DAY 2: INTRODUCTION TO ARGUMENT: 1) ARGUMENT STRUCTURE (A.R.E.L) Arguments are delivered in the structure of A.R.E.L , which stands for: Assert ssertion ion : state state your your claim. claim. Your statem statement ent of why you suppor support/o t/oppo ppose se the motion. Reasoni easoning ng : logica logically lly expla explain in why why your your claim claim is true. true. The “b “beca ecause use of your your statement. Evidence : give supporting data to strengthen your reasoning. Lin!" in!"ba bac! c! : the the conc conclu lusi sion on of your your whol whole e expla xplana nati tion on,, whic which h is how how your your arguments arguments prove the motion true/false. •
•
• •
Example 1: The motion is about about beauty pageants. You You are the negative negative team. #ne of your arguments says that $iss %niverse !ind of contests should be opposed because it degrades woman. Arra Arrang nge e this this ran ran!" !"i# i#e e !re !rer r s$ee% s$ee%h h int! int! the the %!rr %!rre% e%tt !re !rer r !& A.R.E A.R.E.L .L str'%t're &t puts a woman in a position position as an ob'ect and to be valued valued based on their 1) Asse Assert rti! i!n n appe appeara aranc nce. e. (urth urther ermor more, e, the the cont contes estt is aime aimed d to be a comm commer erci cial al
2) Re Reas as!n !nin ing g
business, thus the contestants are positioned to be a commodity. commodity. )ince it becomes an arena of women ob'ecti*cation as well as a business
) E*ien% E*ien%e+e e+e,a ,a
commodity, thus the contest degrades women. $iss %niverse contest degrades women.
"$-e ) Lin/ Lin/ 0a%/ 0a%/
The ad'udication process are +- based on “beauty s!ill while the “brain sess ession ion is only only addi additi tion onal al and and the the ues uesti tion ons s can be ans answer wered by elementary school students, li!e “what will you do if you are a president0 1hile 1hile duri during ng the the cont contes estt seas season on,, the the even eventt organ organi2 i2er er open open up many many gamble sites to bet on who is going to win and gain more than 3 billions %)4 dollar in 35 only.
6xample 3: The motion is about uota for women in the parliament. You You are the negative team. You You want to say that uota would only strengthen the paradigm in society that women have less capability than men, and undermines them in the end. Arra Arrang nge e this this ran ran!" !"i# i#e e !re !rer r s$ee% s$ee%h h int! int! the the %!rr %!rre% e%tt !re !rer r !& A.R.E A.R.E.L .L str'%t're 7owadays there is still a strong stigma in society believing that women are 1) Asse Assert rti! i!n n inferior to men and has less capability than men. 8eserved seats in the parliament will only strengthen the paradigm that women can only sit in the parliament if they are facilitated but not because they can eually compete with men. Thus 'ustifying the wrong perception that women could
2) Reas Reas!n !nin ing g ) E*ien% E*ien%e+e e+e,a ,a "$-e
not reach the same level as men unless given privilege. 9uota will only strengthen the stigma in society that undermines women. Thus, uota for women in parliament will only strengthen the negative perception perception that undermines women, hindering the promotion promotion of women being eual to men.
) Lin/ 0a%/
&n %ganda, public opinion that does not go in favor of women increased rapidly after the implementation of this !ind of uota ;this was also supported by some polling<.
2) TYES O ARGUMENT (the ee$er str'%t're !& reas!ning) Types of argument: =. >usti*cation Argument 3. 6?ectiveness Argument . &mplication Argument @. ybrid Argument 1. 3USTIICATION ARGUMENTS are arguments where we put certain assertions or goals to the test of principles in judgmental manner . This reuires !nowledge on principles related to the motion as well as its origin for better understanding and delivery. Examples: a. 8ights to live is a right which no one may limit b. &ndividual rights to the extent of privacy may be breached for collective rights of security >usti*cation argument answers the uestion “is it the right thing to do0. &t basically answers the uestion of right or wrong, whether something is appropriate or not, in the perspective which the debate uses as a standard. The instruments or sub"hypothesises used to prove this 'usti*cation argument would be: =
•
•
pokemon/taking away transformers personal lierty/restrict make fun of religions on !gag "
0. Argument: !rn!gra$h4 is %!nsistent 6ith &e"inis" ie!-!g4 %nderlying Drinciple 1hat is the basic principles held by feminism0 •
@
Argument ob'ect Bharacteri2ation of pornography Ein! That the characters of pornography is not contradictory to the principles of feminism, hence is consistent ;Similar examples to “a is consistent with or not” motions: aurors are allowed to use
•
•
unforgi#eale curse/jedi use mind trick in the course of justice "
2. EECTI7ENESS ARGUMENTS are arguments in which we claim one thing as the proper solution to the prolem identi$ed from the motion% &t is essential to characteri2e both the problem, and areas which the solution would a?ect. &n the reasoning, we need to explain what the problem reuires to be solved, why our solution ful*lls those reuirements, compare our claimed" solution to the system running in status uo and/or other alternative solutions currently available ;including the opponents, if any<, and imply that our solution is the most appropriate. 6xamples: a. Feath penalty will help deter crime rate b. &ntercepting emails will provide better source to hunt terrorists r!0-e" Chara%teri#ati!n The nature and causes of the problem, or the thing which the solution wishes to change ;directed in such way so it tends to the solution o?ering, although it is not discussed yet< S!-'ti!n O8ering in which areas will the solution wor! C!n%-'si!n The solution solves the problem 6xample: a. Argument: Death $ena-t4 6i-- he-$ eter %ri"e rate Droblem characteri2ation 1hat are the factors of a person committing crime, and how big a ris! must be to deter them from doing so0 )olution o?ering Feath penalty deters future criminals, as it is an ultimate ris! outweighing almost anything Bonclusion Feath penalty would help deter crime ;Similar examples to “death penalty& e'ecti#e or not” motions: (aruto should let Sasuke to •
•
•
e gi#en death penalty/)eath eaters should e killed *gi#en “death penalty”" in the spot y aurors using unforgi#eale curse *and ignores the process of law enforcement in the court of justice of the +inistry of +agic "
0. Argument: Li&ting &'e- s'0siies 6i-- n!t eter $e!$-e &r!" %!ns'"ing &'eDroblem identi*cation Bonsumption of fuel is an inelastic necessity . ,nelastic necessity is not a?ected by price, but by alternative supply of necessity. ;6xample: rice is an inelastic necessity , demand will be the same irrespective of price. Gut using yams or potatoes may act as a replacement to the demand of rice< •
H
•
•
)olution o?ering the operation of a subsidy is to reduce price, so lifting it will increase price. Bonclusion &ncreasing price will not a?ect demand towards inelastic necessities thus people will not be detered from consuming fuel
. IMLICATION ARGUMENTS are action-reaction argument s. &t analyses the conseuences of the action proposed, be it bene*t or harm. 8euires creativity in actors or stakeholders identi*cation and how they are related, which are the people involved around the issue. 1ho does what, what the impacts are, who gets the impact ;be it positive or negative<. The elements to prove it would be: claimed implication, characteri2ation of implicaton, and characteri2ation of acclaimed cause. C-ai"e i"$-i%ati!n what is the predicted e?ect, why is it bad/good Chara%teri#ati!n !& i"$-i%ati!n what are the natures and causes of the aforementioned implication Chara%teri#ati!n !& a%%-ai"e %a'se what is the nature of the sub'ect of the argument ;directed in such way that it seems to ful*l the causes of the aforementioned implication< C!n%-'si!n why would the sub'ect of the arguent cause the aforementioned implication 6xamples: a. 1omen 9uota will degrade women b. 7ot covering illegal immigrants with free health insurance ris!s the spreading of foreign disease #ther example: Argument: &ree trae 6i-- /i-- -!%a- in'stries in In!nesia Blaimed implication local industries falling will mean 'ob losses to so many people, and depriving in to poverty Bharacteri2ation of Blaimed &mplication industries may fall when they can not compete in the mar!et, therefore does not have enough income to sustain its operation Bharacteri2ation of Acclaimed Bause (ree Trade brings in foreign industries in to the local mar!et competition, which the locals can not compete against. Bonclusion (ree Trade will create competitions which the locals cant compete against, therefore will fall ;Similar examples to “implication” motions: )oraemon harms (oita& .osplay in the
•
•
•
•
workplace& the matrix& xmen& superheroes& harry potter& transformer& !gag& superheores ignores emergency calls& etc "
.940ri Arg'"ents, as the term implies, are hyrids of the pre#ious types of arguments I two, or maybe even three of them. Therefore, one argument doesnt always fall under only one 5
criterion as mentioned above. Thus an argument could have two or even three ways of analysis. 6xamples: a. %) method on terrorism hunt violates human rights *principle", thus it decreases international respect and cooperation *implication" while international cooperation is necessary to hunt terrorists who are multinational *e'ecti#eness"% 0. )ubsidy helps alleviate poverty *e'ecti#eness" which is government responsibility *justi$cation"%
J
