Chapter 1 introduction
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1.1 INTRODUCTION Water is used in almost anything and everything we do. From household activities to industries or irrigation, abundant water supply is favorable. Since assam is an agricultural state, and abundant water supply for this purpose is a must. Water is pumped to the agricultural field using various pumps using electricity and other fuels ,but this fuels are not in abundance and therefore makes it a costly affair. An alternative solution to this problem could be a simple water wheel. The water wheel rotates with the energy of flowing water and thus omits the use of any kind of fuel. A water wheel consists of a large wheel basically made of wood or metal, and it consists of a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outer rim forming the driving surface. Water wheels have been used basically for agricultural purpose, lifting of water to a greater height since ancient times. Use of water wheels has been found since ancient times like that in Hama, Syria. Flowing water was used to turn the wheel and water held in buckets on the rim was lifted to great heights to spill over into channels which irrigated the land further away. These wheels were often built to huge proportions, because water was raised on their rims. Although the exact date is not known, the concept of water wheel is assumed to be developed in the early 4000 bc in Greece.
Fig 1.1 Ancient water wheel.
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1.1 Types of Water Wheel
2. Overshot water wheel 3. Breast shot water wheel 4. Undershot water wheel
1.1.1 Overshot water wheel
Fig1.2 Over shot water wheel. (Source: Wikipedia)
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The overshot water wheel directs water onto the wheel to turn in the same direction without changing its direction. They are usually used on falls of over ten feet. The water is conveyed to the top of the wheel by a wooden trough or sluice box and fed into the buckets. The water from the sluice box and the chute let the water into the buckets of the wheel from the control gate. The buckets are formed by boards set at an angle toward the stream and the ends or sides of the boards are set into slots in the sides of the wheel. The bottom edges of the front bucket boards are fastened to the sole or drum formed by planks secured to the inside end of the shrouds. The seams are often covered with batten to prevent leakage of water. This type of water wheels is referred to as a bucket wheel. The power generated by an overshot water wheel depends almost entirely on the weight of the water in the buckets, and the forward momentum of the water as it enters the buckets adds slightly to the increment of the wheel's power. The water wheel moves in the same direction of the stream. The wheel gets its benefit from the whole initial velocity and impulse of the water. The advantage will be lost as the bottom of the wheel is immersed in water and begins moving against the current. It is only possible for the wheel to turn above the tail water. In the case of back watering, an overshot water wheel will obstruct and impede its movement because air becomes trapped in the buckets as the water wheel is rotating. The direction of that the overshot water wheel turns in back water tends to draw floating debris into the water wheel and do damage to it. Another great problem with overshot water wheels is that often the water is directed from the chute onto the wheel too far forward of the vertical center of the water wheel and too much water flies over the wheel and never enters the buckets. The end of the water box and the end of the chute attached to it should be just behind the vertical center so when the water enters the wheel it is just behind the vertical center. In this way the wheel takes full advantage of the water and the fall available. The general rule for building an over shot water wheel is to allow a foot above and a foot below the wheel subtracted from the available fall.
1.1.2 Breast shot water wheel In many cases the breast shot water wheels and undershot water wheels are of larger diameter than the overshot and pitch-back water wheels. In the ordinary breast shot water wheel the water comes into the water wheel about at the center axis point. In some of the high breast 4
shot water wheels, the water is applied to the upward top of the water wheel. The weight of the water multiplied by the height of decent and not by just its impulse yields effective power. This type of water wheel has its lower upstream side or quarter encased by an arch or apron. It is made to fit closely to the rim of the water wheel to prevent the loss of water from moving under the wheel and thus keeping more water in the buckets keeping the water wheel more efficient.
Fig 1.3 Breast shot water wheel
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1.1.3 Undershot water wheel
The undershot water wheel is used on falls with very low head, where there may be only a slight fall to a stream. The wheels are found usually with less than 4 feet or with no head at all. These water wheels are moved entirely by the impulse of the water and consequently required much greater quantities of water to produce the same power as developed by the overshot, pitchback and breast shot water wheels. They are mainly found on tidal mills and boat or floating mills. The simple form of the water wheel is that of a paddle wheel. They may only be placed were they dip into the current and relay mainly on the movement of the water than by any fall. The weight of the water is not applied. The undershot water wheels usually have no sole or shrouding. Of the three types of vertical water wheels, the undershot is the least efficient and the power developed being comparatively small to that of the size of the wheel and the amount of water that moves it.
Fig 1.3 Undershot water wheel 6
1.2 Disadvantages of Water Wheel From the literature survey we could easily conclude that although the use of a waterwheel has omitted the use of fuel and is therefore a cheaper device, but it also has certain limitations. The various disadvantages of the water wheel has been stated below.
Water can be lifted only to the height of the water wheel The primary disadvantage of the water wheel is that the water could be lifted only upto the height of the diameter of the waterwheel, which clearly indicates that either the water cannot be lifted above the height of the water wheel or else, the other option is that the diameter of the waterwheel is to be increased which in turn will increase the expenditure.
Discharge of Water at Particular Point and need of a drainage system It has been observed that water could be discharged only upto a particular fixed point or else a drainage system will be required to transfer the water up to the required level or point which will in turn increase the expenditure.
In order to overcome these difficulties, a spiral tube is added as an lifting device in place of water lifting buckets of the water wheel. 1.5 SPIRAL PUMP A spiral pump is basically used to pump water from a lower head to a higher head region. This pump uses a rotating pipe coil to pump water. Spiral pump is considered to be created in 1746 by H.A. Wirtz, of Switzerland. Wirtz invented the spiral pump to provide water to a higher head. 1.5.1 Working Principle of A Spiral Pump The spiral tubes are fixed to the wheel so that the spiral pipes rotate, as the wheel itself rotates. The water collector connected to the outermost end of the spiral tube gulps in a good quantity of water and delivers this into the spiral tube as it rises above. This core of water passes through the spiral followed by a core of air as the wheel rotates. A new core of water is formed
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on every revolution, and a new core of air. Thus a series of cores of water and air are formed within each spiral pipe as the wheel rotates. Both spiral tubes deliver their water and air into the axle of the wheel and there it is led off through a water seal to a static rising pipe, which delivers water to the header tank. As the wheel revolves a pressure head develops within each coil of the spiral tube, water in the rising coils being higher than in the descending coils. These cores of water in the spiral tube compress the air between them as they travel around the spirals and both water and air are expelled under pressure into the axle. The flow of water up the static rising pipe is also accelerated by the compressed air escaping and expanding from the outlet at the axle of the wheel. This effect also helps to lift water to the header tank. Fig 1.5 shows a spiral water wheel.
Fig 1.4 Cross section of spiral pump
1.5.2 Advantages of spiral water wheel pump
Water can be lifted to a higher height. No drainage system is required for water transfer. Discharge of water is more by use of delivery pipes.
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1.6 PROBLEM DEFINITION
Water is required in abundance for household, industrial, agricultural purpose. Basically a large amount of water is required for agricultural purpose and the transfer of water from the nearby water bodies requires a large amount of fuel in one form or the other. Assam being an agricultural state having a large number of rivers, and keeping in mind the scarcity of electricity and other conventional fuel to lift or transport the water from the nearby river bodies to the agricultural fields a Spiral tube water wheel pump was proposed to be made as our final year project keeping in mind about the various parameters of the Bhogdoi River. Our main objective was to design a spiral tube water wheel pump where a head up to 20 ft. can be obtained. In the current project, a spiral tube water wheel pump, of a 3 meter diameter water wheel and a 1.5 meter diameter spiral tubeis designed and fabricated on the bank of the Bhogdoi River to pump water to the nearby areas to obtain the head of 20 ft.
1.8: Important Parameters related to Spiral Tube Water Wheel Pump performance: From literature survey…….
River flow Size of blade Number of blade Diameter of the wheel Diameter and number of the coils Submergence of the coils
River flow: The speed of the water is directly proportional to the rotational speed of the water wheel[]. Size of the blade: The size of the plate is directly proportional to the force exerted on blade keeping velocity constant. Number of blade: More the no of blade more is the force experienced by the wheel up to a certain limit but decreases after that. Diameter of wheel: Larger the diameter of wheel, greater the head generated.
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Number of coils: Number of coils is directly proportional to the head generated. Submerge ratio: As submerged ratio increases discharge increases but has negligible effect on head.
1.8: Objective In the present work, it is proposed to design and fabricate a spiral tube water wheel pump of 3 meter diameter water wheel and a 1.5 meter spiral tube water wheel is designed and fabricated which could obtain a head of 20 ft. It is specially designed for the river Bhogdoi as the velocity of Bhogdoi is 0.8 m/sec and analytically the designs were made for 0.6m/sec velocity. The work done is detailed below . PHASE 1: (Completed at the end of 7th semester)
Literature review and data collection.
Design of the Spiral Tube Water Wheel Pump
Theoretical performance evaluation of the Pump
Site selection
Design calculations.
Partial Fabrication.
.
PHASE 2: (Work Done in the 8th Semester) Remaining Fabrication i.e. the construction work
Performance evaluation by calculating discharge and the height up to which the water is lifted.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review
LITERATURE REVIEW
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Study of various types of Water Wheel used in different parts of the world was studied with the help of various technical papers. On study of the technical papers, various design dimensions were studied and analytical power, head and velocity was obtained. The literature describing the above findings are discussed in Table 2.1 below: Table 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Sl Authors No. Name 1 Peter Morgan., et al. (1984)
2
By Peter Tailer. et al. (2005)
Title
Journal
Spiral tube water wheel pump
Blair research bulletin
The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning Pump
http://lurkert ech.com/wat er/pump/tail er 1986
Findings *Blair Research Laboratory built a water wheel pump wheel ranging in size from . 5 m in diameter to 4 m diameter. According to their reading, the pump (4 m wheel) pumped 3679 liters of water per hour to a height of 8m above the canal. At the canal the velocity of the water flow was 1 m/s. The pump consists of 16 paddles and 3 coils of 50 mm diameter. The wheel performed 3.21 revs per minute whilst pumping water to 8m. The height of which water can be pump depends on no of coils in the spiral tube. In the rotating joint of the pump he used neoprene seal. *A wheel with 160 feet of 1-1/4 inch inside diameter flexible polyethylene pipe is able to pump 3,900 gallons of water per day to a 40 foot head with a peripheral speed of 3 feet per second. *This easily built, low maintenance spiral pump can be used to provide water without the need for fuel wherever there is a flowing stream or river. It can also be hand turned or otherwise driven to provide a low cost, efficient pump 6 foot diameter
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3
Lance Brown., et al. (2006)
Using Stream Energy To Pump Livestock Water
British Columbia , Ministry of Agriculture and Lands
* studied about a coil pump or sling pump. The Sling Pump has 32mm polyethylene pipe for the internal coil. According to him, it will pump 15,000 liters per day up 6.1m. The sling pump requires specific conditions are the pump must be half submerged, 400 mm minimum water depth, a water velocity of 0.6 m/sec
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Kimberley Barnes.et al. (2011)
Spiral tube water wheel
Sigma Pi Sigma Undergradua te Research Award Final Report., et al. (2011)
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Phillip L. Coil Pump Thompson. Design for el al.(2011) a Communit y Fountain in Zambia
International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering Vol. 6, No. 1, Spring 2011
* studied about spiral water pump, first one coil model, after that two coil model. They developed a equation to determine the pressure. In the study of single coil model, they compared the theoretical lengths and experimental lengths of the coil and the maximum difference is . 03m. *designed a water wheel and coil pump at Zambia river to provide 30 liters of water per minute to a safe gathering area 30 meters on shore and at an elevation of 10 meters above the river
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Praful Yelguntar. et al. (2014)
Design, Fabrication & Testing Of A Waterwhee l For Power Generation In An Open Channel Flow
IJREAT International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology, Volume 2, Issue 1, FebMar, 2014
* produce 35watt power with the help of 1.10 diameter wheel which have 8 blades.
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Chapter 3 Design CALCULATIONS
DESIGN CALCULATIONS 14
To design the Spiral Tube Water Wheel, various parameters had to be considered. The primary consideration was the velocity of the Bhogdoi river which is followed by the other analytical calculations. The various design calculations required in the design, starting from the field study to measure the water velocity to the analytical design has been discussed below. 3.1 Field Study In designing a water wheel, water velocity plays a most important parameter. So to measure the water velocity and for the installation of the project, a field study was carried out. Proper site is selected on the Bhogdoi River where velocity of water is sufficient enough for the project. The depth of the water is measured by using a five feet long measuring bar at different position. The velocity of water is measured by measuring the time taken by a small floating object to cross a length of 1m. Following data’s are obtained from the field study conducted.
TABLE NO 3.1 DATAS OBTAINED FROM FIELD STUDY Sl no
Distance covered(m)
Time taken(sec)
Velocity (m/sec)
1
1
1.24
0.806
2
1
1.37
.83
3
1
1.15
.87
4
1
1.40
.71
5
1
1.30
.77
Average Velocity (m/sec)
0.8
The velocity was found to be 0.8 m/sec during summer i.e. during the rainy season and an average of 0.6 m/sec is considered as the average rainfall tends to change in different seasons.
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After selection of the site, the depth of the river water was measured. The dimensions of the blade was considered with reference to the depth of the river which was found to be 1.30 meter.
TABLE 3.2 : DEPTH TABLE DATA Sl no
Depth(m)
Average(m)
1
1.25
2
1.18 1.30
3
1.36
4
1.38
3.2 Water Wheel Water wheel is one of the primary parts of the project; it uses the energy of the flowing water to some useful energy. The main parts of the water wheel are i. ii. iii.
Spoke Blade Shaft
Spoke: It is a long bar connecting the center of the wheel and it supports the frame of the blade. The main function of spoke in water wheel is to support. Blade: It is a flat surface attached at the tip of the spoke of water wheel. The force exerted by the water on the flat plate makes the water wheel to rotate. Shaft: It acts as a supporting and revolving device of water wheel. The rotational speed of the water wheel is transferred to the spiral tube wheel by gear mechanism through the shaft.
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3.2 Water Wheel and Blade To design waterwheel and the parameter related to it, first we assume the power input by water wheel is 30 watt. Assuming the radius of wheel (R) = 1.5 m by referring the relation Power input in a water wheel Pin=(1/2 )ρAv3 Where, Pi = power input=30 watt, ρ = density of water=1000 kg/m3 A= area of the blade, v=velocity of the flowing water= .8m/s (From our experiment data) From the above equation putting these value we get Area of the blade A= .23 m3
By trial and hit method we get Length of the blade (l) = .6m Width of the blade (w) = .45m Design Calculation of Number of Blade More the number of blades, greater is the torque on the water wheel. But after a certain number of blade, the torque decreases due to blockage of water by the subsequent blade. Therefore the number of blades should be arranged in such a way that only one blade is fully immersed at a time. Therefore the number of blades is found to be n 1=8 By taking the overall view of above point, the angular distance between the spoke is found to be 45 o.as shown in Fig . 3.1. 17
Fig. 3.1: Number of blades
Fig . 3.2 Design of water wheel 3.3 Spiral Tube Water Wheel
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The spiral tube water wheel is a modified form of water wheel where spiral tubes are used instead of buckets. The spiral tube wheel is run by the gear mechanism, the water wheel rotates due to the flow of the river water along with the help of blades which helps in running the spiral tube wheel. The spiral tube is designed for a certain height and certain discharge and has a diameter of 1.5m.The main parts of the spiral tube wheel are
Hollow Shaft Spoke Spiral Tube Rotating Joint Scoop
Hollow shaft: It acts as a supporting device and it helps in rotating the spiral wheel. Water collected by the spiral tube is discharge at the outlet with help of hollow shaft, Spiral tube: It is a long tube coiled eccentrically on the hollow shaft which collects water at each rotation. Scoop: Scoop is typically made from a larger diameter pipe and can be used to vary the amount of water taken in with each revolution. The scoop should be approximately half the volume of the outer coil and should be enclosed in wire mesh to prevent debris from entering the coils.
3.3.1 Design of Spiral Pump D=h1= wheel or outer coil diameter and the outer coil head 19
H=delivery head, n=no of coil, d=diameter of the pipe, hn=head in nth coil Boyle’s law P1V1=PnVn P1= Patm+D V1=air volume first or outer coil Pn= Patm+H Vn=air volume last or inner coil V1=π×(d/2)2×D Vn=π×(d/2)2×hn Given: H, D & d, find hn and n To find hn P1V1=Pn Vn ( Patm+D )× π × (d/2)2× D= ( Patm+H ) × π × (d/2)2× hm Therefore hn= ( Patm+D )× D/( Patm+H ) To find n : n×( D+hn ) / 2 = H Therefore n = 2H / ( D+hn ) Note: The pipe diameter, d, cancels out in the above equations. Once the number of coils required for a given wheel is determined to provide a given pressure or head, a suitable pipe size can be selected to form the coils of the spiral pump. When designing a spiral pump, a 20% margin should be added to the determined coil number. This margin will help account for different pipe diameters and other variables[]. For H = 9.2m
D = h1 = 1.5
Patm = 10.3m of water
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From above equation we get H n= .9m and n = 8
Fig 3.3 Design diagram of the spiral wheel (All dimensions are in meters). 3.4 Gear Box For a constant output of discharge and constant head generation by the spiral tube wheel, the speed of the spiral wheel should be constant. As the velocity of river keeps varying, it affects the overall speed of the wheel which ultimately affects the discharge output of the pump and head generation. In order to overcome this practical difficulty, a special attachment (gearbox) is introduced to have constant output and head. 21
The one end of the gear box is attached to the shaft of the main water wheel and the other end is connected to the shaft of the spiral wheel. The driver gears are attached to the shaft of the main wheel and driven gears are attached to the solid shaft which is connected to the shaft of the spiral wheel with Chain drive. Working of the gear box : Eight number of bicycles sprockets are taken as the gears in the gearbox .In the driver end four number of gears are present and four gears are present in the driven end which are called the ratchet wheels. The gears in the driven end are unidirectional. Each pair of gears in the driver and driven side can be connected by chain drive. The pair with the maximum rpm will be online and the other pairs will remain idle as the rpm of the shaft will be more than the ratchet wheel.
Table 3.3 Specification of the Gear Box Driver gear
no of teeth
Driven gear
no of teeth
Gear 1
48
Gear1
17
Gear2
44
Gear2
17
Gear3
36
Gear3
21
Gear4
17
Gear4
17
22
Gear Ratio 2.82:1
1:1
Fig: 3.4 :
Design diagram of the gear box
3.5 Rotary Joint The spiral wheel hollow shaft which collects water from spiral tube continuously rotated and it is not possible to rotate the whole delivery pipe. So there is a need of a joint between the hollow shaft and the delivery pipe which can provide a frictionless surface to rotated the outlet of the tube smoothly and air tight chamber to prevent leakage of water.
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Pic Image of the rotary joint used. 24
3.6 The Raft Generally every water wheel are installed in the river base a fixed position, i.e. the centre of water wheel remain fixed from the water surface. So when water level increase or decrease the submerge level of blade change which greatly affect the power input by the wheel . If water level decrease to such point that blade of wheel may not in contact with water to receive it force and if water level increase to a point maximum part of wheel may inside the water. So it is necessary to maintain a position at which a required part of blade submerge in water, hence a raft is designed over which water wheel is installed and which float over water by keeping the water wheel at its favorable position, what over may be the level of water . The raft designed in the project tendency to support maximum 300 kg .The raft consist of wooden block. The dimension of raft is 14 ft. long and 11 ft. wide, 8 drums are used in the raft as a floating object; each carries a capacity of 55 liters. These terms provides necessary buoyancy force to keep the raft floating.
Calculation The volume of a drum (Vr) = .055 m3 The total volume of 8 drums = 8×.055 m3= .44 m3 Total buoyancy force given by the drums Fb = volume of water displaced by the drums × weight density of water = .44×1000 × 9.81 = 4316.4 N The total of weight of the whole system = 300 kg = 300×9.81 N =2943 N
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Here the buoyancy force is greater than the weight of the whole system. So the whole system will be float. The 3D design of the raft is shown in Fig . 3.6.
Fig. 3.6: DESIGN OF THE RAFT
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Table 3.1 List Of Parts With Dimensions And Materials Used Parts Water wheel
Spiral tube wheel
Gear box `
Raft
Diameter of wheel Shaft length Shaft diameter Blade length Blade breadth Blade thickness Spoke Flange diameter Flange thickness Diameter of wheel Diameter of shaft Shaft length Flange diameter Flange thickness Spoke Spiral coil tube diameter Diameter of driver shaft Diameter of driven shaft Number of gear Gear 1st gear 2nd gear ratio 3rd gear 4th gear Length Breadth No of drum Volume of a drum
Dimension 3 m ( blade tip to tip) 1.3 m 1 inch (solid ) .6 m .45 1 mm 1 inch square bar (hollow) 1 ft. 3 mm 1.5 m 1.5 inch (hollow) 1.3m 20 cm 4 mm 1 inch square bar (hollow) 1.5 inch 1 inch 1.4 inch 4 1:1 1.71:1 2.59:1 2.82:1 14 ft. 11 ft. 8 55 liters
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MATERIALS USED
MILD STEEL
MILD STEEL STEEL MILD STEEL
PLASTIC MILD STEEL MILD STEEL
STEEL WOOD PVC
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FIG : 3.7 : DESIGN DIAGRAM OF THEASSAMBLED VIEWTHE SPIRAL TUBE WATER WHEEL PUMP
Chapter 4 FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
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FABRICATION After the design calculation was conducted in the previous chapter, the fabrication is started which is described in the chapter 4.1 Water Wheel The water wheel consists of two flanges made of Mild Steel of 30 cm diameter with an inner hole drilled to 2.54 cm which will be connected to a shaft. 8 spokes of Mild Steel are welded together to the flanges at the centre from both sides .The spokes are of hollow mild steel frame (2.54 cm).Flat bars of 2.54 cm length and 3 mm thickness are welded to the spokes in between for support. Mild steel plates of dimension (.45X.6) m 2 are welded to a frame by gas welding to form the blades which are fitted to the spokes with nut and bolt. Pic : 4.1,4.2,4.3,4.4 shows various fabrication processes.
Pic: 4.1 Construction of water wheel 30
Pic 4.2 water wheel
Pic 4.2 Water wheel after construction 31
Pic 4.3 Waterwheel constructed
32
Pic 4.4 Construction of blade
Pic 4.5 Blade with Frame
33
4.2 Spiral Wheel The spiral wheel consists of two flanges made of Mild Steel of 20 cm diameter with an inner hole drilled to 3.8cm which will be connected to the outlet pipe. 8 nos. of square hollow bar of (2.54X 2.54) cm2 and 0.75 m long are welded to the flange from both sides to form the spokes.
Pic: 4.6 Spiral tube wheel
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4.3 Gearbox For the construction of gearbox angular bar of size2.54 cm and thickness .3 cm are used. The casing of the gear box has dimension on the water wheel end is (27x27x27) cm 3 and on the spiral wheel end the dimension are (27x15x15) cm3 are welded. In the gear box a total of eight gears are used, of which 4 drivers are attached to the water wheel shaft and other four are attached to the shaft which is connected to spiral tube wheel. All the gears are welded by arc welding and gas welding.
Pic: 4.7 Construction of Gear Box
35
Pic: 4.8 Contruction of Gear Box shaft.
36
Pic 4.9 Image of the gearbox
37
Pic 4.10 Gearbox
Pic 4.11 Gear box
38
4.4: Raft A wooden frame of 14 ft. (4.2672 m) length and 11 ft. (3.3528m) breadth is constructed. Eight numbers of drums are being fitted to it for buoyancy as mentioned in the design calculations. This will act as the float and the spiral tube water wheel pump will be on the float.
Pic 4.12 Image of the raft constructed
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Chapter 5 INSTALLATION
40
INSTALLATION
Pic 5.1 Installation in process
41
Pic 5.2 Installation in the bhogdoi river
42
Chapter 6 RESULT output
43
RESULT On installation of the project on the Bhogdoi river, readings were taken after the project is practically run in the river .The maximum height to which water is pumped successfully is found to be 18 feet . By taking different height of the output ,other parameter’s are measured. The rpm of both the wheel is measured by tachometer and it is found to be 2.4 rpm and 4.6 on water wheel and spiral tube respectively during the load condition. To measure the discharge rate, a procedure is followed to count the time required to fill a 2 litre bucket at 18ft,9ft and at the shaft level and times are recorded as 24seconds, 14seconds,5seconds rspectively.
Table 6.1 SL NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
HEAD (meter) 9 9 9 3 3 3 .5 .5 .5
VOLUME(cubicme ter) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
TIME(secon d) 24 27 26 14 16 18 5 8 7
AVERAGE TIME (second) 25.67
16
6.67
Calculation of discharge and work output at different head From the above tabulated data discharge and work done are calculated as CASE 1:
At delivery head 9meter It takes 25.67s to fill = 2×10-3 m3 of water Therefore discharge(Q 1) =(2×10-3 )÷25.67 =0.0779×10-3 m3/S Work done(w 1)=Q×h×ρ = 0.0779×10 -3×9×1000 44
Flow
=0.7011 watt
CASE 2:
At delivery head 3 meter It takes 16s to fill =2×10-3m3 of water Therefore discharge(Q 2)=2×10-3÷16 =0.125×10-3m3/s Work done(W 2)=Q×ρ×h =0.125×10-3×3×1000 =0.375 watt
CASE 3:
At delivery .head 0.5meter It takes 6.67s to fill=2×10-3m3 of water Therefore discharge(Q 3)=2×10-3÷6.67 =0.299×10-3m3/s
Work done(W 3)=Q×ρ×h =o.299 ×10-3.×5 ×1000 =0.149watt
45
350
300
250
200 DISCHARGE IN ml HEIGHT in meters
150
100
50
0 1
2
3
Fig 6.1 Discharge vs height
46
350
300
250
200 DISCHARGE IN ml
Work Done in Watt
150
100
50
0 1
2
Fig 6.2 Discharge vs work done
47
3
9
8
7
6
5 HEIGHT in meters 4
Work Done in Watt
3
2
1
0 1
2
3
Fig 6.3 Height vs workdone
48
Chapter 7 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
49
CONCLUSION
The project is designed for the Bhogdoi River and the possible data’s, calculations, materials required for this project has been collected and the fabrication work has been completed, which was then installed in the Bhogdoi River following which the discharge and the head was being calculated and it was found that at a river velocity of 0.5m/sec a head of 18 ft is achieved and water is discharged at an average rate of 70 ml in 25.6 seconds , the details of which are presented in this report .The design calculation is done by considering the power input to the water wheel as 30 watt and discharge head 20 ft. It was found that, at delivery head 9meter,it takes 25.67 seconds to fill 2×10-3 m3 of water ,and discharge is found to be 0.0779×10-3m3/s and the work done is 0.7011 watt , at a head of 3 meters, it takes 16 seconds to fill 2×10-3m3 of water and the discharge is 0.125×10-3m3/s and work done is 0.375 watt and at a head of 0.5 meters, it takes 6.67 seconds to fill 2×10-3m3 of water and the discharge is 0.299×10-3m3/s and work done is 0.149 watt
The effort of making a fuel free device to pump water upto 20 ft without use of fuel is partially achieved . Although the calculated head could not be achieved,it is evident that with the increase in river velocity, the head , discharge and work output will increase, as 20 ft head was being calculated for a river water velocity of 0.8 m/sec whereas the present velocity of the Bhogdoi river is 0.5 m/sec It was our first attempt to design and fabricate a working project, which could not have been possible without the proper guidance of our respected guides, and respected teachers of the workshop of our college. Utmost care was taken to decrease the cost of construction and make it a low budget device, but due to unavailability of materials and proper equipment’s, the project expenditure was too high which can be omitted in case of mass production of the device. Any other way to increase the cost of production can be a scope of improvement in the project
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REFERENCES [1] Agricultre and Agri-Food Canada; Water-Powered Water Pumping System For Livestock Watering, available at: http//www.ata.org.au/65waterwheel.htm [2] Barnes, K.; Spiral Tube Water Wheel, Sigma Pi Undergraduate Research Award Final Report, 2011. [3] Brown, L.; ‘Using Stream Energy To Pump Livestock Water’, Published at: Livestock Watering Factsheet, BRITISH COLOUMBIA, Ministry of agricultre and Lands, order no.590.305-8,january 2006. [4] Mead, W.D.; ‘The Theory, Investigation and Development of Water Power.’, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1908 [5] Morgan, P.; ‘Blair Research Bulletin’, Blair Research Laboratory Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 8105,Causeway Harare, Zimbabwe. [6] Tailer, P.-Spiral Water Wheel Pump, available at: http//
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