APUNTES DE UN CURSO DE
INGLÉS
María Teresa Anabalón Profesora de Inglés Universidad de Chile
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UNIT 1 1.1 SOME BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE. Personal Pronouns I: yo You: tú He: el She: ella It: We: nosotros You: ustedes They: ellos, ellas
Possessive Adjectives my: mi, mis your: tu, tus his: su, sus (de él) her : su, sus (de ella) Its: su, sus our : nuestro, a, os, as your : su, sus (de uds.) their : su, sus (de ellos)
Demonstrative Adjectives
Articles
This: That : These : Those :
a/an: un, una A + consonant sound An + vowel sound
esto, e, a eso, e, a / aquel, aquella estos, estas esos, as, aquellos, as.
THE = el, la, los, las Prepositions:
In-on-at near far from behind
= en = cerca de = lejos de = detrás
1.2 PLURALS: REGULAR: /s/: /es/: /ies/: /ves/:
book-books; chair-chairsclasses, boxes, churches, oranges, brushes lady-ladies; city-cities; dictionary-dictionaries. wife- wives; knife-knives; half-halves; life-lives
IRREGULAR: Man-men; woman-women; child-children; person-(persons) people; foot-feet
FROM LATIN or GREEK origin Medium-media; thesis-theses; bacillus-bacilli; criterion-criteria; bacterium-bacteria; phenomenon-phenomena; crisis-crises; analysis-analyses; datum-data.
3 1.3 VERB TO BE: PRESENT TENSE :am, is, are. Positive:
I am … ……. (I’m) You are …… (You’re) He is ………. (He’s) She is……… (She’s) It is …………. (It’s) We are …….. (We’re) You are…….. (You’re) They are …… (They’re)
Question
Negative:
I am not ……….… (I’m not) You are not ……… (You aren’t) He is not………… (He isn’t) She is not ……….. (she isn’t) It is not ………….. (It isn’t) We are not………. (We aren’t) You are not ……… (You aren’t) They are not…….. (They aren’t)
Am I? Are you? Is he? Is it? Are we?
1.4 SENTENCE STRUCTURE. Subject I He We She They
Verb am isn’t are is working aren’t resting
Complement a good student at home now in class hard this term now
Examples: Are you a chemist? No, I´m not. I´m a biologist. Are you tired? Yes, I’m exhausted.
1.5 EXERCISES: CONTINUE TALKING ABOUT THE SUBJECT: 1. Mr. Johnson is a biologist. ____________ very good. 2. Peter is 18 and Alice is 21. ____________ brother and sister. 3. Today is not Sunday. __________ Monday. 4. Your books are not in English. ____________in Spanish. 5. You and I are in the same class. ______________in room G-101 6. My best friend is Paul. _______________ an Arts student.
A – AN – or X ? 1. That restauran is very _________________expensive. 2. These are ___________________interesting books 3. Jane is ____________attractive girl. 4. You´re _____________hour and ______________half late.
4 5. She is wearing ________________uniform. 6. That man is ____________honorable person. 7. Are you in ______________hurry? 8. They are _____________nice boys. FILL IN WITH THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE UNDERLINED WORD(S). 1. Santiago is a crowded city. ___________ streets are very polluted. 2. Those men are scientists. ___________________work is very ineresting.. 3. Ms. Jenkins is my tutor __________________office is on the first floor. 4. This is a good dictionary. __________________covers are strong. 5. David is alone; _______________ girlfriend is abroad. 6. We are not comfortable because ____________________ room is very small. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH: 1. El profesor y sus alumnos están en la oficina de él. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. El Dr. Gómez y su señora son químicos. Sus investigaciones son conocidas. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Esta no es la sala de nosotros. Nuestra sala esta allá. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Los libros de ella no son nuevos. Son muy antiguos. ___________________________________________________________________________
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH: 1. (a) ¿Tienes hambre? (b) No, pero tengo sueño __________________________________________________________________________ 2. El profesor de ellos no tiene mucha paciencia __________________________________________________________________________ 3. Nuestros amigos no tienen mucho cuidado con sus cosas. __________________________________________________________________________ 4. (a) ¿Tu hermano tiene veinte años?
(b) No, tiene veintitrés
__________________________________________________________________________ 5. (a) ¿Hace calor hoy día?
(b) No. Hace frío.
__________________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 2 2.1 Prepositions.
In : en on : en at : en behind : detrás de in front of : delante de between : entre (dos) among : entre (varios) next to : junto a, al lado de near : cerca de far from : lejos de under : debajo de
2.2 Some uses of in. inside parts of a building
a town, country or area
in the living room in the laboratory in the yard
in the north, in the south in Ñuñoa, in Vitacura In England
Parts of the day in the morning in the afternoon in the evening (but: at night)
a book or magazine in the newspaper in the news in this novel in the document
dressed the woman in red the girls in jeans the men in black
months and seasons in January, in March in (the) summer in (the) spring
Others in a hurry in the mood in fashion in a good/bad mood in the sun in love in time in the corner
Transportation in the car in a taxi (cab) but … you travel By bus By subway By train By car
,
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2.3 Some uses of on. touching a surface
days and dates streets and avenues
on the table on the wall on the floor on the Highway on the second floor on the corner of Kent and Oak Street
on Sunday on Broadway Avenue on Friday morning on September 18 on Christmas
transportation on the bus on the plane on a horse (and . . . on foot)
on that train on the ship on a bicycle
others on fire on the telephone on the radio on television on business
the radio is on/off on time on vacation on channel 36 on my way
2.4 Some uses of at. a point in time
places
at three o’clock at noon at sunset at night at lunch/dinner time at this/that time at this/that moment
at school at home at work at the university at the bank at the doctor’s at Carla’s at the corner at the door
adresses at 456 Oxford Street
others at the window at the beginning at the desk at the end at present at the corner
at the gym at the cinema at once at the cafeteria at the hotel at the stadium
omission abroad : downtown :
en el extranjero en el centro
at last at least
7 2.5 Question Words. When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Where . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....? : What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : What time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : What color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : How. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...? : How old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? : How far. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : How much. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? : Who . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? : Whose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? :
¿Cuándo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? ¿Dónde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? ¿Qué. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..? (A) ¿Qué hora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … ? (De) ¿Qué color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ? ¿Cómo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? ¿Qué edad / cuantos años. . . . . . …. ? ¿A qué distancia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….? ¿Cuánto cuesta(n)/vale(n). . . . ………? ¿Por qué. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ¿Quién. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ¿De quién (pertenencia). . . . . . . . …. ?
2.6 Possessive pronouns. Mine: Yours: His: Hers: Its : Ours: Yours: Theirs:
That book is mine. The guitar is yours. Those pens are his. These notes are hers. The decision is ours. Your life is yours. That piece of land is theirs.
2.7 THE GENITIVE CASE: ’(s). Tom’s dog. James’s friends. The children’s books. My sisters’ friends. Peter and Jason’s house The dog’s tail. Sunday’s newspaper. Argentina’s President 2.8 Question Tags: She is nice, isn’t she? You are fine, aren’t you? This is not our room, is it?’
2.9 EXERCISES. COMPLETE WITH IN-ON-AT or X 1. Our first break is______________10:00 in the morning. 2. That bank is _____________Kingston Avenue. 3. We are _______classroom 4_____________ the first floor (the ground floor) 4. The meeting is ____________next Monday nine sharp.
8 5. What time are you ______________ home? 6. The party is ____________Paula’s _______________Friday night. 7. The weather is warm ____________September. 8. The bank is ____________ the corner of Madison and Broadway. 9. Are all the passengers _______________ the plane? 10. We are always _______________time for class. 11. Is Oxford ______________England or ________________ the United States? 12. There is a man _________________the door. WRITE THE CORRESPONDING QUESTIONS: 1. _____________________________________________________________? The ticket for the concert is $30.000. 2. _____________________________________________________________? We are sleepy because it’s late. 3. _____________________________________________________________? Their puppy is two months old. 4. _____________________________________________________________? My birthday is in July. 5. _____________________________________________________________ ? Her office is ten blocks from here. 6. _____________________________________________________________ ? No, I’m not very worried. 7. _____________________________________________________________? The bank is in front of the supermarket. 8 _____________________________________________________________ ? Beckham is a football player. 9 _____________________________________________________________ ? It’s a quarter to one now. 10. _____________________________________________________________ ? Your project is perfect.
FILL IN WITH THE CORRESPONDING QUESTION WORD. 1.________________________________ is the station from here? It’s ten minutes by bus. 2. ________________________________are your mother’s eyes? They’re brown. 3. ________________________________are you so happy? Because, I’m in love. 4. ________________________________ the next show? It’s at 9:45. 5. ________________________________are those boys? They’re my brothers. 6. ________________________________are those sneakers? They are $25.000.
9 TRANSLATE 1. (a) Hola ¿Cómo estas? ¿Estás bien? ________________________________________________________________________? 2. (a) ¿A qué hora es tu clase? ________________________________________________________________________? (b) Es a las 11 de la mañana. ¿Qué hora es? ¡Oh!, Estoy atrasado. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ¿Cuando es tu cumpleaños? ¿Es en marzo? ________________________________________________________________________? Si, es el 31. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. ¿Donde están tus compañeros? Están en el laboratorio. ________________________________________________________________________? 5. (a) ¿A qué distancia queda el aeropuerto? ________________________________________________________________________ (b) Está como a una hora en bus. ________________________________________________________________________ 6. (a) ¿Por qué estás preocupado? ________________________________________________________________________? (b) No estoy preocupado, estoy un poco cansado ________________________________________________________________________?
PROVIDE THE CORRESPONDING QUESTION TAG. 1. This is a nice place, _______________________________? 2. Your shoes aren’t too dirty, ______________________________? 3. Your mother is a teacher, ________________________? 4. The students are very busy, ________________________? 5. I’m not late, ________________________? 6. The Bakers are at home, ________________________? 7. The subway station is near here ________________________? 8. These exercises aren’t very easy, ________________________? 9. It’s hot/cold today, ________________________ ? 10. Unfortunately, we aren’t on vacation, ________________________? 11. Your phone number is 313-3123, ________________________? 12. I’m not wrong, ________________________?
10 THE WORD “DE” INDICATING POSSESSION: - When the owner is a person or an animal we use the aposthrophy Ex. The girl`s pet; The boys` books; John and Mary `s house. - When the owner is a thing, the word “of” is used. Ex. The leg of that table is broken. She says she will do many thing the rest of her life. - NOUN AS AN ADJECTIVE: (not always indicating possession) The lab teacher The Chemistry book A paper bag A coffee cup A T.V. show A cheese sandwich NOTE the difference: A wine glass .............................a glass of wine A potato sack ... ....................... a sack of potatoes. A juice jar.................................. a jar of juice.
EXPRESS CORRECTLY USING THE ’(S) Example: This is the book of John. This is John’s book. 1. The new book of Paula is very interesting. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. This is the toilet of the men, and that is the toilet of the women. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. The classroom of those students is upstairs. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. The meeting of the students is very important. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. The girlfriend of James is a dentist. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. The bicycle of the brother of Alice is good. _________________________________________________________________________ 7. The house of Jenny and Pat is far away. _________________________________________________________________________ 8. The tail of that dog is cute. _________________________________________________________________________ 9. She´s the mother of Jason and Sam. _________________________________________________________________________ 10. The office of my boss isn’t very big. _________________________________________________________________________
11 TRANSLATE 1. La reunión de alumnos es a las 7:00, ¿verdad? _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Las pruebas de los alumnos de Mr. Collins están muy buenas, ¿cierto? _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Esa es la oficina del jefe de ellas. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Mi diccionario está al lado del de Claudio. _________________________________________________________________________
5. Yo prefiero las bolsas de papel en vez de las de plástico. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. ¿Cómo se llama tu tío? _________________________________________________________________________ 7. ¿Aló? ¿Dónde estás? - Estamos donde Felipe. _________________________________________________________________________ 8. ¿Cómo se llama el hermano de la amiga de tu polola? _________________________________________________________________________ 9. La botella de leche esta vacia. __________________________________________________________________________ 10. El diario del domingo es interesante y entretenido, ¿cierto? __________________________________________________________________________ AVOID REPETITION. REPHRASE USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 1. These shoes are my shoes. __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Those pencils aren’t her pencils. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. These notes aren’t your notes. Where are my notes? _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Their project is very good, but your project is excellent, isn’t it? _________________________________________________________________________ 5. These gloves aren’t my gloves. Are they your gloves? _________________________________________________________________________ 6. Her brother is sixteen. How old is your brother? _________________________________________________________________________
12 7. His house is near here. My house is far. What about your house? _________________________________________________________________________ 8. John’s dad is an artist. What’s your dad? _________________________________________________________________________ WRITE QUESTIONS USING WHOSE 1. ______________________________________________________________________? That jacket is mine. 2. ______________________________________________________________________? This is my brother’s car. 3. ______________________________________________________________________? This new computer is Peter’s. 4. ______________________________________________________________________? This dictionary is yours. 5. ______________________________________________________________________? That’s the dog’s ball. 6. ______________________________________________________________________ ? They are the teacher’s documents.
TRANSLATE 1. Mi casa queda cerca de aquí. ¿Dónde está la tuya? ________________________________________________________________________ La mía queda a media hora en metro. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Hay unos apuntes debajo de la mesa. ¿De quién son? ¿Son tuyos? ________________________________________________________________________ No. Son de Pablo. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ¿Por qué estás tan pálido? ¿Tienes frío? ________________________________________________________________________ No, me da miedo la oscuridad. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Este sándwich está exquisito. ¿Como está el tuyo John? _______________________________________________________________________ 5. La casa de la esquina es súper vieja; pero es interesante, ¿no? _______________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 3 3.1 PRESENT CONTINUOUS. TO BE + ING It is used to express an action that takes place at the moment of speaking. Examples: We are studying English now. The students aren’t watching T.V. at this moment. This tense can also be used to express future ideas. Ex.:
What time are you leaving?
3.2 Exercises. COMPLETE WITH THE VERB IN THE ING FORM
1. The children are not ( have) lunch. ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. The students are (pay) attention. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Bob is (live) in London. He is not (work) there. He is (study). __________________________________________________________________________ 4. I’m (do) an experiment. What are you (do)? __________________________________________________________________________ 5. The dog is (run) and (play) with the boys. __________________________________________________________________________ 6. We aren’t (listen) to music at the moment. We are (speak) English now. __________________________________________________________________________ 7. David is (write) a letter to his girlfriend Terri. - She is (look) forward to it. __________________________________________________________________________ 8. Hurry up! The bus is (leave). _________________________________________________________________________
MAKE THE QUESTION. 1. _______________________________________________________________________ No, I’m not. I’m listening to music. 2. _______________________________________________________________________ No, they aren’t. They are sleeping.
14 3.________________________________________________ _______________________ I’m preparing a report. 4. _______________________________________________________________________ He’s watching a soccer game 5. _______________________________________________________________________ Because we lost the match 6. ______________________________________ ________________________________ She’s wearing Annie’s. 7._______________________________________________________________________ He’s reading the newspaper. 8. _______________________________________________________________________ He is waiting for his fiance.
LET´S TALK ! GIVE A SHORT AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE ANSWER AND ADD NFORMATION USING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF TO BE. 1. Are you okay? ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Is it raining? ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Are we all watching television? ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Is your best friend studying? ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Are you eating? ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Is your classmate sleeping? ____________________________________________________________________________ 7. Is the sun shinning? ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. Am I listening to music? ____________________________________________________________________________ 9. Is the secretary talking on the phone? ____________________________________________________________________________ 10. Are you going out tonight? ____________________________________________________________________________
15 TRANSLATE 1. (a) ¿Que hacen aquí? ______________________________________________________________ (b) Estamos esperando a nuestras compañeras. ______________________________________________________________ 2. (a) ¿A donde vas? ______________________________________________________________ (b) Voy al estacionamiento. ______________________________________________________________ 3. (a) ¿Qué está comiendo tu hermano? ______________________________________________________________ (b) Está comiendo pollo con papas fritas. ______________________________________________________________ 4. (a) Profesor, ¿El ejercicio de quién esta revisando? ______________________________________________________________ (b) Estoy revisando el tuyo y está muy bueno. ______________________________________________________________ 5. (a) ¿Dónde están tus compañeros? ______________________________________________________________ (b) Están en la cafetería. Están tomando café ______________________________________________________________ 6. (a) ¿Qué está haciendo la profesora? ______________________________________________________________ (b) Está esperando a los alumnos. ______________________________________________________________ 7. (a) Esos niños están celebrando el cumpleaños de Cristián, ¿verdad? ______________________________________________________________ (b) Sı, y lo están pasando súper bien. ______________________________________________________________ 8. (a) ¿Por qué estás usando bufanda? No hace frío. ______________________________________________________________ (b) ¿No? bueno, yo tengo frío. ______________________________________________________________
16 3.3 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES Paul is 91, Helen is 94……Helen is older than Paul Helen is the oldest in the family. 3.3.1 Comparatives: - Short adjectives (one syllable) old, cheap, nice + er Nice Slow Late Big
nicer slower later bigger
But….. good
better
easy heavy
easier heavier
bad
worse
far
farther / further
- Long adjectives (modern, expensive, etc) more … More modern
More comfortable
More expensive
Examples: Room 310 is bigger than room 309 Is it more expensive to go by car or by train? 3.3.2 More / Less: This car is less expensive than that car. (Both are expensive) Carle is less nice than Paula (both are nice) You go out more than me. Is lunch $5.000? No, it’s less than that. EMPHATIC: Much older, much bigger / much more interesting, much more exciting. much less 3.3.3 As ………….As Tennis is not as popular as football My grandma is not as old as yours. 3.3.4 Superlatives: - Short adjectives:
the –est
The oldest, the smallest, the latest… the easiest, the heaviest, the hottest, the biggest - Long adjectives:
the most
The most comfortable, the most boring, the most interesting But… the best, the worst, the farthest / the furthest Examples: Money is important but it is not the most important thing in life. My best friend is Carlos. The hottest month in Chile, is January.
17 3.3.5 EXERCISES: Complete these sentences. Use than. 1. He isn’t very smart. I am __________________________________________________ 2. She isn’t very old. Paul is__________________________________________________ 3. That class is not very interesting. This class is__________________________________ 4. I can’t run very fast. You can run ____________________________________________ 5. Tommy is 6 and Mike is 8. Tommy is _________________________________________ 6. I have $2.000 and you have $5.000. You have _________________________________
Write sentences using (not) as…..as 1. Betty and John are 75 years old. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. My house and your house are ten minutes by bus, from here. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. A plane is faster than a ship. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Books are more expensive than magazines. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Football is more popular than rugby. _________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS.
1. What is the biggest country in South America? __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who is the most popular singer? __________________________________________________________________________ 3. Who is the most interesting person you know? __________________________________________________________________________ 4. Who is the best actor/actress? __________________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 4 4.1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT. Affirmative and negative forms: S
+ aux
+
I You (don´t) We They It He (doesn´t) She
(F.A.)
+
always
verb
+
complement
do sing watch work rain(s) call(s) attend(s)
never usually generally
my work very well television in a restaurant a lot in the south them up classes on Saturday
Interrogative : Q.W.
Where Why How much Where Who
aux do/does Do Does Does Do Do do does do does do
S
you he it we ever they you she always they their sister they
infinitive
like have hurt? have play spend arrive cost? work? live
Short answers and tags. Examples: Does she play tennis? No, she doesn’t. Do the girls cook? No, they don’t. Their mother does.
• Those students don’t work very hard, do they? • Their father doesn’t like pop music, does he? • You live in an apartment, don’t you? • She dances very well, doesn’t she? • That exercise has a lot of mistakes, doesn’t it?
complement
sugar in your tea? any brothers? classes on Saturday? soccer well? your vacation? late?
with?
19 4.3 Frequency adverbs, expressions and other time expressions. always: almost always : very often : often : usually : frequently : generally : sometimes : seldom : rarely : hardly ever : almost never : never:
siempre casi siempre muy a menudo, muy seguido a menudo, seguido usualmente frecuentemente, con frecuencia generalmente algunas veces, a veces rara vez, no muy seguido rara vez, no muy seguido casi nunca “ “ nunca
Every = cada, (todos) everyday , every weekend, every year, every Sunday, every summer, etc. once a week : twice a month : three times a day : every other day : from nine to four : on Monday(s) : on weekends : in (the) summer :
una vez a la semana dos veces al mes tres veces al día día por medio de nueve a cuatro el (los) lunes los fines de semana en el verano
Still: todavía, aún. • She still loves him. • Are they still dating?. • Sam still works for that company, doesn’t he? Not . . . anymore: ya no, no mas. • She doesn’t love him anymore. • We don’t live in that house anymore. • Sam doesn’t work for that company anymore, does he? 4.4 To ask about frequency. How often………....
¿Con qué frecuencia? o ¿Cada cuánto tiempo?
• How often do they go to the cinema? • How often does their aunt visit them? • How often do you have tests?
.
They go there twice a week. She seldom visits them. We have tests every two weeks.
20 Ever. . ...?…… ¿Alguna vez? • Do you ever watch television? • Does your lab teacher ever arrive late?
Yes, I do. I watch TV everyday. No, he doesn’t. He never arrives late.
4.5 Exercises. Fill in with DO or DOES. 1.
(a) _____________you and your brother work? (b) I __________ but my brother ____________ n’t.
2.
(a) _______________lessons start at 8:00 here? (b) No, they _________n’t.
3.
The little girl ___________n’t like dogs, ___________she?
4.
You _______ n’t watch soap operas, _________you
5.
(a) ______________ his sons play tennis? (b) Yes, they _________and they play very well.
6.
Their mother __________n’t speak French. What language ____________she speak?
Change the following sentences into negative and into interrogative.
1. Tom attends classes on Saturday. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. They live near here. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Samantha helps her classmates with work. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. They sell things at good prices. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
21 Write the corresponding question. 1. __________________________________________________________________ No, their brother doesn’t work in a bank. 2. __________________________________________________________________ We have only one test a month. 3. __________________________________________________________________ The train leaves at 6:00 o’clock. 4. __________________________________________________________________ No, Sasha and Melissa never eat meat. 5. __________________________________________________________________ They go to the theatre twice a year. 6. __________________________________________________________________ Samantha usually does her homework in the evening.
READING COMPREHENSION: INTER RAIL Do you like to travel? Inter Rail is a special trail ticket which allows you to travel anywhere in Europe for up to 30 days, and to stop wherever you want for as long as you want. Europe is divided into zones and the price depends on the number of zones you are planning to visit. You only have to be under 26, have a nice group of friends - travelling alone can be boring – and some pocket money and other items, such as a rucksack – never a suitcase-, a sleeping bag and a pair of walking boots. You need the boots because, although you always travel by train, you do a lot of walking , visiting towns and sightseeing and, of course, you normally walk to the railway station. You have plenty of time to prepare for your holidays, and Inter Rail is a cool solution for young people who want to visit different countries on a limited budget.
True or false? Use your own words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
__ __ __ __ __
Inter Rail is a two-month journey. You can’ t use Inter Rail if you are older than 26. The best way is to travel alone. You pay according to the number of zones you want to visit. It’s the best way to travel if you don´t have much money to spend.
22 LET´S TALK ! Answer these questions. 1. Do you like television? What´s your favourite show? __________________________________________________________________ 2. Are you watching any soap opera/ reality show at the moment? __________________________________________________________________ 3. How far do you live from here? __________________________________________________________________ 4. How many good friends do you have? __________________________________________________________________ 5. How far is the nearest subway station? __________________________________________________________________ 6. How much water do you drink daily? Do you ever do? __________________________________________________________________ 7. Where do you usually go on Saturday nights? __________________________________________________________________ 8. How often does it snow in Santiago? __________________________________________________________________ 9. Do you like movies? __________________________________________________________________ 10. What movies do you like? __________________________________________________________________ 11. How often do you go to the movies? __________________________________________________________________ 12 Do your teachers give you much homework? __________________________________________________________________ 13 Do you read? Do you ever read the newspaper? __________________________________________________________________ 14.. Do you want to go home right now? __________________________________________________________________ 15. Where does your best friend live? __________________________________________________________________ 16. Do you like football (soccer) ? What´s your team? __________________________________________________________________ 17. Do you study everyday? How many hours? __________________________________________________________________
23 18. What sports do you like? __________________________________________________________________ 19. Do you play any sports on weekends? __________________________________________________________________ 20. What time do you get up on weekends? __________________________________________________________________ 21. Do you have any brothers or sisters? Any pets? __________________________________________________________________ 22. When do you get up earlier, on weekdays or on weekends? __________________________________________________________________ 23. Do you have a favourite singer / group ? __________________________________________________________________ 24. Do you like to get up early? __________________________________________________________________ 25. Why do you want to learn English? __________________________________________________________________
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH. BE CAREFUL WITH THE TENSES. 1. (a) ¿Qué hace tu hermana? ¿Trabaja o estudia? __________________________________________________________________ (b) En la mañana estudia y en la tarde trabaja en un pub. __________________________________________________________________ 2. (a) ¿Qué estás haciendo aquí? __________________________________________________________________ (b) Estoy resolviendo unos problemas. ¿Quieres trabajar conmigo? __________________________________________________________________ (a) Si, pero yo no puedo trabajar aquí porque hay mucho ruido. __________________________________________________________________ (b) Yo no tengo problemas con eso, pero si quieres podemos ir a una sala. __________________________________________________________________ (a) Buena idea. ¡Vamos! __________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 5 5.1 IMPERATIVES. Requests, commands, orders, instructions, invitations, suggestions, good wishes. Infinitive, will you?
Don’t + infinitive.
Stay in the house, will you? Please, stand up. Mix the butter with the sugar. Be quiet, will you? Have fun.
Don’t make noise, will you? Don’t shout at me, will you? Don’t walk. Don’t be lazy.
Invitations, suggestions: Let’s + infinitive.
Let’s not + infinitive.
Let’s go, shall we? Let’s study together. Let’s have lunch at two.
Let’s not go by subway. Let’s not buy that material. Let’s not eat here, shall we?
SHALL I? Shall I answer the phone? Shall I wait for you?
SHALL WE? Shall we start? Shall we go now?
5.2 COMPLEMENT / OBJECT PRONOUNS. They are always used after a verb or a preposition. me : me, mí. you : te, tı, le, usted. him : le, el. her : le, ella it : lo, el, la. us : nos, nosotros. you : les, ustedes, las, los. them : les, ellos.
Examples: • I’m looking at her. • Listen to me, please. • My friend is visiting us tonight. • Come with me.
25 5.3 Exercises. Replace the underlined word by the corresponding complement pronoun:
1. Carla and Gina are speaking. The teacher is listening to Carla and Gina. __________________________________________________________________ 2. Our teacher is explaining the lesson and we’re listening to the teacher. __________________________________________________________________ 3. Are they staying with you and your family? __________________________________________________________________ 4. The whiteboard is on the wall. Bill is standing in front of the whiteboard. __________________________________________________________________ 5. These pictures are wonderful. Show these pictures to your friends __________________________________________________________________ 6. Your homework is excellent. Why are you doing your homework again? __________________________________________________________________ 7. Is this delicious pizza for you and me? __________________________________________________________________ 8. Jack isn’t here. Are you waiting for Jack? __________________________________________________________________
TRANSLATE: 1. Imprímanlo. _________________________________________________________ 2. No me grites. ________________________________________________________ 4. Apúrense, ¿quieren? __________________________________________________ 5. Ten mas cuidado _____________________________________________________ 6. No me llames tarde. ___________________________________________________ 7. Habla más lento por favor. ______________________________________________ 8. Lleguen temprano, ¿ya? ________________________________________________ 9. Déjame hacerlo ______________________________________________________ 10. ¿Salgamos hoy? ______________________________________________________ 11. Pásenlo bien ________________________________________________________
26 Suggest something using an imperative.
1. It’s raining. _______________________________________________________________ 2. I’m hungry. _______________________________________________________________ 3. Mary’s alone. ______________________________________________________________ 4. I’m not feeling well. _________________________________________________________ 5. It’s too hot in here. _________________________________________________________ 6. This exercise is very difficult.___________________________________________ _______ 7. My car isn’t working well. ____________________________________________________
DIRECTIONS: To give directions we use the imperatives:
Walk to the corner Turn right /left Don’t cross the street. Drive/go straight ahead to Vespucio Ave. Take bus number 204
- How can I get to Jumbo? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ - How can I get to Secretaria ? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
27
UNIT 6 6.1 SIMPLE PAST Interrogative: Affirmative: Negative:
QW) + did +
s s s
+ + +
infinitive + c? verb in past + c. did not + infinitive + c.
Examples: • Did you have lunch? Yes, I did. I had lunch at two o‘clock. • Where did you go last night? We went to the movies. • Did she call her mother last weekend? No, she didn’t. • Sarah and Tom left home early today, didn’t they?
Remember that verb BE does not use auxiliaries but its own conjugated forms I was He was She was It was We were You were They were
Was (not) Were
I? he? she? it? You? We? They?
Examples: A: Were you at the lecture? B: Yes, I was. Where were you? A: I wasn’t there because I was very busy?
6.2 Time expressions: LAST night, week, year, summer, time, term, class etc. . . . Ago = hace, atrás.
Examples: • a week ago = hace una semana. • Long time ago = largo tiempo atrás. • months ago = hace meses, meses atrás.
28 6.3 Exercises: Transform into interrogative and negative: 1. She studied a lot for that test. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. He wrote that wonderful book. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. He was a good writer. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. I did my homework better this time. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The boys played a very good match __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
Ask the corresponding question. 1. __________________________________________________________________ She put all the sandwiches on the table. 2. __________________________________________________________________ Yes, all of us came on time. 3. __________________________________________________________________ We had little time to do the exercises. 4. __________________________________________________________________ Patsy and Linda arrived at 8:10 today. 5. __________________________________________________________________ She answered only one question. 6. __________________________________________________________________ Columbus discovered America more than five hundred years ago.
29 Translate: 1. (a) ¿Qué te pasó la clase pasada? No te vi. __________________________________________________________________________ (b) No vine porque tuve mucho que hacer. Era muy tarde cuando terminé mi trabajo. ¿Hicieron muchos ejercicios? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (a) Sı, hicimos hartos. ¿Los quieres? __________________________________________________________________________ (b) Sí, por favor. Préstame tu cuaderno hasta el martes, ¿ya? __________________________________________________________________________ 2. (a) No estuviste el domingo en tu casa, ¿verdad? __________________________________________________________________________ (b) No, fuimos fuera de Santiago con unos amigos. Lo pasamos muy bien. El tiempo estuvo muy bueno. Y tu, ¿Qué hiciste? __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ (a) Fui al cine con una amiga pero a ella no le gustó mucho la película. Me fuı a la casa temprano y vi televisión. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
Let´s talk ! 1. Where were you born?....and When? __________________________________________________________________________ 2. What time did you get up today? _________________________________________________________________________ 3. When did you have your first party? ________________________________________________________________________ 4. What did you do on summer vacation? Did you read any book (s) on vacation? _________________________________________________________________________ 5. What did you do yesterday after class? _________________________________________________________________________ 6. Were you a good student at school? Did you study hard? _________________________________________________________________________
30 Write five lines telling us about your last vacation, weekend, trip or any other past event.
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6.4
S + USED TO + INFINITIVE (CUSTOMARY PAST)
It means: Solía, acostumbraba a, “antes” ….. We used to play with dolls when we were little. (now, we don’t) Bobby didn’t use to smoke, but now he does. She used to travel abroad very often, but now she can’t. Who used to take you to school?
6.5 Exercises Answer the following questions:
1. What did you use to do when you were a child?
_________________________________________________________________ 2. Which TV show used to be your favorite? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________ 3. What did people use to do when there was no TV.
_________________________________________________________________ 4. Some people say “Life used to be better”. Do you agree?
_________________________________________________________________ 5. What did children used to do when there were no computer games ?
_________________________________________________________________
31 6.6 THE PAST CONTINUOUS .
S
+
They She We
WAS / WERE (not) + were wasn’t weren’t
ING
+
studying cooking watching
C hard meat. television at 10:00.
Question: What
Were was
you he
sleeping? doing?
6.7 Exercises. Ask the corresponding questions. 1. ________________________________________________________________________ They were doing research for a long time. 2. _______________________________________________________________________ We were waiting there for an hour or more. 3. _______________________________________________________________________ The Joneses were living abroad in 2006. 4. _______________________________________________________________________ He was getting his Ph.D in Paris at that time. 5. _______________________________________________________________________ We were having lunch when you called. 6. _______________________________________________________________________ He was sleeping at that hour because he was really tired. 7. _______________________________________________________________________ We were talking about a problem we had time ago. 8. ______________________________________________________________________ Peter was telling me why he didn’t come last class.
Review of other tenses. Fill in with am, is, are, was, were, will, do, does, did, let’s, shall. 1. __________________your father sleeping at that time? 2. ________________you here at 7:00 this morning? 3. Pass me the salt, _______________you? 4. Look! Who ____________that pretty girl over there?
32 5. I ___________ planning to have a party next Saturday. ______ you want to come? 6. It ________hot in here. _________ I open the window? 7. When _________you born? 8. What _________________your favourite music? 9. _____________I right? – Sorry, I___________ not think so. 10. I ______________not know about the test. Look! The teacher ________coming there. ________ask her. 11. What ______________she study? 12. Where __________ your brother work? 13. When _______________you last go to the beach? 14. ________________you call me last night? I _______________at home. 15. (a) Please, be quiet. I _______ trying to do this homework and it is hard. By the way, where ______ the dictionary? (b) It ________ here a while ago, but Jane _______ using it now.
Translate into correct English: 1. Tu cumpleaños fue la semana pasada, ¿verdad? ¿Lo pasaste bien? ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. ¿Dónde “andabas”? – “Andaba” comprando. ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Anoche estuve viendo televisión hasta tarde. Hubo un programa muy interesante. ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. El otro día fui al cine con una amiga y veníamos conversando cuando vimos una luz muy rara que se movía en el cielo. Nunca supimos lo que fue. Pero no era un avión. Estoy segura. ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 5. ¿Por qué no viniste ayer? ¿Estabas enferma? Te eché de menos. ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Anoche cuando llegué a mi casa, el perro dormía frente a la chimenea y el gato jugaba con una pelotita en un rincón. Estaba todo muy tranquilo. Estudié un poco y me acosté ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
33
UNIT 7 7.1 THERE BE:
HAY
COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE nouns: Countable nouns: Things we can count. We can make them plural. Boy, girl, book, apple, picture, flower, etc. Ex.: Two boys, five oranges, some girls, many people. Uncountable nouns: singular.
Things we cannot count. They have no plural. They are always
Water, oil, beer, sugar, fish, chicken, music, information, bread, advice, furniture, news, permission, traffic, trouble, work, homework, progress, hair, fish, fruit, paper, etc. There is (isn´t) There are (aren´t)
= =
singular (There was/ has been/ had been etc.) plural (There were/ have been/ etc)
We use quantifiers to specify quantities. Enough = Several = Some =
suficiente varios algunos, algo de
Any
¿Algún? ¿Alguno? ¿Algo? Ex.:
=
ex.: There is enough time. ex.: There are several students in the cafeteria. ex.: There are some exercises in that book. There is some bread in that bag. Is there any pet in your house? Is there any fruit for desert? Are there any *people on the second floor?
* NOTE: Please note that the words people (gente), vegetables (verdura), and clothes (ropa) are plurals in English. Not any = ningún, ninguna, nada de.
No = ningún, nada de:
Ex. There is not any homework for tomorrow There are not any fresh vegetables. Ex.: There is no money. There are no free seats.
Much (mucho, mucha) and little (/poco, poca) with uncountable nouns. Ex.: There isn’t much time. There’s little milk in the fridge.
Many (muchos, muchas) Few (pocos, pocas). With countable nouns. Ex.: There are many new students this year. There are few girls in that class. A lot (of): muchos, muchas, mucho, mucha, un montón de, harto etc. Countable and uncountable nouns.
34 Ex.: There’s a lot of pollution in Santiago. There are a lot of cars. HOW MUCH......? HOW MANY......?
¿Cuánto, cuánta....? ¿Cuántos, cuántas?
How much money is there? How many boys are there in your class?
7.2 EXERCISES: Fill in with: MUCH or MANY 1. ___________ people 2. ___________ beer 3. ___________ students 4. ___________ pens 5. ___________ information
6. ___________ furniture 7. ___________ news 8. ___________ questions 9. ___________ clothes 10. ___________ newspapers
FEW or LITTLE 1. ___________ coffee 2. ___________ bananas 3. ___________ transportation 4. ___________ time 5. ___________ visitors
6. ___________ money 7. ___________ doubts 8. ___________ buses 9. ___________ homework 10. ___________ oranges.
Transform into interrogative and negative.
Example:
There’s a lot of investigation about that topic. Is there any investigation about that……? There isn’t any investigation……… or There is no investigation……
1. There are a lot of people in that course. ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. There is a lot of information in the paper today. ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. There is a lot of money for that project. . ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. There are a lot of students applying for that scolarship. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
35 Make the corresponding question: 1. There is only one million pesos for that. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. There are around three bottles of milk
____________________________________________________________________ 3. There are many students in class today.
____________________________________________________________________ 4. There is a kilo of meat in the refrigerator.
____________________________________________________________________ 5. There is no butter.
____________________________________________________________________
TRANSLATE: 1. No tengo tiempo. Hay demasiadas cosas que hacer para la próxima semana.
_________________________________________________________________________ 2. Hay sólo una prueba. No tenemos que estudiar mucho.
______________________________________________________________________ 3. a) ¿Cuántas personas hay en la sala?
______________________________________________________________________ b) Hay muy pocas. ¿Hay clases?
______________________________________________________________________ 4. Hubo mucha gente en la conferencia el viernes pasado. Había como 40 personas
______________________________________________________________________ 5. 8. Siempre hay muchos accidentes en feriados largos
____________________________________________________________________ 6. Quiero hacer un tutti fruti. ¿Cuánta fruta hay? Creo que no hay mucha.
____________________________________________________________________ 7. Había una luz muy rara en el cielo ayer. Era un OVNI, estoy segura!.
_________________________________________________________________
36
UNIT 8 FUTURE TENSE 8.1 Present Continuos for the future .S + BE + ING + Complement They are going to a concert on Friday. Peter is travelling next month. We are meeting Bill this evening? We aren’t going out of town next Sunday. •
You say “I’m doing something tomorrow” when you have planned to do something.
Example: Ellen is seeing her doctor on Friday. (She has an appointment with her doctor)
8.2 Be going to S + BE + GOING TO + INFINITIVE + COMPLEMENT I am going to come next week. He is (not) going to have classes tomorrow. We are going to graduate in three years from now. • You say “I’m going to do something tomorrow” when you have decided to do something, your intention is to do something.
Examples: Tom and his family are going to move out next month. He is going to travel next month, isn’t he? They are going to come back soon, aren’t they? What are you going to do when you graduate?
8.3 Will S + WILL (NOT) + INFINITIVE + Comp. My sister will (’ll) visit me tonight. Those students will probably be absent next class. She will not (won’t) finish this for tomorrow.
Examples: I think, we’ll be back before noon. The girls will probably stay up all night. The phone is ringing, I’ll get it!
Will you be here tonight?
37 8.4 Expressions of time. Tomorrow ; The day after tomorrow. Next month, next year, next summer, etc.; the month after next. Within a week, within a month from now; in two years (within two years) from now... In 2025 Soon.
8.5 Exercises Answer the following questions using the Present Continuous (planned) with future meaning. 1. What time are you coming back?
____________________________________________________________________ 2. When are her friends arriving?
_____________________________________________________________________ 3. How are they travelling to Brazil?
_____________________________________________________________________ 4. What are you doing this evening?
______________________________________________________________________ 5. What are you bringing to the party? ____________________________________________________________________________
Translate: 1. a) ¿Le puedes dar un recado a Paula? ____________________________________________________________________ b) Seguro. Probablemente la vea en la reunión del miércoles. Ahí le digo. __________________________________________________________________ 2. Mi hermano se va a graduar en a fin de año y va a trabajar en el sur. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Voy a empezar el informe esta noche y así voy a estar mas tranquilo. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. ¿A qué hora se juntan el lunes? Estamos empezando a las 9:00. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. a) ¿Por qué tendremos clases el sábado? ____________________________________________________________________ b) ¿Quién te dijo eso? Nunca tenemos clases los sábados. ____________________________________________________________________
38 a) Estuve hablando con Pablo hace un rato y él me dijo eso. ____________________________________________________________________________ b) ¿Y todavía le crees? No le creas porque siempre anda bromeando. ____________________________________________________________________________
8.6
FUTURE IN THE PAST Was (not) GOING TO
+
INF.
Were (not) The past form of “going to” indicates that an action was planned or intended, but that it did not happen.
Examples: - I was going to call you last night, but I forgot to. - They said (that) we were going to have classes in the morning. - I never thought (that) it was going to be so difficult. Translate: 1. No sabia que ibas a venir. !Que bueno verte!
_________________________________________________________________ 2. Ibamos a comprar otro auto pero decidimos que no.
_________________________________________________________________ 3. No tenia idea que iban a venir mañana. Voy a preparar algo rico.
_________________________________________________________________ 4. Dijeron que no iba llover mucho este invierno
_________________________________________________________________ 8.7 WOULD: It is the ending “ia” that we add to verbs: iria, comeria, gustaria etc. Examples: We would like to have more time for that project. Would you go with me? What would you do in my case? Would can be used to talk about past habits (used to): When we were children, my brothers and I would go out with our parents vry often.
39 8.7 Other, another, the others, etc. These pronouns (or adjectives) are used to refer to additional things or people. They may be divided into singular and plural. Singular a) another = (otro, otra) + singular noun. (Adjective or pronoun) Example : Could you bring me another soda? This is not a good movie. I prefer to see another. b) the other = (el otro, la otra) + a singular noun. The remaining one. We can also say : this that my any some no.
OTHER
Plural a) other = (otros, otras) + a plural noun.(Adjective) Example: Some students live very near here. Other students live far but they could come on foot, but others live very far. b) others = (otros, otras) Pronoun (without mentioning the noun). c) the other = (los otros, las otras) + a plural noun. (Adjective) Example: I don’t like these CDs. The other Cds ( or the others) you bought are better. As in the singular “the other”, we can say these other, those other, some other, any other etc.+ a plural noun. d) the others = ( los otros, las otras) Pronoun. The remaining ones. (some others, any others, no others etc.)
8.7 Exercises Fill with the different forms of OTHER 1. Waiter, bring me _______________piece of cake. 2. They say that life there is easier than in ________________countries. 3. I’ve brought two magazines. I’ll read one. Would you like to see _____________? 4. Some of them are in the room. What about _________________?
40 5. They have two kids. One is a boy and i__________________s a girl. 6. How many __________________choices were there? 7. There wasn’t _____________________ route to get there. 8. The twins look so alike that you can’t tell one from _______________________. 9. Only six of those are yours. _______________________ are mine. 10. The post office is on _______________________side of the street.
TRANSLATE 1. a) No tengo tiempo para conversar hoy. Te llamo otro día. ____________________________________________________________________________ b) Mary se llevó los demás. Dijo que te los iba a devolver tan pronto termine su trabajo. ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. a) Quiero ver otra película. Esta no tiene mucha acción. Veamos la otra. ____________________________________________________________________________ b) Cuando te pregunté el otro día, dijiste que te encantaría ver esta. No te entiendo. ____________________________________________________________________________ a) ¿Si? Probablemente estaba pensando en otra. ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. No me gusta este tema para investigar. Le voy a preguntar al profesor si tiene otro para mi. ____________________________________________________________________________
41
