Cyclic & Collective by Shawn Coyle This unique book, written from the prospective of the pilot provides a detailed, yet easy to understand overview of the theory and practice of helicopte…Full description
Cyclic & Collective by Shawn Coyle This unique book, written from the prospective of the pilot provides a detailed, yet easy to understand overview of the theory and practice of helicopters. It ...
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Description complète
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Collective ResponsibilityFull description
English GrammarFull description
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Notes and worksheet on Collective Nouns. Suitable for kids and primary school students. A good exercise for UPSR candidates as well.Full description
Don Mclean, arranged by Daryl Shawn guitare tabFull description
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collective nounsDescription complète
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Understanding the real-time cyclic test utilityFull description
CYCLIC INNOVATION MODEL (CIM) BERKHOUT
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A reference guide to all Wheels that are able to be used with Cyclic Addition
Descripción: Extraits de Psychologie collective de Maurice Halbwachs
The study aims to utilize cyclic voltammetry in order to determine the formal reduction potential (E0’) of the [FeIII(CN)6] 3- /[FeII(CN)6] 4- coupling, and to define the consequences of sca…Full description
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Why Two “Books”? Why Did I Write This Book? Keeping Things in Perspective
Standard Disclaimers Political Correctness Aim of every flight
Terms Used Dedication
Introduction to the Second Edition Corrections and Additions
1
iii iv iv
iv iv iv
v v
v vi
General Axes of the Blades How Lift Gets to the Hub Drag on the Whole Blade Blade Flapping A Brief Moment to Study Law
1
Telling the Blades Apart Airframe Relative Airspeed
Vectors
1
Newton’s Laws
1
Relative Airflow and Disk
1 1 2
Cyclical Change of Pitch
2
Total Lift from the Disk
Newton’s First Law Newton’s Second Law Newton’s Third Law
Other Physics and Maths terms Momentum and Inertia Speed Velocity Acceleration Equilibrium
Vectors, Resultants and Resolving Moments and Couples
2 2 2 2 2
3 3
Moments Couple
3 4
Balance of Forces
4
Dimensional Correctness Distance and Time
4 4
Mass, Force, Energy and Work
4
Mass Force Energy Work Power
Graphs and Such Putting Together Some of the Basics
4 5 5 6 6
6 7
2
Introduction to Helicopter Aerodynamics Terms Used Zero Airspeed vs. Zero Groundspeed Hover Center of Gravity (CG) Aerodynamic Terms Angle of Attack Lift
11 11 11 11 14 17
More Discussion of Lift
19
Formula for Lift Drag Zero Angle of Attack
20 21 22
25 25 26 27 27 29
4 More Basics of the Helicopter Generic Helicopter The Whole Rotor
Some Fundamentals
Math and Physics Revisited
3 The Rotor Blade
Forward Flight and Dissymmetry of Lift Flapping to Equality Tip Path Plane
Drag at Different Parts of the Disk Total Drag on the Disk Keeping the Blades Clean
Flapback or Blowback Rotor Heads and Components Fully Articulated Rotor Hub
Control of the Rotor The Swashplate Phasing of Control Inputs Rotating Scissors Assembly So What?
Tail Rotors Anti-Torque Control
31 31 31 32
33 33
34 35
36 36
37 37 37
38 38 38
39 39 39 41 41
41 41
5 Air, Wind and Weather Introduction What Temperature is That? Where do we Measure Vertical Distance From?
International Standard Atmosphere Standard Day Pressure Altitude Non-Standard Day Density Altitude Importance of Understanding Density Altitude The How and Why of Density Altitude Relative Humidity
Wrong Information More Wrong Information Wind! Knowing The Wind from Natural Sources Wind Speed Change with Height Wind Direction Change with Height
43 43 43
43 43 43 44 44 45 46 46
47 47 48 48 49 50
ix
Wind Shift and Turbulence A Lesson from the Birds
Weather So What do We Need to Worry About? An Example
50 50
50 51 51
6 Basic Helicopter Performance 53 53
Measuring Performance
53
Out of Ground Effect (OGE) In Ground Effect (IGE) How Does Ground Effect Happen? Using a Crane to Lift Instead of an Engine
Power Required vs. Density Altitude Hover Ceilings
Forward Flight Performance Power Required vs. Airspeed What You Can’t Do with This Chart The ‘Backside’ of the Power Curve
Low Airspeed Power Required Climb and Descent Performance - Simplified Flight Manual Charts
V Airspeeds Load Factors
53 54 54 54 55
56 56
56 56 57 57
58 59 59
59 60
7 Balance and Weight The Importance of Center of Gravity Calculating Weight and Balance
Balance Datum Forward of the Nose. Datum At Rotor Mast
Weight and CG Diagram Weight vs. Loaded Moment Method Yet Another Way to Measure CG Longitudinal CG Lateral CG Vertical CG
Balance of Forces General
Balance of Forces in the Hover Side View Four Basic Forces Top View Balance of Forces - Torque Reaction Rear View of Balance of Forces
Trim Balance of Forces - Forward Flight Side View of Balance of Forces Top View of Balance of Forces Forward Flight Inherent Sideslip Rear View of Balance of Forces - Forward Flight
x
The Autorotation
Aerodynamics
Introduction Autorotation Defined
61 62
62 63 64
65 65 65 66 66 67
68 68
69 69 69 69
71 71 72 72 73 73
of 75 75
Conditions Necessary for Autorotation
Introduction Airframe Performance Defined Hover performance
8
Lift Vectors Again Effect of Forward Flight
75
76 78
How the Blade Works in Autorotation NR in Autorotation Descent
78 78
Another Use for the Autorotation RPM Chart Effect of Density Effect of Weight
79 79 79
9 Instruments and Warning Systems Airframe Instruments Sideslip and Side Force
81 81
What the Slip Ball Measures What is Sideslip? Slip Strings
Engine Transmission and Rotor Instruments
81 82 84
84
NR Warnings
84
Transmissions and Gearboxes Transmission Oil Temperature and Pressure Chip Detectors
Centrifugal (or Automatic) Clutch Idler or Manual Clutch
91 91
Free–Wheel Units Piston–Engine Helicopter Power Control
92 92
Rotor RPM
Power Output Measuring Piston Engine Helicopter Power Same Engine in a Seized Wing Airplane
Carburetor Icing Why do Carburetors Ice Up? More Carburetor Icing Explanation Effects of Icing Symptoms of Carburetor Icing Carburetor Heat Prevention of Carburetor Ice
92
92 93 93
94 94 94 95 95 96 97
Mixture Control Throttle Handling Over-Pitching
97 98 98
Wrong Side of Torque Curve Only on Some Piston Engine Helicopters Coning Angle and Over-pitching Turbine Engines and Over-Pitching
Instructors - What They Know and Don’t Know Personality Differences The Essential Pre-Flight Briefing Checklists For Those Who Make Checklists
All Those Gages and Clocks!
105 105 106 106 106
106
Blindfold Cockpit Checks
106
For Both Instructor and Student
107
Transfer of Control Following Through on the Controls
Where to Look
107
Outside, Mostly Look Around Collision Course
107 108 108
Post-flight
108
Walkaround
12
107 107
108
Before You Strap In…
Introduction Prior to Lift-off Terms Used Pre-Flight Actions Pre-Flight checks Walk-Around checks Start–Up checks
109 109 109 110 110 110 111
Energy and the Rotor System Pre-Lift-off Checks
Holding the Controls Light Training Helicopters Control Pressure, Not Control Movement Function of Controls
Effects of Controls Downwash Hand Signals
13
111 111
112 112 112 112
113 114 114
Helicopter Flying - The Basics
General Introduction Forward Flight
Effects of Controls in Forward Flight Cyclic stick Collective lever Pedals
Summary of Effects of Controls Attitude Flying Cruise
117
117 117 118 118
119 119 120
Changing Airspeed in Level Flight Smooth Airspeed Changes Back Side of The Power Curve Two Airspeeds for the Same Power!
Climbs and Descents Turns A Note Gentle Turns (up to 20 Angle of Bank) Nose Drop Increased Power A Changed Sight Picture Slip Ball Practice Medium Turns (20 to 45 Angle of Bank) Steep Turns (Greater than 45 Angle of Bank)
Developing a ‘Seat of the Pants’ Sense
14
117
121 121 122 122
122 123 123 123 123 123 123 124 124 124 124
124
The Divine Art of Hovering
Introduction To the Hover! Hovering More Easily Vertical References Aim of Hovering
Concepts of Hovering Hover - Zero Groundspeed vs. Zero Airspeed Effects of Controls - Hover and Low Airspeed Forward Flight and ‘Low Airspeed’ Overcontrolling in the Hover Cyclic Stick as a Position Controller
125 125 125 125 126
126 126 126 127 128 129
NR Control
130
Hovering With A Purpose
130
Partial Control Technique
130
xi
Lots of Things to Do
Specific Exercises for Learning Hovering Taxing Along a Line Changing Height While Hovering Changing Heading
Moving Around Hovering with Different References Back to Flying
130
131 131 131 132
132 132 132
Turns in the Hover
133
No Wind With Winds
133 133
In the Low Speed Environment
134
Useful Training Exercises General Handling in the Hover
134 135
Taxing to the Side or Rear Ground Taxing Skid Helicopters
136 136
15
‘Twixt Heaven and Earth,
Introduction
137
Slipping and Crabbing Transition to Forward Flight Ground Track Translational Lift
137 137 138 138
Other Transitions to Forward Flight
138
Cushion Creep Steep Climbout
Running Takeoff Why Running Takeoffs? How It Works How to Carry Out a Running Takeoff Cautions on the Running Takeoff
“Maximum Performance Climbout” An Example of Getting Caught
Downwind Transition Turns After Transition Approach and Touchdowns Transition Back to the Hover
Learning to Judge… …Perspective …Rates of Closure
‘Normal’ Approach Suitable Rate of Descent Adding Power
Fast Approaches Steep Approach The No-Hover Touch Down Downwind Approach to the Hover
Approaches with Turns
139 139
139 139 139 140 140
140 140
What do Traffic Patterns Teach / Show
Confined Areas
Touching Down From The Hover Flat Surfaces Don’t Overcontrol A Neat Trick for Smooth Touch Downs
Sloping Surfaces
144 144
145 145 145 146
146 146 146
VIP Approaches - Mastery of the Machine
146
151 151 152 152 153
153 153 154 154
155
Tail Rotor Side Thrust While You’re On the Sloping Ground Wind Across the Slope Lift-off from the Slope Nose Upslope / Downslope
156 156 157 157 157
One Last Word About Sloping Ground
157
17
Introducing Emergencies
Emergencies - General Critical Emergencies Dual Concurrence (or Double Checking)
159 159 159
What Emergencies Can Happen
160
Unanticipated Emergencies As a Student Chip Detectors Realistic Emergencies Where to Handle Emergencies
160 160 160 160 161
General
144
151
Flat Pitch to Light on the Skids How Do you Know ’Light on the Skids’? From ’Light on the Skids’ to the Hover Airborne! Lift-off out of Wind
18
143 144
148
Lift-off and Touchdown
Introduction
142
142
147 147 148
16
141 141 141
Line-Up Turning into a Downwind Approach
xii
Running Landing Traffic Patterns or Circuits
Engine Failures for Beginners
Simulated vs. ‘Real’ Engine Failures Warming-up for Autorotations Vertical Landings
Engine Failures in the Hover Judging Collective Lever Application High Hover Engine Failures Self-Initiated Engine Failures Hover Quick Stops The Flare So What Should You Do? Flare Effectiveness
Collective Check - Why It Works Coupling of Forces in Leveling Helicopter
Power Recovery Autorotations Getting Back to the Hover
163 163 163 164
164 164 165 165 165 166 167 167
168 168
168 169
‘Real’ Autorotations Eyes Out of the Cockpit!
170 170
Autorotative Performance
171
Some Final words
171
Some Words on The Height-Velocity Curve
19
171
Is it a Limit Because Its in the Limitations Section? 189 Power Ratings and Limitations 190
The Military Flight Manual Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
190 190
V Speeds
Peculiarities of the Helicopter
Introduction Loss of Translational Lift Vortex Ring State Impossible Descent Conditions Not Just in Descent Demonstrating Incipient Vortex Ring State Uncommanded Attitude Changes Making the Situation Worse Recovery Wrong Advice The Why of Vortex Ring State Why The Symptoms?
Rollover Static Rollover Dynamic Rollover Dynamic Rollover on Landing Dynamic Rollover on Takeoff Action in Event of Dynamic Rollover
Retreating Blade Stall
173 173 174 175 175 175 176 176 176 176 177 177
177 178 178 179 179 180
180
Symptoms
181
Blade Sailing
181
20
Flight Manuals, Rules and Regulations Why? The Civilian Flight Manual Sections of the FM Emergency Definitions Notes, Cautions and Warnings Procedural Words Performance Data No Altimeter Correction Charts Flight Manual Supplements (FMS) Weight and Balance Information Manufacturer’s Data Individualized Copy of the FM
183 183 183 184 184 185 185 185 185 186 186 186
Some Philosophical Words about the Civilian FM 186 More Philosophy… 187 Certification Basis
Reasons for Rules
187
188
Two more Pet Peeves
188
Reasons for Limitations
188
Another Way of Thinking About Limitations
Side Wind, Sideward Flight and All That
189
189
21
191
Miscellaneous
Where the Pilot Sits Radios and Air Traffic Control Negative Radio
Safety Statistics Ground Handling Wheels
Safety for Others Going Solo Cross Country Flying Single Seat and Ultralight helicopters
193 193 193
194 194
194 194 195 195
Inexperienced Pilots Shouldn’t Be Flying Them 195 Get A Private Pilot’s License First 196 Get Experience in Several Different Types 196
General Words of Advice Shutdown
196 196
22 For the Professional Helicopter
Pilot / Instructor
For the Professional Helicopter Pilot Helicopter Pilots Are Different Legal Implications Maintenance Service Difficulty Reports (SDRs) Your Part in Safety Experience Care and Feeding of Passengers / Customers
Make a Decision Philosophy of Instruction Measuring or Predicting Pilot Performance More Philosophy Preflight Briefing Preflight Inspection Walkaround
Concepts of Controls Cyclic Collective Throttle Pedals
Looking Outside
199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200
200 201 201 201 202 202 202
202 202 202 202 202
202
Limitations
203
Following Through Checklists Questions and Tests
203 203 203
When the Students Ask Questions
203
xiii
What are you Really Trying to Teach? Even More Philosophy Specific Exercises Trusting the Student Space Awareness
Flying by the Seat of the Pants Written Tests
203 203 204 204 204
204 205
23
Advanced Helicopter
Review
207
Aerodynamics Hover Review of Lift and Drag
Airfoils Non-symmetrical Airfoils Lift and Drag Lift to Drag Ratio Changing NR Changing Density Altitude
207 207
207 207 207 208 208 208
209
Blade CG location AoA Changes due to Flapping AoA, Lift and Center of Pressure
209 209 210
Symmetric Section Non-symmetric Section Why the Fuss about Pitching Moments?
Blades Blade Root Cutout Blade Tip Shapes Twist Taper Twist and Taper - Again Lift to Drag Ratio Again
Disk Aerodynamics
211 211 212 212
212 212 213 213 213 213 214
214
Solidity Why 2 Blades May be More Efficient than 4 AoA and the Disk Advance Ratio VNE and True Airspeed
214 215 215 215 216
Retreating Blade Stall Again Coning Angle Again Transverse Flow Effect or Inflow Roll Stick Migration
216 216 216 217
Tail Rotors Location on Fuselage Size, Direction of Rotation Aerodynamics of the Tail Rotor
218 218 218 219
24Flight Controls and Rotor Heads General Tip Anhedral
Flapping Hinge Offset Hinge Arrangements Delta–Three Hinges Elastomeric Bearings Hingeless Rotor Heads
New Rotor Heads The Teetering Rotor Head Stabilizer Bars Flap or Hub Restraining Springs
Hiller Control System Robinson R-22 and R-44 Hub. MD Series Rotor Head Height of Hub Above the CG Blade Lag Angle Negative Pitch
227 228 228 229 229
230 230 231 232
233 233 233 233 233 234
Advanced Performance
General Factors Affecting Performance Power Loading
Induced Velocity Mach Number Effects Hover Performance and Altitude Surface Effect on Hover Performance Vertical Drag Another Look at Hover Performance
Typical Civil FM Performance chart Level Flight Performance Indicated Airspeed and True Airspeed Collective Angle vs. Airspeed Power vs. Collective Angle
Peculiarities of Low Airspeed IGE Another Look at Power Required to Hover Rotor Efficiency Ground Vortex Roll Up Low Airspeed Power Required - Again
Range
223 223 224 224 225
225
Shaft Axis Control Axis Yet Another Disk Axis
25
221 221 221 222
223
Disk Axes
Blade and Segment Aerodynamics
Pitching Moments
Blade Inertia More Reasons for Lead–Lag Motion Hook’s Joint Effect Other Phase Angles
235 235 235
236 237 237 237 238 238
239 240 240 240 240
241 241 242 242 243
244
Range Improvements with Altitude Headwind and Tailwind Effects Point of No Return Equal Time Point What If Something Goes Wrong?
Endurance
249
Radius of Action How to Trick A Navigation System Payload vs. Radius of Action
Climb and Descent Performance Climbs Best Angle of Climb Airspeed Descent Performance
Whizz Wheels Rules of Thumb
26
246 246 247 248 249 250 250 251
251 252 252 253
253 254
Other Components
General Fuel Systems Fuel Valves Fuel Pumps Low Fuel Warning Systems Other Parts of the Fuel System When is the Fuel Gauge Reading Correctly? Pounds or Gallons? Fuel Quality Fuel Drains and Living in the Field Fuel Jettison
257 257 257 257 257 258 258 258 258 259 260
Transmissions and Drive Shafts HUMS Electrical Systems
260 261 261
External Power Generators Batteries DC–Based Electrical Systems AC–Based Electrical Systems Electrical Failures Circuit Breakers When a Circuit Breaker ‘Pops’
261 261 262 262 262 263 263 264
Hydraulic Systems Reasons For Hydraulics Typical Hydraulic System Unpressurized Reservoirs Hydraulic Emergencies
Fixed Floats Boating! Start-up / shutdown Spray Taxing on Water Liftoff and Touchdown from the Water Following the Waves Off-Level Touchdowns on Water Lift-off and Touchdown from the Ground Other Effects of Fixed Floats Emergency Floats Use and Problems
Fire Detection and Suppression Heating and Ventilation Seats Compasses Windshield Wipers
27
269 269 269 270 270 270 270 270 270 271 271 271
271 272 272 272 273
Advanced Helicopter Flying
So How Do We Fly a Helicopter?
275
Driving a Car Explained Compensation
275 275
Flying a Helicopter – Hovering
276
Cruising Flight Example Other Cue–Related Problems
276 277
Why are Helicopters Difficult to Fly?
277
Slow Response Explained Cross Coupling Different Responses from the Pedals
278 279 279
How to Hold the Controls
279
Cyclic Overcontrolling Collective Pedals
279 280 280 280
Helicopter Pilots are Easy… Artificial Control Feel or Trim Systems
Control Forces
284 284 284
The Other Way ‘Round
284
More Instruments
Pitot Systems Altimeters
Corrections to the Altimeter in Cold Weather Static Port Locations
281
282
Collective Release Fuselage Attitudes Pedals Again
28
280
287 288
288 289
xv
So What?
289
What Can be Done About This? LORAS (LOw aiRspeed System) LASSIE RAH-66 Commanche System General Comment on Low Airspeed Systems
290 290 290 290 290
Another Reason for Low Airspeed Systems Miscellaneous Instruments
291 292
Outside Air Temperature Gages Radar Altimeters Waves and Radar Altimeter Vertical Gyroscopes and Attitude Indicators
292 292 292 292
Entering the Digital Era
293
Too Much Accuracy But Some Good News Too...
29
The Turbine Engine
Introduction Turbine Engines are Different! Typical Free Turbine Engine Ratings and Limitations of Engines Difference between Ratings and Limitations How Long is Each Limit Good For? Cycles Measuring Temperature
Density Altitude vs. Pressure Altitude and OAT Less Power in Cold Temperatures Effect of Humidity on Turbine Performance Compressor Stalls Two Correct Answers Don’t Make a Third… Turbine Engine Instruments Torquemeters Use of the Torquemeter
Governing systems Reasons for Installing Governors Droop! Static Droop Oscillating Governors and Hysteresis Transient Droop Hydro–mechanical Governors
Electronic Fuel Controls FADEC What Has All This Got to Do With FADECs? Failures of Digital Fuel Controls Practical Benefits of FADEC Change of the Pilots Point of View Duplication of Sensors Some Improvements Possible? Manual Control of the Turbine Engine Question Time Tail Rotors, Governors and Free Drinks Differences from Piston Engine Transient Overtorques
Turbine Engine Power Monitoring Topping Checks Trend Monitoring Checks
Automatic Relight vs. Manual Air Starts Engine–Related Items Intake Protection Systems Anti-Icing vs. De-Icing Bleed Air Systems Bleed valves Heaters Air Conditioning Performance Effects of Bleed Air Systems Starting Against the Rotor Brake
Turbine Engine Cool-Down Emergency Systems
Fixed Shaft Turbine Engines
30
313 314 314
315 316 316 316 316 317 317 317 317 318
318 319
319
Advanced Engine Failures
General Autorotations Sensory Deprived, Multi-Variable Maneuver The Big Picture
Where to Practice Autorotative Landings Pre-Nominate the Landing Spot Autorotations ‘En–Route’
Closer Look of Autorotative Performance Energy and Autorotations Cone of Possible Areas Variations on the Theme
321 321 321 321
322 323 323
323 325 326 326
Zero–Airspeed Autorotations 326 Reverse Cone of Energy 327 Landing Site is Straight Ahead 328 Three Basic Locations 329 Kinetic Energy in the Flare 330 Why Try the Variations? 331 Other Situations with Respect to the Landing Spot 332 Combinations! 333
Intervention Delay Time Run-Down Time of the Engine
Height Velocity (HV) Curves Ignoring A Part of Most HV Curves So What’s Missing about the HV Curve? Development of the HV Curve Miscellaneous Points About the HV Curve Another Type of Autorotation
333 334
334 335 335 336 337 337
31 Advanced Emergencies General Tail Rotor Problems Loss of Thrust Loss of Thrust in the Hover
339 339 339 340
Loss of Thrust in Forward Flight Loss of Control of Tail Rotor Thrust Diagnosis of the Situation Slip Ball Just Touching Right Side Slip Ball Fully Against Right Side Slip Ball Just to the Right of Center
Fires
342
Fires in the Cockpit
Not All Emergencies are in the Book Some Emergencies have Other Implications
When to Inflate Pop-out Floats To Those Who Write Emergency Procedures Emergencies Caused by Vibrations and Noise
32
340 340 340 341 341 341 342
342 342
342 343 343
Multi-Engine Helicopters
General Introduction Terms Other Differences Why are AEO and OEI Limits Different? Power Matching - Non–FADEC Engines Left Side vs. Right Side
OEI Performance
345 345 346 346 347 348
349
Level Flight Best Angle of Climb Airspeed (Again)
349 350
Engine Failures in Multi-Engine Helicopters
351
Engine–Related Emergencies Training Mode In FADEC Engines
Category A or Category B? Common Points About Category A Using Everything You’ve Got Different Profiles Approach and Landings Use of Contingency Power General Criteria for Takeoff Techniques
Heliport Takeoff Techniques Vertical Climb Back-Up Technique ‘Sideways Slide’ Technique Where to Practice Single Engine Techniques
351 353
353 354 355 355 356 357 357
357 357 358 358 358
33
Stability and Control of the Helicopter Weight and Balance Weight and CG Calculations Weight and Balance Effects
361 361 362
Inherent Sideslip Cross–Coupling of CG Effects Keel Area Ratio, or Weathercock Effect Fixed Floats Effect on Stability and Control Flight Controls
363 363 364 364 365
Friction Systems on Cockpit Controls
365
Viscous Damping of Control Systems Control Mixing
Equations of Motion Control Margin / Limitations on Controls Head and Mast Bending Moments Longitudinal Cyclic Forward Cyclic Aft Cyclic Lateral Cyclic Up Collective Down Collective Tail Rotor
Lesser Known Effects Cross–Coupling Lock Number Rotor Head Type Effect on CG Range
Solving Aerodynamic Problems Wings Rudders Horizontal Stabilizers Vertical Stabilizers End Plates Gurney Flaps and Blunt Trailing Edges Tail Boom Strakes More Aerodynamic Fixes
How We Control the Helicopter
365 366
366 366 366 367 367 367 367 367 367 368
368 368 368 369
369 369 370 370 370 370 370 371 371
371
34
Further Peculiarities of The Helicopter Introduction Vibrations Types Of Vibrations Determining The Type of Vibration Sources Solutions to Vibrations Solving Track and Balance Problems
Ground Resonance On Start-up Resonance During Landings or Takeoff
Tail Rotor Control
373 373 373 373 374 376 378
378 379 380
380
Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness
381
Wingovers or Crop Duster Turns Rapid Rolling Underslung Loads
382 385 385
Knowing How Much it Weighs Why No Cargo Hook Weighing Devices? Watching the Load Problems CRAP Method of Load Obedience Weird Underslung Loads Flight Path Planning Emergencies With Underslung Loads Training For Underslung Loads
385 386 386 387 387 387 388 388 388
xvii
Automatic Flight Control Systems and Underslung Loads 388 Uncommanded Jettison of Underslung Loads 389
High Altitude Flying Icing Why is Icing So Bad?
Snow Flying in Your Own Dust Mast Bumping Causes for Mast Bumping Too Much Sideslip Other Causes of Mast Bumping What to Do In the Event of Mast Bumping Training to Prevent Mast Bumping
Design Eye Point
35
390
391 391 391 392 393 393 393 393
394
Other Helicopter Types
Brief history
395
Coaxial Tandem Synchrocopter or Intermeshing Rotors
Coanda Effect
395 396 397
398
Main Blades Tail Boom
398 398
Tip Jets Kaman Servo–Flap Controls Replacing the Tail Rotor Fenestron/Ducted Tail Rotor NOTAR
Other Types
36
389 389
398 399 400 400 401
401
Night and Instrument Flying
Introduction Night Flying Engine Failures at Night Night Vision Goggles (NVG) The Myth of Night VFR
Autorotations at Night, in Clouds, etc. Instrument Flying Rules (IFR) GPS and IFR Helicopter Only Approaches
37
403 403 404 404 404
405 405 405 406 406 407
407 408 408 409
Automatic Flight Control
Systems Introduction
xviii
411
Definitions
411
Why install an AFCS? Hierarchy of an AFCS AFCS and the Big Picture of Control Internal vs. External Conditions Components of An AFCS Series Actuator Parallel Actuators Combined Systems
Types of AFCS
411 412 412 413 413 415 416 417
417
Rate Damping Systems 417 Stability Augmentation System (SAS) 418 Pilot Commanded Inputs 418 Retrimming 419 Stability and Control Augmentation Systems (SCAS). 419 Attitude Based Stabilization Systems 420 Hybrid Systems 421
Automatic Trim Systems AFCS ‘Upper’ Modes Definition Problems Attitude Datum Re-Adjustment Heading Hold and Coordinated Turns
Hover and Low Speed Forward Flight In-between Airspeeds
Autopilots
422 423
423 423 423
424
Basic Autopilot. Operational Autopilot. Altitude or Height Hold Radio/Radar Altitude Hold Speed Hold in the Low Airspeed Region Programmed Maneuver Complex Helicopter AFCS Automatic Transition to the Hover Transition from Cruise to Hover Radio Coupled Operations
Advanced Concepts Side Arm Controllers
Failures of the AFCS Minimum Height for Engaged AFCS AFCS Disconnect Switches
38
421 421 422
424 424 424 425 425 425 426 427 427 428
428 428
429 429 429
Miscellaneous Musings
Type Ratings How To Survive Technical Examinations
Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) Using GPS Intelligently How Best to Use the Magic
Myths of the Helicopter ’Tail Rotor Stall’ ‘Pendulum Effect’
431 431 431
431 432 432
433 433 433
’Stick Reversal’
Torque Limiters Health, etc. Smoking Fluids, Bodily Stress Glasses
Safety General Personal Equipment Helmets Immersion Suits
The Helicopter is Not a Winch or Bulldozer Good Examples vs. Bad Examples What Good Pilots Do
