Customary Laws -Shelly

FAMILY LAW PROJECT

 TOPIC : Marria+e and ,i-ore

under Pun/ab Customar! Law

Submitt Submitted ed To: Ms.Imrose Ms.Imrose Tiwana Submitted Submitte d ! : S"e##! Arora$ %&' .Com LL. ()ons.*

%0&1 2 %0&3

A4now#ed+ement I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout the course of this FAMILY LAW project. I am thankfu for the aspiring guidance! invaua"y constructive criticism and friend advice during the project work. I am sincerey gratefu to them for sharing their truthfu and iuminating views on a num"er of issues reated to the project. I wi strive to use gained skis and knowedge in the "est possi"e way! and I wi continue to work on their improvement. I express my warm thanks to my su"ject teacher Ms. Imrose #iwana for giving me opportunity to work on this topic and without her support and guidance !I woud have not competed this project. Furthermore I woud aso ike to acknowedge with much appreciation the crucia roe of the Li"rary staff of the department! who gave the permission to use a re$uired e$uipment! "ooks and necessary materia re$uired to compete the task! and thanks to a the peope who provided me with the faciities "eing re$uired and conductive conditions for my %indu aw project. . I choose this moment to acknowedge their contri"ution gratefuy.  A specia thanks goes to my cass mate! who hep me to assem"e the parts and gave suggestion a"out the task  . I aso acknowedge with a deep sense of reverence! my gratitude towards my parents and mem"ers of my famiy! who has aways a supported me moray as we as economicay.  Any omission in this "rief acknowedgement does not mean ack of gratitude.

&hey Arora

C5STOMARY LAWS In India $ustoms "as been reo+ni6ed as transendenta# #aw$ i.e. ustoms o-er2rides t"e 7ersona# #aw. 5nder )indu Law it "as been t"e estab#is"ed ru#e t"at 8#ear 7roo9 o9 ustoms wi## o-erwei+" t"e written tet o9 #aw8.& In India$ ustoms "as been 9our t!7es : ustoms o9 aste (t"is e7ression is re#e-ant in res7et o9 )indus* or tribes ( t"is e7ression is re#e-ant to Pun/ab*$ #oa# ustoms$ 9ami#! ustoms and ustoms o9 mer"ants and traders. 5nder Pun/ab ustomar! #aw t"e t"ree 9o#d di-ision o9 ustom into triba# ustom$ #oa# ustom and 9ami#! ustom eists on#! in a -er! broad sense$ ot"erwise$ strit#! s7ea4in+$ ustoms in Pun/ab is neit"er triba#$ nor #oa# nor 9ami#ia#. In a sense it is bot" #oa# and triba#$ but it ma! -ar! 9rom tribe to tribe and 9rom Te"si# to Te"si#. % In Pun/ab t"e ustom is not +enera# eit"er 2+enera# in t"e sense t"at an! 7artiu#ar ustom bein+ a77#iab#e to a## Pun/abis. Customs in Pun/ab is 7redominant#! triba#. ut t"is +enera# statement o9 #aw "as to be ae7ted wit" a 7in" o9 sa#t.  T"e ;uestion w"et"er a ustom is #oa# or triba# beomes im7ortant w"en we onsider t"e ;uestion o9 7roo9 o9 ustom. T"e di<u#ties arise as it annot be said ate+oria##! t"at members o9 a triba# w"ere-er t"e! ma! be are neessari#! +o-erned b! t"e same ustom or t"at t"e 7eo7#e #i-in+ in a #oa#it! are +o-erned b! t"e same #oa# ustom.  T"e matter o9 t"e 9at is t"at t"e ustom in t"e Pun/ab uts aross ea" ot"er : in a sense it is bot" #oa# and triba# and in sense it is neit"er #oa# nor triba#. ' (oector of Madura Motoo )amainga *'+,+- ' MIA /01. 2aras 3iwan! (ustomary Law *2anja" 4niversity! (handigarh 5 &hu"hash (hander-! .

  Mara v. #ikko AI) '0,6 &( '+'.'.

It is interestin+ to note t"at t"e term 8ustomar! #aws8 "as ome into -o+ue and w"ene-er we re9er to t"e Pun/ab ustoms we a## t"e 8Pun/ab Customar! Law8. T"e term 8 Pun/ab Customar! #aw8$ is used sine it re9ers to bod! o9 ru#es w"i" +o-erns Pun/ab tribes. and it is as mu" bindin+ and en9oreab#e as ru#e o9 #aw.

MARRIA=E Wit" t"e omin+ into 9ore o9 t"e S"ari> at At &?'@ a -er! #itt#e o9 ustomar! #aw o9 marria+e "as been #e9t w"i" a77#ied to Mus#im tribes. Wit" t"e omin+ into 9ore o9 t"e )indu Marria+e At &?33 on#! a 9ew areas o9 ustomar! #aws o9 marria+e "a-e been o7erati-e.

CONCEPT OF MARRIAGE ,es7ite t"e s7read o9 )induism$ t"e triba# Pun/ab retained its ustomar! #aw o9 marria+e a#most intat$ wit" t"e resu#t t"at t"e ustomar! #aw remained a seu#ar #aw$ and t"e notions o9 marria+e as a saramenta# union and "o#! bond did not in-ade ustomar! #aw$. Some )indu tribes on-erted to Is#am$ but in t"eir seu#ar matters re#atin+ to marria+e $ are +o-erned b! ustoms. Marria+e under ustomar! #aw "as been a -er! sim7#e aair. It is based in t"e mutua# onsent o9 t"e 7arties to marria+e or t"eir +uardians w"en 7arties are minors. T"us$ marria+e under Pun/ab ustomar! #aw "as been essentia##! a ontratua# union. It "as been t"e onsidered -iew o9 t"e Pun/ab C"ie9 Court t"at amon+ ertain tribes 8e-en i9 no eremonies are 7er9ormed$ and t"e onnetion "as been #on+ estab#is"ed and t"e woman treated as a wi9e b! t"e man and reo+ni6ed b! t"e bradari t"en it was treated as a -a#id marria+e.8' )owe-er$ t"is does not mean t"at a## ustomar! marria+es are wit"out an! ritua#s and eremonies. Some 7artiu#ar#! t"e "i+" aste )indus$ 7er9orm most o9 t"e )indu ritua#s and eremonies. W"at is em7"asi6ed "ere is t"at under t"e Pun/ab ustomar! #aw a marria+e b! mutua# onsent 9o##owed b! o"abitation e-en wit"out t"e 7er9ormane o9 an! ritua#s and eremonies is a#so -a#id. 1 /  &ahi" 3itta v. 7ea 89 2) '099. 6  %arnam &ingh v. 7hagi AI) '0/, Lah ,' .

FORMS OF MARRIA=E Strit#! s7ea4in+$ t"ere are no 9orms o9 marria+e under ustomar! #aw as we ta#4 o9 t"em under )indu #aw. ,ierent tribes 9o##ow dierent 9orma#ities and i9 we #assi9! t"em in aordane to 9orma#ities t"eir number wi## run into se-era# sores. )owe-er$ t"ere are two 9orms o9 marria+e.

BAREWA MARRIA=E In t"e #etter and s7irit o9 #aw $ t"e karewa marria+e is essentia##! a marria+e b! mutua# onsent wit"out t"e 7er9ormane o9 an! eremonies w"atsoe-er. W"en a man and woman a+ree to #i-e as "usband and wi9e and o"abit as su"$ a -a#id marria+e resu#ts between t"e two. Most#! su" marria+es are 7er9ormed in #ow aste )indus. ut sometimes "i+" aste )indus a#so 7er9orm karewa marriage. In such marriages women is usuay a widow! divorcee or a"andoned woman. Among :at tri"es marriage with a widow * usuay with a "rother;s widow- in this form is very common. here under the woman "ears him chidren! such chidren are accepted as egitimate chidren in a respects ! and the "rothers widow gets the status of wife. 8 In some cases it has "een stated that the pure 7rahamans and )ajputs do not enter into such marriage.

It is su"mitted that a kawera marriage can take pace with any woman! reative or stranger! though usuay the woman is a widow! divorcee or a a"andoned wife. What distinguish the 8  As
kawera marriage from others is that no ceremonies * even a sem"ance of ceremonywhatsoever are re$uired to "e performed and mere coha"itation gives rise to marriage conferring on the parties the status of wife and hus"and and egitimacy on the chidren of such marriage. In short ! in the eyes of aw it is perfecty vaid marriage.

C)A,AR2 A,ADI MARRIA=E Remarria+e o9 widows "as a## a#on+ eisted ommon#!$ and t"e chadarandazi, in which the the ceremonial has been reduced to the very minimum, is one of the recognized form of the marriage. In the Rattigan's Digest the statement of law is thus made :  ! "awera marria+e amon+ t"e /ats usua##! ta4es 7#ae in t"e chadarandazi 9orm w"i" means t"rowin+ t"e "adar o-er t"e ou7#e about to be married 8. t"e marria+e under t"is 9orms ta4es 7#ae in se-era# modes. T"e two ommon modes are : (&* t"e 9our orners o9 "adar are tied and some saint#! 7erson or re#ati-es s7read o-er bride and bride+room at 7#ae w"ere t"e! are seated to be married. (%* in anot"er mode t"e bride+room 7#aes t"e "adar o-er t"e bride w"o omes under it. T"e 7#ain+ t"e "adar o-er t"e woman and its ae7tane b! "er or t"e omin+ o9 t"e bride and bride+room under t"e "adar$ is a mode o9 e7ression o9 intention b! 7arties to #i-e to+et"er as "usband and wi9e. it is a t!7e o9 ontratua# union : P#ain+ t"e "adar on woman b! man 2 ma4in+ a PROPOSAL Ae7tane o9 t"e "adar b! woman 2 ACCEPTACE ut in chadar - andazi as we## in kawera marria+e it is t"e CO)AITATIO w"i" resu#ts into t"e marria+e. One t"is 9orm o9 marria+e is estab#is"ed it on9ers t"e status o9 "usband and wi9e on t"e 7arties$ and t"e #e+itima! on t"e "i#dren o9 t"e marria+e. It an be 7er9ormed wit" a tota# stran+er. In ,a#i7 Baur -. Fatti@ it was 7er9ormed b! a Si4" /at wit" a Mus#im woman on-ert to Si4"ism.

, 3igest * ',th ed.-! 61,.

1 3aip
6.

CAPACITY TO MARRY  T"e a7ait! to )indus to marr! is now +o-erned b! t"e )indu Marria+e At &?33. )owe-er$ #auses (i-* and (-* o9 setion 3$ )indu Marria+e At #a! down t"at in t"e matter o9 #a$inda re#ations"i7 and de+rees o9 7ro"ibited re#ations"i7 7arties ma! sti## be +o-erned b! ustom 7ro-ided t"e! are +o-erned be9ore t"e omin+ into 9ore o9 t"e )indu Marria+e At. ITER CASTE A, SA=OTRA MARRIA=ES : 5nder ustomar! #aw inter 2 aste marria+es were not 7ermitted as a ru#e. Marria+es wit"in same got were onsidered in-a#id. T"e +enera# ru#e was t"at t"e 7erson annot marr! a woman be#on+ed to "is got. Some tribes "e#d t"at one annot marr! a women w"o be#on+ed to one>s mot"er>s$ 9at"er>s mot"er>s$ and mot"er>s mot"er>s got. !mon+ some tribes and astes t"ere "as been a we## reo+ni6ed ustom under w"i" sa+otra marria+es were -a#id. A9ter omin+ o9 )indu marria+e at &?33 $ t"e 7ro"ibitions o9 inter 2 aste$ inter sub aste$ and inter tribe "a-e been done awa!$ now 8 AY TWO )I,5S CA MARRY8. )owe-er $ )indu annot marr! a non2 )indu. Amon+ t"e Mus#ims tribes inter2 set and inter2 s"oo# marria+es "a-e been -a#id and are sti## -a#id. A Sunni ma#e an -a#id#! ontrat a marria+e wit" a 4itabia but OT wit" an ido#2 wors"i77er or re2 wors"i77er. T"is t!7e o9 marria+e is not -oid but mere#! irre+u#ar. T"e s"i>as are more ri+id$ and neit"er a s"i>a ma#e nor a s"i>a 9ema#e an marr! a non2 Mus#im.

A=E : 5nder )indu Law$ Mus#im Law$ and under Customar! Law$ marria+e o9 minors "a-e been -a#id. Hindu law 2 t"e )indu marria+e at &?33 #a!s down t"at a ma#e be#ow a+e o9 &G and a 9ema#e be#ow a+e o9 &3 annot marr! $ and i9 t"e +ir# is be#ow t"e a+e o9 &G t"e onsent o9 +uardian is neessar!. ow t"e matter is sub/et to t"e 7ro-isions #aid under C"i#d Marria+e Restraint At &?@G w"i" sa!s t"at ma#e be#ow t"e a+e o9 %& and a 9ema#e be#ow t"e a+e o9 &G annot marr!.

Muslim law - A ma#e or a 9ema#e be#ow t"e a+e o9 7ubert! an marr! on#! wit" t"e onsent o9 t"e +uardian. Customary law - ru#e "as been t"at 9or t"e marria+e o9 minor$ t"e onsent

o9 +uardian is neessar!. I9 t"e bride or bride+room is ma/or$ "is or "er onsent$ as t"e ase ma! be$ is neessar!. 3. I=AMY : 5nder ustomar! #aw$ a )indu ma#e "as 7ermitted to ta4e more t"an one wi9e and a Mus#im ma#e was 7ermitted to "a-e 9our wi-es at a time. A9ter omin+ into 9ore o9 t"e )indu Marria+e At &?33$ no )indu an ta4e a seond s7ouse$ and bi+am! ( bot" 7o#!andr! and 7o#!+am!* "a-e been made 7ena# oenes$ and a 7art! +ui#t! o9 bi+am! an be 7roseutes under Setions 1?1 and 1?3$ Indian Pena# Code. Mus#im an sti## "a-e 9our wi-es. Ratti+an>s ,i+est sa!s t"at 8unti# t"e 9ormer marria+e is -a#id#! set aside$ a woman annot marr! a seond time8. G

MARRIA=E WIT) A WI,OW : In Ratti+an>s ,i+est it is stated$ 8T"e woman amon+st t"e t"ree su7erior #asses o9 )indus must not be dharel o9 t"e widow o9 anot"er manH.? It "as been an estab#is"ed 7re7osition t"at amon+ t"e #ower astes$ widow marria+es "a-e been -er! ommon and -a#id. A#t"ou+" t"ere is no diret 7ro"ibition o9 marria+e between t"e 9at"er 2 in 2 #aw and widowed dau+"ter2 in 2 #aw amon+ t"e #ower astes$ but it is onsidered to be re7u+nant to +ood mora#s and t"ere9ore$ is not -a#id. ut in Ja+inder Sin+" -.Bartara&0$ su" marria+e was "e#d #iab#e.

METAL CAPACITY : + 3igest *', ed.-! 2ara 16! p. 61/. 0 3igest ! 2ara 19 *d-! p.6,,. '9 AI) '0/, Lah 88'

,.

 T"ere is not mu" disussion w"et"er menta# a7ait! is neessar!. ut in a series o9 ase it "as been #aid down t"at i9 7arties are ad!#t t"eir onsent is neessar!. In t"is res7et $ now t"e )indus are +o-erned b! t"e )indu Marria+e At &?33 setion 3 (ii* #a!s down t"e terms.

PRO)IITE, RELATIOS)IP :  T"e modern )indu #aw 7uts t"e 7ro"ibition 9or marria+e on t"e basis o9 re#ation inder two ate+ories : (a*Sa7inda re#ations"i7$ (b*,e+rees o9 7ro"ibited re#ations"i7.  T"e sa7inda re#ations"i7 wit" re9erene to a 7erson etends as 9ar as t"e 9t"  ( in#usi-e* in #ine asent t"rou+" t"e 9at"er$ and t"e t"ird +eneration (in#usi-e* in t"e #ine o9 asent$ t"e #ine bein+ traed u7ward in ea" ase 9rom t"e 7erson onerned w"o is ounted as t"e rst +enerationH.  Two 7erson are said to be wit"in t"e de+rees o9 7ro"ibited re#ations"i7H. (i* I9 one was wi9e or "usband o9 #inea# asendant or desendant o9 t"e ot"er. (ii* I9 one was t"e wi9e o9 t"e brot"er or o9 t"e 9at"ers or mot"ers brot"er or o9 t"e +rand9at"ers or +randmot"ers brot"er o9 t"e ot"er$ or (iii* I9 t"e two are brot"er and sister$ un#e and niee$ aunt and ne7"ew$ or "i#dren o9 brot"er and sister or o9 t"e two brot"ers or o9 t"e two sisters. &&

'' &ection / *g-! %indu Marriage Act '088. 1.

5nder Pun/ab ustoms$ amon+ se-era# tribes$ marria+e between two 7erson w"i" are eit"er sa$indas to ea" ot"er or are wit"in t"e de+rees o9 7ro"ibited re#ations"i7 is reo+ni6ed. For instane$ marria+e wit" t"e mot"ers sisters dau+"ter or 9at"ers sisters dau+"ter or sisters dau+"ter is 7ermitted in some tribes. 5nder Mus#im #aw $ t"ere is a#so 7ro"ibition wit" ertain re#ations w"i" 9a## under -e ate+ories: (i* (ii* (iii* (i-* (-*

Consan+uinit! A
CEREMOIES OF MARRIA=E : In res7et o9 re;uirement o9 9orma#ities o9 t"e marria+e one o9ten nds t"e 9o##owin+ statement$ KAs a +enera# ru#e$ no 7artiu#ar 9orm o9 eremon! is neessar!$ e-en amon+ "i+"er astes$ to onstitute a marria+e. In 9at$ it is not t"e eremonies but t"e onsent o9 t"e 7arties w"i" onstitute marria+e.H &% Marria+e under ustomar! #aw ma! be so#emni6ed in t"ree modes : (i*

(ii*

(iii*

First#!$ t"e re#i+ious or saramenta# eremonies are re;uired to be 7er9ormed in t"e "i+"er #asses o9 )indus w"en t"e! 7er9orm a re+u#ar or norma# marria+e. Seond#!$ some 9orma# and seu#ar eremonies are to be 7er9ormed tribes 9or t"e 7er9ormane o9 norma# and re+u#ar marria+e (in#uded t"e Mus#im tribes*. T"ird#!$ no eremonies w"atsoe-er are re;uired to be 7er9ormed in some tribes mere intention to #i-e to+et"er as "usband and wi9e

' )ustomji! A #reatise on (ustomary Law *'060-! ,1. +.

9o##owed b! o"abitation is enou+" (usua##! in #ower tribes  4arewa and "adar 2anda6i marria+e* .

,IORCE At a time$ w"en di-ore was not reo+ni6ed under )indu Law$ )indus annot obtain di-ore on#! i9 a ustom +o-ernin+ t"em a##owed di-ore. T"at marria+e is a ontratua# union nds its 9u## mani9estation under ustomar! #aw in t"e -er! sim7#e modes o9 di-ore$ in#udin+ di-ore b! mutua# onsent. Ot"er matrimonia# re#ie9s$ su" as nu##it! o9 marria+e$ /udiia# se7aration and restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts$ were un4nown to ustomar! #aw. ,IORCE : As to t"e ustomar! di-ore t"e #aw "as been stated b! Ratti+an in 7aras. @% and @'. Para @% runs : Amon+st Mu"ammaden o9 a## #asses a man ma! di-ore a wi9e wit"out assi+nin+ an! reason but t"is 7ower$ in t"e absene o9 s7eia# ustom$ is not a##owed to )indus$ nor to 9ema#es o9 an! #ass. Para @' runs : 5nti# t"e 9ormer marria+e is -a#id#! set aside a woman annot marr! a seond "usband in t"e #i9etime o9 "er rst "usband. 5nder ustomar! #aw no 9orma# 9orum o9 di-ore is 7ro-ided. It ma! be obtained t"rou+" a  $anchayat or 9rom 9ami#! tribuna#$ or b! 7ri-ate at o9 7arties su" as b! a+reement$ ora# or written $ or b! bi## o9 di-orement su" as tyag $atra or farkat nama. o s7ei +rounds o9 di-ore are reo+ni6ed. ,i-ore ma! be obtained b! mutua# onsent. It a77ears$ most /at tribes reo+ni6e eas! mode o9 di-ore. In some di-ore is in writin+$ in some it is ora#. WRITTE ,IORCE :

Some tribes$ su" as ="uman /ats$ insist t"at t"e di-ore must be in writin+. In su" ases it is not neessar! to state t"e +rounds o9 di-ore. Most#!$ in su" a ase di-ore is uni#atera# w"ene-er t"e "usband wants to di-ore "is wi9e $ "e writes a t!a+ 7atra ( in ase o9 )indu tribes* or 9ar4at nama (in ase o9 Mus#im tribe*. )owe-er$ t"ere is no ri+idit!. It must be #ear#! understood t"at ustomar! #aw does not 7resribe ant 9orm written deed must #ear#! e7ress t"e intention to di-ore. W"en di-ore is reo+ni6ed it is -a#id$ and t"e woman is 9ree to remarr!. RE5CIATIO$ AA,OMET OR REP5,IATIO : Amon+ se-era# tribes and ommunities $ 7artiu#ar#! t"e Jat tribes$ a "usband "as t"e 7ower to re7udiate t"e marria+e. In LAC))5 -. ,AL SI=) w"ere 7arties were ="uman /ats o9 =urdas7ur te"si#$ Roe$ CJ obser-ed:  It is in no wa! re7u+nant to t"e s7irit o9 t"is #aw t"at a man w"o ta4es a wi9e s"ou#d "a-e t"e 7ower o9 re7udiatin+ "er and t"at$ w"en so re7udiated$ s"e s"ou#d be 9ree to marr! anot"er manH. In some ases -iew "as been e7ressed t"at mere abandonment o9 t"e wi9e b! t"e "usband does not #ead to automati di-ore$ and i9 t"e abandonment wi9e #i-es wit" anot"er man as "is wi9e$ t"e seond marria+e wi## not be reo+ni6ed. Amon+ some astes$ /ust as  zargars o9 =urdas7ur ,istrit abandonment or desertion o9 t"e wi9e b! t"e "usband does not #ead to di-ore. ENP5LSIO FROM CASTES : E7u#sion o9 t"e "usband 9rom t"e aste does not #ead to di-ore$ and t"e wi9e annot re9use to #i-e wit" t"e "usband. ?.

IMMORALITY $ 5C)ASTITY $ A,5LTERY OR COERSIO : Amon+ some tribes t"e "usband an di-ore "is wi9e on t"e +round o9 un"astit!$ immora#it! or adu#ter!. In "an Baur -. Is"er Sin+" &' t"e ourt reo+ni6ed t"at amon+ Ma#er4ot#a Jats t"e "usband "as t"e 7ower to di-ore a wi9e w"o is immora# or w"o ommitted adu#ter! or w"o on-erted to anot"er re#i+ion. APOSTASY : '/  '08+ 2L) '/,

e9ore t"e omin+ into 9ore o9 t"e ,isso#ution o9 Mus#im Marria+e At &?'?$ t"e 7osition was t"at a7ostas! ( on-ersion to anot"er re#i+ion * o9 eit"er "usband or wi9e o7erated as an instant disso#ution o9 marria+e.&1 T"is was a#so t"e 7osition amon+ t"e Mus#im tribes o9 Pun/ab. ow$ under t"e )indu Marria+e At &?33$ t"e on-ersion o9 wi9e or "usband entit#es t"e ot"er 7art! to sue 9or di-ore. &3 ,IORCE Y M5T5AL COSET :  T"e ustomar! #aw reo+ni6es di-ore b! mutua# onsent. Sometimes su" di-ores are in writin+ and sometimes t"ese are ora#. Sometimes t"e onsent o9 t"e "usband is obtained b! ma4in+ 7a!ment to t"e "usband o9 t"e atua# e7enses o9 t"e marria+e. Su" a di-ore is -a#id. ut t"e marria+e wit" woman w"ose "usband is a#i-e e-en wit" t"e 4now#ed+e o9 t"e #atter is not -a#id. RESTIT5TIO OF COJ5=AL RI=)TS :  T"e matrimonia# re#ie9 o9 restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts was made a-ai#ab#e to a## ommunities at an ear#! 7eriod o9 ritis" ru#e in India. A7art 9rom t"e statuses $ t"e remed! o9 restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts is a-ai#ab#e under t"e +enera# #aw b! a suit 9or restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts in t"e #owest i-i# ourts. T"ere is no 7eriod o9 #imitation wit"in w"i" a suite o9 restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts ma! be ##ed. In a -iew o9 t"is$ Para @? o9 Ratti+ans ,i+est w"i" #a!s down t"at a suite 9or restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts must be ##ed wit"in two !ears 9rom t"e time w"en restitution is demanded and re9used$ "as beome obso#ete and states t"e #aw.  T"e remed! o9 restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts is nor reo+ni6ed under ustomar! #aw. Sine t"e! are no ustoms in an! tribes w"i" reo+ni6ed an!t"in+ #i4e t"is. (i* Sometimes 7an"a!at or bradari 7ersuades unwi##in+ wi9e to +o to "usband. (ii* Made a-ai#ab#e to a## ommunities at an ear#! 7eriod o9 ritis" ru#e in India. '6 Ameer Ai. Mohammaden Law *8 th ed.- II! /++. '8 &ection '/ *'- *ii-! %indu Marriage Act '088. '=.

(iii* (i-* (-*

ow a-ai#ab#e under a## statutes o9 )indu marria+e at &?33. Mus#im an obtain t"is re#ie9 b! ##in+ a suite in t"e i-i# ourt o9 #owest /urisdition. Amon+ t"e )indu /ats and Mus#im =u/a+rs a minor "usband is not in ti#ted to restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts.

CASE : 5TTI . )EERA SI=)

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 T"e ourt said t"at a "usband w"o "as abandoned "is wi9e is not in ti#ted to restitution o9 on/u+a# ri+"ts. T"e ourt obser-ed t"at sine t"e "usband$ b! a written deed$ "ad stated t"at "e +a-e "er u7$ "a-e no 9urt"er #aim u7on "er and t"at anot"er man mi+"t marr! "er$ "e ou#d not "a-e "is wi9e ba4. OPTIO OF P5ERTY In Ratti+ans di+est$ Para @& it is stated :  a marria+e one #e+a##! 7er9ormed between two adu#ts annot be re7udiated ee7t b! t"e eerise o9 di-ore w"ere su" eistsH. 5nder ustomar! #aw onsummation o9 marria+e is nor neessar! 9or -a#idatin+ a marria+e. W"en a Mus#im minor is +i-en in marria+e b! a +uardian ot"er t"an a 9at"er o9 +rand9at"er$ it "as t"e ri+"t to re7udiate t"e marria+e on attainin+ ma/orit! assi+nin+ an! reason. T"is is 4nown as o7tion o9 7ubert! 9or t"e eerise o9 o7tion o9 7ubert!$ t"e 9o##owin+ two onditions must be 9u###ed: (i* (ii*

T"e o7tion must be eerised on attainin+ on 7ubert!$ and T"e marria+e s"ou#d not "a-e been onsummated.

ow $ C"i#d Marria+e (Amendment* At &?@G wi## now at on t"e #aw o9 a+e o9 marria+e under -arious 7ersona# #aws.

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ib#io+ra7"! BOOKS  !i"

,iwan Paras $HCustomar! Law o9 Pun/ab and )ar!anaH. Pan/ab 5ni-ersit! C"andi+ar" : Jain Law A+en!$ (%00*.

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