A Project Report on
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM Submitted BY 1. PRABHAKAR SINGH (T8!!"11# !. ROSHAN K$MAR (T8!!"11%# ". SHAILENDER SINGH (T8!!"1! Under the Guidance Of
P'). *I+AY *I+AY KARRA KARRA For the partial fulllment of DEPARTMENT OF ELETRON!" # TELEOMMUN!AT!ON TELEOMMUN!AT!ON ARM$ !N"T!TUTE OF TE%NOLOG$ D!G%! %!LL"& PUNE'())*)+
,*)- ',*)(
Under Uni.er/it0 of Pune
erticate Thi/ i/ to certif0 that
1. PRABHAKAR SINGH
(T8!!"11#
!. ROSHAN K$MAR
(T8!!"11%#
". SHAILENDER SINGH
(T8!!"1!
ha.e
/ucce//full0
/u1mitted
the
report
on
2 DENSITY
durin4 n4 the BASED BASED TRAFF TRAFFIC IC LIGHT LIGHT CONTRO CONTROL L SYSTEM SYSTEM 3 duri academic 0ear ,*)-',*)( in the partial fulllment of Third 0ear in Electronic/ # Telecommunication under Uni.er/it0 of Pune5
He,d ) De-,'tmet P'/e0t Guide
2
(Dr. B P PATIL)
(Prof. VIJAY KARRA)
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
6efore 4ettin4 into the thic7 of the thin4/& 8e 8ould li7e to e9pre// our deep 4ratitude to the people 8ho helped u/ duri durin4 n4 the cour/ cour/e e of thi/ thi/ proj projec ect5 t5 :e are are 4rate 4rateful ful to our our project 4uide P'). *I+A *I+AY
KARRA KARRA
for for hi/ hi/ 4uid 4uidan ance ce
throu4hout thi/ project re/earch and 8or75 :e al/ al/o 8i/h 8i/h to than than7 7 all all the the fac facul ult0 t0 mem1 em1er/ er/ of Electronic/ # Telecommunication and our re/pecta1le %ead of Department P'). B P PATIL
for their con/tant help and
e;cient teachin4 procedure/5
N,me2 ) 2tudet23 3
PRA6%A
INDE4 Topic/ Topic/ Pa4e •
Abstract
5
•
Introduction
6
•
Aim
7
•
Methodology
8
•
Literature review
1
•
!loc" diagram
11
•
#ardware com$onents
12
•
Arduino
1%
•
I& 'ensors
1(
•
7 segment dis$lay
22 %
•
L)*+s
27
•
,uture sco$e
2(
•
-onclusion
31
•
!ibliogra$hy
32
=ehi ehicul cular
ABSTRACT
tra; tra;c c
at
inter nter/e /ect ctiin4
/trreet/ /t eet/
i/
t0pic 0pical all0 l0
contr control olle led d 10 tra;c tra;c contr control ol li4h li4ht/ t/55 The funct functio ion n of tra; tra;c c li4ht/ li4ht/ re>ui re>uire re/ / /ophi/ /ophi/tic ticated ated contro controll and coord coordina ination tion to en/ure that tra;c mo.e/ a/ /moothl0 and /afel0 a/ po//i1le5
!n recent da0/ electro'mechanical controller/ are replaced 10 electronic
circuit/5 The accurac0 # fault tolerant dri.e
to8ard/ electronic circuit/5
Thi/ project i/ de.eloped to meet the re>uirement/ of /olid /tate tra;c li4ht controller 10 adoptin4 microcontroller a/ the main controllin4 element& and led?/ a/ the indication
5
of li4ht5 A micro controller i/ interfaced to led?/ pro.ide for central centrali@e i@ed d contro controll of the tra;c tra;c /i4 /i4nal nal/5 /5 Micro Microcont contro rolle llerr i/ pro4 pro4ra ramm mmed ed in /u /uc ch a 8a0 8a0 to adj adju/ u/tt thei theirr tim timin in4 4 and and pha/ pha/in in4 4 to meet meet chan4 chan4in4 in4 tra; tra;c c cond conditi ition on/5 /5 The The circ circui uitt 1e/ide/ 1ein4 relia1le and compact i/ al/o co/t eecti.e5
INTROD$CTION Tra;c Tra;c con4e/tion i/ a /e.ere pro1lem pro1lem in man0 modern citie/ around the 8orld5 8 orld5 Tra;c Tra;c con4e/tion ha/ 1een cau/in4 man0 critical pro1lem/ and challen4e/ in the major and mo/t populated citie/5 To To tra.el to dierent place/ 8ithin the cit0 i/ 1ecomin4 more di;cult for the tra.eler/ in tra;c5 Due to the/e con4e/tion pro1lem/& people lo/e time& MAN$ T!ME" T%E!R L!=E" TOO mi// opportunitie/& and 4et fru/trated5 Tra;c Tra;c con4e/tion directl0 impact/ the companie/5 companie/5 Due to tra;c con4e/tion/ there i/ a lo// in producti.it0 from 8or7er/& trade opportunitie/ are lo/t& deli.er0 4et/ dela0ed& and there10 the co/t/ 4oe/ on increa/in45 The heart of our project i/ the microcontroller 8hich 8ill pro.ide the controllin4 of the tra;c dependin4 upon the den/it0 in each junction5 !n thi/ project 8e u/e !R communication to anal0@e tra;c den/it05 den/it05 The !R ra0/ are continuou/l0 tran/mitted and recei.ed 10 the !R tran/mitter and !R recei.er re/pecti.el05
6
:hene.er di/continuit0 occur/ in thi/ proce//& the microcontroller /en/e/ the re/ult& compare/ it 8ith all the four junction/ and /ho8/ the 4reen /i4nal for lon4er time period B8here the tra;c den/it0 i/ hea.0C 8hile the red /i4nal i/ /ho8n to the other three road/5
AIM OF THE PRO+ECT 3 The main aim of the project project i/ to reduce reduce and in fact eliminate the tra;c den/it0 pro1lem/ e/peciall0 in metropolitan citie/ durin4 1u/0 hour/5 The pre/ent da0 da0 /i4nalin4 proce// proce// i/ a timed proce// i5e5 the /i4nalin4 of the junction/ i/ for /ame amount of time in all the four junction/ irre/pecti.e of tra;c den/it05 :ith thi/& the junction ha.in4 more more tra;c i/ 4i.en 4reen 4reen /i4nal for the /ame time 8hich i/ 1ein4 4i.en
7
to the junction ha.in4 le// tra;c or no tra;c5 Thu/ the den/it0 in one junction 7eep/ 7eep/ on increa/in4 8hile the other junction i/ clear 8ith no .ehicle/5
METHODOLOGY 3 !n our project& 8e ha.e u/ed !R /en/or/ on each /ide of road5 8e ha.e placed - !R /en/or/ on each /ide of the road Beach /en/or i/ place +m appro a ppro9imatel0 9imatel0 from each otherC5No8 otherC 5No8 dependin4 on the output of /en/or/ microcontroller /en/e/ the hea.0 den/it0 and ma7e/ the 4reen li4ht B/i4nalin4 hea.0 den/it0C 4lo8 for more amount of time and red li4ht on other three road/ thu/ reducin4 hea.0 tra;c den/it0 pro1lem at the junction5 !n our project 8e ha.e /ho8n thi/ tra;c li4ht control /0/tem for , 8a0/ and there i/ a pede/trian cro//in4 in 1et8een5 "en/or/ are 4oin4 to detect the den/it0 of .ehicle/ on the road a/ follo8/
8
let /)&/,&/- are for one /ide of road and /(&/+&/ are for /econd /ide of road& then if /)/,/-) and /(/+) # /* then it mean/ that tra;c i/ hi4h one /ide and tra;c i/ medium on other /ide /ide of the road5 no8 accordin4l0 accordin4l0 arduino 1oard i/ 4oin4 to 4i.e 4reen li4ht for more period of time to the road 8hich i/ ha.in4 la4 den/it0B)+ /econd/C a/ compared to the road ha.in4 medium den/it0 B)* /econd/C5"imilarl0 there are lar4e num1er of condition/ for controllin4 the tra;c li4ht accordin4 to the /en/or output5 :e ha.e ha. e a//umed 8a0) 4reen,
8a0,
4reen) # red, 0ello8) # 0ello8, red) #
lo8 +
lo8
+
,
lo8 )*
med
+
,
lo8 )+
hi4h
+
,
med +
lo8
)*
,
med )*
med
)*
,
med )+
hi4h
)*
,
(
hi4h +
lo8
)+
,
hi4h )*
med
)+
,
hi4h )+
hi4h
)+
,
:hen no .ehicle i/ detected Bdurin4 the late ni4ht hour/C& then 0ello8 li4ht li4ht 8ill 1lin7 on on 1oth 8a0/5 "imilarl0 there can 1e man0 more condition/ for 8hich the codin4 i/ done 5
LITERAT$RE RE*IE 3
1
The pa/t tra;c controllin4 /0/tem i/ a human 1a/ed /0/tem 8herein the tra;c at the junction/ i/ monitored and controlled 10 tra;c police 8hich al8a0/ re/ult/ in a1normal tra;c condition/ due to man0 rea/on/ and /ometime/ ma0 1e 1ecau/e of the ine;cienc0 of the tra;c police in controllin4 the tra;c5
%o8e.er 8ith the de.elopment in technolo40 the pa/t tra;c controllin4 /0/tem i/ replaced no8 8ith a timed /i4nalin4 /0/tem 8herein the tra;c police i/ replaced 8ith the automatic /i4nalin4 /0/tem5 The onl0 di/ad.anta4e 8ith thi/ i/ it 4i.e/ /i4nalin4 for con/tant 9ed amount of time in all junction/ irre/pecti.e of tra;c in that particular junction and 8ith thi/ the hea.0 hea .0 tra;c on one road 4oe/ on increa/in4 and e.en thou4h there i/ no tra;c on the other /ide the 4reen li4ht i/ /ho8n for the /ame amount of time a/ that on the hea.0 road5
:e o.ercome thi/ pro1lem throu4h our project 8here the /i4nalin4 depend/ on the den/it0 on the road i5e5 the road ha.in4 hea.0 tra;c i/ 4i.en 4reen li4ht for more amount of time 8hen compared to remainin4 road/& thu/ reducin4 the tra;c5
BLOCK BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PRO+ECT 3 11
12
BLOCK BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION D ESCRIPTION 3 The main o1jecti.e of thi/ project i/ to control the tra;c dependin4 upon the th e den/it05 den/it05 A/ there i/ much time 8a/ta4e 8ith the tra;c li4ht/ 8hich in.ol.e/ the time& 8e are de/i4nin4 the ne8 /0/tem 8hich control/ the tra;c dependin4 upon the den/it05 %ere 8e place !R /en/or/ at 1oth end/ of the road/5 :hene.er the .ehicle/ pa// in'1et8een them the continuit0 8ill 1e lo/t5 %ence the microcontroller /en/e/ the den/it0 i/ hi4h5 Then the microcontroller 8ill 1e ma7in4 the li4ht B4reenC to 1e 4lo8 much time at the junction 8here the tra;c i/ hi4h5 The /ame procedure 8ill 1e follo8ed in all the four junction/5 The /i4nalin4 from the four junction/ 8ill 1e ta7en ta7en into con/ideration and dependin4 upon the den/it0 microcontroller 8ill ma7e the deci/ion5 "imilarl0 the count i/ di/pla0ed on /e4ment di/pla0 8hich in turn i/ deri.ed 10 the arduino duomalino.e5
H,'d5,'e Cm-et2 3 13
HArduino 6road H!R "en/or HLED/ H "e4ment Di/pla0 HP6 6oard HRe/i/tor/
S)t5,'e T62 3 HArduino !DE
ARD$INO D$EMILONO* 3 The Arduino Duemilano.e BI,**JIC i/ a microcontroller microcontroller 1oard 1a/ed on the ATme4a)K ATme4a)K or ATme4a-,K ATme4a-,K 5 !t ha/ )( di4ital
1%
inputoutput pin/ Bof 8hich can 1e u/ed a/ P:M output/C& analo4 input/& a ) M%@ cr0/tal o/cillator& a U"6 connection& a po8er jac7& an !"P header& and a re/et 1utton5 !t contain/ e.er0thin4 needed to /upport the microcontroller /impl0 connect it to a computer 8ith a U"6 ca1le or po8er it 8ith a A'to'D adapter or 1atter0 to 4et /tarted5 IDuemilano.eI mean/ ,**J in !talian and i/ named after the 0ear of it/ relea/e5 The Duemilano.e i/ the late/t in a /erie/ of U"6 Arduino 1oard/5
S-e0i70,ti23 Micro Microcon contro trolle llerr ATme4a)K Operatin4 =olta4e += !nput =olta4e olta4e Breco Brecommend mmendedC edC '),= !nput =olta4e Blimit/C ',*=
15
Di4ital Di4ital !O Pin/ Pin/ P:M outputC
)( Bof 8hich pro.ide pro.ide
Analo4 !nput Pin/ D urrent per !O Pin (* mA D ur urrent ent for -5-= Pin +* mA Fla/h Memor0 Memor0 ) <6 BA BATme4a Tme4a)KC )KC or or -, <6 BA BATme4aTme4a-,KC ,KC of 8hich , <6 u/ed 10 1ootloader "RAM or , <6 BATme4a-,KC EEPR EEPROM OM BATme4a-,KC
) <6 BATme4a)KC +), +) , 10te 10te/ / BA BATm Tme4 e4a) a)K KCC or ) <6
loc7 "peed ) M%@
ATMEGA"!83 The ATme4a-,K ATme4a-,K i/ a /in4le chip micro'controller created 10 Atmel and 1elon4/ to the me4aA=R me4aA=R /erie/5 The hi4h'performance Atmel K'1it A=R A=R R!"'1a/ed microcontroller com1ine/ -, <6 !"P a/h memor0 8ith 8 ith read' 8hile'8rite capa1ilitie/& ) <6 EEPROM& , <6 "RAM& ,4eneral purpo/e !O line/& -, 4eneral purpo/e 8or7in4 re4i/ter/& three e9i1le timercounter/ 8ith compare mode/& internal and e9ternal interrupt/& /erial pro4ramma1le U"ART& U"ART& a 10te'oriented ,'8ire /erial interface& "P! /erial port& ' channel )*'1it AD con.erter BK'channel/ in TFP and
16
FNMLF pac7a4e/C& pro4ramma1le 8atchdo4 timer 8ith internal o/cillator& and .e /oft8are /electa1le po8er /a.in4 mode/5 The de.ice operate/ 1et8een )5K'+5+ .olt/5 60 e9ecutin4 po8erful in/truction/ in a /in4le cloc7 c0cle& the de.ice achie.e/ throu4hput/ approachin4 ) M!P" per M%@& 1alancin4 po8er con/umption and proce//in4 /peed5
POER S$PPLY3 The Arduino can 1e po8ered .ia the U"6 connection or 8ith an e9ternal po8er /uppl05 /uppl05 The po8er /ource i/ /elected automaticall05 E9ternal Bnon'U"6C po8er can come either from an A'to'D adapter B8all'8artC or 1atter05 1atter05 The adapter can 1e connected 10 plu44in4 a ,5)mm center'po/iti.e plu4 into the 1oard/ po8er jac75 Lead/ from a 1atter0 can 1e in/erted in the Gnd and =in pin header/ of the PO:ER connector5 The 1oard can operate on an e9ternal /uppl0 of to ,* .olt/5 !f /upplied 8ith le// than =& ho8e.er& the += pin ma0 /uppl0 le// than .e .olt/ and the 1oard ma0 1e un/ta1le5 !f u/in4 more than ),=& the .olta4e re4ulator ma0 o.erheat and dama4e the 1oard5 The recommended ran4e i/ to ), .olt/5 The po8er pin/ are a/ follo8/
*IN. The input .olta4e to the Arduino 1oard 8hen it/ u/in4 an e9ternal po8er /ource Ba/ oppo/ed to + .olt/ from the U"6 connection or other re4ulated po8er /ourceC5 $ou $ou can /uppl0 .olta4e throu4h thi/ pin& or& if /uppl0in4 .olta4e .ia the po8er jac7& acce// it throu4h thi/ pin5
9*.
17
The re4ulated po8er /uppl0 u/ed to po8er the microcontroller and other component/ on the 1oard5 Thi/ can come either from =!N .ia an on'1oard re4ulator& or 1e /upplied 10 U"6 or another re4ulated += /uppl05
"."* A -5- .olt /uppl0 4enerated 4enerat ed 10 the on'1oard on' 1oard re4ulator5 re4ulator5 Ma9imum current dra8 i/ +* mA5
GND. Ground pin/
MEMORY 3 The Atme4a-,K ha/ -, <6 of a/h memor0 memor0 for /torin4 code Bof 8hich *&+ <6 i/ u/ed for the 1ootloaderC !t ha/ al/o , <6 of "RAM and ) <6 of EEPROM B8hich can 1e read and 8ritten 8ith the EEPROM li1rar0C input and output5 Each of the )( di4ital pin/ on the duomalino.e can 1e u/ed a/ an input or output& u/in4 pinModeBC& di4ital:riteBC& and di4italReadBC function/5 The0 operate at + .olt/5 Each pin can pro.ide or recei.e a ma9imum of (* mA and ha/ an internal pull'up re/i/tor Bdi/connected 10 defaultC of ,*'+* 7Ohm/5 !n addition& /ome pin/ ha.e /peciali@ed function/
Se'i,63 (R4# ,d 1 (T4#. U/ed to recei.e BRQC and tran/mit BTQC TTL /erial data5 TThe/e pin/ are connected to the corre/pondin4 corre/pondin4 pin/ of the ATme4aKU, U"6'to'TTL "erial chip 5
E:te',6 Ite''u-t23 ! ,d ". The/e pin/ can 1e con4ured to tri44er an interrupt on a lo8 .alue& a ri/in4 or fallin4 ed4e& or a chan4e in .alue5
PM3 "; 9; <; =; 1; ,d 11.
18
Pro.ide K'1it P:M output 8ith the analo4:riteBC function5
SPI3 1 (SS#; 11 (MOSI#; 1! (MISO#; 1" (SCK#. The/e pin/ /upport "P! communication& 8hich& althou4h pro.ided 10 the underl0in4 hard8are& i/ not currentl0 included in the Arduino lan4ua4e5 There i/ a 1uilt'in LED connected to di4ital pin pin )-5 LED3 1". There :hen the pin i/ %!G% .alue& the LED i/ on& 8hen the pin i/ LO:& it/ o5 The duomalino.e ha/ analo4 input/& each of 8hich pro.ide )* 1it/ of re/olution Bi5e5 )*,( dierent .alue/C5 60 default the0 mea/ure from 4round to + .olt/& thou4h i/ it po//i1le to chan4e the upper end of their ran4e u/in4 the AREF pin and the analo4 ReferenceBC function5
Additi,66>; Additi,66>; 2me -i2 ?,@e 2-e0i,6ied )u0ti,6it>3 I!C3 & (SDA# ,d 9 (SCL#. "upport !, BT:!C communication u/in4 the :ire li1rar05 li1rar05
T?e'e ,'e , 0u-6e ) t?e' -i2 t?e b,'d3 AREF. Reference .olta4e for the analo4 input/5 U/ed 8ith analo4 ReferenceBC5
Re2et. 6rin4 thi/ line LO: to re/et the microcontroller5 T0picall0 u/ed to add a re/et 1utton to /hield/ 8hich 1loc7 the one on the 1oard5 The Arduino duomalino.e ha/ a num1er of facilitie/ for communicatin4 8ith a computer& another Arduino& or other microcontroller/5 The ATme4a-,K pro.ide/ UART UART TTL B+=C /erial communication& 8hich i/ a.aila1le on di4ital pin/ * BRQC and ) BTQC5 An ATme4aKU, ATme4aKU, on the 1oard channel/ thi/ /erial communication o.er U"6 and appear/ a/ a .irtual com port to /oft8are on the computer5 computer5 The KU, rm8are u/e/ the /tandard U"6 OM dri.er/& and no
1(
e9ternal dri.er i/ needed5 %o8e.er& on :indo8/& an 5inf le i/ re>uired5
The Arduino /oft8are include/ a /erial monitor 8hich allo8/ /imple te9tual data to 1e /ent to and from the Arduino 1oard5 The RQ and TQ LED/ on the 1oard 8ill a/h 8hen data i/ 1ein4 tran/mitted .ia the U"6'to'/erial chip and U"6 connection to the computer B1ut not for /erial communication on pin/ * and )C5 A "oft8are "erial li1rar0 allo8/ for /erial communication on an0 of the duomalino.e/ di4ital pin/5 The ATme4a-,K ATme4a-,K al/o /upport !, BT:!C and "P! communication5
IR SENSORS 3 An infrared /en/or i/ an electronic in/trument that i/ u/ed to /en/e certain characteri/tic/ of it/ /urroundin4/ 10 either emittin4 andor detectin4 infrared radiation5 !t i/ al/o capa1le of mea/urin4 heat of an o1ject and detectin4 motion5 !nfrared 8a.e/ are not .i/i1le to the human h uman e0e5
!n the electroma4netic /pectrum& infrared radiation i/ the re4ion ha.in4 8a.elen4th/ lon4er than .i/i1le li4ht 8a.elen4th/& 1ut /horter than micro8a.e/5 The infrared re4ion i/ appro9imatel0 demarcated from *5+ to )***Sm5 The 8a.elen4th re4ion from *5+ to -Sm i/ termed a/ near infrared& the re4ion from - to Sm i/ termed mid'infrared& and the re4ion hi4her than Sm i/ termed a/ far infrared5
2
!nfrared technolo40 i/ found in man0 of our e.er0da0 product/5 For e9ample& T= ha/ an !R detector for interpretin4 the /i4nal from the remote control5 uirement/& /imple circuitr0& and their porta1le feature5
21
'i P'i0i-6e 3 A t0pical /0/tem for detectin4 infrared radiation u/in4 infrared /en/or/ include/ the infrared /ource /uch a/ 1lac71od0 radiator/& tun4/ten lamp/& and /ilicon car1ide5 !n ca/e of acti.e !R /en/or/& the /ource/ are infrared la/er/ and LED/ of /pecic !R 8a.elen4th/5 Ne9t i/ the tran/mi//ion medium u/ed for infrared tran/mi//ion& 8hich include/ .acuum& the atmo/phere& and optical 1er/5 Thirdl0& optical component/ component/ /uch a/ optical len/e/ made from >uart@& aF,& Ge and "i& pol0eth0lene Fre/nel len/e/& and Al or Au mirror/& are u/ed to con.er4e or focu/ infrared radiation5 Li7e8i/e& to limit /pectral re/pon/e& 1and'pa// lter/ are ideal5 Finall0& the infrared detector complete/ the /0/tem for f or detectin4 infrared radiation5 The output from the detector det ector i/ u/uall0 .er0 /mall& and hence pre'amplier/ coupled 8ith circuitr0 are added to further proce// the recei.ed /i4nal/5
A--6i0,ti2 ) IR 2e2' 3 The follo8in4 are the 7e0 application application area/ of infrared /en/or/ 22
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Trac7in4 Trac7in4 and art hi/tor0 limatolo40& meteorolo40& and a/tronom0 Thermo4raph0& communication/& and alcohol te/tin4
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%eatin4& h0per /pectral ima4in4& and ni4ht ni4ht .i/ion
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6iolo4ical /0/tem/ and plant health
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Ga/ detector/4a/ lea7 detection
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:ater and /teel anal0/i/& ame detection
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Ane/the/iolo40 te/tin4 and /pectro/cop0
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Petroleum Petroleum e9ploration and an d under4round /olution
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Rail /afet05
% Semet di2-6,>3 di2-6,>3 A /e.en'/e4ment di/pla0 B""DC& or /e.en'/e4ment indicator& i/ a form of electronic e lectronic di/pla0 de.ice for di/pla0in4 decimal numeral/ that i/ an alternati.e to the more comple9 dot matri9 di/pla0/5 "e.en'/e4ment di/pla0/ are 8idel0 u/ed in di4ital cloc7/& electronic meter/& and other electronic de.ice/ for di/pla0in4 numerical information5!n a /imple LED pac7a4e& t0picall0 all of the cathode/ Bne4ati.e terminal/C or all of the anode/ Bpo/iti.e terminal/C of the /e4ment LED/ are connected and 1rou4ht out to a common pin thi/ i/ referred to a/ a Icommon cathodeI or Icommon anodeI de.ice5 %ence a /e4ment plu/ decimal point pac7a4e 8ill onl0 re>uire nine pin/ Bthou4h commercial product/ t0picall0 contain more pin/& andor /pace/ 8here pin/ 8ould 4o& in order to match /tandard ! /oc7et/5 !nte4rated di/pla0/ al/o e9i/t& 8ith /in4le or multiple di4it/5 23
!n common cathode t0pe di/pla0 all the cathode/ of the /e4ment/ are tied to4ether and connected to 4round5 The /upp /u ppl0 l0 8ill 8ill 1e 4i 4i.e .en n to the the re>ui e>uirred /e4m /e4men entt from from the the decoder or dri.er5 !n common anode t0pe di/pla0 the anode/ of all the /e4ment/ are tied to4ether and connected connecte d to /uppl0 and the re>uired /e4ment/ 8ill 1e connected to 4round from the decoder or dri.er5
2%
H5 t de'i@e % 2emet di2-6,> u2i ,'dui3 H,'d5,'e 'eui'ed 3 •
Arduino duomalino.e
•
A to 6 U"6 ca1le
•
)* umper 8ire/
•
6read 1oard
•
) /in4le /e4ment
S)t5,'e 'eui'ed3 •
Arduino !DE /oft8are
!n/ert the /in4le di4it /e4ment into the 1read1oard B1e /ure to allo8 room for 0our jumper 8ire/C5 "elect an0 di4ital pin on 0our Arduino duomalino.e B8e choo/e di4ital pin , on the 1oardC& and a//i4n it to P!N) BLetter EC on the /e4ment5 ontinue until all pin/ on the /e4ment& are connected to their re/pected pin/5 "ince 8e /tarted 8ith pin , on the Arduino duo& 8e felt it 8ould 1e ea/0 to continue 8ith pin/ throu4h J re/pecti.el05
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Remem1er Remem1er pin/ - # K are 4round5 The re/t are control /i4nal/ B+. /ince 8e ha.e a common cathode /e4mentC5 onnect the Arduino duomalino.e to the computer& u/in4 the A to 6 U"6 ca1le and open the Arduino !DE /oft8are5 Go to Tool/ "erial Port and ma7e /ure 0ou ha.e /elected the proper /erial port5 Go to Tool/ 6oard and ma7e /ure 0ou ha.e /elected the Arduino5
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After thi/ the codin4 i/ done accordin4 to the num1er to 1e di/pla0ed5
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LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 3 LED De20'i-ti 3 !t i/ a /emiconductor diode ha.in4 radioacti.e recom1ination5 !t re>uire/ a denite amount of ener40 to 4enerate an electron'hole pair5 pair5 The /ame ener40 e ner40 i/ relea/ed 8hen an electron recom1ine/ 8ith a hole5 Thi/ relea/ed ener40 ma0 re/ult in the emi//ion of photon and /uch a recom1ination5 %ere the amount of ener40 relea/ed 8hen the electro re.ert/ from the conduction 1and to the .alence 1and appear/ in the form of radiation5 Alternati.el0 the relea/ed ener40 ma0 re/ult in a /erie/ of phonon/ cau/in4 lattice .i1ration5 Finall0 the relea/ed ener40 ma0 1e tran/ferred to another electron5 There com1ination radiation ma0 lie in the infra'red and .i/i1le li4ht /pectrum5 !n for8ard it i/ pea7ed around the 1and 4ap ener40 and the phenomenon i/ called injection lumine/cence5 !n a junction 1ia/ed& in the a.alanche 1rea7do8n re4ion& there re/ult/ a /pectrum of photon/
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carr0in4 much hi4her ener4ie/& almo/t 8hite li4ht 4et/ emitted from micro'pla/ma 1rea7do8n re4ion in /ilicon junction5 Diode/ ha.in4 radioacti.e recom1ination are are termed a/ Li4ht Emittin4 Diode& a11re.iated a/ LED5
Li4ht Emittin4 Diode
ircuit "0m1ol of LED
CONS CONSTR TR$C $CTI TION ON LED/ are u/uall0 1uilt on an n't0pe /u1/trate& 8ith an electrode attached to the p't0pe la0er depo/ited on it/ 2(
/urface5 P't0pe /u1/trate/& 8hile le// common& occur a/ 8ell5 Man0 commercial LED/& e/peciall0 GaN!nGaN& al/o u/e /apphire /u1/trate5 Mo/t material/ u/ed for LED production ha.e .er0 hi4h refracti.e indice/5 Li4ht e9traction in LED/ i/ an important a/pect of LED production5 T0pical T0pical LED u/e/ a for8ard .olta4e of a1out ,= and current of + ' )*mA5GaA/ LED produce/ infra'red li4ht 8hile red& 4reen and oran4e li4ht/ are produced 10 4allium ar/enide pho/phide BGaA/PC and 4allium pho/phide BGaPC5
F$T$RE SCOPE3 !n thi/ paper 8e ha.e /tudied the optimi@ation of tra;c li4ht controller in a it0 u/in4 !R /en/or/ and ARDU!NO 6OARD5 60 u/in4 thi/ /0/tem con4uration 8e trie/ to reduce the po//i1ilitie/ of tra;c jam/& cau/ed 10 tra;c li4ht/& to an e9tent and 8e ha.e /ucce//full0 4et/ the re/ult/5 No5 of pa//in4 .ehicle in the 9ed time /lot on the road decide the den/it0 ran4e of tra;c/ and on the 1a/i/ of .ehicle count microcontroller decide the tra;c li4ht dela0/ for ne9t recordin4 inter.al 5 !n future thi/ /0/tem can 1e u/ed to inform people a1out dierent place/ tra;c condition5 data tran/fer 1et8een the microcontroller and computer can al/o 1e done throu4h telephone net8or7 & data call acti.ated "!M Thi/ techni>ue allo8/ the operator to 4ather the recorded data from a far end to hi/ home computer 8ithout 4oin4 there5 Tra;c Tra;c li4ht/ can 1e increa/ed to N num1er and tra;c li4ht control can 1e done for 8hole cit0 10 /ittin4 on a /in4le place5
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Thi/ project can 1e enhanced in /uch a8a0 a/ to control automaticall0 the /i4nal/ dependin4 on the tra;c den/it0 on the road road/ / u/ u/in in4 4 /en/ /en/or/ or/ li7 li7e !R detec detector torr rec ecei ei.e .err modu module le e9te e9tend nded ed 8ith 8ith auto automa mati tic c tur turn o 8hen 8hen no .ehi .ehicl cle/ e/ are are runn runnin in4 4 on an0 an0 /ide /ide of the road oad 8hi 8hich hel help/ in po8e po8err con/umption /a.in45 Thi/ pro pro9imit0 9imit0 detector u/in4 an infrared detector can 1e u/ed in .ariou/ e>uipment li7e automatic door opener/ and an d 1u 1ur4 r4la larr al alar arm/ m/55 Th The e ci cirrcu cuit it pr prim imar aril il0 0 co con/ n/i/ i/t/ t/ of an infrared tran/mitter and an infrared recei.er5 The tran/mitter /ection con/i/t/ of a +++ timer ! functionin4 in a /ta1le mode5 The output from a /ta1le i/ fed to an infrared LED .ia re/i/t re/ i/tor or R(& 8hi 8hich ch lim limit/ it/ it/ ope operati ratin4 n4 cur curre rent5 nt5 Thi Thi/ / cir circui cuitt pro.ide/ a fre>uenc0 output of -K 7%@ at +* per cent dut0 c0cle& c0c le& 8hic 8hich h i/ re re>ui >uire red d for the inf infrar rared ed det detect ectorr orrece ecei.e i.err module5 The recei.er /ection compri/e/ an infrared recei.er module& a +++ mono/ta1le mono/ta1le multi multi.i1rat .i1rator& or& and an LED indi indicator cator55 Upon reception of infrared /i4nal/& +++ timer BmonoC turn/ on and remain/ on a/ lon4 a/ infrared /i4nal/ are recei.ed5 :hen the /i4nal/ are interrupted& the mono 4oe/ o after a fe8 /econd/ Bperiod)5) R9C dependin4 upon the .alue of R' com1ination5 Thu/ if R(* 7ilo'o 'oh hm/ and (5VF& the mono period 8ill 1e around ,5+ /econd/5 6oth 6o th th the e tr tran an/m /mit itte terr an and d th the e rec ecei ei.e .err pa part rt/ / ca can n 1e moun mo unte ted d on a /in in4 4le 1r 1rea ead1 d1oa oarrd or P P65 65 The in infr frar ared ed recei.er mu/t 1e placed 1ehind the infrared LED to a.oid fal/e indication due to infrared lea7a4e5 An o1ject mo.in4 31
near1 nea r10 0 ac actua tuall ll0 0 re ree ect ct/ / the in infr frar ared ed ra ra0/ 0/ em emitt itted ed 10 the infrar inf rared ed LE LED5 D5 Th The e in infra frare red d re rece cei. i.er er ha/ /e /en/ n/it iti. i.it it0 0 an an4l 4le e Blo1eC of *'* de4ree/& hence 8hen the reected !R ra0 i/ /en/ /e n/ed ed&& th the e mo mono no in th the e rec ecei ei.e .err pa part rt i/ tr tri4 i44e 4erred ed55 Th The e output from the mono ma0 1e u/ed in an0 de/ired fa/hion5 For e9ample& it can 1e u/ed to turn on a li4ht 8hen a per/on come co me/ / ne nea ar1 r10 0 10 en ener er4i 4i@ @in in4 4 a rel ela0 a055 Th The e li4h 4htt 8o 8oul uld d automaticall0 turn o after /ome time a/ the per/on mo.e/ a8a0 and the mono pul/e period i/ o.er5 The /en/iti.it0 of the detector depend/ on current'limitin4 re/i/tor R( in /erie/ 8ith the infrared LED5 Ran4e i/ appro9imatel0 (* cm5 For ,*' ohm .alue of R( the o1ject at ,+ cm can 1e /en/ed& 8hile for -*'ohm .alue of R( the /en/in4 ran4e reduce/ 10 ,,5+ cm5
CONCL$SION CONCL$SION 3 Th T h e proj pr oj e ct 2 DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL CONT ROL SYSTEM SYST EM ha/ 1een /ucce//full0 de/i4ned and te/ted5 !nte4ratin4 feat ure/ of all the hard8are component/ u/ed ha.e de.eloped it5 Pre/ence of e.er0 module ha/ 1een rea/oned out and placed carefull0 thu/ contri1utin4 to the 1e/t 8or7in4 of the unit5 "econdl0& u/in4 hi4hl0 ad.anced !/ and 32
8 i t h t h e h e l p o f 4ro8i 4ro8in4 n4 techn technol olo4 o40 0 the proj projec ectt ha/ ha/ 1een 1een /ucce//full0 implemented5
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3
)5 88854oo4le5co5in ,5 en58i7ipedia5or4 33
-5 8885arduino5cc (5 8885in/tructa1le/5com
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