De
r es es ea ea rc rc h r s
ni
Qu
s e t er er ms ms -c -c on on st st r c ti ti vi vi st st ,
i nt nt er er pr pr et et iv iv is is t
re
li ti
f em em in in is is t
m et et h d ol ol og og y ra
th is
in th
wo
iv
th
th ts
th
th
qual qualit itat ativ iv
l l f or or m
i ffff er er en en t c ha ha ra ra ct ct er er is is ti ti c
iv
w il il l r ec ec ei ei v
d if if fe fe re re n
t at at i e mp mp ha ha se se s d e e nd nd in in g o n
proj projec ect. t.
ti
ti l em em s
emph emphas asiz iz
rs
re ll
ti
an
tu
th requ requir irem emen ents ts
it need needed ed to cond conduc uc
fo this this rigo rigoro rous us
it iv
tu
time time-c -con onsu sumi ming ng
36
Qual Qualit itat ativ iv
Inqu Inquir ir an Rese Resear arch ch Desi Design gn
Desi Design gnin in al
types
ap
Qual Qualit itat ativ iv
Stud Stud
ar
ac
et .r ".va. a..., . ,.•~~
Ques Questi tion on
fo
Disc Discus ussi sion on
What What ar th ke char charac acte teri rist stic ic of qual qualit itat ativ iv rese resear arch ch do rese resear arch cher er cond conduc uc qual qualit itat ativ iv stud study? y? e d to unde undert rtak ak this this type type of rese resear arch ch o w d o e se se a c he he r d es es ig ig n q ua ua lili ta ta t v e t ud ud y h a t op op ic ic s h ou ou l b e a d dr dr e e d i n p la la n o r p ro ro po po sa sa l o r
Th
Char Charac acte teri rist stic ic
y pi pi ca ca llll y b eg eg i
t al al k n g a bo bo u
research
r e e ar ar c
um
.~U'''''•••u.o ar to
q ua ua l t a i v
t ud ud y
de
Qu lita litati tive ve Rese Rese rc q ua ua l t a i v
eg
en process
by
of
ec loca locate te
(Mor (Morse se
e,
,m tive tive rese resear arch ch , ,," < U H l U I ;
H an an db db oo oo k
o f Q ua ua l a t v e
R es es ea ea rc rc h has
T ab ab l
3.
characteristics
o r h re re e e ce ce n i n o du du ct ct o they e sp sp ou ou s
f o d oi oi n
q ua ua lili ta ta t v e r e e a c h b oo oo k
q ua ua l t a i v
t ud ud y A s c om om pa pa re re d vo
o c a l u s i ce ce .
i nc nc lu lu d
t he he i
a te te s d e n i i o
h er er e
Qual Qualit itat ativ iv rese resear arch ch is situ situat ated ed acti activi vity ty that that locat locates es th obser observe ve in th worl world. d. It cons consis ists ts of se of inte interp rpre reti tive ve mate materi rial al prac practi tice ce that that make make th worl worl visi visi b le le . T he he s p ra ra ct ct ic ic e t ra ra n f o h e o r d . T he he y u r t h w o nt e ri ri e o f repres represent entati ations ons includ including ing fieldn fieldnore ores, s, interv interview iews, s, conver conversat sation ions, s, photog photograp raphs, hs, reco record rdin ings gs an memo memo to th self self At this this leve level, l, qual qualit itat ativ iv rese resear arch ch invo involv lves es an interp interpret retive ive natura naturalis listic tic approac approac to th worl world. d. This This mean mean that that qual qualit itat ativ iv rese resear arch cher er stud stud thin things gs in thei thei natu natura ra sett settin ings gs atte attemp mpti ting ng to make make sens sens of
an
orde orde 'Natural
of impo import rtan ance ce
setting-Qualitative
es
er
ar
an
38
Q u l itit at at i
In ir
a bl bl e 3.1
an
R es es ea ea rc rc h
Char Charac acte teri rist stic ic
es gn
of Qual Qualit itat ativ iv
N at at ur ur a s et et t n g f i l d c us us e of data data fo clos clos inte intera ract ctio io R es es ea ea r h e a s dat colle collecti ction on
ci
Hatch (2002)
P ar ar titi c p an an ts ts '
so ce
er
39
at
m ea ea n n gs gs .
ch
ce
er
Yes in
St
Yes
rd
al
Yes
Yes
ht may
Anal Analys ysis is of data data indu induct ctiv ivel ely, y, recursiv recursively, ely, interactiv interactively ely
Yes
Focu Focu on part partic icip ipan ants ts pers perspe pect ctiv ives es thei thei mean meanin ings gs thei thei subj subjec ecti tive ve view view belief belief within within
Marshall Rossman (2006)
i ns ns t u m so ce
a l t at at iv iv e
Rese Resear arch ch
LeCompte Schensul (1999)
Characteristics
l titi pl pl e a t or imag images es
e si si g i n
tions
Yes
Yes
or
may
q ua ua l t a i v
e se se ar ar c
i s to
ar
may
h if if t a n
em
er
h e n di di v d u
ab at
social social-p -poli oliric rical/ al/his hisror rorica ica Yes
Emer Emerge gent nt rath rather er than than tigh tightl tl pref prefig igur ured ed desi design gn
uc
Yes
Yes
Fund Fundam amem emal allv lv inte interp rpre reti tive ve inqu inquir iryye se se a c he he r e fl fl ec ec t o r i s o le le , t h
Chapter
w o
ce
2. ca
I n e rp rp re re titi v
e s ~ H
cu
ex
n qu qu ir ir y er
l p
hi er
st
them themse selv lves es thro throug ug i n p a i c p an an t ut
ar
exam examin inin in
T he he y
ay us
Th
q ua ua l t a i v
docu docume ment nts, s, obse observ rvin in p ro ro to to co co l a n
e se se a c he he r beha behavi vior or
ns ru en
c o l ec ec t d a an ,int ,inter ervi view ew
ar
ep
er
f o c o I ~c ~c tm tm g d at at a
ct to
researchers, u al al itit a i v
e se se a c he he r
t yp yp ic ic al al l
ga he
ul he
er
et
em
es
ou
40
Q u l itit at at i
In ir
an
R es es e c h D es es i
e s g ni ni n
u b t itit u ce
fo
" s a t t ic ic al al "
o r q ua ua n i ta ta t v e
a lili ta ta tltl v
t ud ud y
tu
u al al itit a i v
41
i nq nq u r y
IS
es
to
in
complex,
to gam
a cc cc es es s r a o rt rt ,
nd an "i si r"
e rs rs pe pe ct ct i e .
to
allo allowi wing ng them them to
c t to
w an an t to
r es es e c he he rs rs ,
es
ti a ta ta ba ba s
we may
prov provid id
an
it
c o s is is t
writ writer er need need
ea
t hi hi s t as as k
s t u g l in in g
sh re
th
co
a ta ta . le
or
st
te ts
it is
lo el
s pe pe ci ci a l y
i s l at at e e ca ca us us e t h
i ma ma g s . to
to
part partic icip ipan ants ts
pers perspe pect ctiv ives es
also also leng length then en
th
stud study. y.
Part Partic icip ipat at fi
i de de lili n
sp ci ic
i s g u d el el i ow
\'X?e
th rs
ro ed es
li at gh
t el el lili n
ud
it
an
rese resear arch ch to
i s e v l vi vi n
th rs ho
en th st
an
ne la is co
ig us qual qualit itat ativ iv
es ar he s,
h e t as as k i s c h l l n g n g
s ta ta nt nt l
ch
i ng ng .
to
l et et ed ed .
li
ch
an
o ut ut se se t
ee
to
sa
to
F in in e 2 00 00 0 ma ca
su ic
ee
T ha ha t
or
to
fit t h p ro ro b e m
n te te ra ra c i on on s
a mo mo n
to
at h es es e
e a u re re s
a y n o b e e n i titi v
ue
uc
a s g en en de de r d i e re re nc nc e
r ac ac e
.~"!"HJ.Jll<.
my
er
es
Fi
do in
er
themselves.
al
ar al
es
ch
e se se a c h
u di di e
t ha ha tq tq ua ua l a t v e
r e e a c h g en en e a l
a lili ta ta t
42
q ui ui r
h ei ei r e po po rt rt s
R es es e r c
u al al i a t v e
si
e si si g i n
e se se a c h f itit s w itit h
hi
t ru ru c u re re , a n
a ht ht at at i
St dy
43
h av av e a cc cc or or d co
ec
e, el
ed
es
fully
es i ta ta t v e
e se se a c h
al
i mi mi la la r y ,
al raph raph
h e u s o f t he he o
va ie
re ea ch
e f e c a n i nc nc re re a e d u nd nd e t an an d n g
o f h e p ro ro b e m
F ur ur th th e m o e ,
e x e n i ve ve ly ly . F o e xa xa mp mp le le ,
as
et
(LeC (LeCom ompt pt
en
t he he o e s a r d ev ev e o pe pe d o r g en en e a te te d d u n g h e p ro ro ce ce s
o f r e e ar ar c
S tr tr au au s p la la c
o un un d
e -m -m a
e ss ss ag ag e
an
c om om pu pu te te r
o ft ft wa wa re re ? U nq nq ue ue s i on on ab ab ly ly ,
th
al at
a,
e se se ar ar c om ur
h e w ri ri t n g c ie ie n i f c -o -o r e nt nt e
a s o n t yp yp ic ic a
o r a t f o t h q ua ua lili ta ta t v e p ro ro je je c a pp pp ro ro ac ac he he s
to
f in in d i n q ua ua n i ta ta titi v
by
It varies varies consid considera erably bly
e l i ng ng , a n
er
o n t o p e o rm rm an an ce ce s
r e e ar ar ch ch .
. ' in in g i nd nd uc uc titi ve ve l p e p ec ec t v e
e ek ek s
n ve ve st st ig ig at at e
i me me l
s su su e
th
o c a l b eh eh av av io io ra ra l
o r h ea ea l
ar o m p a t ic ic ul ul a
a r c al al le le d h em em e
or d i e n i on on s
er
g en en e a l p e s pe pe c i ve ve s
h et et he he r
c od od es es , o r c at at eg eg o i e
On
co
c ie ie nc nc e
h es es e
h el el p u l
co cCreswell, er a na na l
ci
et ca
"T en
44
Q ua ua lili ta ta titi v
I nq nq ui ui r
an
R es es ea ea rc rc h D es es ig ig n
D es es ig ig ni ni n to ethical
Q ua ua lili ta ta titi v
S tu tu d
45
es to
er
cc
ct
eg co
c he he r
p a t ic ic ip ip an an t
an
h av av in in g o th th e
I n h e e nd nd , i nd nd iv iv id id ua ua l
1 99 99 0 to t h
po en ia
ou
e se se a c h to dist distur ur
th
li
of
uc
w e s tu tu dy dy ,
uc
a s y ou ou n
c hi hi ld ld re re n o r u nd nd er er re re p e se se nt nt e
es
p ar ar titi c p an an ts ts ,
ar ha es
a rg rg in in a i ze ze d
ci
Asso Associ ciat atio io
a in in ta ta in in in in g
h e q ua ua l a t v e
at
a pp pp ro ro ac ac h
to
rese resear arch ch
c o f id id en en t a lili ty ty ,
an
p ro ro te te ct ct in in g
h e a no no ny ny m t y
o f n di di ed
i sc sc lo lo s n g
ho an
w e e s a bl bl i h e
g ra ra du du at at e c om om m t te te es es ,
ri
ata
e ce ce p o n
o u p ro ro ce ce du du re re s
en
en
Psyc Psycho holo logi gica ca
or
e vi vi e
a s e ad ad e
L in in co co ln ln , 1 99 99 5
;Uq~UO'~"'~
la on
e se se ar ar ch ch e
u pp pp or or t v e
r e p ec ec tf tf u
e la la titi o s h p s ac
w i h ou ou t
eg es
en
This This incl includ udes es fund fundam amen enta ta
46
Q ua ua lili ta ta titi v
I nq nq ui ui r
an
e se se ar ar c
D es es ig ig n
D es es ig ig ni ni n
po io
to d a
l ec ec t o n
da
a na na ly ly si si s
he
e lv lv e
th
u al al i a t v e
Q ua ua l t a i v
S tu tu d
47
s tu tu d
co
n d e po po r writing,
proposal 50-51),
c on on s r u t io io n t lili nt nt e p re re titi v
or
m ig ig h b e e e
as
a pp pp ro ro ac ac h to p la la nn nn in in g q ua ua l t a v e
p a e d e th th ic ic a
is ue
t ra ra d i o a l
hi
or
(s ow
xa pl
3.
also inco incorp rpor orat ates es It also p ilil o
nd ng
Example 3.1 Qual Qualit itat ativ iv 1nterp 1nterpret retivi ivist st Format Format of
to the
an
e x e ct ct e
Cons Constr truc ucti tivi vist st
Introduction a te te m
Th
rese resear arch ch
Deli Delimi mita tati tion on
er
ques questi tion on an
limi limita tati tion on
ou co es
b el el ow ow !
e s a rc rc h
an
anti antici ci
48
Q u l itit at at i
ir
an
Data Data coll collec ecti tion on
proc proced edur ures es
R es es e r c
es gn
Desi Design gnin in
Narr Narrat ativ iv
Stra Strate tegi gies es fo vali valida dati ting ng find findin ings gs
stru struct ctur ur
::-J ::-Jar arra rati tive ve stru struct ctur ur
of stud stud
Anti Antici cipa pate te
ethi ethica ca
issu issues es stud stud
Anti Antici cipa pate te
ethi ethica ca
Issu Issues es
Sign Signif ific ican ance ce
of th
Sign Signif ific ican ance ce
of th
stud stud
Prel Prelim imin inar ar
pilo pilo
Prel Prelim imin inar ar
pilo pilo
Expe Expect cted ed
outc outcom omes es
e n i ce ce s
49
find findin ings gs
find findin ings gs
Expe Expect cted ed advo advoca cacy cy/p /par arti tici cipa pato tory ry
find findin ings gs
A p n d c es es :
te ie
Stud Stud
Data Data anal analys ysis is proc proced edur ures es
Data Data anal analys ysis is proc proced edur ures es Stra Strate tegi gies es fo vali valida dati ting ng
Qual Qualit itat ativ iv
s titi o s ,
s er er v t i a l
fo
s,
ir li e,
ro se
Iner ie
chan change ge
u es es titi o s ,
o bs bs er er v t i a l
fo
s , t i e lili ne ne ,
os
budget
budget
to
os
ct pp. 51-52).
3.2 b el el o
ca
a ke ke s e xp xp lili c
em ad
t io io n
studied.
Example 3.2
Qual Qualit itat ativ iv
Advo Advoca cacy cy/P /Par arti tici cipa pato tory ry
Form Format at
Example 3.3
St te
th
ro le
i nc nc l i n
advo advoca cacy cy/p /par arti tici cipa pato tory ry
l itit er er at at u
issu issu
th
ro le
Overview Type Type an
purp purpos os
Potent Potential ial
SIgnif SIgnifica icance nce
Fr Th
Th or tica tica Lens Lens Fonn Fonnat at
Introduction
Introduction
Th
o f h e a ut ut ho ho r
an
limi limita tati tion on
Procedures Char Charac acte teri rist stic ic Qual Qualit itat ativ iv
of qual qualit itat ativ iv rese resear arch ch stra strate tegy gy
e ra ra l
e s a rc rc h
Limitations
rese resear arch ch ques questi tion on
Deli Delimi mita tati tion on
ew
rese resear arch ch
(opt (optio iona nal) l)
Revi Review ew of rela relate te
lite litera ratu ture re
Theo Theore reti tica ca
trad tradit itio ions ns
Essa Essays ys by info inform rmed ed Rela Relate te Desi Design gn an
rese resear arch ch meth method odol olog og
expe expert rt
e st st io io n
e.
an
2 00 00 6
No ic
Q ua ua lili ta ta titi v
50
I nq nq u r y a n
D e i gn gn in in g
R es es ea ea rc rc h D es es ig ig n
rustworthmes rustworthmes Pers Person onal al
biog biograp raphy hy
Ethi Ethics cs an es
poli politi tica ca rvew
cons consid ider erat atio ions ns es
or grou groups ps ascr ascrib ib
to
n a u ra ra l
th
et ng
lyze lyze thei thei p ro ro v d e
er
Q ua ua lili ta ta t v e
t ud ud y
e n t iv iv itit y to
data data indu induct ctiv ivel el
51
they ana-
to
f o t h v o c e o f p a t ic ic ip ip an an t
r e e x v itit y
h e r e e ar ar c e r
om to
budget
(2005)
cohe cohere rent nt when when rese resear arch cher er
desi design gn thei thei qual qualit itat ativ iv
prop propos osal als. s.
orga organi nize ze
t hi hi n
ha
th
defin-
he ) . n d r s a nd nd in in g
i s n ee ee de de d
w he he n
h e e se se a c h
wants
""l1'~ A-' ..
o f p a i c p an an t S ch ch o
o f E du du ca ca titi o
um ar
an
a da da pt pt at at io io n
of he
a rg rg um um e t s
Example 3.4 Maxw Maxwel ell' l' Nine Nine Argu Argume ment nt fo uali ualita tati tive ve Prop Propos osal al to
eter
th
Q ua ua l a t v e
e se se a c h d oe oe s t a
e , i n o l e s a mb mb i o u
o llll o
assu assump mpti tion on
cent centra ra
to q ua ua lili ta ta titi v
topi topic) c)
i nq nq u r y
o rl rl dv dv ie ie w
a nc nc e
n d t he he or or e
answer
ro
study
data
to
the
(e.g., narr narrat ativ ive, e,
cuestions. A na na ly ly s Th
wi
g en en er er at at e a n w er er s t o h es es e q ue ue st st io io ns ns .
f in in di di ng ng s w ilil l h e v a i da da te te d es rv
he i nc nc lu lu d a l e su su l
es
ri
ca rt
im ta on
study. y. of th stud
ab
ethi ethica ca
f ut ut u
ow
h i t or or y
vary vary
nc ud
ou
an
i sc sc u o n o f h e o ve ve r
r es es ea ea rc rc h n ee ee d
grou ground nd~: ~:
c u t u e , p e o na na l e xp xp e i e c e
an
prac practi tice ces. s. o de de l
t ha ha t e se se a c he he r
n te te r r e a titi on on s
u dy dy , a n
o n h e e se se a c h r ' an
for
ro em
n l to
nd ng of he
poli politi tics cs
ra
o u e xa xa mp mp le le s s pe pe a d d t io io na na l d a
ef ec io
b v . .... .
phen phenom omen enol olog ogy, y,
t ha ha t d if if fe fe r
er
n ee ee d t o a dd dd re re s
of he p ro ro p a l
q ua ua lili ta ta titi v
tu
wJI
a dv dv oc oc ac ac y o r e nt nt at at io io n
