TECNOLÓGICO NACIONAL DE MÉXICO
INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE SALINA S ALINA CRUZ.
MATERIA TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR
CARRERA INGENIERIA MECANICA.
TEMA INTERCAMBIADORES DE CALOR
NOMBRE DE LOS INTEGRANTES ARMANDO CARREÑO VASQUEZ JULIO CESAR URBINA PINEDA JOSUE LARA MARTINEZ
DOCENTE: FRANCISCO BARRAGAN RUIZ
SEMESTRE Y GRUPO: SEXTO B2
SALINA CRUZ, OAX.
JUNIO DE 2016 1
INDICE Introd!!"#n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % Int&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.+ C*',"-"!'!"#n d& *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..... S&/0n , ,&r1"!"o$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$$$$... S&/0n , !on,tr!!"#n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$.$$. S&/0n , o3&r'!"#n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$.$$$45 M'3' !on!&3t'*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..$$.2 M'3' (&nt'*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..26 V'r"')*&, V'r"')*&, ' !on,"d&r'r &n &* d",&7o d",&7o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or$$$$$$%2 D",&7o t8r("!o$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..%2 D",&7o 9"dr:*"!o$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..$%5 D",&7o (&!:n"!o$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..$$$+; M8todo, 3'r' 'n'*"<'r n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or$$$$$$$$$$$$.....++ M8todo d& *' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!'> LMTD$$$$.$$.++ Co&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or$$$$$$$$$$$$$$........+ M8todo d& *' &-&!t"1"d'd ? n0(&ro d& n"d'd&, d& tr',-&r&n!"' d& !'*or NU$...+6 M&todo*o/=' 3'r' &* 'n:*",", t8r("!o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or$$$$$...4 R&,*t'do d& n d",&7o t8r("!o$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..$...... D"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' @t)o !or'<'$$$$...$$..$.4 Con!*,"on&,$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$5 R&-&r&n!"',$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$...$$.$;
INTRODUCCIÓN 2
En *', "nd,tr"',> &n n' /r'n !'nt"d'd ,& t"*"<'n *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or 3'r' d"-&r&nt&, -"n&,> ' ,&' 3'r' &* ,&!'do d& ('t&r"', 3r"(',> d&,9"dr't'dor&,> !'*&nt'dor&, d& '/'> !'*&-'!!"#n d& '()"&nt&,> (!9o, otro, ,o,. Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or ,on d",3o,"t"1o, (&d"'nt& &* !'* ,& tr'n,-"&r& !'*or d& n -*"do ' otro> '3ro1&!9'ndo *' 1'r"'!"#n d& t&(3&r'tr' &ntr& &**o,> &",t&n 1'r"o, t"3o, d& "nt&r!'()"'dor&, !o(o &* d& t"3o !&rr'do &n &* !'* *o, -*"do, no ,& (& no "nt&r"or otro &t&r"or. Lo, 3r"(&ro, d",&7o, ):,"!o, d& "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or ,& r&'*"<'ron &n 46;;> 3'r' ,'t",-'!&r *', n&!&,"d'd&, d& *', 3*'nt', d& &n&r/=' *', !'*&, r&&r='n /r'nd&, ,3&r-"!"&, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"'. Lo, d", d",3o, 3o,"t"1 "t"1o, o, d& "nt "nt&r! &r!'() '()"o "o d& !'* !'*or or ,& 3& 3&d&n d&n !*' !*',","-"!' "!'rr d& '! '!&rd &rdo o ' d"-&r&nt&, !r"t&r"o, d& '!&rdo ' , o3&r'!"#n> n0(&ro d& -*"do, "n1o*!r'do,> d& '!&rdo '* ,&r1"!"o> t"3o d& !on,tr!!"#n> &t!. En &,t& tr')'o ,& 3r&,&nt'n d"-&r&nt&, t"3o, d& d",3o,"t"1o, ,, '3*"!'!"on&, (:, r&*&1'nt&, ' -"n d& & &* &,td"'nt& ,& -'("*"'r"!& !on *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or (:, t"*"<'do, ' n"1&* "nd,tr"'*> d& ('n&r' & '* -"n'*"<'r &* !r,o 3&d' !*',"-"!'r*o, d& '!&rdo ' , -n!"#n !on-"/r'!"#n> 3&d' ,&*&!!"on'r &* (:, 'd&!'do 3'r' n' '3*"!'!"#n d&t&r("n'd'. D&t'**'(o, tod', *', 1'r"')*&, & "n-*&n &n n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or *o, d"-&r&nt&, (8todo, & &",t&n 3'r' , 'n:*",",. D&t& D& t&r( r("n "n'( '(o, o, *' (& (&to todo do*o *o/= /=' ' 3' 3'r' r' &* 'n 'n:* :*", ",", ", t8 t8r( r("! "!o o
d" d",& ,&7o 7o d& n
"nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or.
DEFINICIÓN DE UN INTERCAMBIADOR DE CALOR C ALOR 3
Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or ,on '3'r'to, 3'r' tr'n,-&r"r !'*or d&,d& n' !orr"&nt& -*"d' !'*"&nt& ' n' !orr"&nt& -*"d' -r='. E",t&n tr&, /r'nd&, t"3o, d& "nt&r!'()"'dor&,. @4 E&(3*o Un "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& ,&r3&nt=n d& '!&"t& '/'.
F&nt& &,t' "n1&,t"/'!"#n> E*')or'!"#n 3ro3"' 2;4.
Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or ,on '3'r'to, & -'!"*"t'n &* "nt&r!'()"o d& !'*or &ntr& do, -*"do, & ,& &n!&ntr'n ' t&(3&r'tr', d"-&r&nt&, &1"t'n '* (",(o t"&(3o & ,& (& *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or ,on d& ,o !o(0n &n n' '(3*"' 1'r"&d'd d& '3*"!'!"on&,> d&,d& *o, ,",t&(', do(8,t"!o, d& !'*&-'!!"#n '!ond"!"on'("&nto d&* '"r& 9',t' *o, 3ro!&,o, =("!o, *' 3rod!!"#n d& &n&r/=' &n *', 3*'nt', /r'nd&,. Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or d"-"&r&n d& *', !:('r', d& (& Hn, A. C&n/&*> A-,9"n J, Tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or (','
4
CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS INTERCAMBIADORES DE CALOR • • •
S&/0n , ,&r1"!"o S&/0n , !on,tr!!"#n S&/0n , o3&r'!"#n
SEGN SU SER!ICIO I"#$%&'()*'+% E, n &"3o d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or !' -n!"#n &, !'()"'r *' &nt'*3=' d& n' !orr"&nt&. En otr', 3'*')r',> n "nt&r!'()"'dor tr'n,-"&r& !'*or &ntr& do, o (:, !orr"&nt&, d& 3ro!&,o ' d"-&r&nt&, t&(3&r'tr',. U,'*(&nt& no &",t&n 3'rt&, (#1"*&, &n n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or> ,"n &()'r/o> 9' &!&3!"on&,> t'*&, !o(o *o, r&/&n&r'dor&,.
E"-%*'+% E, n' n"d'd &n *' !'* n' !orr"&nt& d& 3ro!&,o "nt&r!'()"' !'*or !on '/' o '"r& ,"n & o!rr' !'()"o d& -',&.
C'$"#'+% Un !'*&nt'dor &, n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or & '(&nt' *' &nt'*3=' d& n' !orr"&nt&> ,"n & nor('*(&nt& o!rr' n !'()"o d& -',&. Co(o -&nt& d& !'*or ,& t"*"<' n' !orr"&nt& d& ,&r1"!"o> *' !'* 3&d& ,&r 1'3or d& '/'> '!&"t& !'*"&nt&> -*"do, &,3&!"'*&, 3'r' tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or @T&(' 5 # n' !orr"&nt& d& 3ro!&,o d& &nt'*3=' '*t'> 3or &&(3*o *' d&,!'r/' d& n r&'!tor o3&r'do ' t&(3&r'tr', &*&1'd',. 5
R$-%*/$%'+% E, n' n"d'd & t"*"<' n' ,,t'n!"' r&-r"/&r'nt& 3'r' &n-r"'r n -*"do> 9',t' n' t&(3&r'tr' (&nor & *' o)t&n"d' ," ,& t"*"<'r' '"r& o '/' !o(o (&d"o d& &n-r"'("&nto.
C"+$"'+% E, n' n"d'd &n *' !'* *o, 1'3or&, d& 3ro!&,o ,& !on1"&rt&n tot'* o 3'r!"'*(&nt& &n *="do,. G&n&r'*(&nt& ,& t"*"<' '/' o '"r& !o(o (&d"o d& &n-r"'("&nto. E* t8r("no !ond&n,'dor d& ,3&r-"!"& ,& r&-"&r& &,3&!=-"!'(&nt& ' '&**', n"d'd&, d& !'r!'<' t)o, & ,& t"*"<'n 3'r' *' !ond&n,'!"#n d&* 1'3or d& d&,&!9o> 3ro1&n"&nt& d& *', (:"n', d& *', tr)"n', ' 1'3or. Un !ond&n,'dor d& !ont'!to d"r&!to &, n' n"d'd &n *' !'* &* 1'3or &, !ond&n,'do (&d"'nt& !ont'!to !on /ot', d& '/'
E'%'+% Lo, &1'3or'dor&, ,on "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d",&7'do, &,3&!=-"!'(&nt& 3'r' '(&nt'r *' !on!&ntr'!"#n d& *', ,o*!"on&, '!o,', (&d"'nt& *' &1'3or'!"#n d& n' 3'rt& d&* '/'.
!'%*3'+% E, n "nt&r!'()"'dor & !on1"&rt& *="do ' 1'3or. E* t8r("no 1'3or"<'dor ,& r&-"&r& nor('*(&nt& ' '&**', n"d'd&, & ('n&'n *="do, d"-&r&nt&, '* '/'
R$4$%*+% E, n 1'3or"<'dor & ,("n",tr' &* !'*or *'t&nt& d& 1'3or"<'!"#n '* -ondo @/&n&r'*(&nt& d& n' torr& -r'!!"on'dor'. ' do, t"3o, /&n&r'*&, d& r&9&r1"dor&,> '8**o, & &n1='n do, -',&, ' *' torr& 3'r' ,&3'r'r &* 1'3or d&* *="do *o, & r&torn'n 1'3or ,o*'(&nt&. Lo, 3r"(&ro, 3&d&n o3&r'r ( &d"'nt& !"r!*'!"#n n'tr'* @!o(0n(&nt& **'('do, t&r(o,"-on&, o !"r!*'!"#n -or<'d' Lo, t&r(o,"-on&, ,on *o, t"3o, d& r&9&r1"dor&, (:, !o(n&,. Lo, t&r(o,"-on&, 9or"
,on *o, (:, t"*"<'do, &n *' "nd,tr"' 3&tro*&r'. En *o, d&* t"3o 1&rt"!'*> *' 1'3or"<'!"#n o!rr& 6
&n &* *'do d& *o, t)o, ,& t"*"<'n 3r&-&r")*&(&nt& &n *', "nd,tr"', =("!',. En n t&r(o,"-#n> ,& d&)& d",3on&r d& ,-"!"&nt& !')&<'* ' -"n d& ('nt&n&r *' !"r!*'!"#n n'tr'* d&* *="do ' &1'3or'r. Lo, r&9&r1"dor&, d& !"r!*'!"#n -or<'d' r&"&r&n d& n' )o()' 3'r' "(3*,'r &* *="do ' &1'3or'r ' tr'18, d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor. E,t& t"3o d& r&9&r1"dor no ,& t"*"<' !on (!9' -r&!&n!"'> d&)"do ' *o, !o,to, 'd"!"on'*&, d&* )o()&o> ,"n &()'r/o> &n '*/no, !',o, 3&d& r&&r"r,& 3'r' 1&n!&r *"("t'!"on&, d&* !')&<'* 9"dro,t:t"!o *o, 3ro)*&(', d& !"r!*'!"#n. Lo, r&9&r1"dor&, & r&torn'n 1'3or ' *' torr& ,& d&no("n'n r&9&r1"dor&, d& ('r("t' @&tt*& R&)o"*&r,. L' (&or ('n&r' d& d&,!r")"r *' o3&r'!"#n d& &,to, &, !o(3'r:ndo*' !on n' 3'"*' o**' 9"r1"&ndo. Generadores de vapor:
Son n t"3o &,3&!"'* d& 1'3or"<'dor&, ,'do, 3'r' 3rod!"r 1'3or d& '/'. Co(o -&nt& d& !'*or ,& t"*"<' /&n&r'*(&nt& &* !'*or &n &!&,o & no ,& r&"&r& 3'r' &* 3ro!&,oK d& '**= & ' &,to, r&9&r1"dor&, ,& *&, **'(& !o(0n(&nt& C'*d&r', d& r&!3&r'!"#n d& !'*or. A* "/'* & *o, r&9&r1"dor&, *o, /&n&r'dor&, d& 1'3or 3&d&n ,&r d&* t"3o &tt*&> d& !"r!*'!"#n -or<'d' o t&r(o,"-on&,.
S)%$&'$"#'+%: Un ,o)r&!'*&nt'dor !'*"&nt' &* 1'3or 3or &n!"(' d& , t&(3&r'tr' d& ,'tr'!"#n. En t&or='> &* d",&7o d& todo, &,to, &"3o, &, 3'r&!"do> ,"n &()'r/o> *o, !:*!*o, d& *o, !o&-"!"&nt&, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or d"-"&r&n no, d& otro,. Por &&(3*o> 9' & !on,"d&r'r ," &",t& o no !'()"o d& -',&> &* r8/"(&n d& -*o> ," &* -*"do &, (*t"!o(3on&nt&> &t!. @
SEGN SU CONSTRUCCIÓN D& *o, d"1&r,o, t"3o, d& "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or> &n &,t' 3'rt& ,o*o ,& 1'n ' d&,!r")"r '*/no, d& *o, (:, "(3ort'nt&, (:, ,'do, ' n"1&* "nd,tr"'*.
I"#$%&'()*'+% +$ D)$ T5)
7
E,t& &, no d& *o, d",&7o, (:, ,"(3*&, !on,",t& ):,"!'(&nt& d& do, t)o, !on!8ntr"!o,> &n dond& n' !orr"&nt& !"r!*' 3or d&ntro d&* t)o "nt&r"or ("&ntr', & *' otr' !"r!*' 3or &* :n*o -or('do &ntr& *o, t)o,. E,t& &, n t"3o d& "nt&r!'()"'dor !' !on,tr!!"#n &, -:!"* &!on#("!'> *o & *o 9'!& ( 0t"*. L', 3'rt&, 3r"n!"3'*&, d& &,t& t"3o d& "nt&r!'()"'dor @F"/r' I.4 4 ,on do, &/o, d& t)o, !on!8ntr"!o,> do, T !on&!tor', > n !')&<'* d& r&torno + n !odo &n U 4. L' t)&r=' "nt&r"or ,& ,o3ort' (&d"'nt& &,to3&ro,> &* -*"do &ntr' ' &**' ' tr'18, d& n' !on&"#n *o!'*"<'d' &n *' 3'rt& &t&rn' d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor. L', T t"&n&n !on&"on&, & 3&r("t&n *' &ntr'd' ,'*"d' d&* -*"do & !"r!*' 3or &* :n*o &* !r!& d& n' ,&!!"#n ' *' otr' ' tr'18, d& n !')&<'* d& r&torno. L' t)&r=' "nt&r"or ,& !on&!t' (&d"'nt& n' !on&"#n &n U & /&n&r'*(&nt& ,& &n!&ntr' &3&,t' '* '()"&nt& & no 3ro3or!"on' ,3&r-"!"& &-&!t"1' d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or.
E,to, &"3o, ,on ,('(&nt& 0t"*&,> ' & ,& 3&d&n -')r"!'r &n !'*"&r t'**&r d& 3*o(&r=' ' 3'rt"r d& 3'rt&, &,t:nd'r @T')*' I.4 4 o)t&n"&ndo ',= ,3&r-"!"&, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or ' n !o,to ( )'o. G&n&r'*(&nt& ,& &n,'()*'n &n *on/"td&, &-&!t"1', d& 42> 4 o 2; 3"&,> &n dond& *on/"td &-&!t"1' ,& d&-"n& !o(o *' d",t'n!"' &n !'d' r'(' ,o)r& *' & o!rr& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or> &!*&ndo *' !on&"#n &n U d&* t)o "nt&rno ,, 3ro*on/'!"on&,. C'ndo &,to, &"3o, ,& &(3*&'n &n *on/"td&, ('or&, d& 2; 3"&,> &* t)o "nt&r"or t"&nd& ' 3'nd&'r> *o & ,& or"/"n' n' ('*' d",tr")!"#n d& -*o &n &* :n*o.
8
L' 3r"n!"3'* d&,1&nt'' d&* ,o d& &,t& t"3o d& "nt&r!'()"'dor r'd"!' &n *' 3&&7' ,3&r-"!"& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or & 3ro3or!"on'> 3or *o & ," ,& &(3*&'n &n 3ro!&,o, "nd,tr"'*&,> /&n&r'*(&nt& ,& 1' ' r&&r"r d& n /r'n n0(&ro d& 8,to, !on&!t'do, &n ,&r"&> *o & n&!&,'r"'(&nt& "n1o*!r' ' n' /r'n !'nt"d'd d& &,3'!"o -=,"!o &n *' 3*'nt'. Por otr' 3'rt&> &* t"&(3o /',to, r&&r"do, 3'r' d&,('nt&*'r*o, 9'!&r*&, ('nt&n"("&nto *"(3"&<' 3&r"#d"!' ,on 3ro9")"t"1o, !o(3'r'do, !on otro t"3o d& &"3o,. No o),t'nt& &,to, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, &n!&ntr'n , ('or t"*"d'd !'ndo *' ,3&r-"!"& tot'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' r&&r"d' &, 3&&7' @4;; ' 2;; -t2 o (&nor. Co(o *', d"(&n,"on&, d& *o, !o(3on&nt&, d& &,to, &"3o, t"&nd&n ' ,&r 3&&7',> &,t', n"d'd&, ,on d",&7'd', 3'r' o3&r'r !on '*t', 3r&,"on&,K 'd&(:,> *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& do)*& t)o t"&n&n *' 1&nt'' d& *' &,t'nd'r"<'!"#n d& ,, !o(3on&nt&, d& n' !on,tr!!"#n (od*'r.
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ +$ T5) C'%&'3' 7 +$ T5) C%'3' D& *o, d"1&r,o, t"3o, d& "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or> 8,t& &, &* (:, t"*"<'do &n *', r&-"n&r=', 3*'nt', =("!', &n /&n&r'* d&)"do ' & ' Pro3or!"on' -*o, d& !'*or &*&1'do, &n r&*'!"#n !on , 3&,o 1o*(&n. ) E, r&*'t"1'(&nt& -:!"* d& !on,tr"r &n n' /r'n 1'r"&d'd d& t'('7o,. ! E, )',t'nt& -:!"* d& *"(3"'r d& r&3'r'r. d E, 1&r,:t"* 3&d& ,&r d",&7'do 3'r' !(3*"r 3r:!t"!'(&nt& !on !'*"&r '3*"!'!"#n.
9
F"/r' I.4 2 Int&r!'()"'dor d& t)o !'r!'<'. 4C'r!'<'. 2T)o,. %P*'!' d& t)o,. +D&-*&!tor&,. D&-*&!tor *on/"td"n'*. C')&<'* 3o,t&r"or. C')&<'* -"o. 5Bo"**' d& *' !'r!'<'. 6Bo"**', 3'r' *o, t)o,. E,t& t"3o d& &"3o @F"/r' I.4 2 !on,",t& &n n' !'r!'<' !"*=ndr"!' 4 & !ont"&n& n 'rr&/*o d& t)o, 2 3'r'*&*o '* && *on/"td"n'* d& *' !'r!'<'. Lo, t)o, 3&d&n o no t&n&r '*&t', &,t:n ,&to, &n !'d' &tr&(o 3or *:("n', 3&r-or'd', %. E,to, 'tr'1"&,'n ' , 1&< ' n' ,&r"& d& *:("n', d&no("n'd', d&-*&!tor&, @)'--*&, + & '* ,&r d",tr")"d', ' *o *'r/o d& tod' *' !'r!'<'> ,"r1&n 3'r' ,o3ort'r *o, t)o, d"r"/"r &* -*o & !"r!*' 3or *' (",('> d& t'* -or(' & *' d"r&!!"#n d&* -*"do ,&' ,"&(3r& 3&r3&nd"!*'r ' *o, t)o,. E* -*"do & 1' 3or d&ntro d& *o, t)o, &, d"r"/"do 3or no, d!to, &,3&!"'*&, !ono!"do, !o(o !')&<'*&, o !'n'*&, . ' do, t"3o, ):,"!o, d& "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& t)o !'r!'<' E* d& t"3o -"o o d& t)o, &,t'!"on'r"o> & t"&n& *o, do, &tr&(o, d& *o, t)o, -"o, ' *' !'r!'<'> &* & t"&n& n ,#*o &tr&(o d& *o, t)o, ,&to ' *' !or'<'. En &* 3r"(&r !',o> ,& r&"&r& d& n' nt' d& d"*'t'!"#n d&)"do ' *' &3'n,"#n d"-&r&n!"'* & ,-r&n *o, ('t&r"'*&, & !on-or('n &* &"3o. En &* ,&/ndo !',o *o, 3ro)*&(', or"/"n'do, 3or *' &3'n,"#n d"-&r&n!"'* ,& 3&d&n &*"("n'r &(3*&'ndo n !')&<'* d& t)o, -*ot'nt&, & ,& (&1& *")r&(&nt& d&ntro d& *' !or'<' o &(3*&'ndo t)o, &n -or(' d& U &n &* &tr&(o & no &,t: ,&to.
10
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ E"-%*'+ % A*%$ R'+*'+%$ Son &"3o, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or t)*'r&, &n *o, & &* '"r& '()"&nt& '* 3','r 3or -&r' d& n 9'< d& t)o,> '!t0' !o(o (&d"o r&-r"/&r'nt& 3'r' !ond&n,'r o &n-r"'r &* -*"do & 1' 3or d&ntro d& *o, (",(o, @F"/r' I.4 %. Co(0n(&nt& ,& *& !ono!& !o(o "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& -*o !r<'do d&)"do ' & &* '"r& ,& 9'!& ,o3*'r 3&r3&nd"!*'r(&nt& '* && d& *o, t)o,.
Con,",t&n &n n 'rr&/*o r&!t'n/*'r d& t)o,> ,'*(&nt& d& 3o!', -"*', d& 3ro-nd"d'd> dond& &* -*"do !'*"&nt& &, !ond&n,'do o &n-r"'do &n !'d' t)o '* ,o3*'r o ,!!"on'r '"r& ' tr'18, d&* 9'< (&d"'nt& /r'nd&, 1&nt"*'dor&,. D&)"do ' & &* !o&-"!"&nt& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or d&* '"r& &, )'o> &, ,'* & *o, t)o, 3o,&'n '*&t', 3'r' '(&nt'r *' ,3&r-"!"& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or d&* *'do d&* '"r&. L', -"*', d& t)o, /&n&r'*(&nt& ,& &n!&ntr'n !o*o!'d', &n 'rr&/*o &,!'*on'do d& (odo d& "n!r&(&nt'r *o, !o&-"!"&nt&, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d&* '"r&. Un' 3&&7' 1&r,"#n d& &,to, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, ,on *o, r'd"'dor&, ,'do, &n *o, ,",t&(', d& &n-r"'("&nto d& *o, 1&9=!*o, &n *', n"d'd&, d& '"r& '!ond"!"on'do. Lo, &n-r"'dor&, d& '"r& o!3'n n :r&' r&*'t"1'(&nt& /r'nd& 3or *o & /&n&r'*(&nt&
,&
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d&
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d&
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@t'()or&,>
"nt&r!'()"'dor&,> &t!.. Co(o *o, 1&nt"*'dor&, ,on /&n&r'*(&nt& ( r"do,o,> no 3&d&n "n,t'*'r,& !&r!' d& :r&', r&,"d&n!"'*&,. A* d",&7'r &,to, &"3o, ,& d&)& to('r &n !&nt' &* &-&!to d& *', 38rd"d', d& !'*or d& *o, &"3o, !"r!nd'nt&, ,o)r& *' t&(3&r'tr' d&* '"r& d& &ntr'd'> ',= !o(o> t&n&r (!9o
11
!"d'do 3'r' & !(3*'n !on *o, r&&r"("&nto, d& ,&r1"!"o '0n &n d=', !'*ro,o, o & &* -*"do no ,& !on/&*& d&ntro d& *o, t)o, &n "n1"&rno. E* '"r& &n 1&< d&* '/'> 3odr=' 3'r&!&r n' &*&!!"#n o)1"' ' *' 9or' d& ,&*&!!"on'r n r&-r"/&r'nt&> ' & ,& &n!&ntr' &n &* '()"&nt& &n !'nt"d'd&, "*"("t'd',. D&,'-ortn'd'(&nt&> &* '"r& &, n (&d"o d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or 3o)r& &n !o(3'r'!"#n !on &* '/'> *' & 3o,&& n' !ond!t"1"d'd t8r("!' !&r!' d& 2% 1&!&, ('or & &* '"r& ' % CK &* !'*or &,3&!=-"!o d&* '/' &, !'tro 1&!&, (:, /r'nd& , d&n,"d'd> !o(3'r'd' !on *' d&* '"r& ' 3r&,"#n t&(3&r'tr' 't(o,-8r"!' &, n', 5;; 1&!&, ('or. En !on,&!&n!"'> 3'r' n' d&t&r("n'd' !'nt"d'd d& !'*or ' tr'n,-&r"r> ,& r&"&r& d& n' ('or !'nt"d'd d& '"r&> '3ro"('d'(&nt& + 1&!&, (:, &n (',' %2;; &n 1o*(&n. Co(o !on!*,"#n> ' (&no, & &* '/' ,&' "n',&")*&> *' &*&!!"#n &ntr& '/' '"r& !o(o r&-r"/&r'nt&
d&3&nd& d& (!9o, -'!tor&, ,&
d&)& &1'*'r
!"d'do,'(&nt& 'nt&, d& to('r n' d&!","#n. Por *o /&n&r'*> &,t& t"3o d& "nt&r!'()"'dor&, ,& &(3*&' &n '&**o, */'r&, dond& ,& r&"&r' d& n' torr& d& &n-r"'("&nto 3'r' &* '/' o ,& t&n/' & '(3*"'r &* ,",t&(' d& '/' d& &n-r"'("&nto> dond& ,&'n ( &,tr"!t', *', r&,tr"!!"on&, '()"&nt'*&, &n !'nto ' *o, &-*&nt&, d& '/' # dond& &* (&d"o r&-r"/&r'nt& r&,*t& ( !orro,"1o o 3ro1o& t'3on'("&nto, &!&,"1o,.
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ +$ P'&' E('&' 8P9E A 3&,'r d& ,&r 3o!o !ono!"do> &* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& 3*'!',> **'('do t'()"8n PE 3or ,, ,"/*', &n "n/*8, P*'t& &'t E!9'n/&r> t"&n& 3't&nt&, d& -"n'*&, d&* ,"/*o XIX> &,3&!=-"!'(&nt& 9'!"' 45;> 3&ro no -& ,"no 9',t' *o, '7o, %; & !o(&n<# ' ,&r '(3*"'(&nt& ,'do &n *' "nd,tr"' *:!t&' 3or r' & no ,on (:, & *:("n', d&*/'d',> r&!t'n/*'r&,> &n *', & ,& o),&r1' n d",&7o !orr/'do> -or('do 3or n 3ro!&,o d& 3r&n,'do d& 3r&!","#n @F"/r' I.4 +. A n *'do d& !'d' 3*'!'> ,& *o!'*"<' n' &(3'!'dr' & )ord&' todo , 3&r=(&tro. L' n"d'd !o(3*&t' ('nt"&n& n"do, ' n !"&rto n0(&ro d& &,t', 3*'!',> ,&t', !'r' ' !'r' &n n ('r!o. E* !'n'* d& -*o &, &* &,3'!"o & ,& -or('> /r'!"', ' *', &(3'!'dr',> &ntr& do, 3*'!', 'd'!&nt&,K 'rr&/*'ndo &* 12
,",t&(' d& t'* -or('> & *o, -*"do, -r=o, !'*"&nt&, !orr&n '*t&rn'd'(&nt& 3or d"!9o, !'n'*&,> 3'r'*&*'(&nt& '* *'do (:, *'r/o. E",t&n ')&rtr', &n *', + &,"n', d& *', 3*'!', & !onnt'(&nt& !on n 'rr&/*o '3ro3"'do &n *', &(3'!'dr',> d"r"/&n ' *', do, !orr"&nt&, &n ,, !'n'*&, d& -*o.
L', 3*'!', ,on !orr/'d', &n d"1&r,', -or(',> !on &* -"n d& '(&nt'r &* :r&' ,3&r-"!"'* &-&!t"1' d& !'d' n'K 3ro1o!'r tr)*&n!"' &n &* -*"do (&d"'nt& !ont"no, !'()"o, &n , d"r&!!"#n 1&*o!"d'd> *o & ' , 1&< r&dnd' &n *' o)t&n!"#n d& '*to, !o&-"!"&nt&, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or> '0n ' )'', 1&*o!"d'd&, !on (od&r'd', !'=d', d& 3r&,"#n. L', !orr/'!"on&, t'()"8n ,on &,&n!"'*&, 3'r' "n!r&(&nt'r *' r&,",t&n!"' (&!:n"!' d& *', 3*'!', -'1or&!&r , ,o3ort& (to. E,to, &"3o, ,on *o, (:, '3ro3"'do, 3'r' tr')''r !on -*"do, d& '*t' 1",!o,"d'd t"&n&n !o(o 1&nt'' 'd"!"on'*> &* ,&r -:!"*(&nt& d&,(ont')*&, 3'r' *')or&, d& ('nt&n"("&nto. No o),t'nt&> *', !ond"!"on&, d& o3&r'!"#n ,& &n!&ntr'n *"("t'd', 3or *', &(3'!'dr',. En *o, 3r"(&ro, &"3o, *' 3r&,"#n (:"(' &r' d& 2 )'r @;>2 M3' *' t&(3&r'tr' '*r&d&dor d& ; C. P&ro ' 3&,'r d& & &* d",&7o ):,"!'(&nt& 9' 3&r('n&!"do "n'*t&r'do> *o, !ont"no, '1'n!&, &n *o, 0*t"(o, ; '7o, 9'n "n!r&(&nt'do *', 3r&,"on&, t&(3&r'tr', d& o3&r'!"#n 9',t' *o, %; )'r&, @% M3' 2; C> r&,3&!t"1'(&nt&. E, "(3ort'nt& d&,t'!'r & *' &*&!!"#n d&* ('t&r"'* d& *', &(3'!'dr', ,& 1&*1& (:, r&,tr"n/"d' ' '*t', t&(3&r'tr',> *o & &n !on,&!&n!"' r&d!& &* n0(&ro d& -*"do, & 3&d&n 13
,&r ('n&'do, 3or &,to, &"3o, )'o &,', !ond"!"on&,K 'd&(:, *' 1"d' 0t"* d& *' n"d'd d&3&nd&> &n /r'n (&d"d'> d&* r&nd"("&nto d& *', &(3'!'dr',. In"!"'*(&nt&> &,t& t"3o d& &"3o, &r' ,'do &n &* 3ro!&,'("&nto d& )&)"d', !o("d',> 'n& tod'1=' r&t"&n&n , ,o &n &* :r&' '*"(&nt"!"'> 9o &n d=' ,on ,'do, &n n' '(3*"' /'(' d& 3ro!&,o, "nd,tr"'*&,> **&/'ndo "n!*,"1&> ' r&&(3*'<'r ' *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& t)o !'r!'<'. Un' 1'r"'nt& d& *o, PE ,& !on,"/& ," *', 3*'!', ,on ,o*d'd', nt', &n *o, )ord&,> *o & 3r&1"&n& *', -/', ' *' 't(#,-&r' 3&r("t& &* ('n&o d& -*"do, 3&*"/ro,o,. Un &"3o !on,tr"do d& &,t' -or('> ,& *& !ono!& !o(o "nt&r!'()"'dor d& 3*'!', no &(3'!'d',> t"&n&n !o(o d&,1&nt'' &* no 3od&r ,&r ')"&rto 3'r' *')or&, d& ('nt&n"("&nto> 3or *o & *', *')or&, d& *"(3"&<' d&)&n ,&r r&'*"<'d', 3or (8todo, =("!o,. No o),t'nt&> *', d&(:, 1&nt'', d& *', n"d'd&, d& 3*'!', ,& ('nt"&n&n. E* d",&7o 3'rt"!*'r d& &,t& &"3o 3&r("t& '*!'n<'r *', 3r&,"on&, d& o3&r'!"#n & ,& ('n&'n &n *o, &"3o, t)*'r&, !on1&n!"on'*&,> t'*&, !o(o t)o !'r!'<'> &n-r"'do, 3or '"r& do)*& t)o. S"n &()'r/o> tod'1=' &",t& n' *"("t'!"#n &n !'nto '* d",&7o> &n *' & *' d"-&r&n!"' d& 3r&,"#n &ntr& '()o, -*"do, no d&)& &!&d&r *o, +; )'r.
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ $" E*%' 8S9E E,to, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, ,& or"/"n'ron &n S&!"' 9'!& (:, d& +; '7o, 3'r' ,&r t"*"<'do, &n *' "nd,tr"' d&* 3'3&* ,on **'('do, t'()"8n SE d&)"do ' ,, ,"/*', &n "n/*8, S3"r'* &'t E!9'n/&r. S d",&7o !on,",t& &n n 3'r d& *:("n', d& (&t'* &nro**'d', @F"/r' I.4 '*r&d&dor d& n && -or('ndo 3','&, 3'r'*&*o, &n &,3"r'* 3or &ntr& *o, !'*&, -*& !'d' ,,t'n!"'. E* &,3'!"'("&nto &ntr& *', *:("n', ,& ('nt"&n& /r'!"', ' & 8,t', ,& &n!&ntr'n ,o*d'd', ' n' &,3&!"& d& 3'r'*. Lo, !'n'*&, & ,& -or('n &n *' &,3"r'* ,& &n!&ntr'n !&rr'do, &n *o, &tr&(o, 3'r' & *o, -*"do, no ,& (& *o !'* (&or' *' tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or r&d!& &* &n,!"'("&nto. E,to, &"3o, ,on ( t"*"<'do, &n &* ('n&o d& -*"do, 1",!o,o,> *odo, *="do, !on ,#*"do, &n ,,3&n,"#n> ',= !o(o t'()"8n &n o3&r'!"on&, d& !ond&n,'!"#n 1'3or"<'!"#n. R'r', 1&!&, ,& r&"&r& d&
14
'",*'nt&,> ' & ,on d",&7'do, d& t'* ('n&r' & &* r&-r"/&r'nt& 3',& 3or &* !'n'* &t&rno. Entr& ,, !'r'!t&r=,t"!', (:, r&,'*t'nt&, ,& 3&d&n (&n!"on'r & ,& &(3*&'n !on -*o &n !ontr'!orr"&nt& 3ro> no 3r&,&nt'n 3ro)*&(', d& &3'n,"#n d"-&r&n!"'*> ,on !o(3'!to, 3&d&n &(3*&'r,& 3'r' "nt&r!'()"'r !'*or &ntr& do, o (:, -*"do, ' *' 1&<. E,to, &"3o, ,& &(3*&'n nor('*(&nt& 3'r' '3*"!'!"on&, !r"o/8n"!',. En /&n&r'* *o, SE o-r&!&n /r'n 1&r,'t"*"d'd &n ,, 'rr&/*o,K ,"&ndo 3o,")*& 1'r"'r 'n!9o,> *'r/o,> &,3&,or&,> ('t&r"'*&,> &t!. D& &,t' ('n&r' ,& *o/r' & &,t& t"3o d& &"3o, r&"&r' ; (&no, 1o*(&n ; (&no, 3&,o & *', n"d'd&, d& t)o !'r!'<' !o(3'r')*&, &n *' !'nt"d'd d& !'*or tr'n,-&r"do.
F"/r' I.4 Int&r!'()"'dor&, &n &,3"r'* @SE
O#% #* +$ I"#$%&'()*'+%$ +$ C'% E,to, &"3o, t"&n&n n &*&(&nto rot'tor"o 3ro1",to d& n' !!9"**' ,&t' ' n r&,ort&> *' !'* ,"r1& 3'r' *"(3"'r *' ,3&r-"!"& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or. S& t"*"<'n /&n&r'*(&nt& &n 3*'nt', dond& &* -*"do &, ( 1",!o,o o t"&n& t&nd&n!"' ' -or('r d&3#,"to,. S& !on,tr&n !o(o *o, d& do)*& t)o. E* t)o "nt&rno ,& &n!&ntr' d",3on")*& &n d":(&tro, no("n'*&, d& 4;> 2;; %;; (( @> 5 42 "n> r&,3&!t"1'(&nt&K &* t)o &t&rno -or(' n 3','d" 3or *o & *', 3or!"on&, d& *="do 'd'!&nt&, ' *' ,3&r-"!"& d&* (",(o &,t:n 3r:!t"!'(&nt& &,t'n!'d',> &!&3to !'ndo ,on r&(o1"d', 3or *', !!9"**',. A,=> &* !'*or ,& tr'n,-&r"r: 3r"n!"3'*(&nt& 3or &* (&!'n",(o d& !ond!!"#n> d&,d& &* -*"do & 1' 3or &* :n*o> 9',t' &* -*"do 1",!o,o> 'tr'1&,'ndo *' 3'r&d d&* t)o 15
"nt&rno. Co(o *', !!9"**', ,& (&1&n ' n' 1&*o!"d'd (od&r'd'> no 9')r: ,-"!"&nt& t"&(3o 3'r' & &* !'*or 3&n&tr& 9',t' &* !&ntro d&* t)o "nt&rno> ,"no ,o*'(&nt& n' d",t'n!"' ( 3&&7'> 3or &,t' r'<#n> *' tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or &n &,t& t"3o d& &"3o, &, 'n:*o/' ' *' tr'n,(","#n d& !'*or &n &,t'do no &,t'!"on'r"o &n n ,#*"do ,&(""n-"n"to.
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ #* )'"$#' Con,",t&n &n t)o &t&rno otro "nt&rnoK &,t& 0*t"(o ,"r1& 0n"!'(&nt& 3'r' ,3*"r &* -*"do '* :n*o *o!'*"<'do &ntr& &* t)o &t&rno &* "nt&rno. E* t)o &t&rno &,t: 9&!9o nor('*(&nt& d& n' '*&'!"#n ( !o,to,' &* t)o "nt&rno d& '!&ro d& !'r)ono. Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, t"3o )'on&t' ,on d& /r'n t"*"d'd !'ndo &",t& n' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr' &tr&('d'(&nt& '*t' &ntr& &* -*"do d&* *'do d& *' !'r!'<' &* d&* *'do d& *o, t)o,> ' & tod', *', 3'rt&, ,&t', ' &3'n,"#n d"-&r&n!"'* ,& (&1&n *")r& & "nd&3&nd"&nt& n' d& *' otr'. E,to, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, ,& t"*"<'n &n ,&r1"!"o, !on !'()"o d& -',& dond& no &, d&,&')*& t&n&r n -*o )"-:,"!o &n !ontr' d& *' /r'1&d'd. A*/n', 1&!&, ,& !o*o!' &n t'n&, &"3o, d& 3ro!&,o 3'r' !'*&nt'("&nto &n-r"'("&nto. Lo, !o,to, 3or (&tro !'dr'do 3'r' &,t', n"d'd&, ,on r&*'t"1'(&nt& '*to,> ' & ,o*'(&nt& &* t)o &t&rno tr'n,-"&r& !'*or '* -*"do & !"r!*' 3or *' !'r!'<'.
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ +$ L;(*"' E,to, &"3o, t"&n&n '*&t', o &,3'!"'dor&, "nt&r!'*'do, &ntr& *:("n', (&t:*"!', 3'r'*&*',> /&n&r'*(&nt& d& '*("n"o. M"&ntr', *', *:("n', ,&3'r'n *', do, !orr"&nt&, d& -*"do> *', '*&t', -or('n *o, 3',o, "nd"1"d'*&, 3'r' &* -*o. Lo, 3',o, '*t&rno, &,t:n !on&!t'do, &n 3'r'*&*o (&d"'nt& &* ,o d& !')&<'*&, '3ro3"'do,> ',=> &* -*"do d& ,&r1"!"o &* d& 3ro!&,o 3&d&n !'n'*"<'r,& 3&r("t"&ndo &* "nt&r!'()"o d& !'*or &ntr& '()o,. L', '*&t', &,t:n 3&/'d', ' *', *:("n', 3or (&d"o d& ',t&, (&!:n"!o,> ,o*d'dr' o &tr,"#n. E,t', ,on t"*"<'d', &n '()o, *'do, d& *' 3*'!' &n "nt&r!'()"'dor&, /',/',. En *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, /',*="do> *', '*&t', ,on &(3*&'d',> ,'*(&nt&> d&* *'do d&* /',> dond& *' r&,",t&n!"' t8r("!' &, ,3&r"or. S& &(3*&'n d&* *'do d&* *="do 16
!'ndo ,& d&,&' ,("n",tr'r r&,",t&n!"' &,tr!tr'* '* &"3o # 3'r' -'1or&!&r *' (& ("&ntr', & *', t&(3&r'tr', d&3&nd&n d&* ('t&r"'* (8todo t"*"<'do 3'r' *' n"#n &ntr& *', '*&t', *', *:("n',. E,to, &"3o, ,on ( ,'do, &n 3*'nt', d& /&n&r'!"#n d& -&r<' &*8!tr"!'> &n !"!*o, d& r&-r"/&r'!"#n> &t!.
C"+$"'+%$ +$ C"#' D*%$ Con,",t&n &n n' torr& 3&&7'> &n *' !'* &* '/' &* 1'3or !"r!*'n nto,. E* 1'3or !ond&n,' (&d"'nt& &* !ont'!to d"r&!to !on *', /ot', d& '/'. E,to, &"3o, ,& t"*"<'n ,o*'(&nt& !'ndo *', ,o*)"*"d'd&, d&* (&d"o r&-r"/&r'nt& d&* -*"do d& 3ro!&,o> ,on t'*&, & no ,& !r&'n 3ro)*&(', d& !ont'("n'!"#n d& '/' o d&* 3rod!toK ,"n &()'r/o d&)&n &1'*'r,& *', 38rd"d', d&* -*"do d& 3ro!&,o &n &* (&d"o r&-r"/&r'nt&.
E"-%*'+%$ +$ P$<&5' !$%#*&' D$&$"+$"#$ Son t)o, 1&rt"!'*&, d& !')&<'* -"o. E* '/' d&,!"&nd& 3or d&ntro d& *o, t)o, -or('ndo n' 3&*=!*' d&n,' & "nt&r!'()"' !'*or !on *o, 1'3or&, & ',!"&nd&n.
E"-%*'+%$ $" &'&'+' Un !ond&n,'dor &n !',!'d' &,t: !on,t"t"do 3or n' ,&r"& d& t)o, !o*o!'do, 9or" t'* !o(o ,!&d& &n &* &n-r"'("&nto d& :!"do ,*-0r"!o. E,t', n"d'd&, t'()"8n ,& !ono!&n !on &* no()r& d& &n-r"'dor&, d& tro()#n @Tro()on& Coo*&r,> d& /ot', o &n-r"'dor&, d& ,&r3&nt=n. 17
Int&r!'()"'dor&, d& /r'-"to "(3&r(&')*& S& ,'n ,o*'(&nt& &n '&**o, ,&r1"!"o, & ,on '*t'(&nt& !orro,"1o,> !o(o 3or &&(3*o> &n *' &tr'!!"#n d& ",o)t'no &n *', 3*'nt', d& !on!&ntr'!"#n d& :!"do,. E,t', n"d'd&, ,& !on,tr&n d& d"-&r&nt&, -or(',. Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& /r'-"to !0)"!o !on,",t&n &n n )*o& !0)"!o !&ntr'* d& /r'-"to "(3&r(&')*&> &* !'* &, '/&r&'do 3'r' -or('r 3','d"
SEGN SU OPERACIÓN H' & *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or ,& 3r&,&nt'n &n (!9', -or(',> t'('7o,> ('t&r"'*&, d& ('n-'!tr' (od&*o,> &,to, ,on !'t&/or"<'do, d& '!&rdo !on !'r'!t&r=,t"!', !o(n&,. Un' d& *', !'r'!t&r=,t"!', !o(n&, & ,& 3&d& &(3*&'r &, *' d"r&!!"#n r&*'t"1' & &",t& &ntr& *o, do, -*o, d& -*"do. L', tr&, !'t&/or=', ,on F*o 3'r'*&*o> Contr'-*o F*o !r<'do.
F5= '%'$. Co(o ,& "*,tr' &n *' -"/r' @%> &",t& n -*o 3'r'*&*o !'ndo &* -*o "nt&rno o d& *o, t)o, &* -*o &t&rno o d& *' !'r!'<' '()o, -*&n &n *' (",(' d"r&!!"#n. En &,t& !',o> *o, do, -*"do, &ntr'n '* "nt&r!'()"'dor 3or &* (",(o &tr&(o &,to, 3r&,&nt'n n' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr' ,"/n"-"!'t"1'. Co(o &* !'*or ,& tr'n,-"&r& d&* -*"do !on ('or t&(3&r'tr' 9'!"' &* -*"do d& (&nor t&(3&r'tr'> *' t&(3&r'tr' d& *o, -*"do, ,& '3ro"(' *' n' ' *' otr'> &, d&!"r & no d",("n& , t&(3&r'tr' &* otro *' '(&nt' tr't'ndo d& '*!'n<'r &* &"*")r"o t8r("!o &ntr& &**o,. D&)& &d'r !*'ro & &* -*"do !on (&nor t&(3&r'tr' nn!' '*!'n<' *' t&(3&r'tr' d&* -*"do (:, !'*"&nt&.
18
F"/r& % Int&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& -*o 3'r'*&*o.
C"#%'-5= Co(o ,& "*,tr' &n *' -"/r' @+> ,& 3r&,&nt' n !ontr'-*o !'ndo *o, do, -*"do, -*&n &n *' (",(' d"r&!!"#n 3&ro &n ,&nt"do o3&,to. C'd' no d& *o, -*"do, &ntr' '* "nt&r!'()"'dor 3or d"-&r&nt&, &tr&(o, H' & &* -*"do !on (&nor t&(3&r'tr' ,'*& &n !ontr'-*o d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or &n &* &tr&(o dond& &ntr' &* -*"do !on ('or t&(3&r'tr'> *' t&(3&r'tr' d&* -*"do (:, -r=o ,& '3ro"('r: ' *' t&(3&r'tr' d&* -*"do d& &ntr'd'. E,t& t"3o d& "nt&r!'()"'dor r&,*t' ,&r (:, &-"!"&nt& & *o, otro, do, t"3o, (&n!"on'do, 'nt&r"or(&nt&. En !ontr',t& !on &* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& -*o 3'r'*&*o> &* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !ontr'-*o 3&d& 3r&,&nt'r *' t&(3&r'tr' (:, '*t' &n &* -*"do -r=o *' (:, )'' t&(3&r'tr' &n &* -*"do !'*"&nt& n' 1&< r&'*"<'d' *' tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or &n &* "nt&r!'()"'dor.
19
F"/r& + Int&r!'()"'dor d& Contr'-*o
F5= &%53'+ En *' -"/r' @ ,& (&,tr' !o(o &n &* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& -*o !r<'do no d& *o, -*"do, -*& d& ('n&r' 3&r3&nd"!*'r '* otro -*"do> &,to &,> no d& *o, -*"do, 3',' ' tr'18, d& t)o, ("&ntr', & &* otro 3',' '*r&d&dor d& d"!9o, t)o, -or('ndo n :n/*o d& 6; Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& -*o !r<'do ,on !o(0n(&nt& ,'do dond& no d& *o, -*"do, 3r&,&nt' !'()"o d& -',& 3or t'nto ,& t"&n& n -*"do 3','do 3or &* "nt&r!'()"'dor &n do, -',&, )"-:,"!o. Un &&(3*o t=3"!o d& &,t& t"3o d& "nt&r!'()"'dor &, &n *o, ,",t&(', d& !ond&n,'!"#n d& 1'3or> dond& &* 1'3or &9',to & ,'*& d& n' tr)"n' &ntr' !o(o -*o &t&rno ' *' !'r!'<' d&* !ond&n,'dor &* '/' -r=' & -*& 3or *o, t)o, '),or)& &* !'*or d&* 1'3or 8,t& ,& !ond&n,' -or(' '/' *="d'. S& 3&d&n !ond&n,'r /r'nd&, 1o*0(&n&, d& 1'3or d& '/' '* t"*"<' &,t& t"3o d& "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or. En *' '!t'*"d'd> *' ('or=' d& *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or no ,on 3r'(&nt& d& -*o 3'r'*&*o> !ontr'-*o> o -*o !r<'doK &,to, ,on !o(0n(&nt& n' !o()"n'!"#n d& *o, do, o tr&, t"3o, d& "nt&r!'()"'dor. D&,d& *&/o> n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or r&'* & "n!*& do,> o *o, tr&, t"3o, d& "nt&r!'()"o d&,!r"to, 'nt&r"or(&nt&> r&,*t' ( !o(3*"!'do d& 'n'*"<'r. L' r'<#n d& "n!*"r *' !o()"n'!"#n d& 1'r"o, t"3o, &n no ,o*o> &, ('"("<'r *' &-"!'!"' d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d&ntro d& *', r&,tr"!!"on&, 3ro3"', d&* d",&7o> & ,on t'('7o> !o,to> 3&,o> &-"!'!"' r&&r"d'> t"3o d& -*"do,> t&(3&r'tr', 3r&,"on&, d& o3&r'!"#n> & 3&r("t&n &,t')*&!&r *' !o(3*&"d'd d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor.
20
F"/r& Int&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& -*o !r<'do.
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ +$ 5" ' 8 ' *($ +$ (>#*$ '. Un (8todo & !o()"n' *', !'r'!t&r=,t"!', d& do, o (:, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, 3&r("t& (&or'r &* d&,&(3&7o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or &, t&n&r & 3','r *o, do, -*"do, 1'r"', 1&!&, d&ntro d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& 3',o ,"(3*&. C'ndo *o, -*"do, d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor "nt&r!'()"'n !'*or (:, d& n' 1&<> ,& d&no("n' "nt&r!'()"'dor d& (0*t"3*& 3',o,. S= &* -*"do ,#*o "nt&r!'()"' !'*or &n n' ,o*' 1&<> ,& d&no("n' "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& 3',o ,"(3*& o d& n ,o*o 3',o. En *' -"/r' @ ,& (&,tr' n &&(3*o d& &,to, "nt&r!'()"'dor&,. Co(0n(&nt& &* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& (0*t"3*&, 3',o, "n1"&rt& &* ,&nt"do d&* -*o &n *o, t)o, '* t"*"<'r do)*&!&, &n -or(' d& U &n *o, &tr&(o,> &, d&!"r> &* do)*&< &n -or(' d& U 3&r("t& '* -*"do -*"r d& r&/r&,o & "n!r&(&nt'r &* :r&' d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor. Un ,&/ndo (8todo 3'r' **&1'r ' !')o (0*t"3*&, 3',o, &, "n,&rt'r )'-*&, o 3*'to, d&ntro d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor.
21
F"/r& Int&r!'()"'dor d& n ,o*o 3',o & "nt&r!'()"'dor d& (*t"3*& 3',o.
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ R$/$"$%'#* N?%$/$"$%'#* Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or t'()"8n 3&d&n ,&r !*',"-"!'do, 3or , -n!"#n &n n ,",t&(' 3'rt"!*'r. Un' !*',"-"!'!"#n !o(0n &, Int&r!'()"'dor r&/&n&r't"1o. Int&r!'()"'dor nor&/&n&r't"1o. Un "nt&r!'()"'dor r&/&n&r't"1o &, '&* dond& ,& t"*"<' &* (",(o -*"do @&* -*"do !'*"&nt& &* -*"do -r=o &, &* (",(o !o(o ,& (&,tr' &n *o -"/r' @. E,to &,> &* -*"do !'*"&nt& ')'ndon' &* ,",t&(' !&d"&ndo , !'*or ' n r&/&n&r'dor 3o,t&r"or(&nt& r&/r&,'ndo '* ,",t&('. Lo, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, r&/&n&r't"1o, ,on !o(0n(&nt& t"*"<'do, &n ,",t&(', !on t&(3&r'tr', '*t', dond& n' 3or!"#n d&* -*"do d&* ,",t&(' ,& r&(&1& d&* 3ro!&,o 3r"n!"3'* 8,t& &, 3o,t&r"or(&nt& "nt&/r'do '* ,",t&('. H' & &* -*"do & &, r&(o1"do d&* 3ro!&,o 3r"n!"3'* !ont"&n& &n&r/=' @&n&r/=' "nt&rn'> ('* **'('do !'*or> &* !'*or d&* -*"do & ')'ndon' &* ,",t&(' ,& ,' 3'r' r&!'*&nt'r @r&/&n&r'r &* -*"do d& r&/r&,o &n */'r d& &3&*&r !'*or 9'!"' n (&d"o &t&rno (:, -r=o *o & (&or' *' &-"!'!"' 22
d&* d&* "nt&r "nt&r!' !'() ()"' "'do dor. r. E, "(3o "(3ort rt'n 'nt& t& r&!o r&!ord rd'r 'r & & &* t8r( t8r("n "no o /&n /&n&r &r't 't"1 "1o ono no r&/&n&r't"1o ,#*o ,& r&-"&r& ' !#(o -n!"on' &* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or &n n ,",t&(' no "nd"!' &* t"3o d& "nt&r!'()"'dor @!'r!'<' t)o> 3*'to> -*o 3'r'*&*o> !ontr'-*o. En n "nt&r!'()"'dor r&/&n&r't"1o> !o(o ,& (&,tr' &n *' -"/r' @> &* -*"do !on ('or t&(3&r'tr' &n &n-r"'do 3or n -*"do d& n ,",t&(' ,&3'r'do *' &n&r/=' @!'*or r&(o1"d' no &, r&/r&,')' '* ,",t&('. @
F"/r& Int&r!'()"'dor r&/&n&r't"1o r &/&n&r't"1o & Int&r!'()"'dor nor&/&n&r't"1o.
23
Lo, "nt&r "nt&r!'()" !'()"'dor& 'dor&,, d& !'*o !'*orr ,on d",3o d",3o,"t"1 ,"t"1o, o, (&d"'nt& &* !'* ,& tr'n,-"&r& !'*or d& n -*"do ' otro> '3ro1&!9'ndo '3ro1&!9'ndo *' 1'r"' 1'r"'!"#n !"#n d& t&(3& t&(3&r'tr r'tr' ' I"#$%&'()*'+%$ +$ &'% &ntr& &**o,
Se clasifcan en: Según su
Según su operación
Según su servicio La unción ue
"on#ensa#o
"on#ensa una corrien&e #e V proceso
%eri eri era# era#or or
"alien&a una corrien&e #e proceso
'nr+a una corrien&e #e proceso con un l+!ui#o rerigeran&e a fn #e o&ener &e*pera&uras *enores !ue las !ue se o&en#r+an con un
'nr+a una corrien&e #e proceso con agua o aire
(ro#uce vapor #e agua ) se conocen co*o cal#eras #e recu recu erac eració ió
Sorecalen&a#
"onvier&e l+!ui#o "alien&a un a vapor "uan#o La e*presa vapor por enci*a el l+!ui#o esconsigue *eores #e con#iciones #ieren&e al agua resul&a#os #e sa&uración
.apori/a una corrien&e #e proceso
24
Según su operación
luo
E",t& n -*o 3'r'*&*o !'ndo &*V -*o "nt&rno o d& *o, t)o, &* -*o &t&rno o d& *' !'r!'<' '()o, -*&n &n *' (",('
"on&rauo
S& 3r&,&nt' n !ontr'-*o !'ndo *o, do, -*"do, -*&n &n *' (",(' d"r&!!"#n 3&ro &n ,&nt"do o3&,to.
luo cru/a#o
e un solo paso o paso si*ple ) #e *úl&iple
F*o !r<'do no d& *o, -*"do, -*& d& ('n&r' 3&r3&nd"!*'r '* otro -*"do> &,to &,> no d& *o, -*"do, 3',' ' tr'18, d& t)o, ("&ntr', & &* otro 3',' '*r&d&dor d& d"!9o, t)o, -or('ndo n :n *o *o d& d& 6; 6;
C'ndo *o, -*"do, d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor "nt&r!'()"'n !'*or (:, d& n' 1&<> ,& d&no("n' "nt&r!'()"'dor d& (0*t"3*& 3',o,.
S= &* -*"do ,#*o "nt&r!'()"' !'*or &n n' ,o*' 1&<> ,& d&no("n' "nt&r!'()"'d or d& !'*or d& 3',o ,"(3*& o d&
%egenera&ivo s ) o
Dond& ,& t"*"<' &* (",(o -*"do @&* -*"do !'*"&nt& &* -*"do -r=o &, &* (",(o E,to &,> &* -*"do !'*"&nt& ')'ndon' &* ,",t&(' !&d"&ndo , !'*or ' n r&/&n&r'dor 3o,t&r"or(&nt& r&/r&,'ndo '* ,",t&('
25
Según su
uo )
a/ #e &uos #en&ro #e una carcasa cil+n#rica, con presencia #e #eec&ores para generar &urulencia ) sopor&ar los &uos 'l arreglo #e &uos es paralelo al ee longi&u#inal #e la carca/a ) pue#e es&ar fo o ser #e
's iral
's&;n or*a#os por placas enrolla#as !ue *an&ienen los ui#os separa#os
'nria#ores #e
'nria#ores con aire
aces #e &uos sopor&a#os por una es&ruc&ura sore los !ue sopla aire en or*a cru/a#a Los &uos pue#en
La*inas en pacas: (' con
ole &uo
E,t:n -or('do, 3or do, t)o, !on!8ntr"!o, &n -or(' d& U 9or"**'. E* t)o "nt&rno 3&d& ,&r *",o o 3o,&&r '*&t',
e superfcie
La*ina
(a!ue&e #e l;*inas separa#as por ale&as corruga#as
Serie #e l;*inas corruga#as separa#as en&re s+ ) sol#a#as en sus or#es
'nria#ores #e
uos conc=n&ricos, provis&os #e cuc-illas raspa#oras ro&a&orias uica#as en la pare# e>&erna #el &uo in&erno, las cuales sirven para li*piar la superfcie #e
"on#ensa#or
Serie #e l;*inas corruga#as separa#as en&re s+ por e*paca#uras
(' sin e*paca#u
'nria#ores #e
"onsis&en en &uos ver&icales por #en&ro #e los cuales #escien#e agua en or*a #e pel+cula
os &uos conc=n&ricos 'l &uo in&erno se u&ili/a para suplir #e ui#o al ;nulo locali/a#o en&re el &uo e>&erno ) el in&erno
$raf&o
26
"onsis&en en &uos ver&icales por #en&ro #e los cuales #escien#e agua en or*a #e pel+cula
orres #on#e se pro#uce el con&ac&o #irec&o en&re agua ) vapor
?n con#ensa#or en casca#a es&; cons&i&ui#o por una serie #e &uos coloca#os -ori/on&al*en&e uno enci*a #el o&ro ) sore los cuales go&ea agua #e enria*ien&o
"onsis&en en un lo!ue cúico cen&ral #e graf&o i*per*eale, el cual es aguerea#o para or*ar pasa#i/os para los ui#os #e proceso ) #e
27
Contrafujo
luo
luo cru/a#o
uo #ole "ora/a ) &uos
e un solo paso o paso si*ple ) #e *úl&iple pasos
8 o i c i v r e s u s n ú g e S 7 r o l a c e # s e r o # a i , * a c r e & n @ %e enera&ivos
o
uo ) cora/a
28
"alen&a# %erigera#or "on#ensa#
'nria#or
8 o i c i v r e s u s n ú g e S 7 r o l a c e # s e r o # a i , * a c r e & n @
%e-ervi#or
29
.apori/a#or
T5) C'%&'3' $enera#or #e
M*t",o. Pr:!t"!'(&nt& ,& '(o*d' ' !'*"&r ,&r1"!"o.
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D$ +)$ #5) Ind,tr"', A*"(&nt'r='> Q=("!'> P&tro=("!'> F'r('!8t"!'> &t!.
8 n ó i c c u r & s n o c u s n ú g e S 7 r o l a c e # s e r o # a i , * a c r e & n @ E"-%*'+%$ +$ $%$"#<" C'*&nt'r &* '/' d& n&,tr' 3",!"n' En n&,tro r&-r" &r'dor &t!. E*%' M &(3*&'do, &n ,&r1"!"o, !r"o/8n"!o, !'ndo ,& ('n&'n -*"do, ( 1",!o,o,> *odo,
30
I"#$%&'()*'+%$ +$ P'&' E('&' 8P9E U,'do, &n &* 3ro!&,'("&nto d& )&)"d', !o("d',> 'n& tod'1=' r&t"&n&n , ,o &n &* :r&' '*"(&nt"!"'> 9o E"-%*'+%$ +$ &'&'+' &n d=' ,on ,'do, &n n' '(3*"' /'(' d& 3ro!&,o, En &* &n-r"'("&nto d& :!"do ,*-0r"!o. "nd,tr"'*&,> C"+$"'+%$ )'%(@#%*&
B'"$#' Son d& /r'n t"*"d'd !'ndo &",t& n' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr' &tr&('d'(&nt& '*t' &ntr& &* -*"do d&* *'do d& *' !'r!'<' &* d&* *'do d& *o, t)o,.
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8 n ó i c c u r & s n o c u s n ú g e S 7 r o l a c e # s e r o # a i , * a c r e & n @ G%'-*# *($%($')$ S& &( *&'n &n ,&r1"!"o, '*t'(&nt&
S5$%-*&*$ %''+%' En 3*'nt', dond& &* -*"do &, ( 1",!o,o o t"&n& t&nd&n!"' ' -or('r d&3#,"to,. M t"*"<'d' !'ndo ,& o3&r' !on -*"do, & ,& ,o*"d"-"!'n o !r",t'*"<'
31
E"-%*'+%$ +$ $<&5' +$&$"+$"#$ En-r"'("&nto, &,3&!"'*&,
32
!ARIABLES
A
CONSIDERAR
EN
EL
DISEO
DE
UN
INTERCAMBIADOR DE CALOR
DISEO TERMICO S$$&&*7" +$ ('#$%*'$ A!&ro Ino"d')*& &* !ro(o @Cr &, &* &*&(&nto & *&, d' *' !'*"d'd d& "no"d')*&, ' &,to, '!&ro,. E* '!&ro d&)& !ont&n&r 3or *o (&no, 44 d& !ro(o 3'r' 'd"r"r r&,",t&n!"' ' *' !orro,"#n 't(o,-8r"!'. Lo, 3or!&nt'&, d& !ro(o '0n ('or&, 9'!&n '* '!&ro tod'1=' (:, r&,",t&nt& ' *' !orro,"#n ' '*t', t&(3&r'tr',. Co)r& &, &* (&t'* no -&rro,o (:, &t&nd"do &n *' t8!n"!'. E* !o)r& 3ro ,& ,' &n &*&!trot8!n"!' !o(o n )&n !ond!tor d& !orr"&nt&K *' 3r&,&n!"' d& "(3r&<', d",("n& )r,!'(&nt& *' !ond!t"1"d'd d&* !o)r&.
Ad&(:,>
,')&(o, & &,t& ('t&r"'* t"&n& !ond!t"1"d'd&, t8r("!' &*8!tr"!' '*t', !'ndo &,t: 3ro> 3&ro 3"&rd& &,t', 3ro3"&d'd&, &n !"&rto /r'do !'ndo ,& '*&'.
&%'3': T')' 1. D*($"*"$ +$ ('#$%*' $$&&*"'+.
#5)$%*':
33
A !ont"n'!"#n &n *' T')*' 2 ,& &1'*0'n d"-&r&nt&, o3!"on&, d& ('t&r"'*&, 3'r' *' t)&r='
d&*
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n'
,&*&!!"#n #3t"(' 'd&!'d'
L' t)&r=' d& !o)r& o-r&!& n' )&n' r&,",t&n!"' r&,3&!to ' *' !orro,"#n> t"&n& n '*to !o&-"!"&nt& d& !ond!t"1"d'd r&,3&!to ' otro, ('t&r"'*&,> 'n& &* !o,to &, n 3o!o (:, &*&1'do> 3&ro ,& !on,"/& -:!"*(&nt& &n &* (&r!'do> ,on nor('*(&nt& t"*"<'do, &n *' "nd,tr"'> 'd&(:, & &, '(3*"'(&nt& ,'do &n *' ('n"3*'!"#n d& '/' -r&,!' t'()"8n r&,",t&n &* 't'& d&* 1'3or 3ro.
34
TAPAS: L' ,&*&!!"#n d&* ('t&r"'* & t&ndr:n *', t'3',> ,&r: (&d"'nt& n '!!&,or"o t'3' o t'3#n !'3' ,&r: !orr&,3ond"&nt& '* ('t&r"'* d&* t)o d& *' !or'<' ,&*&!!"on'd'.
P'%;($#% I"*&*'$ )'= &5'$ $ %$'*3' $ +*$ +$ $5*: P'r' &* d",&7o d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o, ,& r&"&r&n d& '*/no, 3'r:(&tro, "n"!"'*&,> )'o *o, !'*&, ,& r&'*"<'r:n *o, !:*!*o, n&!&,'r"o, 3'r' &,t& d",&7o.
A !ont"n'!"#n
,& 3r&,&nt'n *',
3r"n!"3'*&, !'r'!t&r=,t"!', d&* &"3o
? C;&5 +$ ' "/*#5+ +$ #5): P'r' *' *on/"td r&&r"d' 3'r' &* d",&7o d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !or'<' t)o, ,& &(3*&' *' ,"/"&nt& &!'!"#n
Lo, d'to, d&* 1'3or -&ron to('do, )'o n' 3r&,"#n d& &ntr'd' d& 4%.56 WP' @2; 3," d& '!&rdo ' *', t')*', t&r(od"n:("!', d&* *")ro C&n/&*. Por *o t'nto &, n&!&,'r"o r&'*"<'r &* ,"/"&nt& d&,'rro**o d& *o, !:*!*o, d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o,
? D$#$%(*"'&*7" +$ -5= (;*& d& '/' & "r' d&ntro d& *o, t)o, D&n,"d'd d&* '/' & 1' 3or *o, t)o, o)t&n"do, d& *', t')*', t&r(od"n:("!', d&* L")ro C&n/&*
35
? D$5@ +$ 4''% $ -5= (;*&> &, n&!&,'r"o &n!ontr'r &* !'*or n&!&,'r"o 3'r' '(&nt'r *' t&(3&r'tr' d&* '/' &n &* "nt&r!'()"'dor
? C;&5 +$ &'%.
? P#$%*%($"#$ $ "$&$'%* +$#$%(*"'% ' +*-$%$"&*' ($+*' /'%<#(*&' +$ '&5$%+ ' ' $&5'&*7":
36
? D$#$%(*"'&*7" +$ &'% '#$"#$ +$ '%*3'&*7"
?D$#$%(*"'&*7" +$ &$-*&*$"#$ +$ '% 4'&*' $ '/5'
37
? D$#$%(*"'&*7" +$ ">($% +$ R$"+
D&t&r("n'!"#n d&* n0(&ro d& N,,&tt > &,t& d&3&nd& d&* 1'*or d&* n0(&ro d& R&no*d, !on &* -"n d& &,!o/&r *' &!'!"#n 'd&!'d'> ',= D'to, o)t&n"do, d& *', t')*', d& '/' ,'tr'd' ' *' t&(3&r'tr' 3ro(&d"o d& *o, t)o, 38
Pr= +.%+ N0(&ro d& Pr'ndt*
?D$#$%(*"'&*7" +$ &$-*&*$"#$ +$ '/5' $" #5)
? D$#$%(*"'&*7" +$ /)' +$ #%'"-$%$"&*' +$ &'%
&$-*&*$"#$
DISEO 9IDRULICO E* d",&7o 9"dr:*"!o &,t')*&!& *', 1'r"')*&, !o(o *' !'=d' d& 3r&,"#n & ,-r&n *o, -*"do, ',&/r' & ,& &n!&ntr& d&ntro d& r'n/o, 3&r(",")*&, 3'r' &* !orr&!to -n!"on'("&nto d&* &"3o.
? C"$*7" +$ ' '*+' +$ '% 39
Pr"n!"3'*(&nt& &, n&!&,'r"o &n!ontr'r &* -*o (:,"!o d&* 1'3or> 3'r' &**o ,& d&)& t&n&r &n !&nt' *', &nt'*3"', @ 9 4 92 & ,on o)t&n"d', 3or t')*', ' *' 3r&,"#n d& d",&7o 2;3,"'.
? C;&5 +$ ' &"$*7" +$ '*+' +$ '%
40
? C;&5 +$ ' &'<+' +$ %$*7" $" ' &"$*7" +$ '*+' +$ '%
For(*' d& Gt&r(t9
? C'&5 +$ ' &'<+' +$ %$*7" ##'.
La ;.;m
? P%&$"#'=$ +$ ' &'<+' +$ %$*7"
E* 3or!&nt'& d& *' !'=d' d& 3r&,"#n (:"(o 3&r("t"do &, d&* 4;> 3or *o & 3od&(o, !on!*"r & &* '!!&,or"o ," !(3*&. 41
DISEO MECNICO En &* d",&7o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o,> &, n&!&,'r"o ,')&r & !on,t' d& n !onnto d& &*&(&nto, &n,'()*'do, !o(o *' !or'<'> *', 3*'!', *o, t)o,> 3'r' &**o !'d' !o(3on&nt& ,& d&)& 'n'*"<'r 3or ,&3'r'do &n -n!"#n d& *', t&n,"on&,> d& *', -&r<', d& *', d&-or('!"on&, ' *o, !'*&, &,t:n ,o(&t"do,. S& d&)&n !'*!*'r *o, &,3&,or&, d& *' !or'<' ,, otro, !o(3on&nt&,. E, n&!&,'r"o 1&r"-"!'r &* &,3&,or d& *' 3'r&d d& *o, t)o, ,&*&!!"on'do &n &* d",&7o t8r("!o> 3o,t&r"or(&nt& ,& !'*!*'n *o, &*&(&nto, ,&to, ' 3r&,"#n -"n'*(&nt& ,& d"(&n,"on'n *o, &*&(&nto, no ,&to, ' 3r&,"#n. @%
? C%'3' E, n !&r3o !"*=ndr"!o !on,tr"do d& n' ,o*' 3"&<' & 3&d& ,&r n t)o ,"n !o,tr' o n' 3*'!' ro*'d' & !ont&ndr: &n , "nt&r"or &* 9'< d& t)o, ' tr'18, d& *o, !'*&, !"r!*' &* -*"do & )'7' &* &t&r"or d& *o, t)o, d& d"!9o 9'<. E* 1'*or d&* &,3&,or d& *' !or'<' !"*=ndr"!' @t ,"n !ont'r !on &* r&&r"("&nto d& &,3&,or 3or &-&!to d& *' !orro,"#n> &, &* ('or 1'*or &ntr& *o, !'*!*'do, d&)"do ' &,-&r &n t8r("no, d& *', d"(&n,"on&, "nt&rn', d&* r&!"3"&nt&. E,-&r
42
dond& P Pr&,"#n "nt&rn' d& d",&7o. R R'd"o "nt&rno d& *' !or'<'. S E,-&r 3'r' t)o ,"n !o,tr' E 4. A* &,3&,or d&t&r("n'do *& ,('(o, % ((> 3or &-&!to d& *' !orro,"#n. E* !'n'* t'()"8n &, n' !or'<' !"*=ndr"!' 3or *o t'nto d&)&r: !'*!*'r,& , &,3&,or> ," &, (&nor & &* &,3&,or d& *' !or'<'> 'd("t"r &* &,3&,or d& *' !or'<'. P*'!' d"1",or' d& 3',o,. E* &,3&,or d& *' 3*'!' d"1",or' d& 3',o, &n &* !'n'*> no d&)& ,&r (&nor & &* & ,& (&,tr' &n *' T')*' VII.
T5):
43
E* &,3&,or d&* t)o -& n&!&,'r"o d&t&r("n'r &n &* d",&7o t8r("!o> ,"n &()'r/o &, 3r&!",o !o(3ro)'r , 1'*or 3'r' *', !ond"!"on&, d& 3r&,"#n "nt&rn' '* & &,t: ,o(&t"do.
P Pr&,"#n "nt&rn' d& d",&7o. R R'd"o "nt&rno d& *o, t)o,. S E,-&r 3'r' t)o ,"n !o,tr'.
T'':
Lo, &*&(&nto, t"*"<'do, &n *o, !')&<'*&, t'nto d& &ntr'd' !o(o d& r&torno @o ,'*"d'> ' -"n d& 3ro3or!"on'r &* !"&rr& &n *o, &tr&(o, d&* !'()"'dor d& !'*or> 3&d&n ,&r d& do, t"3o,K T'3', A)o()'d', T'3', P*'n',> *', !'*&, ,& 9'n d& ,&*&!!"on'r &n -n!"#n d& *', !'r'!t&r=,t"!', 3ro3"', d& !'d' n' d& &**', o )"&n d& '!&rdo '* t"3o d& t'3' r&&r"d' 3or &* !'()"'dor & ,& &,t8 d",&7'ndo> to('ndo &n !on,"d&r'!"#n *', !ond"!"on&, d& ,&r1"!"o. D&ntro d& *' !*',"-"!'!"#n d& T'3', A)o()'d', ,& 3r&,&nt'n *', **'('d', Tor"&,-8r"!', S&("&*=3t"!',> '()', ,o*d')*&, '* !&r3o !"*=ndr"!o d& *o, !')&<'*&, &n &* &tr&(o d& *' !&' r&!t' !on & !&nt'n ,"&ndo 3or !on,&!&n!"'> &*&(&nto, no d&,(ont')*&,.
44
T'' #%*$-$%*&': E,t& t"3o d& t'3', ,on *', & t"&n&n (:, '!&3t'!"#n &n *' "nd,tr"' d&)"do ' & , !o,to &, )'o> ,o3ort'ndo '*t', 3r&,"on&, ('no(8tr"!',> , !'r'!t&r=,t"!' 3r"n!"3'* &, & &* r'd"o d& !oron' &, "/'* '* d":(&tro "nt&r"or d&* !')&<'*> ("&ntr', & &* r'd"o "nt&r"or d& *' rod"**' &, &* d&* d":(&tro "nt&r"or d&* !')&<'*. E* &,3&,or r&&r"do 3'r' &,t& t"3o d& t'3',> d&)&r: d&t&r("n'r,& 3or *' ,"/"&nt& &!'!"#n
T'' $(*$<#*&': E* &,3&,or r&&r"do 3or n' t'3' d& -or(' ,&("&*=3t"!'> d&)&r: d&t&r("n'r,& (&d"'nt& *' ,"/"&nt& &!'!"#n
45
P Pr&,"#n "nt&rn' d& D",&7o L R'd"o d& *' !oron' D D":(&tro "nt&r"or d&* )ord& d& *' t'3' S E,-&r 3'r' !')&<', ,"n !o,tr'. @6
METODOS PARA ANALIZAR UN INTERCAMBIADOR DE CALOR M@#+ +$ ' +*-$%$"&*' +$ #$($%'#5%' ($+*' /'%<#(*&', LMTD E* LMTD &, n (8todo d& d",&7o. En 8*> !on &* !ono!"("&nto d& *', t&(3&r'tr', d& &ntr'd' ,'*"d' &* -*o (:,"!o d& *o, -*"do, &, 3o,")*& d&t&r("n'r &* :r&' d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or ,"/"&ndo n 3ro!&d"("&nto *#/"!o. Con,"d&r'ndo & *o & ,& d&,&' &, r&'*"<'r &* d",&7o> (', no &* 'n:*",",> d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor> ,& ,&*&!!"on' &* (8todo LMTD. Ad&(:,> &,t& (8todo -'!"*"t' *' t"*"<'!"#n
d& 3ro/r'(', d& !o(3t'dor' 3'r' r&'*"<'r &*
d",&7o.
Con,"d&r'ndo n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !ontr' -*o o !ontr'!orr"&nt&
46
L' -or(' d& YT( ,& 3&d& d&t&r("n'r (&d"'nt& *' '3*"!'!"#n d& n )'*'n!& d& &n&r/=' 3'r' &*&(&nto, d"-&r&n!"'*&, d& -*"do, !'*"&nt& -r=o. Lo, )'*'n!&, d& &n&r/=' 'n:*",", ,),&!&nt&, &,t:n ,&to, ' *', ,"/"&nt&, ,3o,"!"on&, ,"(3*"-"!'dor', 4 E* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or &,t: '",*'do 2 L' !ond!!"#n '"'* ' *o *'r/o d& *o, t)o, &, "n,"/n"-"!'nt& % Lo, !'()"o, d& &n&r/=' !"n8t"!' 3ot&n!"'* ,on d&,3r&!"')*&, + Lo, !'*or&, &,3&!=-"!o, &* !o&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or ,on !on,t'nt&, A* '3*"!'r n )'*'n!& d& &n&r/=' ' !'d' no d& *o, &*&(&nto, d"-&r&n!"'*&, d& *' -"/r'> ,& t"&n&
dond& C! C- ,on *', !'3'!"t'n!"', t8r("!', d& *o, -*o, !'*"&nt& -r=o> r&,3&!t"1'(&nt&
47
Con *o & *' &3r&,"#n 'nt&r"or &d'
Pod&(o, !on!*"r & *' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr' (&d"' '3ro3"'d' &, *' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' YT(*. En !on,&!&n!"' 3od&(o, &,!r")"r.
P'r'
"nt&r!'()"'dor&, d&
!'*or d& 3',o,
(0*t"3*&, d& -*o
!r<'do>
&!'!"on&,
*',
'nt&r"or&, ,& t"*"<'n (od"-"!'ndo *' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr',
(&d"' *o/'r=t("!' 3or
Dond& F&, &* -'!tor d& !orr&!!"#n> & d&3&nd& d& *' !on-"/r'!"#n /&o(8tr"!' d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& *', t&(3&r'tr', d& &ntr'd' ,'*"d' d& *', !orr"&nt&, d& *o, -*"do, !'*"&nt& -r=o. F 4> !'ndo &",t& !'()"o d& -',& ,"n "(3ort'r *' !on-"/r'!"#n d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or.
C$-*&*$"#$ /)' +$ #%'"-$%$"&*' +$ &'% 5. 48
Un' d& *', 3r"(&r', !&,t"on&, ' r&'*"<'r &n &* 'n:*",", t8r("!o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o, !on,",t& &n &1'*'r &* !o&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or &ntr& *', do, !orr"&nt&, -*"d',. S')&(o, & &* !o&-"!"&nt& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' t8r("!' /*o)'* &ntr& n -*"do !'*"&nt& ' t&(3&r'tr' TC otro -r=o ' t&(3&r'tr' TF ,&3'r'do, 3or n' 3'r&d 3*'n' ,& d&-"n& (&d"'nt& *' &!'!"#n
En &* !',o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or -or('do 3or do, t)o, !on!8ntr"!o,> &* :r&' d& *' ,3&r-"!"& d& "nt&r!'()"o t8r("!o &,
?
S" &* !o&-"!"&nt& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' t8r("!' /*o)'* 1"&n& r&-&r"do ' *' ,3&r-"!"& &t&r"or A&> &* 1'*or d& U& ,&r:
49
("&ntr', & ," 1"&n& r&-&r"do ' *' ,3&r-"!"& "nt&r"or A" ,&r:
En n 3ro&!to &, n&!&,'r"o !'*!*'r *o, !o&-"!"&nt&, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or "nd"1"d'*&,> 3&ro ,&*& ,&r 0t"* &n *', &,t"('!"on&, 3r&*"("n'r&, &* t&n&r n 1'*or '3ro"('do d& U> t=3"!o d& *', !ond"!"on&, & 9'n d& &n!ontr'r,& &n *' 3r:!t"!'K 9' & t&n&r &n !&nt' &> &n (!9o, !',o,> &* 1'*or d& U 1"&n& d&t&r("n'do !'," !o(3*&t'(&nt& 3or *' r&,",t&n!"' t8r("!' &n n' d& *', 3&*=!*', -*"do,#*"do> !o(o,!&d&> 3or &&(3*o> !'ndo no d& *o, -*"do, &, n /', &* otro n *="do o ," no d& *o, -*"do, &, n *="do &n &)**"!"#n !on n !o&-"!"&nt& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' t8r("!' ( /r'nd&.
M@#+ +$ ' $-$**+'+ ? N>($% +$ 5"*+'+$ +$ #%'"-$%$"&*' +$ &'% NTU. E, &* (:, 'd&!'do 3'r' 3r&d&!"r *', t&(3&r'tr', d& ,'*"d' d& *', !orr"&nt&, d& *o, -*"do, !'*"&nt& -r=o &n n "nt&r!'()"'dor &,3&!=-"!o> &,t& (8todo ,& )',' &n n 3'r:(&tro 'd"(&n,"on'* **'('do E-&!t"1"d'd d& *' Tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& C'*or d&-"n"do !o(o
50
L' 1&*o!"d'd d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or r&'* d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or ,& 3&d& d&t&r("n'r (&d"'nt& n )'*'n!& d& &n&r/=' &n *o, -*"do, !'*"&nt& -r=o.
L' 1&*o!"d'd (:"(' 3o,")*& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or &n n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or &,
Dond& C("n&, &* (&nor &ntr& C! C-
L' r&*'!"#n d& !'3'!"d'd&, d& !'*or &,t: d'do 3or
C'ndo &* -*"do !'*"&nt& &, n 1'3or d& !ond&n,'!"#n> 3'r' todo, *o, 3ro3#,"to, 3r:!t"!o, C! [> &nton!&, C(: [. L' &-&!t"1"d'd d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d&3&nd& d& , !on-"/r'!"#n /&o(8tr"!' ',= !o(o d& *' !on-"/r'!"#n d&* -*o.
L' r&*'!"#n d&
&-&!t"1"d'd 3'r' todo, *o,
"nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or !on *' r&*'!"#n d& !'3'!"d'd&, ! ;> &,
51
E* n0(&ro d& n"d'd&, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or NTU> ,& &3r&,' !o(o :
U !o&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or A, \r&' ,3&r-"!"'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or. @6
METODOLOGIA PARA EL ANALISIS INTERCAMBIADOR DE CALOR
TERMICO
DE
UN
P'r' r&'*"<'r &* d",&7o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o, &, n&!&,'r"o t&n&r &n !&nt' &* d",&7o t8r("!o> &n &* !'* ,& r&'*"<' &* 'n:*",", t&r(od"n:("!o d&* &"3o &n dond& ,& 3&d& !ono!&r *' t'<' d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or> t'()"8n ,& &,!o/& &* (8todo !on &* !'* ,& 1' ' r&'*"<'r &* d",&7o> &n &,t& !',o ,& r&'*"<' &* d",&7o d&* &"3o 3or (&d"o d&* (8todo d& d",&7o d& LMTD @D"-&r&n!"' d& T&(3&r'tr' M&d"' Lo/'r=t("!'> &n dond& &, n&!&,'r"o !ono!&r d& *', t&(3&r'tr', d& &ntr'd' d& ,'*"d'> 'd&(:, d&* -*o (:,"!o d& *o, -*"do,> d& t'* ('n&r' & &, 3o,")*& d&t&r("n'r &* :r&' d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or> *&/o ,& 3ro,"/& ' &n!ontr'r &* !o&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or. ],t& !o&-"!"&nt& ,& d&-"n& &n t8r("no, d& *' r&,",t&n!"' t8r("!' tot'* ' *' tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or &ntr& do, -*"do,. 52
? %$' +$ #%'"-$%$"&*' +$ &'% S& d&-"n& !o(o &* :r&' tot'* d",3on")*& 3'r' *' tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or &ntr& *o, do, -*"do,. En &* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o, &* :r&' ,3&r-"!"'* ,& !'*!*' 9'**'ndo &* :r&' ,3&r-"!"'* d& n t)o (*t"3*"!:ndo*o 3or &* n0(&ro d& t)o, &* n0(&ro d& 3',o, 3or *' !'r!','
? F5= (;*& S& d&-"n& !o(o *' !'nt"d'd d& (',' & -*& ' tr'18, d& n' ,&!!"#n tr'n,1&r,'* d& n '3'r'to d& -*o> 3or n"d'd d& t"&(3o. S')&(o, & &* -*o (:,"!o & &ntr' ,'*& d&* ,",t&(' -n!"on' !o(o n (&!'n",(o 'd"!"on'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& &n&r/='.
? D$#' +$ #$($%'#5%' S& d&-"n& !o(o *' d"-&r&n!"' &ntr& *', t&(3&r'tr', d& ,'*"d' d& &ntr'd' d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o,. E,t' d"-&r&n!"'> &, *' -&r<' (otr"<> (&d"'nt& *' !'* &* !'*or ,& tr'n,-"&r& d&,d& *' -&nt& '* r&!&3tor.
? !$&*+'+ +$ #%'"-$%$"&*' "$#' +$ &'% S& d&-"n& !o(o &* 3rod!tor &ntr& &* -*o (:,"!o d&* -*"do> &* !'*or &,3&!"-"!o d&* '/' *' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr', d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o,. 53
? T$($%'#5%' %($+* +$ #5) L' t&(3&r'tr' 3ro(&d"o d& *' ,(' &ntr& *', t&(3&r'tr', d& &ntr'd' d& ,'*"d' d&* -*"do ' tr')''r &n &* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o,.
? C'% '#$"#$ +$ '%*3'&*7" S& d&-"n& !o(o *' ,(' d&* !'*or *'t&nt& &* 3rod!to &ntr& n !o&-"!"&nt& d'do 3or *' -or(*'> &* !'*or &,3&!"-"!o d&* '/' &ntr& *' r&,t' d& *', t&(3&r'tr', d& ,'tr'!"#n d& ,3&r-"!"&.
? N>($% +$ N5$# E* N0(&ro d& N,,&*t @N &, n n0(&ro 'd"(&n,"on'* & ("d& &* '(&nto d& *' tr'n,(","#n d& !'*or d&,d& n' ,3&r-"!"& 3or *' & n -*"do !"r!*' @tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or 3or !on1&!!"#n !o(3'r'd' !on *' tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or ," 8,t' o!rr"&r' ,o*'(&nt& 3or !ond!!"#n. C'nto ('or &, &* n0(&ro d& N,,&*t (:, &-"!'< &, *' !on1&!!"#n
? C'&5 +$ &$-*&*$"#$ +$ '% 4'&*' $ '/5'
54
S& 3&d& &3r&,'r &* 'n:*",", d& N,,&*t d& *' !ond&n,'!"#n &n 3&*=!*' ,o)r& 3*'!', 1&rt"!'*&, 9'!"' t)o, 9or"
? N>($% +$ P%'"+# S& **'(' ',=> 3or Ld^"/ Pr'ndt*> "&n r&'*" d'ndo !o(o r&,*t'do n n0(&ro 'd"(&n,"on'*
?
? N5($% +$ R$"+ E, n n0(&ro 'd"(&n,"on'* & r&*'!"on' 1",!o,"d'd> d&n,"d'd> 1&*o!"d'd d"(&n,"#n d& n -*o. G&n&r'*(&nt& ,& t"*"<' 3'r' d&t&r("n'r ," n -*o &, *'("n'r o tr)*&nto.
? C;&5 +$ &$-*&*$"#$ +$ '/5' $" #5)
55
A* !ono!&r *o, n0(&ro, d& N,,&*t> &nton!&, ,& 3&d& !'*!*'r &* !o&-"!"&nt& d& !on1&!!"#n d&* "nt&r"or (&d"'nt& *' &!'!"#n 44> *' !'* r&*'!"on' &* 3rod!to &ntr& *' !ond!t"1"d'd t8r("!' d&* ('t&r"'* &* n0(&ro d& N,,&*t> d"1"d"do &ntr& &* d":(&tro d& *' t)&r='.
? C$-*&*$"#$ /)' +$ #%'"-$%$"&*' +$ &'% U S& d&-"n& !o(o *' !'nt"d'd d& !'*or tot'* tr'n,-&r"do 3or n"d'd d& ,3&r-"!"& 'nt& n'
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? L"/*#5+ '%' 5" #5) L' *on/"td d&* t)o ,& &n!&ntr' d&-"n"d' 3or *' 1&*o!"d'd d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or> ,o)r& &* 3rod!to &ntr& 3" @ r'd"o>
&* d":(&tro d& *' t)&r='> &*
!o&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or *' d"-&r&n!"' d& t&(3&r'tr' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!'.@% .
RESULTADOS DE UN DISEO TERMICO Int&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'r!'<' t)o,. 56
E,t:n !o(3&,to, 3or n 9'< d& t)o, !ont&n"do, &n &* "nt&r"or d& n' !'r!'<'> ,, &*&(&nto, 3r"n!"3'*&, ,on
E* d",&7o t8r("!o d& *o, &"3o, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or 9'!& ,o d& *o, 3r"n!"3"o, -nd'(&nt'*&, d& *' T&r(od"n:("!'> d& *' Tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or d& *' M&!:n"!' d& *o, F*"do,. A= ,o*o ,& 3r&,&nt'n *o, 3r"n!"3'*&, r&,*t'do,> d& '!&rdo ' *o, M8todo, d& *' d"-&r&n!"' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' d& t&(3&r'tr', &* d& &-&!t"1"d'd.
E&5'&*7" B;*&' E* -*o t8r("!o d& !'*or tr'n,-&r"do d& n -*"do ' otro ' tr'18, d& *' ,3&r-"!"& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or&,
57
F5= T@%(*& T%'"-$%*+ S& r&-"&r& '* -*o t8r("!o !&d"do 3or &* -*"do !'*"&nt& /'n'do 3or &* -*"do -r=o. E* !:*!*o !orr&,3ond"&nt& ,& 9'!& !on *', ,"/"&nt&, &!'!"on&,
En *' &!'!"#n @2.2 ,& r&-"&r& '* -*o t8r("!o !&d"do 3or &* -*"do !'*"&nt&> *' &!'!"#n @2.% ,& r&-"&r& '* -*o t8r("!o /'n'do 3or &* -*"do -r=o. E* ,"/n"-"!'do d& *', *"t&r'*&, &n &,', &!'!"on&, &, &* ,"/"&nt&
58
S5$%-*&*$ +$ T%'"-$%$"&*' +$ C'% Por (&d"o d& *' &!'!"#n @2.4 ,& o)t"&n& *' ,3&r-"!"& d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or n&!&,'r"' 3'r' tr'n,-&r"r &* -*o t8r("!o Q. E* d",&7o t8r("!o t"&n& !o(o o)&t"1o 3r"(ord"'* &* d& !'*!*'r &* :r&' d& &,' ,3&r-"!"&.
C$-*&*$"#$ G)' +$ T%'"-$%$"&*' +$ C'% E,t& !o&-"!"&nt& !o(3*"!'do d& !'*!*'r 3or& d&)&n to('r,& &n !&nt' *o, (&!'n",(o, d& !on1&!!"#n d& !'d' *'do d& *' 3'r&d> ',= !o(o *', !ond"!"on&, d& &n,!"'("&nto *', 3ro3"&d'd&, d& !ond!t"1"d'd t8r("!' d& *o, ('t&r"'*&, & ,& ,'n !o(o ,3&r-"!"& d& tr'n,(","#n d& !'*or> !o(o ,& "*,tr' &n *' ,"/"&nt& -"/r'.
59
'!"&ndo r&-&r&n!"' '* *'do d&* -*"do !'*"&nt&> &* !o&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or &,t: d'do 3or *' &!'!"#n
60
P'%' 5$%-*&*$ *" '$#'.
P'%' 5$%-*&*$ '$#$'+'.
C'ndo no ,& d",3on& d& &*&(&nto, ,-"!"&nt&, 3'r' !'*!*'r &* !o&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or d&'!&rdo !on *' &!'!"#n @2.> ,& 3&d&n to('r &n 3r"(&r' '3ro"('!"#n> 1'*or&, t=3"!o, 3'r' d"-&r&nt&, '3*"!'!"on&,> !o(o ,& (&,tr' &n *' t')*'.
!'%$ '%*('+ +$ &$-*&*$"#$ /)' +$ #%'"(**7" +$ &'%.
61
8&"#*"5'&*"
@
DIFERENCIA MEDIA LOGARTMICA DE TEMPERATURA ENTRE LOS FLUIDOS DE TUBO Y CARCAZA L' !"r!*'!"#n d& n -*"do !on r&,3&!to ' otro 3&d& ,&r ( 1'r"'d'> 3&ro ,"&(3r& r&,*t'r: !o(o n' !o()"n'!"#n d& tr&, !',o, t=3"!o, '. F*o, &n !orr"&nt&, 3'r'*&*', d&* (",(o ,&nt"do ). F*o, &n !orr"&nt&, 3'r'*&*', &n ,&nt"do !ontr'r"o @!ort'!orr"&nt& !. F*o, &n !orr"&nt&, !r<'d', A !ont"n'!"#n ,& 3r&,&nt'n *o, 1'*or&, d& *' d"-&r&n!"' (&d"' d& t&(3&r'tr'.
F5= '%'$ +$ (*( $"#*+. 62
E* d"'/r'(' !orr&,3ond"&nt& ' 8,t' ,"t'!"#n ,& (&,tr' &n *' -"/r'.
F&nt& L")ro d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or (',' d& Hn, C&n/&*> Afshin j. Ghajar. Cuarta edicion
L' d"-&r&n!"' (&d"' d& t&(3&r'tr', !orr&,3ond& ' *' d"-&r&n!"' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' d&* (",(o ,&nt"do
F5= $" &%%*$"#$ '%'$' $" &"#%'&%%*$"#$. L' d",tr")!"#n d& t&(3&r'tr', !orr&,3ond& ' *' d"-&r&n!"' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' &n !ontr'!orr"&nt&
63
F&nt& L")ro d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or (',' d& Hn, C&n/&*> Afshin j. Ghajar. Cuarta edicion
F5= $" &%%*$"#$ 5=$# &%53'+'. En *' ,"/"&nt& -"/r' ,& (&,tr' *' d",tr")!"#n d& t&(3&r'tr', 3'r' 8,t& !',o.
64
L' d"-&r&n!"' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' d& t&(3&r'tr', !orr&,3ond"&nt& &,t: d'd' 3or *' &!'!"#n
Dond& w ,& o)t"&n& d& *' ,"/"&nt& t')*'.
65
F5= C()*"'+ G&n&r'*(&nt&> *o, -*o, &n &"3o, d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or ,on (:, !o(3*"!'do, ' *o, ,&7'*'do, 'nt&r"or(&nt&> 3or *' (",(' r'<#n> &* !:*!*o d& *' d"-&r&n!"' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' d& t&(3&r'tr', r&,*t' ( !o(3*"!'d'. E* 3ro!&d"("&nto & ,& ,"/& 3'r' , !:*!*o &, ,'r*' d"-&r&n!"' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' d&* !',o d& !ontr'!orr"&nt& '3*"!'r*& n -'!tor d& !orr&!!"#n F> & d&3&nd& d&* t"3o d& &"3o. En *', ,"/"&nt&, -"/r', ,& 3r&,&nt'n '*/n', /r:-"!', t=3"!', & 3&r("t&n &* !:*!*o d& F 3'r' *o, t"3o, d& Int&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or d& !or'<' t)o, & ,& (&,tr'n.
66
67
A,=
68
En *o, !',o, (o,tr'do,> *' no(&n!*'tr' d& *', t&(3&r'tr', &, *' ,"/"&nt& T" T&(3&r'tr' d& &ntr'd' d&* -*"do ' *' !'r!'<' t" T&(3&r'tr' d& &ntr'd' d&* -*"do d& *o, t)o, T2 T&(3&r'tr' d& ,'*"d' d&* -*"do d& *' !'r!'<' t2 T&(3&r'tr' d& ,'*"d' d&* -*"do d& *o, t)o, F E,t: &n -n!"#n d& *o, 3'r:(&tro, P R & ,& !ono!&n !o(o &-"!"&n!"' t8r("!' !'3'!"d'd !'*or=-"!' r&,3&!t"1'(&nt&> &3r&,:ndo,& d& *' ,"/"&nt& -or('
E* !:*!*o d& delta Tmcc ,& 9'!& 3'rt"&ndo d& !on,"d&r'r & &* &"3o -n!"on' &n !ontr'!orr"&nt& 3r'. @
69
CONCLUSIÓNES. E,3&r'ndo & &,t& tr')'o t& 9'' ,&r1"do> ' & ,& r&'*"<# !on *' "nt&n!"#n d& & ,&3', & *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or ,& &n!'r/'n d& tr'n,-&r"r !'*or d& n -*"do ' otro ' ,&' !'*"&nt& o -r"o ,"n & &,to, do, ,& (& d&)"do ' &,to ,& r&'*"<# &,t' "n1&,t"/'!"#n 3'r' !ono!&r (:, ' -ondo *' !*',"-"!'!"#n d& *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or & ,&r='n ,&/0n , ,&r1"!"o> , -')r"!'!"#n , o3&r'!"#nK t'()"8n ,& n&!&,"t# !on,"d&r'r *', 1'r"')*&, &n n d",&7o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or !o(o &* !o&-"!"&nt& /*o)'* d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or> , -*o (:,"!o> , !'*or &,3&!"-"!o> &* t"3o d& -*"do & 3','r' &n &* !'d'*> *' 1&*o!"d'd d&* !'d'> d&(:, d&,!r"to, &n &,t' "n1&,t"/'!"#nK t'()"8n *o, (8todo, & &",t&n 3'r' 'n'*"<'r n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or & ,on &* t&(3&r'tr' (&d"' *o/'r=t("!' *' !'* &, '3*"!')*& ," ,& !ono!&n *o, -*"do, d& &ntr'd' ,'*"d' d&* "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or> !'ndo ,& n&!&,"t' &1'*'r &n n "nt&r!'()"'dor *' t&(3&r'tr' d& *' &ntr'd' ,'*"d' d& &,t& &, (:, *')or"o,o 9'!&r*o 3or &,t& (8todo ,& '3*"!' &* (8todo d& ntr&nd"("&nto> ' & &",t&n t')*', &n *', !'*&, 3od&(o, !ono!&r !on -'!"*"d'd
*' &-&!t"1"d'd d&*
"nt&r!'()"'dor & d&,&&(o,> &,to ,"n o*1"d'rno, d&* -'!tor d& ,!"&d'd & 1' d&3&nd&r d&* -*"do !on & tr')'& 3or *t"(o 9'!&r n' (&todo*o/=' 3'r' &* 'n:*",", t8r("!o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'*or &n n&,tro !',o &n!ontr'(o, n' t&,", &n *' & 'n'*"<' n d",&7o d& n "nt&r!'()"'dor d& !'r!'<' t)o no, no ,"r1"# !o(o n &*&(&nto d"d:!t"!o> ' & &(3*&' do, -*"do, '*t'(&nt& t"*"<'do, !o(o *o ,on &* '/' 1'3or. E* '3r&nd"<'& &, & *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or> ,on ( n&!&,'r"o, &n *' "nd,tr"'> ' & &,to, no, 3ro3or!"on'n r&!r,o, !o(o *o *")ro, &* !'(3o *')or'* &n &* !'* no,otro, 3od&(o, 'd"r"r *o, !ono!"("&nto, (:, -:!"*(&nt&> ,')"&ndo *' d&-"n"!"#n '3*"!'!"#n & t"&n&. S& &,3&r'n ( )&no, r&,*t'do,> ' & &nt&nd&r !o(3r&nd&r *o, "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or> no, d'r:n n' "d&' (:, !*'r' !on!",' d& &,to, "(3ort'nt&, t&(', ' tr't'r. R&!o("&ndo &,t& tr')'o ' & *' "n-or('!"#n &,t: ( ,",t&('t"<'d' ,&r: ( -:!"* d& !o(3r&nd&r *' n"d'd d& "nt&r!'()"'dor&, d& !'*or> ' & &, (
70
"(3ort'nt& 3'r' *' ('t&r"' d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or &, &,&n!"'* & *o ,&3'(o,. E* tr')'o no, ,&r1"r: ' & !o(o -tro, "n/&n"&ro, d&)&(o, d8 !ono!&r & &, ( "(3ort'nt& *' ('t&r"' 3'r' no,otro, 3od&r ,'!'r 3ro1&!9# d& &**o. L*&/'(o, ' *' !on!*,"#n & *' ('t&r"' d& tr'n,-&r&n!"' d& !'*or> &, n&!&,'r"' 3'r' no,otro, 1"t'* ,')&r *o, t&(', d&,!r"to, 'nt&r"or(&nt&> ' & 3odr&(o, '(&nt'r *' !'*"d'd d& 1"d' d&* d",3o,"t"1o ' tr')''r 9'!&r & &,t& dr&> !*'ro &(3*&'ndo !"d'do,'(&nt& *o, !on!&3to,> (8todo, '3*"!'!"on&, & &,t& t"&n&.
71