CWB W47.1 Study Guide.pdf

CSA STANDARD W47.1-09 Study Guide

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CSA STANDARD W47.1-09

STUDY GUIDE

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CSA STANDARD W47.1-09 | STUDY GUIDE

CSA STANDARD W47.1-09 STUDY GUIDE In order to assist welding supervisors in their study of CSA Standard W47.1, the Canadian Welding Bureau has compiled this study guide. It includes questions with short answers, multiple choice and true or false exercise questions. The clause reference for the correct answer is shown in brackets followed by the answer. SHORT ANSWER FORMAT Clause 1 1. Question: Does CSA Standard W47.1 specify the requirements for a company seeking certification? Answer: (Cl. 1.1) This standard provides the requirements for the certification of companies engaged in the fusion welding of steel and the qualification of their personnel and welding procedures. Notes: (1) (2)

This certification may be mandatory or voluntary. This Standard is not intended for applications governed by codes such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and codes of the American Petroleum Institute (API).

2. Question: Who is responsible for the welded products a company produces? Answer: (Cl. 1.2) The requirements of this standard are based on the principle that a certified company has full responsibility for the quality of the welded product it produces and this responsibility cannot be transferred to its employed or retained personnel or to the administrator of this standard.

3. Question: Does this standard approve the products and services of a certified company? Answer: (Cl. 1.3) This standard governs the certification of companies. Certification pertains to the capability of the company with respect to welding. Certification should not be construed as approving any products or services of the certified company

4. Question: Answer: (a) (b) (c) (d)

What requirements are stipulated in CSA Standard W47.1? (Cl. 1.4) This Standard stipulates requirements for: welding engineers: welding supervisors: tack welders, welders, and welding operators; and documentation.


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Clause 2 5. Question: What standard or code reference publications are referred to in CSA Standard W47.1? Answer: (Cl. 2.1, 2.2) This Standard refers to the following publications, and where such reference is made, it shall be to the edition listed below, including all amendments published thereto: CSA (Canadian Standards Association) CAN/CSA-G30.18-M92 (R2007) Billet-steel bars for concrete reinforcement G40.20/G40.21-04 (R2009) General requirements for rolled or welded structural quality steel/Structural quality steel W48-06 Filler metals and allied materials for metal arc welding W59-03(R2008) Welded steel construction (metal arc welding) CAN/CSA-W117.2-06 Safety in welding, cutting, and allied processes W178.1-08 Certification of welding inspection organizations ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Materials) A 370-08a Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products E 10-07a Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials E23-07ae1 Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials AWS (American Welding Society) A3.0-01 Standard Definitions; Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying A5 Series Filler Metal Specifications

A5.12/A5.12M-98 (R2007) Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten-Alloy Electrodes for Arc Welding and Cutting

A5.18/A5.18M-05 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

A5.23/A5.23M-07 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding

A5.28/A5.28M-05 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

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D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code – Steel D1.3/D1.3.M Structural Welding Code – Sheet Steel D1.6/D1.6M Structural Welding Code – Stainless Steel SCC (Standards Council of Canada) CAN-P-4E General requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories

Clause 3 6. Question: What is the difference between “class” and “classification”? Answers: (Cl. 3) Class – a category of welder qualification, e.g., the flat (F), horizontal (H), vertical (V), or overhead welding (O) positions. Classification – refers to the various types of welding personnel. e.g., T, S, FW, ASW or WT

7. Question: What are the welding personnel classifications specified in CSA Standard W47.1? Answer: (Cl. 3) Classification – T, S, FW, ASW, or WT welding personnel as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

“T” refers to a welder’s and welding operator’s ability to weld from one side without backing and achieve complete penetration in the root pass, e.g., hollow section, pipe and plate. “S” refers to a welder’s and welding operator’s ability to weld plates and rolled or hollow sections for the full thickness of material, when welding from both sides with backgouging, or when welding from one side with backing, or for welding square groove welds from both sides, without backgouging, within the thickness limitations of the accepted welding procedure data sheets for the process used. “FW” refers to a welder’s and welding operator’s ability to deposit fillet welds and tack welds. “ASW” refers to a welder’s ability to deposit arc spot welds. “WT” refers to a welder’s ability to deposit tack welds.

8. Question: What is a Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS)? Answer: (Cl. 3) Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS) – a document, used in conjunction with a WPS, detailing the welding parameters and ranges for welding a specific joint, over a range of thicknesses and weld sizes, as illustrated on the data sheet.

9. Question: What are the responsibilities of a welding supervisor as defined in CSA Standard W47.1? Answer: (Cl. 3) Welding Supervisor – the company’s designated person(s) directly responsible for ensuring that qualified tack welders, welders, and welding operators weld in accordance with approved or accepted welding procedure data sheets in the shop and the field. (Also see Cl. 7.1)


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Clause 4

10. Question: Who administers CSA Standard W47.1? Answer: (Cl. 4.1) This Standard shall be administered by the Canadian Welding Bureau. 11. Question: For how long does a company’s certification remain in effect? Answer: (Cl. 4.5) Certification shall continue in effect subject to periodic verification by the Canadian Welding Bureau that the requirements of this Standard are being met. 12. Question: Can the Canadian Welding Bureau withdraw a company’s certification? Answer: (Cl. 4.6) For a company that is not meeting the requirements of certification, the Canadian Welding Bureau shall notify the individual identified in Clause 5.1.5 of the specific requirements that are not being met. The company shall demonstrate to the Canadian Welding Bureau within a reasonable period of time that the non-compliances have been resolved. In the event that a company does not resolve the noncompliances set out in the initial notification, the Canadian Welding Bureau shall notify the Chief Executive Officer, or a person designated by the Chief Executive Officer, that the company’s certification will be withdrawn if the non-compliances are not resolved. 13. Question: Can individuals seek an exemption from writing examinations? Answer: (Cl. 4.9) Where examinations are required, they shall be administered by the Canadian Welding Bureau. Individuals may seek exemption from these examinations on the basis of a combination of education, training, and experience comparable to formal courses of study in the subjects covered by the examinations. In the case of refusal of exemption, individuals may appeal to the Advisory Committee. Clause 5 14. Question: Does a company doing only erection work involving welding need a plant? Answer: (Cl. 5.1.2) A company doing only erection work involving welding need not have a plant but otherwise shall conform to all the requirements of this Standard in order to be certified. 15. Question: Can a company seek exemptions for certain welding techniques, processes, operations and specialized products? Answer: (Cl. 5.1.4) The requirements of this Standard may not be appropriate for certain welding techniques, processes, operations, and specialized products. A certified company, or a company applying for certification, may seek exemption from the requirements for welding procedure approval, and welder and welding operator testing and qualifications, for items such as, but not limited to:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

maintenance welding operations; friction welding; weld overlays; weld hardfacing; or products that utilize welding for non-strength sealing operations only.

Such exemptions, when granted, shall be clearly stipulated in the relevant documentation and shall not contravene the requirements of any regulatory requirements unless prior approval to do so is obtained from the regulatory authority.

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16. Question: Is each company required to designate an individual who has the responsibility for ensuring that the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1 are implemented and maintained? Answer: (Cl. 5.1.5) The company shall designate an individual who, irrespective of other responsibilities, shall have defined authority and responsibility for ensuring that the requirements of this Standard are implemented and maintained. 17. Question: Answer: (a) (b) (c)

Explain the difference between the 3 main divisions in which companies are certified. (Cl. 5.2) The differentiation of certified companies shall be based on the following: Division 1 – the company shall employ a welding engineer on a full-time basis; Division 2 – the company shall retain a welding engineer on a part-time basis; and Division 3 – the company is not required to employ or retain a welding engineer.

18. Question: Answer: (a) (b) (c)

What company personnel must meet the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1? (Cl. 5.4) The following personnel shall meet the requirements of this Standard: welding engineers for Division 1 and Division 2 companies; welding supervisors; and tack welders, welders, and welding operators.

19. Question: What information concerning the qualifications of its welding personnel must a company prepare, and keep on file for review by the Canadian Welding Bureau? Answer: (Cl. 5.5.2) The company shall prepare, and keep on file for review by the Canadian Welding Bureau, a report showing the following:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

the name of each tack welder, welder, and welding operator; the processes and welding position upon which each may be engaged; the expiry date of qualification; and the qualifying authority, if other than the Canadian Welding Bureau.

Each report shall clearly indicate any changes made during the preceding period. Clause 6 20. Question: Does a company in Division 1 or Division 2 require a welding engineer? Answer: (Cl. 6.1) Division 1 and Division 2 companies shall designate a welding engineer, in accordance with the requirements of Clause 5.2. 21. Question: How many years of welding related experience must welding engineers have in order to be employed in a Division 1 or retained for a Division 2 company? Answer: (Cl. 6.4.2 & 6.4.3) The employed welding engineer for a Division 1 company shall have a minimum of five years of welding-related experience in a company or companies producing steel weldments. (Cl. 6.4.2) The retained welding engineer for a Division 2 company shall have a minimum of five years of weldingrelated experience, of which at least three years involves experience related to welding procedures and practices. (Cl. 6.4.3)


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Clause 7 22. Question: What are the experience requirements and basic responsibilities of welding supervisors? Answer: (Cl. 7.1) The welding supervisor shall have a minimum of five years of welding-related experience pertinent to the company’s type of operations. Reduction in the required years of experience may be claimed on the basis of Clause 7.6. The welding supervisor shall ensure that the company’s personnel involved in welding are qualified and working with approved welding procedures in the shop and in the field. The welding supervisor may also perform training activities for probationary welders and shall ensure follow up on the shop floor. He/she shall keep an updated list of qualified welders. The welding supervisor may schedule qualification test sessions with the Canadian Welding Bureau for renewal or probationary welder qualification. The welding supervisor may contribute to the development of welding procedures. 23. Question: In addition to the five years of welding related experience and basic responsibilities, what other requirements are specified in CSA Standard W47.1 for welding supervisors? Answer: (Cl. 7.2–7.4) Each welding supervisor shall have a thorough knowledge of the company’s welding procedure specifications and related data sheets for processes with which he/she is involved, as well as a thorough knowledge of those portions of applicable standards pertaining to his/her normal work. (Cl. 7.2) Each welding supervisor shall be able to read drawings and properly interpret welding symbols and shall have a knowledge of weld faults, quality control, and inspection methods pertaining to his/her normal work. (Cl. 7.3) Each welding supervisor shall be familiar with the proper operation of the types of welding equipment for which he/she is responsible. (Cl. 7.4) 24. Question: For how long does a welding supervisor’s qualification remain in effect? Answer: (Cl. 7.7) If the welding supervisor is continuously employed in that position, his/her qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely unless there is a specific reason to question his/her capability to perform that function. 25. Question: Can a less qualified individual be delegated by the welding supervisor to assume his or her responsibilities? Answer: (Cl. 7.8) Where proper control of welding operations cannot be exercised by fully qualified welding supervisors, such control may be delegated by the welding supervisor(s) to a person of lesser qualifications acceptable to the Canadian Welding Bureau.

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Clause 8 26. Question: Answer: (a) (b) (c)

How are welding personnel qualified under CSA Standard W47.1? (Cl. 8.2.1) Welding personnel may be qualified on the basis of any of the following methods: by successfully meeting the qualification requirements specified in this Standard; by successfully performing a procedure qualification test in accordance with this Standard. In certain cases the qualification will be limited to that procedure and is only valid while the welder or welding operator remains employed by his/her employer at the time of qualification. This qualification shall be nontransferable. For cases where a procedure qualification test or combination of tests meets or exceeds the requirements for a particular classification, a transferable qualification may be issued; or by successfully meeting the qualification requirements specified in other recognized national or international standards. The qualification system and test requirements shall be similar to and meet or exceed the requirements of this Standard and be accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau. A qualification record providing evidence satisfactory to the Canadian Welding Bureau that previous qualification tests were successfully completed and duly witnessed by a qualified independent third party shall be provided for the qualification to be recognized. In this case, qualification shall include all conditions and limitations on the original qualification including remaining time of validity or the period of effectiveness of the qualification as specified in Clause 8.3.3.1, whichever is less. The qualification issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau shall be nontransferable.

27. Question: Can an unqualified welder or welding operator be used by a certified company to perform some of its production welding? Answer: (Cl. 8.2.3) A welder or welding operator who does not have a valid transferable or an appropriate nontransferable qualification identification document before being employed on production shall pass the appropriate welder qualification test assemblies for the positions to be welded in production under the direct supervision of the welding supervisor, who shall sign and date a declaration that the results are satisfactory to this effect and retain the fully identified specimens for later inspection by the Canadian Welding Bureau’s representative. Such a welder, welding operator, apprentice, or student shall be designated probationary and shall be so reported to the Canadian Welding Bureau for official test and in the interim shall be restricted to welding under supervision, in the positions successfully completed.

28. Question: Must all welding personnel qualification testing be witnessed by the Canadian Welding Bureau? Answer: (Cl. 8.2.4) Welding of the test assemblies shall be carried out in the presence of the Canadian Welding Bureau’s representative. Mechanical testing of the specimens shall be performed by any accredited testing organization (ATO), a welding inspection organization certified to CSA Standard W178.1 for mechanical testing, or other organizations or laboratories acceptable to the Canadian Welding Bureau; alternatively, the testing shall be witnessed by a Canadian Welding Bureau representative. Bending of the test specimen may be performed by the company; however, the evaluation of the test specimens shall be performed by the Canadian Welding Bureau. All radiographs shall be interpreted by the Canadian Welding Bureau.

29. Question: For how long is a tack welder’s qualification valid? Answer: (Cl. 8.3.2.1) A tack welder’s qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely (while the tack welder is employed by a certified company) unless there is a specific reason to question his/her ability or the period of validity is limited to a shorter period by the qualification granted under Clause 8.2.1.


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30. Question: For how long does a welder’s qualification remain in effect? Answer: (Cl. 8.3.3.1) A welder’s qualification shall remain in effect for two years unless there is a specific reason to question his/her ability or the period of validity is limited to a shorter period by the qualification granted under Clause 8.2.1. 31. Question: Can the Canadian Welding Bureau require a welder to be check-tested before his or her qualifications expire? Answer: (Cl. 8.3.3.2) In cases where the welder’s ability is questioned, he/she shall have his/her qualification suspended immediately and shall be required to pass a check test in the position and class held (see Tables 18, 19, and 20) before the qualification is reinstated. 32. Question: Can a welder’s qualifications be revoked? Answer: (Cl. 8.3.3.3) A welder’s qualification may be revoked by the Canadian Welding Bureau under the following conditions: (a) (b) (c)

when the welder is not engaged in a given process for a period of three months or more; when a welder having a transferable identification card leaves the employ of the company and is not re-employed by a certified company for a period longer than three months; or when a welder having a nontransferable identification card leaves the employ of the company with whom such qualification has been obtained.

33. Question: For how long does a welding operator’s qualification remain in effect? Answer: (Cl. 8.3.4.1) A welding operator’s qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely unless there is a specific reason to question his/her ability or the period of validity is limited to a shorter period by the qualification granted under Clause 8.2.1 or 8.5.5. 34. Question: Can a welder be granted an exemption from the two-year check test requirement? Answer: (Cl. 8.4.2) Welders may be granted an exemption from the two-year check testing requirement if the company can verify to the Canadian Welding Bureau’s satisfaction that: (a) (b)

the welder has continued to use the process in the class held throughout the previous two years and has used it in production within the last three months; and the welder maintains the requisite skills for the process. This can be demonstrated by providing radiographs or other suitable documentation to verify the welder’s ability to deposit sound weld metal consistently.

35. Question: Welding personnel who successfully complete a qualification test on one of the standard test assemblies specified in CSA Standard W47.1 are qualified for welding steel in what range of thickness or fillet size? Answer: (Cl. 8.5.1) Welding personnel qualifying on the test assemblies shown in Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12 shall be qualified for welding materials 3 mm (1/8 in) and above. Fillet weld tests shall qualify for all sizes of fillets (see Clause 8.5.5). 36. Question: Can welders qualify in a specific position if required without having to follow the normal progression of qualification from flat to horizontal etc.? Answer: (Cl. 8.5.6) If the testing requirements of Clause 8.5.1 are not appropriate for the company’s type of welding operations, the company may qualify welders and welding operators for welding in the appropriate position(s) only. The test assembly configurations shown in Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12, as appropriate,

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shall be used for the test. Such qualification shall qualify the welder or welding operator for welding in the appropriate classification and class only. The qualification shall be nontransferable. 37. Question: What types of identification documents are issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau? Answer: (Cl. 8.6.4) One of the following qualification identification documents, showing the qualification of the tack welder, welder, or welding operator, shall be issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau: (a) (b) (c)

a transferable identification card when qualification is based on standard test assemblies; a nontransferable identification card when qualification is for specific process applications; or if deemed more suitable, under exceptional circumstances, a letter in lieu of an identification card.

38. Question: Who owns the welding personnel identification cards? Answer: (Cl. 8.6.5) The cards are the property of the Canadian Welding Bureau and shall be returned upon request. The company shall be responsible for ensuring that these cards or copies thereof can be produced as proof that a tack welder, welder, or welding operator in its employ has valid qualifications. Clause 9 39. Question: Identify the welding processes that welding personnel can use to obtain a qualification. Answer: (Cl. 9.2.1) This Standard covers the qualification of welding personnel for the following processes:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

shielded metal arc welding (SMAW); flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and metal cored arc welding (MCAW); gas metal arc welding (GMAW); submerged arc welding (SAW); gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW); and electroslag welding (ESW) and electrogas welding (EGW).

Other welding processes may be used for the qualification. In such cases, the company shall adapt the general provisions of this Standard to the process being used. 40. Question: For the GMAW process, what change in mode of metal transfer requires a separate qualification? Answer: (Cl. 9.2.3) For the GMAW process, metal transfer includes the short-circuiting, globular, spray, and pulsed arc modes. A change to short-circuiting from globular, spray or pulsed arc, or vice versa, shall require a separate qualification. 41. Question: How many joint configuration options are there for the S classification SMAW, GMAW and GTAW test plate assembly? Answer: (Cl. 9.4.1.1) Full details of the standard test assemblies are shown in Figures 5 to 12. For S classification, three options available for testing are shown in Figures 8 and 9. Options 2 and 3 shall also require the welder or welding operator to qualify with a fillet weld for the same test position.


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42. Question: In which figure is the S Classification welder or welding operator plate test assembly shown for the SMAW process? Answer: (Cl. 9.4.1.1) Figure 8 43. Question: In which figure is the S Classification welder or welding operator plate test assembly shown for the FCAW and SAW processes? Answer: (CL. 9.4.1.1) Figure 9 44. Question: To qualify for the FW classification is a stop and restart required? Answer: (Cl. 9.4.2.2) For the welder or welding operator qualification fillet weld test, there shall be one stop and restart in the fillet as indicated in Figure 6. The fillet size shall not exceed 8mm (5/16 in). 45. Question: To qualify for the S classification is a stop and restart required in the root of the groove? Answer: (Cl. 9.4.3.3 & Figure 8) Yes. There shall be one stop and restart in the root pass of each weld indicated in Figures 8, 9, and 12, and in the root pass of the fillet weld in the location indicated in Figures 8 and 9 if the joint configuration in Option 1 is used. 46. Question: What are the various classifications welders, welding operators or tack welders obtain? Answer: (Cl. 9.6.1) The welding personnel shall be qualified in one or more of the following classifications (see Clause 3):

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

T classification; S classification; FW classification; ASW classification; and WT classification

47. Question: If a welder or welding operator has a qualification for the FW classification is he or she also qualified for S classification in the same process, class and mode? Answer: (Cl. 9.6.2) Qualification for T classification shall also qualify for the S, FW, and WT classifications in the same process, class, and mode. Qualification for S classification shall also qualify for the FW and WT classifications in the same process, class, and mode. Qualification for FW classification shall also qualify for WT classification in the same process, class, and mode. Qualification for WT classification shall qualify for WT classification only. Qualification for ASW classification shall qualify for ASW classification only. Qualification in S classification shall not be required before qualification for T classification. Qualification in FW classification shall not be required before qualification in the S or T classification. See Clause 9.7 for definition of mode of process. 48. Question: What are the modes of process application and qualification requirements associated with welding personnel qualification testing? Answer: (Cl. 9.7.1 & 9.7.2) The four modes of process application are listed below (separate qualification shall be required for each mode used by the welder or welding operator):

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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manual welding; semi-automatic welding; mechanized welding; and automatic welding.



See Clause 3. (Cl. 9.7.1) Welders qualified for semi-automatic welding shall be considered qualified for single electrode mechanized and automatic welding in the same process(es), subject to the conditions and limitations of their welder qualifications, except that the period of validity will be indefinite. (Cl. 9.7.2)

49. Question: Is a welder with a qualification for welding in the horizontal position permitted to weld in the overhead position? Answer: (Cl. 9.8) Welding personnel shall be qualified in and be permitted to weld in the position in which he/she has demonstrated his/her ability as follows:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

flat – capable of welding in the flat position and of making a fillet weld in the horizontal position; horizontal – capable of welding in the flat and horizontal positions; vertical – capable of welding in the flat, horizontal, and vertical positions; and overhead – capable of welding in the flat, horizontal, vertical, and overhead positions.

50. Question: If a welder is qualified on a standard W47.1 test assembly in the vertical-up position, is the welder allowed to weld vertically down? Answer: (Cl. 9.9.3) For welding personnel qualifying in the vertical position, the progression of the welding shall be vertically up. Vertical-down progression of welding shall require separate qualification except as noted herein. Welding personnel successfully qualified for vertical-up welding need not be separately qualified for: (a) (b) (c)

cover passes welded vertically down; root passes welded vertically down, if the root passes are completely removed by back gouging and back welded vertical-up; or vertical-down single-pass non-calculated stress welds less than 150 mm in length on material not exceeding 3.0 mm (1/8 in).

Welding personnel qualified for vertical-down progression of welding shall be issued a separate transferable identification document. 51. Question: Welders are qualified for the SMAW process in accordance with an electrode group designation. Where in CSA Standard W47.1 do you find the F group designations for SMAW electrodes? Answer: (Cl. 9.9.4) Table 1 52. Question: When using a semi-automatic welding process such as FCAW or GMAW, is a welder qualified to use electrodes and a shielding medium other than that used for the welder’s test? Answer: (Cl. 9.9.6) Welding personnel qualified with a certified electrode and shielding medium combination shall be considered qualified to weld or tack weld with any other certified electrode and shielding medium combination for the process used in the qualification. For the FCAW process, a qualification obtained with: (a) (b)

any self-shielded electrode also qualifies for all flux-cored and metal-cored gas-shielded electrodes; and any gas-shielded flux-cored or metal-cored electrode also qualifies for self-shielded electrodes.


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53. Question: Is a separate qualification required for welding on galvanized surfaces? Answer: (Cl. 9.9.7) Welding on galvanized surfaces shall require separate qualification. In such a case all provisions of Clause 9.4 shall be applicable except that the test assembly shall be of galvanized material.

54. Question: Can radiography be used to evaluate GMAW welder or welding operator qualification test plate assemblies? Answer: (Cl. 9.10.1.2) Radiographic examination may be used at the discretion of the company for all processes except for semi-automatic gas metal arc welding (GMAW), in which case only bend tests may be used.

55. Question: What portion of a standard SMAW welder’s qualification test plate assembly is evaluated if radiography is used to assess the welder’s test? Answer: (Cl. 9.10.1.3) For radiographic examination, where permitted, only the 150 mm (6 in) centre portion of the plate assembly shall be subject to quality appraisal, except that for the shielded metal arc (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc (GTAW) processes the length shall be 115 mm (4-1/2 in) 56. Question: If a welder’s qualification test assembly is assessed by bend testing, what surface discontinuities would constitute a failure in a bend specimen? Answer: (Cl. 9.11.1) For all specimens subjected to bend testing, the convex surface of the bent specimens shall be examined for the appearance of cracks or other open defects. For acceptance, surface discontinuities shall not exceed the following: (a) (b)

3 mm (1/8 in) measured in any direction; and 6 mm (1/4 in) on the corners, unless the corner crack resulted from visible slag inclusions or other fusion type discontinuities, in which case Item (a) shall apply.

The sum of the greatest dimensions of all discontinuities exceeding 1 mm (1/32 in) but less than or equal to 3 mm (1/8 in) shall not exceed 10 mm (3/8 in). 57. Question: What is the maximum single pass fillet weld size allowed for 1GF, 3GF and 4GF S classification welder qualification tests and what is the maximum permissible undercut? Answer: (Cl. 9.11.2, Figures 8 & 9) Where Option 1 of Figures 8 and 9 is used, the profile of the initial fillet and the final groove shall be visually examined and shall conform to the acceptable profiles shown in Figure 14. The maximum permissible undercut shall be 1 mm (1/32 in). The sizes of legs for the fillet weld (maximum 8 mm (5/16 in)) shall not vary by more than 2.0 mm (1/16 in). 58. Question: What are the standard welder test assemblies for S classification? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.2.2.1) The assembly for SMAW, GMAW, and GTAW shall be as shown in Figure 8 and for SAW, FCAW, and MCAW as shown in Figure 9. For qualification tests using the FCAW or MCAW process with an electrode diameter of 1.6 mm (1/16 in) or less, the test assembly shown in Figure 8 may be used. 59. Question: If an S classification SMAW or GMAW standard welder’s plate test assembly is assessed by bend testing, how many bend test specimens are required from each test assembly? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.2.3.1) For mechanical testing in the case of SMAW, GTAW, and GMAW processes, three guided-bend test specimens (two root- and one face-bend) shall be prepared from each test assembly at the locations shown in Figure 8. In the case of FCAW, MCAW, and SAW processes, three side-bend specimens shall be prepared from each test assembly at the locations shown in Figure 9.

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60. Question: What are the results required for a successful FW classification test? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.3.5.1 & 9.14.3.5.2) The fillet weld shall present a reasonably uniform appearance and shall be free of overlap and cracks. The maximum permissible undercut shall be 1 mm (1/32 in). (Cl. 9.14.3.5.1) The fractured surfaces shall exhibit complete penetration to the root of the joint and shall not contain inclusions or porosity greater than 2.5 mm (3/32 in) in the greatest dimension. (Cl. 9.14.3.5.2)

61. Question: Do tack welders have to be qualified? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.4.1) Tack welders shall be qualified for each welding process used for tacking. 62. Question: If a tack welder passes a fillet-weld break test, what is he or she allowed to weld? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.4.5.3) A tack welder who passes the fillet weld break test shall be eligible to tack weld all types of joints for the process and in the positions in which he/she has qualified.

63. Question: Is a welder with an ASW classification using the SMAW process also qualified for welding steel decking with the GMAW process? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.5.1) Arc spot welders shall be qualified for each process used. 64. Question: Welders qualifying for the ASW classification use the test assembly shown in what figure with the steel decking thickness selected from what table? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.5.2) Welders qualifying for arc spot welding on decking shall weld the test assemblies as shown in Figure 5, with the thicknesses selected from Table 21. 65. Question: What are the visual inspection requirements for welders qualifying for the ASW qualification? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.5.4) Each weld shall be visually examined after it has been deposited. The visual examination shall show:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

fusion of the deck to the supporting member; no cracks; a maximum reinforcement of 3 mm (1/8 in); a weld nugget that has been filled to at least the full thickness of the sheet(s); fusion around 100% of the weld’s circumference with no undercut; and no melt-through of the supporting member.

The outside diameter, d, of an arc spot weld shall be a minimum of 16 mm (5/16 in) nominal for single sheets of 18 gauge or thinner. Thicker single sheets and all double sheets shall have a nominal outside diameter of 20 mm (3/4 in). 66. Question: For welders qualifying for the ASW classification is visual inspection of the weld the only method used to evaluate the test assembly? Answer: (Cl. 9.14.5.5) No. Following visual inspection, the decking on each assembly (see Figure 5) shall be twisted around the weld using a force applied to the end of the decking until it is removed from the supporting steel by a failure of the weld or the decking.


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Clause 10

67. Question: Are certified companies required to have welding procedure specifications? Answer: (Cl. 10) The company shall have welding procedure specifications for each welding process in use, outlining the general welding procedure to be followed in the construction of weldments built in accordance with the governing design or manufacturing standard, or both. Each welding procedure specification shall include applicable essential variables. All welding procedure specifications shall be submitted to the Canadian Welding Bureau for acceptance and when stamped as accepted shall be considered as registered with the Canadian Welding Bureau. Clause 11 68. Question: Are certified companies required to have welding procedure data sheets? Answer: (Cl. 11.1.1) The company shall prepare welding procedure data sheets for welded joints used by the company in accordance with the requirements of this Standard. WPDSs shall be prepared by the company’s personnel for prequalified and non-prequalified joints and submitted to the Canadian Welding Bureau for review and acceptance. 69. Question: Information on WPSs and WPDSs should be made available to whom? Answer: (Cl. 11.1.1) Information included in the WPSs and WPDSs shall be made available, in any convenient form, for use by shop and field welding supervisors and other authorized personnel responsible for the execution of welding.

70. Question: What is the basis for acceptance of a WPDS? Answer: (Cl. 11.2.2) A WPDS shall be accepted based on the following: (a) (b)

the joint geometry and parameters are specified by the governing standard to be prequalified (e.g., CSA Standard W59, AWS Standard D1.1); or the joint geometry and parameters are qualified by successful procedure qualification tests recorded on a PQR. One or more of the following methods may be used:

(i) a company’s previous procedure qualification test data recorded on PQR; (ii) successful procedure qualification test data recorded on PQRs accumulated by the Canadian Welding Bureau; (iii) successful procedure qualification tests conducted in accordance with this Standard; (iv) successful procedure qualification tests conducted in accordance with other recognized specifications or standards; and (v) special successful procedure qualification tests recorded on PQRs* In certain circumstances, acceptance of the WPDS can require a combination of the above methods. *These tests are only valid for the specific conditions and ranges tested. 71. Question: Except for sheet steel, what is the minimum thickness considered qualified for a welding procedure? Answer: (Cl. 11.2.6) The minimum thickness considered qualified, except for sheet steel as specified in Clause 11.2.7, shall be that thickness for which the pertinent essential variables can be practically applied, but it shall be not less than 3 mm (1/8 in).

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72. Question: What information is typically listed on a PQR? Answer: (Cl. 11.3.1) A procedure qualification record (PQR) is a document that shall list all essential variable information recorded during the welding of the test assembly. It may also contain any additional information as appropriate and shall list the test results of the tested specimen(s). 73. Question: What are the 2 types of test groupings for welds specified in CSA Standard W47.1? Answer: (Cl. 11.4.1) Soundness and mechanical testing required by this Standard shall be as specified in Tables 9 and 10. Such tests shall include the following: (a) soundness tests: (i) mandatory tests: (1) visual examination; (2) root- and face- (transverse or longitudinal) bend test; (3) side- (transverse) bend test; and (4) macro-etch test; and (ii) optional tests: (1) radiography examination; (2) ultrasonic examination; or (3) other tests as specified in the contract or applicable governing application standard; and (b) mechanical tests: (i) mandatory test – a reduced section tension test; and (ii) optional tests; (1) Charpy V Notch (CVN) impact test; (2) Hardness test; and (3) Other tests as specified in the contract or applicable governing application standard. Details on Charpy V Notch (CVN) impact testing and hardness testing are included in Annex E for guidance. Alternatively, such details shall be as specified in the contract documents or applicable governing standards.

74. Question: Is an increase in filler metal strength considered an essential variable requiring a requalification of the procedure? Answer: (Cl. 11.4.3) Yes. The PQR mechanical test essential variable changes requiring a requalification for the SMAW, FCAW, MCAW, GMAW, SAW, GTAW, ESW, and EGW processes shall be as follows: (a) a change in the base metal steel group (number) as defined in Table 17; (b) a change in welding process; (c) an increase in filler metal classification strength level*; and (d) a change of thickness outside the range allowed by Table 13. *For the SMAW process, a strength level greater than E49XX requires requalification.

75. Question: What tables are used to specify the range of thickness and diameter qualifications from procedure qualification tests? Answer: (Cl. 11.4.5) The range of thickness and/or diameter and/or fillet weld sizes required to qualify a WPDS shall conform to Note 5 of Table 11 and to Table 13, 14, or 15.

76. Question: How are macro-etch specimens for partial penetration and fillet weld test assemblies evaluated? Answer: (Cl. 11.6.4.1) For partial joint penetration and fillet weld test assemblies, two transverse sections of the weld shall be cut, polished and etched with a suitable etchant to clearly reveal the weld fusion boundary as shown in Figures 23, 24, and 25. © Copyright CWB Group - Industry Services

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77. Question: When a procedure qualification test requires reduced section tension tests the test specimens must meet what minimum tensile strength? Answer: (Cl. 11.7.1.2 & 11.7.1.3) The tensile strength (averaged at each location in the case of multipletest specimens) shall not be less than the specified minimum ultimate strength of the weaker base material used in the test assembly. In the case of multiple-test specimens, no individual result at each location shall be lower than 95% of the specified minimum ultimate strength of the weaker base material if the specimen breaks in the base material outside the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ). (Cl. 11.7.1.2) If a filler metal of classification strength lower than the base metal strength used, the tensile strength of the test specimen shall not be less than the specified minimum ultimate strength of the lower strength filler material. (Cl. 11.7.1.3)

78. Question: What supporting material thickness is required when performing an arc spot procedure qualification test? Answer: (Cl. 11.9.2) All tests described in Clause 11.9 shall be performed on material of 3 mm (1/8 in) or less in thickness.

79. Question: An arc spot procedure qualification test has been successfully performed on steel decking of thickness T. For what thickness range will this test qualify the procedure? Answer: (Cl. 11.9.4.1) A test on a given decking thickness, T, shall qualify a procedure within the same scope of essential variables for materials in the range of 0.75T to 1.38T to a maximum of 3 mm (1/8 in).

80. Question: An arc spot procedure qualification test has been successfully performed on steel decking in the flat position. For what angle range will this test qualify the procedure? Answer: (Cl. 11.9.4.5) A test assembly welded in the flat position shall qualify for an angle inclined up to 15° from the horizontal. Angles in excess of 15° shall require separate qualification. Qualification at an angle in excess of 15° shall qualify for arc spot welding up to and including the angle tested.

81. Question: When performing an arc spot welding procedure qualification test what are the visual acceptance criteria? Answer: (Cl. 11.9.5.1) Each weld shall be visually examined after it has been deposited. The visual examination shall show:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

fusion of the deck to the supporting member; no cracks; a maximum reinforcement of 3 mm (1/8 in); a weld nugget that has been filled to at least the full thickness of the sheet(s); fusion around 100% of the weld’s circumference, with no undercut; and no melt-through of the supporting member.

The outside diameter, d, of an arc spot weld shall be a minimum of 16 mm (5/8 in) nominal for single sheets of 18 gauge or thinner. Thicker single sheets and all double sheets shall have a nominal outside diameter of 20 mm (3/4 in).

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Tables and Figures

82. Question: Why do welders, using the SMAW process, usually test with E4918 electrodes? Answer: (Table 1) Because E4918 is an F4 electrode, which qualifies the welder to weld with all other electrode group designations.

83. Question: To determine the qualification tests required for a particular class and classification which table in CSA Standard W47.1 would be used? Answer: Table 2 84. Question: If a welder has failed a particular qualification test, which tables in CSA Standard W47.1 are used to determine the subsequent retests in order to obtain the desired qualification? Answer: Tables 3, 4 & 5 apply to initial tests Tables 6, 7 & 8 apply to upgrading Tables 18, 19 & 20 apply to check testing 85. Question: In which figure is the tack welder’s test assembly shown? Answer: Figure 7

MULTIPLE CHOICE AND TRUE OR FALSE EXERCISES

The applicable clause from CSA Standard W47.1 is shown in brackets at the end of each question. The correct answer is shown in bold. Clause 1 1. CSA Standard W47.1 provides the requirements that must be met and adhered to by a company seeking certification. (Cl. 1.1) (a) True (b) False 2. Certification can be considered as an approval of the products fabricated by a certified company. (Cl. 1.3) (a) True (b) False Clause 3

3. What does “Class” refer to”? (Cl. 3) (a) “T”, “S”, “FW”, “ASW” or “WT” designation of welding personnel (b) Electrode groups (c) a category of welder qualification, e.g., F, H, V and O welding positions (d) Fillet and groove weld combined test plate assemblies © Copyright CWB Group - Industry Services

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4. What does “Classification” refer to? (Cl. 3) (a) Electrode Groups (b) F, H, V and O grade of welders or welding operators (c) “T”, “S”, “FW”, “ASW”, or “WT” designation of welding personnel (d) Fillet weld test assemblies Clause 4 5. What organization administers CSA Standard W47.1? (Cl. 4.1) (a) There is no administrator. (b) Canadian Standards Association (c) Canadian Welding Bureau

6. The Canadian Welding Bureau can withdraw a company’s certification if the company is NOT following the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1 (Cl. 4.6) (a) True (b) False

Clause 5

7. Must all welding performed by a certified company be done in accordance with the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1? (Cl. 5.1.3) (a) No, provided the welded products are approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities. (b) Yes, unless otherwise specified by an agreement between the purchaser and the fabricator, provided that such an agreement does not contravene the requirements of any governing by-law. (c) Not if a professional engineer states that the welding need not be carried out in accordance with CSA Standard W47.1. (d) Not if the Canadian Welding Bureau states that the welding need not be done in accordance with CSA Standard W47.1.

8. How many divisions of certification are specified in CSA Standard W47.1? (Cl. 5.2) (a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four

9. Is a company certified in Division 1 required to employ a full-time or retain a part-time welding engineer? (Cl. 5.2) (a) Retain a part-time welding engineer (b) Employ a full-time welding engineer (c) No engineer is required (d) Employ a full-time welding inspector only

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10. Is a company certified in Division 3 required to employ a full-time or retain a part-time welding engineer? (Cl. 5.2) (a) Employ a full-time welding engineer (b) Retain a part-time welding engineer (c) Retain part-time a welding engineer responsible to the company only for welding procedures and practice (d) No welding engineer is required.

11. CSA Standard W47.1 requires each designated plant, shop or section to meet the requirements of certification within this Standard with respect to welders, welding procedure specifications, welding procedure data sheets, welding supervisor and welding engineer, where applicable. (Cl. 5.1.1) (a) True (b) False

12. A company doing only erection work involving welding must have a plant in order to be certified to CSA Standard W47.1. (Cl. 5.1.2) (a) True (b) False

13. When must the company inform the Canadian Welding Bureau of any loss or change in welding engineering or supervisory personnel? (Cl. 5.5.1) (a) Immediately (b) After three months (c) After six months (d) The company does not have to inform the Canadian Welding Bureau as long as the personnel are replaced after a year.

14. The company shall designate an individual who, irrespective of other responsibilities, shall have defined authority and responsibility for ensuring that the requirements of CSA Standard W47.1are implemented and maintained. (Cl. 5.1.5) (a) True (b) False

Clause 6

15. What are the duties of the welding engineer? (Cl. 6.2) (a) Provide engineering support to the company as required. (b) Development of new welding procedures. (c) Preparation of WPSs and WPDSs. (d) Periodic reviews of the company’s welding practices. (e) All of the above.


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Clause 7

16. A welding supervisor with two years of fabrication experience is acceptable for a Division 1 company. (Cl. 7.1) (a) True (b) False

17. Each supervisor shall have knowledge of: (Cl. 7.3) (a) Weld faults (b) Quality control (c) Estimating (d) Both (a) and (b) pertaining to or directly related to his/her normal work.

18. Each supervisor shall be able to read drawings and to properly interpret welding symbols. (Cl. 7.3) (a) False (b) True

19. Who is responsible for ensuring that the companies personnel involved in welding are qualified and working with approved welding procedures in the shop and in the field? (Cl. 7.1) (a) The welders themselves (b) No one is responsible because the welders have shown their performance abilities when they qualified in accordance with the Standard (c) The welding supervisor (d) The welding engineer must ensure a satisfactory performance of welders in production welding through continuous guidance and instruction.

Clause 8

20. If there is a reason to doubt the welder’s ability, his/her qualification is suspended immediately and shall be required to pass a check test in the position and class held. (Cl. 8.3.3.2) (a) True (b) False

21. What types of identification cards are issued to welders by the Canadian Welding Bureau? (Cl. 8.6.4) (a) A transferable identification card when qualification is based on standard test assemblies. (b) A transferable identification card when qualification is based on non-standard test assemblies. (c) A nontransferable identification card when qualification is based on non-standard test assemblies. (d) A letter in lieu of an identification card. (e) (a), (c) and (d)

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22. Who owns the welder cards that are issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau? (Cl. 8.6.5) (a) The company (b) The welder (c) The Canadian Welding Bureau (d) The welding supervisor

23. Who is responsible for ensuring that the welder’s identification cards or copies thereof can be produced as proof that a welder has valid qualifications? (Cl. 8.6.5) (a) The welder (b) The Canadian Welding Bureau (c) The company (d) The welding supervisor

24. If a welder has qualified on a standard test assembly, what range of material thickness is he/she now qualified to weld? (Cl. 8.5.1) (a) 1.5 mm (1/16 in) and thicker (b) 3 mm (1/8 in) and thicker (c) Up to 5 mm (3/16 in) (d) 3 mm (1/8 in) to 12 mm (1/2 in)

25. For how long does a welder’s qualification remain in effect? (Cl. 8.3.3.1) (a) Indefinitely (b) Six months (c) One year (d) Two years

26. A welder’s qualification may be revoked by the Canadian Welding Bureau if the welder has NOT been engaged in a given process for a period of three months or more. (Cl. 8.3.3.3) (a) True (b) False

27. For how long does a welding operator’s qualification remain in effect? (Cl. 8.3.4.1) (a) Indefinitely, unless there is a reason to question his/her ability (b) Six months (c) One year (d) Two years

28. Tack welders must be qualified. (Cl. 8.1.1) (a) True (b) False


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29. For how long is a tack welder’s qualification valid? (Cl. 8.3.2.1) (a) One year (b) Two years (c) Indefinitely, unless there is a reason to question his/her ability (d) Five years

30. To what type of welding is a probationary welder restricted? (Cl. 8.2.3) (a) All production welding. (b) Field welding only. (c) Welding flat grooves and flat and horizontal fillets under supervision. (d) Welding under supervision, in the positions successfully completed. Clause 9

31. A change in the mode of metal transfer from short circuiting to spray or globular for the Gas Metal Arc Welding process requires a separate qualification. (Cl. 9.2.3) (a) True (b) False

32. How does a welder obtain a “T” classification? (Cl. 9.14.1.1.1) (a) By successfully completing a test on a complete joint penetration groove weld, which is welded from one side only, plus a fillet weld test plate assembly. (b) By successfully completing a test on a joint which has a backing bar or is welded from two sides with back gouging before welding the back side. (c) By successfully completing a test on a joint which is welded from two sides without gouging. (d) By successfully completing a test on a partial joint penetration groove weld. 33. Welding on galvanized surfaces requires a separate qualification: (Cl. 9.9.7) (a) True (b) False 34. Electrodes used for welding personnel qualification tests shall be certified by the Canadian Welding Bureau as conforming to the requirements of the latest edition of CSA Standard W48 or the appropriate AWS A5 series of standards. (Cl. 9.3) (a) True (b) False 35. What type of identification card is issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau to welders who qualify for the vertical-down progress of welding? (Cl. 9.9.3) (a) Transferable (b) Nontransferable (c) Letter (d) No card is issued because the welder did not qualify on a standard test assembly.

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36. In what positions must a welder be tested in order to qualify for FW classification, class O? (Cl. 9.8, Table 2, Figure 1) (a) 1F (b) 1F and 2F (c) 2F, 3F and 4F (d) 1F, 2F, 3F and 4F 37. What is the maximum fillet weld size that can be deposited on a FW qualification test assembly? (Cl. 9.4.2.2, Figure 6) (a) 3 mm (b) 5 mm (c) 6 mm (d) 8 mm 38. What portion of a standard SMAW welder’s test plate assembly is radiographed if radiography is used to assess the welder’s test? (Cl. 9.10.1.3) (a) All 150 mm (6 in) of weld (b) Centre 75 mm (3 in) of weld (c) Centre 115 mm (4-1/2 in) of weld (d) Outside 50 mm (2 in) of weld on both sides 39. Welding personnel qualification test assemblies cannot have a specified minimum yield strength greater than: (Cl. 9.5) (a) 150 MPa (21 ksi) (b) 250 MPa (36 ksi) (c) 300 MPa (44 ksi) (d) 350 MPa (50 ksi) 40. What is the maximum diameter of SMAW electrode that may be used for the standard tack welder’s qualification test? (Clause 9.14.4.2 and Figure 7) (a) 3 mm (b) 4 mm (c) 4.5 mm (d) 6 mm 41. Which one of the following electrodes is a Group F4 electrode? (Clause 9.9.4 and Table 1) (a) EXX28 (b) EXX14 (c) EXX18 (d) EXX11 42. What is the root opening of an Option 1 plate test assembly to be welded in the 2G position with the SMAW process? (Figure 8) (a) 6 mm (b) 8 mm (c) 12 mm (d) 13 mm


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43. What is the root opening of an Option 1, S classification, 10mm thick plate test assembly to be welded in the 1G position with the SMAW process? (Figure 8) (a) 6 mm (b) 8 mm (c) 13 mm (d) 16 mm 44. What is the root opening of an Option 1 welder qualification plate test assembly for the SAW process? (Figure 9) (a) 6 mm (b) 8 mm (c) 13 mm (d) 16 mm Clause 10 45. To whom are Welding Procedure Specifications and Welding Procedure Data Sheets submitted for approval? (Cl. 10 and 11.1.1) (a) The company’s welding engineer (b) The company’s welding supervisor (c) The Canadian Welding Bureau

46. The company must submit a separate Welding Procedure Specification for each welding process that is in use. (Cl. 10) (a) True (b) False Clause 11

47. What information should be included on a Welding Procedure Data Sheet? (Cl. 11.1.1, Annex C) (a) Current (b) Voltage (c) Joint configuration (d) Position of welding (e) All of the above 48. Which of the following is considered a PQR mechanical test essential variable for the Shielded Metal Arc Welding process? (Cl. 11.4.3) (a) An increase in filler metal strength level (b) A decrease in filler metal strength level (c) A decrease in the diameter of electrode (d) A change from one non-basic electrode to another non-basic electrode.

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49. Which of the following is a soundness test? (Cl. 11.4.1) (a) Root, face and side bend tests (b) Reduced section tension test (c) Macro-etch (d) Visual examination (e) (a), (c) & (d) 50. Which of the following is a mechanical test? (Cl. 11.4.1) (a) Reduced section tension test (b) Charpy V notch impact test (c) Hardness test (d) All of the above.


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Multiple Choice and True or False ANSWER KEY : CSA STANDARD W47.1-09 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (e) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (e) 22.(c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30.(d)

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Multiple Choice and True or False ANSWER KEY : CSA STANDARD W47.1-09 31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34.(a) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (e) 48. (a) 49. (e) 50. (d)


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CWB W47.1 Study Guide.pdf

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