational Flow Dynamics) INTRODUCTION
combination of a series of inclined plates secured to a rotary hub. In 945 B.C., the Egyptians used a screw-like device for irrigation purposes. Archimedes (287-212 BC), the first scientist whose work had a lasting effect on the
INTRODUCTION TO PROPELLER:
A propeller is a type of fan fan that transmits power by converting rotational rotational motion into thrust thrust.. A pressure
history of naval architecture and ship propulsion, has been credited with the invention of the screw.Hecreated the screw to pump out flooded ships.
difference is produced between the forward and rear
The screw pump, designed by Archimedes for supplying
surfaces of the airfoil airfoil-shaped -shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air
irrigation ditches, was the forerunner of the screw
or water) is accelerated behind the blade. Propeller
propeller. Drawings done by Leonardo DA Vinci (1452-
dynamics can be modelled by both Bernoulli's principle
1519) (Figure 1-1 below) contain pictures of water screws
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111
for pumping. However, his famous helicopter rotor more
Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 debris away from the blades. There is no clear-cut
nearly resembles a marine screw.
evolution of the bladed wheel into the modern screw propeller, although the bladed wheel possessed most of the elements of a successful propulsive device. It seems to
Despite this knowledge, application of screw propulsion to boats and ships didn't take place until the advent of steam
have been used in the original Ericsson form and then dropped
in
favor
of
the
conventional
screw.
power. Due to greater suitability with the slow-turning, early steam engines, the first powered boats used paddle wheels for a form of water propulsion. In 1661, Toogood and Hays adopted the Archimedian screw as a ship propeller, although their boat design appears to have involved
a
type
of
water
jet
propulsion.
At the beginning of the 19th century, screw propulsion was considered a strictly second-rate means of moving a ship through the water. However, it was during this century that screw propulsion development got underway. In 1802, Colonel John Stevens built and experimented with a single-screw, and later a twin-screw, steam-driven boat. Unfortunately, due to a lack of interest, his ideas were not accepted
The
Invention
in
of
the
BASIC PROPELLER PARTS :
The first step to understanding propellers and how they work is familiarizing your-self with the basic parts of a boat propeller.
America.
Screw
Propeller
The credit for the invention of the screw propeller narrows down to two men, Francis Petit Smith and John Ericsson. In 1836, Smith and Ericsson obtained patents for screw propellers, marking the start of modern development. Ericsson's patent covered a contra-rotating bladed wheel, as well as twin-screw and single-screw installations. Ericsson's propeller design took advantage of many of the unique benefits of the bladed wheel. With the wheel, it was possible to obtain the increased thrust of a large number of
A. Blade Tip: The maximum reach of the blade from the
blades in a small diameter without cluttering up the area
center of the propeller hub. It separates the leading edge
adjacent
from the trailing edge.
to
the
hub.
Yet, both the inner and outer elements supplied propulsive thrust. The wheel design was inherently strong, without much unnecessary material to interfere with its basic action. The outer ring also served to keep lines, ice, and
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B. Leading Edge: The part of the blade nearest the boat,
which first cuts through the water. It extends from the hub to
the
tip.
112
C. Trailing Edge: The part of the blade farthest from the
Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 to relieve the normal shift shock that occurs between the
boat. The edge from which the water leaves the blade. It
gear and clutch mechanism - generally used with low
extends from the tip to the hub (near the diffuser ring on
horsepower applications.
through-hub exhaust propellers). L. Diffuser Ring: Aids in reducing exhaust back pressure
and in preventing exhaust gas from feeding back into D. Cup: The small curve or lip on the trailing edge of the
propeller blades.
blade, permitting the propeller to hold water better and normally adding about 1/2" (12.7 mm) to 1" (25.4 mm) of
M. Exhaust Passage: For through-hub exhaust propellers.
The hollow area between the inner hub and the outer hub
pitch. E. Blade Face: The side of the blade facing away from the
boat, known as the positive pressure side of the blade. F. Blade Back: The side of the blade facing the boat,
through which engine exhaust gases are discharged into the water. In some stern drive installations using a through-transom exhaust system, this passage carries air.
known as the negative pressure (or suction) side of the
N. Performance Vent System (PVS): PVS, is a patented
blade.
Mercury ventilation system, allows the boater to custom
G. Blade Root: The point where the blade attaches to the
tune the venting of the propeller blades for maximum
hub.
planing performance. On acceleration, exhaust is drawn
H. Inner Hub: This contains the Flo-Torq rubber hub or
out of the vent hole located behind each blade.
Flo-Torq II Delrin® Hub System (Figures 2-2 above and 2-3). The forward end of the inner hub is the metal surface
When the next propeller blade strikes this aerated water,
which generally transmits the propeller thrust through the
less force is required to push through this water allowing
forward thrust hub to the propeller shaft and in turn,
the engine RPM to rise more rapidly.
eventually to the boat.
Water flows over the vent holes once the boat is on plan sending exhaust through the exhaust passage. Varying the
I. Outer Hub: For through-hub exhaust propellers. The
size of the exhaust holes engine RPM can be controlled,
exterior surface is in direct contact with the water. The
outboards perform better with venting and stern drives
blades are attached to the exterior surface. Its inner surface
typically require less venting if any at all.
is in contact with the exhaust passage and with the ribs which
attach
the
outer
hub
to
the
inner
Hub Configurations :
hub.
For through-hub exhaust propellers. The
At the center of the propeller is the hub. If exhaust gases
connections between the inner and outer hub. There are
are discharged into the water through the hub, the propeller
usually three ribs, occasionally two, four, or five. The ribs
is called a through-hub exhaust (or Jet-Prop™ exhaust)
are usually either parallel to the propeller shaft ("straight"),
propeller.
or
("helical").
If the exhaust gases are not discharged into the water
K. Shock-Absorbing Rubber Hub: Rubber molded to an
through a passage in the hub, but rather over the hub, the
inner splined hub to protect the propeller drive system
propeller is called an over-the-hub exhaust propeller.
J. Ribs:
parallel
to
the
blades
from impact damage and to flex when shifting the engine,
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Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 MODELLING OF MARINE PROPELLER
through the propeller's hub. This is accomplished by
Modeling of marine propeller :
extending the drive shaft out through the very bottom of the transom. When running properly only one blade of a
First sketching the outer hub on right plane as shown
two bladed propeller is actually in the water. The surface
below:
propeller is very efficient at minimizing or eliminating cavitation by replacing it with ventilation. With each stroke, the propeller blade brings a bubble of air into what would otherwise be the vacuum cavity region. SOLIDWORKS
Solid Works is mechanical design automation software
Figure : sketch of outer hub
that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It is an easy-to-learn tool which makes it possible for
Then by using revolve option outer hub is generated as shown
mechanical designers to quickly sketch ideas, experiment with features and dimensions, and produce models and detailed drawings. A Solid Works model consists of parts, assemblies, and drawings. Figure : revolve of outer hub
Typically, we begin with a sketch, create a base feature, and then add more features to the model. (One can also
Now blade profile is sketched on reference plane which is
begin with an imported surface or solid geometry).
taken by 30 deg angle to right plane .
We are free to refine our design by adding, changing, or reordering features.
Associativity between parts, assemblies, and drawings assures that changes made to one view are automatically made to all other views.
We can generate drawings or assemblies at any time in the design process.
The SolidWorks software lets us customize functionality
sketching of blade profile
to suit our needs. Then blade extrusion of 5mm is performed as shown
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circular pattern of blades Now Ribs are extruded as shown
Extrusion of blade By using flex operation bending of blade is generated as shown
Extrusion of ribs Necessary filleting and chamfering is done and the final marine propeller is as follows:
Figure : Bending of blade Next extrusion of inner hub is performed as shown below
Marine propeller Four different views of marine propeller as shown below : Extrusion of inner hub Now blades are circularly patterned
on the outer hub
.here we are generating three blade propeller as shown
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Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 of these equations gives the approximate behaviour of the
continuum or system. The continuum has an infinite number of degrees of freedom (DOF), while the discretised model has a finite number of DOF. This is the origin of the name, finite element method. SIMULATION OF MARINE PROPELLERThe static analysis is performed on marine propeller .When the ice
Different views of marine propeller
block of 2000N h its the marine propeller the effects have FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING
been observed .
INTRODUCTION TO FEM
Naming the static analysis as marine propeller simulation
Many problems in engineering and applied science are governed by differential or integral equations. The solutions to these equations would provide an exact, closed form solution to the particular problem being studied. However, complexities in the geometry, properties and in
Marine propeller simulation
the boundary conditions that are seen in most real world problems usually means that an exact solution cannot be
ADDITION OF MATERIAL TO PROPELLER:
obtained in a reasonable amount of time. They are content to obtain approximate solutions that can be readily
Adding 6061 alloy material to the propeller as shown
obtained in a reasonable time frame and with reasonable
below.
effort. The FEM is one such approximate solution technique. The FEM is a numerical procedure for obtaining approximate
solutions
to
many
of
the
problems
encountered in engineering analysis. In the FEM, a complex region defining a continuum is discretised into simple geometric shapes called elements. The properties and the governing relationships are assumed over these elements and expressed mathematically in terms of unknown values at specific points in the elements called nodes. An assembly process is used to link the individual elements to the linked system. When the effects of loads and boundary conditions are considered, a set of linear or nonlinear algebraic equations is usually obtained. Solution
Figure : Addition of alloy steel to propeller FIXING OF GEOMETRY :
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Shaft diameter is kept fixed in propeller becase it connects the propeller and engine.
Fine meshing of size 6mm SOLVE : Then running the simulation of propeller to see the von Figure : fixing of geometry APPLICATION OF LOAD :Loads are applied to the
misses stresses,resultant displacement and areas below Factor of safety.
blades ,outerhub,inner hub and ribs of the propeller.
running the simulation RESULTS :
Figure : Application of load of 2000N MESHING: Fine Meshing of size 6mm is performed on the propeller then the meshing modelled is shown below:
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von misses stresses for fine meshing The yield strength for the material is 620.4MPa and the maximum stress obtained is 699.4(Mesh size 6mm) MPa. It means that if the stress is greater than the yield stress the material will not break but will deform plastically.
areas below factor of safety A factor of safety less than 1 at a location indicates that the material at that location has failed.A factor of safety of 1 at a location indicates that the material at that location has Deflection for fine meshing of size 6mm
just started to fail. A factor of safety greater than 1 at a location indicates that the material at that location is safe.
COMPARISION OF RESULTS:
Figure : strain produced on propeller
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Figure :comparision of results
Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 boundary condition. The boundary conditions are divided
in three different types: flow openings, pressure openings FLOW SIMULATION
and
walls.
SOLIDWORKS FLOWSIMULATION INTRODUCTION :
SolidWorks Flow Simulation 2010 is a fluid flow analysis add-in package that is available forSolidWorks in order to obtain solutions to the full Navier-Stokes equations that govem the motion of fluids. Other packages that can be added to SolidWorks include SolidWorks Motion and SolidWorks Simulation. A fluid flow analysis using Flow Simulation involves a number of basic steps th at are shown
List of available boundary conditions in Solid Works Flow Simulation
in the following flowchart in figure. Each boundary condition has a number of parameters related to it that can be set to different values. The available parameters for each boundary condition are shown in table below:
Flowchart for fluid flow analysis using Solidworks Flow Simulation INSERTING BOUNDARV CONDITIONS: boundary
conditions are required for both the inflow and outflow faces of internal flow regions with the exception of
List of available parameters for different boundary conditions in Solid Works Flow Simulation
enclosures subjected to natural convection. Visualization
The flow parameter depends on the boundary condition but
of boundary conditions can be shown with anows of
includes velocity, Mach number and mass and volume
different colors indicating the type and direction of the
flow rate. The direction of the flow vector can be specified
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as normal to the face, as s'wirl or as a 3D vector. The thermodynamic parameters include temperature and pressure. For the turbulence parameters you can choose between speci[ing the turbulence intensity and length or the turbulence energy and dissipation (k-e turbulence model). The boundary layer is set to either laminar or turbulent. You can also specify velocity and thermal boundary layer thickness for the inlet velocity boundary condition as well as speciry the core velocity and temperature. For the real wall boundary condition you can speciry the wall roughness together with wall temperature and heat transfer coefficient. The real wall also has an option for motion in the form of translational or angular velocity. CHOOSING GOALS:
Goals are criteria used to stop the iterative solution process. The goals are chosen from the physical
Figure : List of available parameters for different goals in SolidWorks Flow Simulation VIEWING RESULTS
parameters of interest to the user of Flow Simulation. The use of goals minimizes errors in the calculated parameters and shortens the total solution time for the solver. There
Results can be visualized in a number of different ways as indicated by table :
are five different types of goals: Global goals, point goals, surface goals, volume goals and equation goals. The global goal is based on parameter values determined everywhere in the flow field whereas a point goal is related to a specific point inside the computational domain. Surface goals are determined on specific surfaces and volume goals are determined within a specific subset of the computational domain as specified by the user. Finally, equation goals are defined by mathematical expressions. Table is showing 48 different parameters that can be chosen by the different types of
List of available results in SolidWorks Flow Simulation ADVANTAGES OF FLOW SIMULATION :
goals. Low Cost:
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The most important advantage of computational prediction
Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 in treating very low or very high temperatures, in handling
is its low cost. In most applications, the cost of a computer
toxic or flammable substances, or in following very fast or
run is many orders of magnitude lower than the cost of
very slow processes.
corresponding experimentation. This can reduce or even eliminate the need for expensive or large-scale physical test facilities. This factor assumes increasing importance as the physical situation to be studied becomes larger and more complicated.
Further whereas the prices of most
items are increasing, computing cost is likely to be even
Ability to stimulate Ideal Conditions: A prediction
method is sometimes used to study a basic phenomenon, rather than a complex engineering application.
study of phenomenon, one wants to focus attention on a few essential parameters and eliminates all irrelevant features.
lower in the future.
In the
Thus many idealizations are desirable for
example: two dimensionally constant densities an adiabatic surface of an infinite reaction rate.
Speed:
In a computation
approach, such conditions can be setup with case and A computational investigation can be performed with remarkable speed. A designer can study the implication of
precision, whereas even careful experimental can barely approximate the idealization.
hundreds of different configurations in less than a day and choose the optimum design process; rapid evaluation of
Reduction of Failure risks: CFD can also be used to
design alternatives can be made. On the other hand, a
investigate configurations that may be too large to test or
corresponding experimental investigating would take a
which pose a significant safety risk including pollutant
long time.
spread and nuclear accident scenarios.
This can often
provide confidence in operation, reduce or eliminate the Complete information:
cost of problem solving during installations, reduce
A computer solution of problem gives detailed and complete information.
It can provide the values of all
product liability risks. APPLICATIONS OF FLOW SIMULATION :
relevant variables (such as velocity, pressure, temperature, concentration, turbulence intensity) throughout the domain
Automobile and Engine Applications:
interest. This provides a better understanding of the flow phenomenon and the product performance.
For this
reason, even when an experiment is performed, there is great value in obtaining a companion computer solution to supplement the experimental information. Ability to stimulate Realistic Conditions:
In theoretical calculation, realistic conditions can be easily stimulated. There is no need to resort to small scale or cold models. Through a computer program, there is little difficulty in having a very large or very small dimension,
To improve performance means environmental quality, fuel economy of modern trucks and cars. It is study of the external flow over the body of a vehicle, or the internal flow through the internal combustion engines. Industrial Manufacturing Applications:
A mould being filed with liquid modular cast iron is a good example. The liquid flow fields are calculated as a function of time. Another example is manufacture of ceramics.
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Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 widely used in medical, pharmaceutical, and biomedical
Civil engineering Applications:
applications. Problems involving the theology of rivers, lakes etc are also subject of investigations using CFD. Example is
FLOW SIMULATION OF MARINE PROPELLER
filling of mud from an underwater mud capture reservoir. The purpose of the flow simulation is to
Environmental Engineering Applications:
see the flow
trajectories of the fluid that is moved by propeller .In this
The discipline of heating, air conditioning and general air
flow simulation no velocity and pressure conditions are
circulation through buildings are some of the examples of
given but aim is to calculate them.
the application situations. The example is fluid burning in First rotating region has to be extruded around the
furnaces.
propeller that is the volume that will be rotated, Product design:
The ultimate functionality of a product depends on its cost, efficiency, robustness, and acceptance in the commercial market. In products that are developed to improve the environment through energy conservation; fluid-flow, heat and mass transfer plays an important role. CFD now with its multitude capabilities serves as an essential tool for modeling these phenomena in the design of such products. Product improvement:
Many of the current industrial products have been developed in pre-CFD periods. As we become more energy efficient conscious, we find that the products involving thermal-fluid systems can be redesigned to
Figure : Extrusion of rotating region On solidworks flow simulation menu creating new study name “Marine propeller flow simulation” as shown.
reduce their energy consumption. Successfully redesigned products not only can lower the operating cost but r emain competitive in the market place. In addition they may be introduced as new lines of products to stimulate the growth of the business. Bio medical engineering:
Flow modeling with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software
lets
you
visualize
and
predict
physical
phenomena related to the flow of any substance. It is
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water as project fluid By using default wall conditions and default initial conditions and setting result resolution as shown. creating study name Then selecting SI units , external analysis and rotation region as shown.
setting result resolution Then flow simulation tree will appear on left side of the screen. The computational domain is adjusted as shown by editing it.
Setting external analysis and rotation region Adding water as a project fluid from the liquids
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editing of computational domain Then adding rotational region by selecting the boss extrude of marine propeller’s rotational region and the speed is 2000 rpm.
inserting flow trajectories
Addition of rotational region of speed 2000 rpm. Then running the flow simulation flow trajectories of water [velocity] The water velocity has been displayed on the above figure. The water leaves with 14m/s velocity from the marine propeller blades as shown above.
running of flow simulation RESULTS : On the results tree flow trajectories has been
inserted by selecting the surfaces which are in contact with the fluid i.e, water.
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flow trajectories of water [ pressure] The pressure increases with in the rotating region and then
Volume 5, Issue 1 SEP 2015 [4] Hess, J. L. Calculation of potential flow about arbitrary three-dimensional lifting bodies. Technical Report MDCJ5679-01, McDonell Douglas, Oct 1972.
decreases as shown
[5] Friesch, J. Possibilities of model tests for energy saving devices. In Marine Jubilee Meeting, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1992.
CONCLUSIONS
[6] Young, F. R. Cavitation. McGraw-Hill Book Company Limited, Maidenhead, England, 1989.
The marine propeller working and terminology has been studied.
The marine propeller with 3 blades has been modeled in solidworks 2014.
The solidworks simulation has been studied and the
marine
propeller
simulation
has
been
performed.
The maximum induced stresses i.e, 699.4Mpa in propeller is greater than the material yield
[7] Rossignac, A. R. and Requicha, A. A. G. Constant radius blending and solid modelling. Computers in Mechanical Engineering, pages 65-73, 1984. [8] Elliot, W. S. Computer-aided mechanical engineering: 1958 to 1988. CAD,21(5):274- 288,1989. [9] Bezier, P. Style, Mathematics and NC. CAD, 22(9):524-526, 1990. [10] Woodwark, J. Computing shape. Butterworths, London, 1986.
strength 620.4Mpa.This means that if the stress is greater than the yield stress the material will not
[11] do Carmo, M. P. Differential geometry of curves and surfaces. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1976.
break but will deform plastically.
The resultant deformation, strain and areas below factor of safety has been displayed.
The solidworks flow simulation has been studied and the velocity and pressure with the blades of
[12] Nowacki, H. and Reese, D. Design and fairing of ship surfaces. Surfaces in CAGD, pages 121-134, 1983. 186 Bibliography 187 [13] Piegl, L. Key development in Computer-Aided Geometric Design. CAD,21(5):262- 274, 1989.
the propeller has been calculated.
The flow trajectories for velocity and pressure
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[68] Boyce, W. E. and DiPrima, R. C. Elementary differential equations and boundary value problems. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992. [69] Cheng, S. Y. Blending and fairing using partial differential equations. PhD thesis, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, England, 1992. [70] Clancy, L. J. Aerodynamics. Pitman Publishing, Inc, New York, 1975. [71] Umlauf, U. Propellergeometrieentwurf liber Formparameter, 1990. Private communication. [72] Ortega, J. M. and Poole, W. G. An introduction to numerical methods for differential equations. Pitman Publishing, Inc, New York, 1981
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