http://www.developindiagroup.co.in/
MPPSC Main Optional Subject STUDY MATERIALS
CRIMINOLOGY & FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER - 1
MPPSC Main Optional - CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCE (PAPER - I)
http://www.developindiagroup.co.in/ http://www.developindiagroup.co.in/
Published by Develop India Media Group
/ n i . o c . p u o r g a i d n i p o l e v e . d w w w / / : p t t h
Flat No. 55, D Block, W. V. Nagar, New Delhi - 110092
Mobile : 09999811970
email :
[email protected] Edition : 2012
Develop India Group Aims
We conduct Study Material Programme, All India Correspondence Courses, Test Series Programmes for various competitive exams with our expert faculties. Our aim to provide quality of materials to you in your remote areas.
You can find here
Develop India weekly Newspaper , MINERVA Hindi Monthly Magazine, Books for all competitive Exams,
Notes & Study Materials for all competitive exams.
If you want to buy any kind of entrance exam forms/vacancy/previous year question papers, you can contact us. Copywrite
All matter compile in this notes from various sources believed to be reliable. We published very carefully to this matter, its authors can not take guarantee the occuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither Develop India Media Group nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions or damage arising out of use of this information.
No part of this notes may be reproduce or transemitted without the written permission of the publisher. All right reserved.
Note : All disputes will respect to this publication shall be subject to jurisdiction of the courts, tribunals and forums of Allahabad, India. Contact us CORPORATE OFFICE Develop India Media Group
Flat No. 55, D Block, W. V. Nagar, New Delhi - 110092 Mobile : 09999811970 emails :
[email protected],
Content
1. Criminology - Definition and scope
5
9. Sociological theories of crime - Differential Association and
Definitions
5
Anomie
47
Scope
5
Social disorganization (neighborhoods)
47
2. Crime trends in India (with reference to National Crime
Social ecology
47
Records Bureau)
6
Strain theory (social class)
47
Trend Analysis
7
Subcultural theory
47
Trend Analysis - Major IPC
23
Control theories
48
Crimes
23
Symbolic interactionism
48
Incidence of IPC Crimes in
25
Labeling Theory
48
Crimes under the Special & Local Laws (SLL)
26
10. Radical theories of crime - Labelling theory, etc .
48
CRIMES IN MEGA CITIES
28
11. Punishment - Definition, theories and types
49
Definitions of punishment
49
3. Crimes against children
(Nature, extent and legal provisions)
30
Theories relating to punishment
50
Crime Rate (Rate…2.7)
31
The philosophical theories of punishment
50
Deterrence
50
4. Crimes against women
(Nature, extent and legal provisions)
33
Rehabilitation
51
Crime-head wise analysis
34
Retribution
51
Crime against Women in Cities
35
12. Non-institutional treatment of offenders - Probation,
5. Crimes against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
temporary release and parole
51
(Nature, extent and legal provisions)
35
Probationary period
51
Crime Against Scheduled Castes
36
Temporary Release
52
6. Pre-classical and 7. Classical theories of crime
39
Parole (Discretionary Conditional Release)
52
Theories of hedonism and deterrence
39
13. Institutional treatment of offenders
52
Emergence of Hedonism
44
Treatment Programs for Juvenile Delinquents
52
Classical Theory and Deterrence
44
WHO IS A JUVENILE ?
52
8. Positive theories of crime - Constitutional and morpho-
JUVENILE OFFENDERS
53
logical theories, psychological & psychoanalytical theories
44
Historical back ground
53
PHYSIQUE Theories
44
International Concern
54
Theories of Mental Deficiency and Feeblemindedness
46
Constitutional Provisions in India
55
Psychological positivism
46
Judicial Efforts
55
Social positivism
46
Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000
56
Positivist Theories of Crime and Social Deviance
46
Salient features of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Constructivist Theories of Crime and Social Deviance
47
Children) Act, 2000
56
MPPSC Main Optional - CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCE (PAPER - I) Extent Of Delinquency In India
57
Juvenile Justice Board (JJB)
57
Juvenile Justice Board confirms sixth accused in Delhi gang rape is a minor
57
14. Prisons in India - organisation, Type and functions 58
Prisons in India: An overview of reforms and current situation 61 International Obligations and Guidelines
61
Prison Reforms in India – a brief background and overview
61
Prisons Act 1894
62
The Mulla Committee
62
The Krishna Iyer Committee
63
Subsequent developments
63
15. Correctional services for jail inmates
63
16. Juvenile institutional
64
Non Institutional Services
64
17. Victims of crime and victim-compensation
65
Supreme Court Decision
67
18. Crime prevention planning
68
/ n i . o c . p u o r g a i d n i p o l e v e . d w w w / / : p t t h
MPPSC Main Optional - CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCE (PAPER - I)
Criminology & Forensic Science PAPER – I 1. Criminology - Definition and scope In the mid of the 18th century Criminology arose as so-
dividual as well as in the society.”
/ n i . o c . p u o r g a i d n i p o l e v e . d w w w / / : p t t h
cial philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law. Over time, several schools of thought have devel-
oped. There were three main schools of thought in early criminological theory spanning the period from the mid
of the 18th century to the mid of the 20th century, these are :
causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the in-
Areas of research in criminology include the incidence, forms, causes and consequences of crime, as well as social and governmental regulations and reaction to crime. For studying the distribution and causes of crime, criminology mainly relies upon quantitative methods.
Scope
1. Classical,
Criminology focuses on the behaviour that violates the
2. Positive, and
criminal law and seeks explanations for that behaviour.
3. Chicago
The study of the origin of laws that define certain
These schools of thought were superseded by several
behaviour as criminal is a primary focus of the sociology
contemporary paradigms of criminology, such as the sub-
of law, although a number of sociologists include in crimi-
culture, control, strain, labeling, critical criminology, cul-
tural criminology, postmodern criminology, feminist criminology and others discussed below.
The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia. Later, French
anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term criminologie.
nology the study of how certain behaviour has come to be defined as criminal. As important as it is to know why laws are passed to criminalize certain behaviour, such knowledge does not explain why certain people violate the law whereas others do not. It is useful to understand the origin of the law of theft, but it is also important to know why some people steal and others do not, and why some of those use force against their victims in robber-
Definitions
ies whereas use stealth."
The definitions of crimes will vary from place to place, in
Certain acts that are considered undesirable are defined
accordance to the cultural norms and mores, but may
by the political society as crimes. In spite of this defini-
be broadly classified as blue-collar crime, corporate
tion some people persist in the behaviour and thus com-
crime, organized crime, political crime, public order
mit crimes; the political society reacts by punishment,
crime, state crime, state-corporate crime, and white-col-
treatment, or prevention. This sequence of interactions
lar crime. However, there have been moves in contem-
is the subject matter of criminology.
porary criminological theory to move away from liberal
Crime consists of three principle divisions, as follows: 1.
pluralism, culturalism and postmodernism by introduc-
the sociology of law, which is an attempt to systemati-
ing the universal term 'harm' into the criminological de-
cally analysis the conditions under which criminal laws
bate as a replacement for the legal term 'crime'. "Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as social phenomena. It includes within it’s scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting towards the breaking of laws.” Another definition “Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent,
develop and also an explanation of variations in the policies and procedures used in the administration of criminal justice. 2. Criminal etiology, which is an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of crime; and 3. Penology, which is concerned with the control of crime. The objective of criminology is the development of a
