Seminários Técnicos 2003 Eletricistas e Técnicos Módulo 2 B Coordenação de Partidas de Motores Motor es Elétricos
s
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Seminários Técnicos Siemens 2003 Eletricistas e Técnicos
Módulo 02
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Índice 1.
Aplicações normais
2.
Seleção dos condutores de alimentação
3.
Proteção contra sobrecorrentes
4.
Proteção contra correntes de sobrecarga
5.
Proteção contra correntes de curto-circuito
6.
Proteção contra subtensões
7.
Controle de motores
8.
Considerações finais sobre a manobra e proteção de motores elétricos em partida direta
9.
Partida de motores trifásicos
10.
Critérios de escolha do método de partida
11.
Partida direta (plena tensão)
12.
Partida estrela-triângulo
13.
Esquemas de ligação
14.
Partidas por auto-transformador (compensadora)
15.
Esquema de ligação
16.
Partida suave (soft-starter)
17.
Categoria de emprego
18.
Tabelas de escolha
19.
Partida direta
20.
Partida estrela-triângulo
21.
Partida por auto-transfomrador (compensadora)
22.
Partida suave (soft-starter)
23.
Correção do fator de potência
24.
Motores elétricos
25.
Regimes de serviço
26.
Classificação térmica dos materiais isolantes
27.
Grau de proteção
28.
Categorias de conjugado
29.
Dados para encomenda
30.
Símbolos gráficos
31.
Símbolos literiais
32.
Anotações
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1.
Aplicações no normais
Consideram-se aplicações normais, para as finalidades das prescrições que se seguem, as definidas por: Cargas industriais e similares: •
motores de indução de gaiola trifásicos, de potência não superior a 200 CV (150 kW), com características normalizadas conforme NBR 7094;
•
cargas acionadas em regime S1 e com características de partida conforme NBR 7094.
Cargas residenciais e comerciais: •
motores de potência nominal não superior a 2 CV (1,5 kW), constituindo parte integrante de aparelhos eletrodomésticos e eletroprofissionais.
2.
Sele Seleçã ção o dos con ond duto utores res de alime liment ntaç ação ão
A seleção e dimensionamento dos condutores de alimentação de motores deve basear-se nos seguintes parâmetros: •
corrente nominal do motor;
•
corrente de rotor bloqueado do motor;
•
dispositivo de partida empregado;
•
tempo de aceleração;
•
regime;
•
características do condutor;
•
corrente de curto-circuito presumido;
•
tempo de eliminação do curto-circuito
•
queda de tensão admissível,
•
maneira de instalar;
•
condições especiais, se existirem.
Em aplicações normais, os condutores do circuito terminal de alimentação de um único motor devem ter capacidade de condução de corrente não inferior à corrente nominal do motor. Em aplicações especiais, os condutores do circuito terminal de alimentação de um único motor devem ter capacidade de condução de
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NOTA - Para motores de característica nominal com mais de uma potência e/ou velocidade, o condutor selecionado deve ser o que resulte em maior seção, quando considerada individualmente cada potência e velocidade. Os condutores que alimentam dois ou mais motores devem ter capacidade de condução de corrente não inferior à soma das capacidades determinadas para cada motor, separadamente, conforme 6.5.3.4.1, mais as correntes nominais das outras cargas alimentadas pelo mesmo circuito. O dimensionamento dos condutores que alimentam motores deve ser tal que, durante o funcionamento em regime do motor, as quedas de tensão nos terminais do motor e em outros pontos de utilização da instalação não ultrapassem os limites estipulados em 6.2.7.1.
NOTA - Para aplicações especiais, a corrente considerada para o cálculo da queda de tensão deve ser a máxima que ocorre em funcionamento durante o ciclo de operação. Durante o funcionamento em regime, a queda de tensão entre a origem da instalação e qualquer motor, não deve ser maior que os valores da tabela abaixo. Motor A Alimentação diretamente por um ramal de baixa tensão, a partir de uma
5%
rede de distribuição pública de baixa tensão: B – Alimentação diretamente por subestação de transformação ou
8%
transformador, a partir de uma instalação de alta tensão: C – Que possuam fonte própria
8%
O dimensionamento dos condutores que alimentam motores deve ser tal que, durante a partida do motor, a queda de tensão nos terminais do dispositivo de partida não ultrapasse 10% da tensão nominal do mesmo, observados os limites de 6.2.7 .1 para os demais pontos de utilização da instalação. instalação.
NOTAS •
A queda de tensão nos terminais do dispositivo de partida do motor pode ser superior a 10% da tensão nominal do motor em casos específicos em que é levado em conta o aumento do tempo de aceleração
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3.
Proteção contra sobrecorrentes
A proteção contra sobrecorrentes compreendem as proteções contra sobrecargas e de curto-circuito. Os dispositivos de sobrecorrente devem poder interromper qualquer sobrecorrente inferior à corrente de curto-circuito presumida no ponto em que o dispositivo está instalado, eles devem satisfazer as prescrições. Tais dispositivos podem podem ser disjuntores: NBR IEC 60947-2 ou NBR IEC 60898 ou NBR5361 ; dispositivos de seccionamento combinados com fusíveis conforme a IEC 947-3; dispositivos de partida conforme IEC 60947-4 ou dispositivos de seccionamento, controle e proteção IEC 60947-6-2.Estes dispositivos de proteção devem protegem contra sobrecorrentes: •
Motores e
•
Cabos
4.
Prot Proteç eção ão co cont ntrra cor corre rent ntees de de sob sobrrecar carga
Os condutores e os motores devem ser protegidos contra correntes de sobrecarga por um dos seguintes meios: •
dispositivo de proteção integrante do motor, sensível à temperatura dos enrolamentos;
•
dispositivo de proteção independente, sensível à corrente absorvida pelo motor.
O dispositivo de proteção independente pode ser instalado: •
próximo aos equipamentos elétricos do motor
•
ou em local remoto no conjunto de manobra e proteção dedicado.
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independente, sensível à corrente absorvida pelo motor, ele deve ter características de atuação compatíveis com o regime, corrente de partida, tempo de aceleração e tempo admissível com rotor bloqueado do motor. Os condutores que alimentam motores de potência nominal não superior a 0,5 CV (0,37 kW) em aplicações residenciais e comerciais, conforme 6.5.3.3-b), podem ser considerados protegidos pelo dispositivo de proteção contra sobrecarga do circuito terminal se este tiver corrente nominal ou de ajuste igual à capacidade de condução de corrente dos condutores de alimentação do motor.
5.
Prot Proteç eção ão co cont ntrra cor corrent rentees de de curt curto o-cir -circu cuit ito o
A proteção contra correntes de curto-circuito dos condutores que alimentam motores deve ser garantida pelos dispositivos de proteção do circuito terminal. Para que a proteção seja efetiva, é necessário que sejam atendidas as prescrições abaixo.
NOTA - Na determinação de valores para a proteção contra correntes de curto-circuito, os dispositivos selecionados devem atender às prescrições de 5.3.4, 5.7.4.2 e 6.3.4.3. Os circuitos terminais que alimentam um só motor podem ser protegidos contra correntes de curto-circuito utilizando-se: •
dispositivo fusível tipo g: para aplicações normais, conforme 6.5.3.3, a corrente nominal do dispositivo fusível não deve ser superior ao valor obtido multiplicando-se a corrente de rotor bloqueado do motor pelo fator indicado na tabela 54; quando o valor obtido não corresponder a valor padronizado, pode ser utilizado dispositivo fusível de corrente nominal imediatamente superior;
•
disjuntor ou dispositivo de controle e proteção com corrente de disparo magnético maior que a corrente de rotor bloqueado do motor. A corrente de disparo magnético deve suficiente para não operar no primeiro pico de partida do motor, mas também deve ser compatível com a coordenação de partida exigida entre contatores e relés de sobrecarga.
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NOTAS •
O meio referido na alínea b) é recomendado para motores de potência nominal superior a 0,5 CV (0,37 kW).
•
Quando mais de um motor é alimentado por um único circuito terminal, é preferível que as cargas de outra natureza sejam alimentadas por outros circuitos terminais.
•
Um único circuito terminal pode alimentar um ou mais motores e uma ou mais outras cargas, desde que cada um deles não prejudique o funcionamento adequado dos demais e que as outras cargas sejam protegidas adequadamente.
As características dos dispositivos de partida do motor devem estar coordenadas com o dispositivo de proteção contra curto-circuito, de modo a não causar risco às pessoas ou à instalação. Para definição do tipo de coordenação, a ser utilizada deve estar conforme a IEC 60947-4-1 ou a IEC 60947-6-2
Nota: A coordenação dos dispositivos em condições de curto circuito, determina a extensão dos danos nos respectivos dispositivos de partida, após a ocorrência deste defeito
6.
Proteção contra subtensões
Onde uma queda de tensão, ou uma queda e subseqüente restauração da tensão que possa implicar em situações de risco para pessoas ou propriedades, precauções adequadas devem ser tomadas. Precauções também devem ser tomadas onde uma parte da instalação ou equipamento específico possa ser danificada por uma queda de tensão.
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7.
Controle de motores
Os motores devem ser controlados por partida adequada e, se necessário, por dispositivos de controle. Dispositivos de partida podem ser combinados com dispositivos para assegurar a proteção de motores, nestes casos, eles devem estar de acordo com as regras aplicáveis a dispositivos de proteção. Os circuitos de controle de motores devem ser projetados de forma a prevenir a partida automática de um motor após a parada em função de uma falta ou uma queda de tensão, se tal partida puder causar risco. NOTA - Esta prescrição pode não ser satisfeita em certos casos, como por exemplo, quando a partida de um motor for especificada em intervalos em resposta a um dispositivo de seccionamento automático, ou quando a não - partida de um motor após uma breve interrupção na alimentação puder causar risco. Onde a frenagem do motor por contra-corrente for empregada, cuidados devem ser tomados para evitar a reversão do sentido de rotação ao fim da frenagem se tal reversão puder causar risco. Onde a segurança depende do sentido de rotação de um motor, cuidados devem ser tomados para prevenir a reversão de operação devido, por exemplo, à queda de uma fase. Dispositivos de partida podem ser combinados àqueles que providenciam proteção ao motor; eles devem satisfazer às regras aplicáveis a dispositivos de proteção. Os diferentes dispositivos para seccionamento e ajuste de um motor, ou de um conjunto de motores combinados, devem ser agrupados.
8.
Cons Consid ider eraç açõe õess fina finais is sob sobre re a mano manobr braa e pro prote teçã ção o de mot motor ores es elé elétr tric icos os eem m partida direta
Pelo exposto até aqui, a partida direta, direta, com plenos valores de potência e tensão, pode ser feita de diversas
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Proteção plena dos motores
Proteção com Fusíveis / Disjuntor e Relé de sobrecarga / Disparador de sobrecarga
M
Causas de aquecimento
M
Proteção com Fusíveis / Disjuntor e Sensor térmico (termistor)
M
M
Proteção com Fusíveis / Disjuntor e Relé de sobrecarga / Disparador de sobrecarga e Sensor térmico (termistor)
M
M
Proteção dos motores
Sobrecarga em regime de operação
Total
Total
Total
Falta de fase
Total
Total
Total
Desvios de tensão e freqüência
Total
Total
Total
Rotor bloqueado
Total
Parcial
Total
Partida difícil (prolongada)
Sem
Total
Total
Elevada freqüência de manobras
Parcial
Total
Total
Temperatura elevada (no motor)
Sem
Total
Total
Com relação a tabela, temos a comentar: •
90% ou pouco mais de todos os motores elétricos ainda hoje são protegidos de acordo com as soluções indicadas na primeira coluna, usando disjuntores com relés de sobrecarga e curto-circuito, ou
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sobrecarga eletrônicos com supervisão de termistores. Note-se porém que o uso deste relé faz parte de um projeto global da máquina, pois os sensores semicondutores de temperatura – os termistores, tem que ser instalados dentro do motor, no seu ponto mais quente. •
Quando o ambiente está a uma temperatura elevada, acima das de referência de norma, a troca de calor também diminui e o aquecimento é aumentado a valores inadmissíveis que não é sensibilizado por um relé de sobrecarga bimetálico, exigindo o uso de um relé de sobrecarga eletrônico com supervisão de termistores.
•
A solução convencional ( com relé bimetálico) também não é eficiente perante partidas difíceis, prolongadas, pois pode acontecer que essa se dá com tempos muito longos de correntes não muito elevadas, de modo que a supervisão do relé bimetálico não é eficiente.
•
No caso de rotor bloqueado ( que significa o motor ligado e não girando, o que se assemelha a um transformador em curto-circuito ), a proteção apenas por sensoriamento do aquecimento não é plenamente confiável porque nesse caso o impacto de corrente acelera abruptamente o aquecimento no tempo, de modo que pode haver danificação antes da resposta dos termistores. Esse é um dos casos em que uma dupla proteção por relé de sobrecarga e supervisão por termistores levam à melhor solução.
9.
Partida de de motores trifásicos
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a) Observar as limitações impostas impostas pela Concessionária local referente a partida de motores: Nota: Para a partida direta de motores com potência acima de 3,7 kW (5cv), [supostamente em U =
220V] em instalações alimentadas por rede de distribuição pública em baixa tensão,
deve ser
consultada a Concessionária local.
b) Limitar a queda de tensão nos demais demais pontos de utilização, utilização, durante a partida do motor, aos valores estipulados em 6.2
Para obter conformidade às limitações descritas nas as linhas a) e b) anteriores, pode ser necessário o uso de dispositivos de partida que limitem a corrente absorvida durante a partida.
Por outro lado, as cargas motoras em corrente alternada, são identificadas como sendo AC-2 e AC-3, a primeira sigla aplicada a motores do tipo trifásico indução bobinado ou anel, e o segundo a motores trifásicos de indução tipo gaiola, que são a grande maioria dos motores encontrados nas indústrias, por serem mais robustos e mais baratos ( não necessariamente melhores ). Outro fator que hoje precisa ser observado, é o rendimento do motor . Devemos dar preferência a motores de alto rendimento, como perdas reduzidas. Portanto, para potências acima de 5 cv, é necessário verificar se há necessidade de serem usados métodos de partida, que podem ser de várias formas, cada um com recomendações próprias de acordo com a potência dos dos motores a eles ligada. Aplicando-se Aplicando-se a todos eles, a IEC 60 947 faz recomendações de coordenação de proteção, e que assim se definem:
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s
Tais correntes são como referência prática da ordem plena de I K = 50 kA como corrente presumida de curtocircuito. Pela própria definição, é bem mais seguro o uso da coordenação tipo 2, conforme visto linhas atrás. A solução porém é de custo mais elevado.
Pela IEC 60 947, são definidos os seguintes valores de corrente de curto-circuito prático, em kA :
Corrente nominal I e / AC-3 em A
Corrente de curto-circuito prática “r” I kr em kA
0
<
Ie
≤
16
1
16
<
Ie
≤
63
3
63
<
Ie
≤
125
5
125
<
Ie
≤
315
10
315
<
Ie
≤
630
18
630
<
Ie
≤
1000
30
1000
<
Ie
≤
1600
42
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s
11.
Partida direta ( plena tensão ) Características básicas 10
8
o d a g u j n o c / e t n e r r o c a d o l p i t l ú M
c o r r e n t e
6
• •
o u u g a d c o n j
4
2
• •
te ten te is te res is o d a g u ju j n co
Aplicada em máquinas com qualquer tipo de carga Máquinas que permitem normalmente suportar o conjugado (torque) de aceleração Fonte com disponibilidade de potência para alimentação Confiabilidade de serviço pela composição e comando simples
0 0
0 ,2 5
0,5
0 ,7 5
1
Rotação A composição de uma partida direta pode ser das seis formas citadas na tabela que consta da página 62. Porém, dessas, as três mais usadas são as representadas a seguir.
Esquemas de ligação
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s
Não sendo possível a partida direta, outros métodos de partida são utilizados: •
Partida estrela-triângulo;
•
Partida por auto-transformador ( também chamada de compensadora )
•
Partida suave ( soft-starter ), por meio de eletrônica de potência.
Na seqüência indicada, estão também os custos do dispositivo de partida: uma estrela-triângulo é mais barata do que uma partida suave ( soft-starter ), para mesma potência de motor. E é necessário associar o
investimento no motor com o dispositivo de partida. Por essa razão, máquinas pequenas ( acima de 5 cv ou eventualmente maiores de acordo com determinações da Concessionária de Energia, pelo que vimos), usam uma partida estrela-triângulo; as máquinas maiores, passando pelas compensadoras ( com auto-transformador ), usam, no outro extremo das potências, a partida suave ( soft-starter ). Um outro aspecto é a qualidade da partida, há casos em que os solavancos resultantes de uma partida em estrela-triângulo não são admissíveis dentro do regime de funcionamento do motor e sobretudo da carga acionada. Faremos uma análise detalhada sobre o assunto mais adiante. Vamos analisar individualmente cada método de partida no que segue, e acrescentar a essa informação, dados de fabricantes e curvas características daí resultantes.
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s
E baseado no esquema de ligação dos enrolamentos, a seguir, Período de partida Estrela
Período nominal Triângulo
(rede 380V)
L1 1
K1
1
K1
2
(rede 220V/440V) ( rede 220V / 380V / 440V )
L1
2
1 F1
F2 2 K1
5
1
F1
4
6
5
2
4
F3 3
K1
3
K1 6
F2
6 F3
4
K1
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s
•
Se esse valor é excessivo, pelas normas e pelas condições de rede ( dados pela Concessionária ), então, ligando o motor trifásico em estrela na partida, a corrente circulante se situará em torno de 1/3 do valor pleno, e assim algo em torno de 2,66 x I n, que é perfeitamente aceitável, se sua circulação não se der por um tempo excessivamente longo.
•
Se, uma vez passada a fase de partida, ou seja, o motor já tiver alcançado sua rotação nominal e assim a corrente também já for nominal, então podemos comutar os enrolamentos para a ligação de funcionamento normal, que então será ligada em triângulo, como uma corrente igual a corrente nominal ( I n ).
•
A comutação da ligação estrela para a triângulo, dentro de um regime de carga bem definido, é feito automaticamente, por meio de relé de tempo associado ao comando de contatores.
•
Ocorre porém que, na comutação da estrela para o triângulo, e com conseqüente aumento instantâneo da corrente em três vezes, manifesta-se um impacto mecânico que, de um lado, não é por vezes admissível dentro do regime de funcionamento da máquina acionada, e do outro, esse mesmo impacto leva a acelerar a fadiga mecânica da máquina e do eixo de acionamento do motor, o que reduz
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s
13.
Esquemas de ligação
Unifilar Definição dos valores de corrente para especificação dos componentes
F1, 2, 3
K1
I f ∆ = 0,58 . I n
F4, 5, 6
K2
F7
I f ∆ = 0,58 . I n K3 I f Υ =
I n
3
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s
14. 14.
Part Partid idaa por por au auto to-t -tra rans nsfo form rmad ador or ( com compe pens nsad ador oraa )
Esse método de partida atende melhor potências de carga superiores àquelas atendidas pela partida estrela-triângulo. Nesse caso, o controle da potência ou da corrente é feito, mediante o ajuste de derivações na saída do auto-transformador, em porcentagens normalmente de 65% e 80%; porém, mais outras derivações podem ser previstas, contanto que as condições de utilização o necessitem . Também nesse sentido, quanto maior o numero de derivações, menor o desnível de uma derivação à outra quando da comutação e menor o impacto que a carga mecânica sofre, o que virá em benefício da vida útil do equipamento,
15
Es
ad dee llig ig ão do
la
nt
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s
Demonstração para fórmula de cálculos
U s U L k - 80 80% % k - 65 65% %
U L I L
=
I L I s
= k
I s = k . I n
I s U s
I L I s
= k
I L = k 2 . I n ou I L = k 2 . I p (65%)
I L = 0,4225 .(7.I n ) I L = 2,95. I n
As características de corrente e conjugado ou momento nesse caso são:
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s
Unifilar Definição dos valores de corrente para especificação dos componentes
F1, 2, 3
F4, 5, 6
In
2 I T1L T1L = k . I n
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s
Circuito de comando
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s
Dispositivo de manobra estática para partida e parada suave – SIKOSTART Dispositivo e seus componentes
Ie = corrente nominal do SIKOSTART Tempo de rampa
Tensão inicial de rampa
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s
Princípio de funcionamento Neste método de partida, o controle da potência fornecida na fase de partida é feita mediante um escalonamento da fração da tensão de alimentação fornecida a cada instante, em um dado número de semicíclos de tensão, que pode ser ajustado às características desejadas, até o seu valor pleno. Esse programa de escalonamento é executado por meio de um par de tiristores por fase, ligados em anti-paralelo, e que atuam em função de um programa previamente estipulado. Com esse procedimento, tem-se a
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s
Desenvolvimento do conjugado com a rotação. 3,0 2,4
M / M n
1,8
M m
M m - Conjugado de
partida direta
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