CONTAINERISATION, UNITISATION AND INTERMODALISM

Chapter 5

CONTAIERISTIO, UNITISTIO D TERMOALIS 5.1

INTRODUCON

oday e gatr pa of a lne cargo s handld n cotane t t as   165   irst l conar svcs, eat by pupos bt hps conc   e method o opeaton replaced  cao hadig ysts at had   a  ome 300 year preioy. 5.11

Growh in Wold Tae ee wee  nmber o pree tha led to e rsach r  es  a e ternatna oveen o geera carg Ce aog these a th daa   wrd ae  the yes owng the Secon Wor a (99 -94). -94). T ta   the reult of a nber of factos. choogica dvelope: Te war had ee gea advacs i   a proion anactrng a ivaon esecaly n te  o eca a e egierng h  o sopstcated cnu good becoig mc a   tem. Conue epctatos I th ua devepe ntries pa o  ·a     as exected to  great poveents i livg tandard and ags pence e ay ey depdt contie had hgh apaio  o e n saa  thr peo ad o th deeopnt o the ins Newly eveopg couts ey wer ang advantage o te rod da da  ad a ceape aur fre to ceate or sregthen te anuatung a nstra ae. T was  begng o wat late was o co t  k as the goaa  wd rae. Vss Opating Coss a Assocad Ecoomc Facs he se o breakk argo vesss ad he aocat  p n ro a econoic iplcatons tat went eyd te deay to he ves and the se o a ar ao oce athogh thee er vey poat. ee ad the flowng 'lab factos t apy whe conventiona ese ae ued oday. Slow port tun creates severa economic costs

Te vesse  ot arng a ip eas whe it  cayng cao  o pac to anth and o me s  s proct A vsse  an expsv asset o o sand i e erth is e ised; t pot is makn te et s  t aet n argo s log acros it quay uicy. ubstatia trait she space s eeded o andin o ad  oad/a vehices ceates nlan ongstion ad poo tlati o veces

CONTAIElS, J: D fRMLM

e lfn equpet was sle, ontane could e moe om one 'moe o tano o anote wt ese. I a extree case e ety ontne o be fied (sed) at he epoer pemes n moved om ere by trck o a al eial Then t woud e aen by tra o e oadg ot en by strade rre o te dockse head to e sip. A eeer shp peps wo take  o  ranpment pot to e oae on e ocean ce On arrva  e hrgig por e woe poede old hppen in evese o eoetcy ne seae oes o nspo o be se o a sgle osgmen Wn tweny years ome  of oaeriston was ode nto evey jo ine rote nd wit y years the cotaerao of wor ine rades ws ompleted ECONOMY OF SCAL

 As leady onidee e arge te i e more argo  be ced o valy the me be o cew n te moved podtivty o e otve powe e ene o a sp o 0000 ones s o 4 mes te powe o  p o 10000 onnes o gve e ame peed lg uch gree powe s neede to heve ige sees Econome of sae stem ro he oved ao of ecosed pae to e dmeson o te see hul ose e olow coarisons: Bek-b L DCC U HP Speed nots

oaner ps

1960

70

200

00

 m 6000 8000 H 

  29000 1500 0000 SP 9

3  2,000 000 7000 S

3  120000 0000  

2 5

WORD CONTAIN GOWTH

e oowing abe ad r ows e owh o te otal e of conaners n sevce at ve yea es sice 1970 Ye 000 

90 0

9 82

9 

9 4000

1990 4500

99 9250

20000

17

95

180

   ear Y 

0



000

00 00 est 1480 18000

-· :'" l LC I

,

,

 

U     xa     L T  -v   f  l           s  e m    19   b      I  o   er       g        a     ,      r              k H      p . 5.7

CONTAIER DMS

5.71

The ISO tandr Coi

W       O      e     e     S  () q  a          .        s"   t  a h  o     8 e        2   4 .   '    0 n  u  a            0    w    3       .     6 i  o    7       a        ·               b  c   o    d            e           h  y c       su        h  c  i          a   5   A        a   i E   a       s. w  +  s      e    u Jt e N   n                        D g     ued     o     p   d .     C C                               ,             3   0 o.  m                                     o  y p         w   g               o         8

YP F 

    u  .    z/  h  n g u  l   i   :

84

CONTAIERS, u�.'r ·: -;c•_ s

)

Standar ' van' General Pupose (GP) Containes. 0 or  x 8  6" Usuay seel oo u some ae a o GR oae oo  e d oly IO e 22 a .



Hgh Cbe Containers  coars wch ae 9 ig  te ae f g bu buly comodtes.  Coe 45G



Blk oaine sally 2  te cariag o y lk age, eg ed baey  h be ade The oae may av hace  te oo f o oa  ay av a nn g say ad o plc S Code B

v

Oen-o Containes o heavy bky o ovr heght argo oth  a  ey ca e loaed by cane m aove o tog doors  emoa heade a  d he ae ped ith a tapauln it ove So oen top uts a a oveae see roo - Hadop conaines SO Code 1 ad 4.

v)

Half-height 20' open to coaine. Used  heavy ago were he deadwegh

reqes med cubi cpaciy (ow oage ato Tey an be sowed wo ig i e se spe s  sndrd eght coe

vi Parms o wkwrdly sped d/ heavy be-l cago ' d 40 ese ns he o sides  to, jst a ase wt sig os and lg ugs IS od 29 ad 49P

 Fa Racks are pats w ends w eae e ts o be sked on op  ec oe  te sae way s G it ese ens ay be oasble o eabe te uits to loked gee  eae  et e e. O ode P3  42P3 d ote odes  speca yes.

i Vnad Conans  codtes s as cofee ad coco bes s 0 O Code V ix Tank Cnn fo b ds 20hese ae usualy  e m o a ova a sppoed  a seea ecgu fe IO Code 22 hee ae ote od f pesse ested it k one ca aso be eaed o e arriag  cei id argoe t need to e e  fld sae o uoadg e  .

86

CoN.\IEilSP,TO LA D RM:U

)

Refrigratd (Rr) coas. 20' and 40 e a quppd wt a ereatn  whi s pggd no a ectrca supply on t s o th tal, soe hav her ow di geerat set Tose wt th ow ntga eraig achny a fly vrail ad a ove ay dac by ad o a atr he ea asag Ty ae, owv m oe o o onsu

ee are ao h ub e ota. ISO od R1 ad  w or ode o varat nt

 xi

Insul Connr 0 ad  Anoer ty o e oae as o iga rfgeating t as t es o cold r b low rough oroes  te ed of e coain om a ctra od ar ductd ytm  th vs Som nuated conanes a js a, atd to dc perature vaato but wtho sf ao s tye o oatio s icasgy obot

S Cod H ad 4

5.9

OTHER 'CONAIR XPRESSONS

a tc like os o ads as ao  wo  mag is a iar oy o o voved i te day-today nig of te busss May of th abbrvatos ave aray  od ad LC F and EU a te ost we ow o ot xsos a pcuiar to cotaie use suc a:

On amer  (   J

Thi   l w d t    y     a   I  e       ·<          e           , ..    .         !D N

Ild Cc Dpo )

  a   p          m    Ex U e      '     CY     .

e

'Suig*  V

    s    g     .    o  u    c     a       C Fh    f 

L                          a   c          u  : ()  k v f      b   n    A r    n   -  b    o    FS  u   p       CO 

     o     

                      w   q      �      ..  o     .  .        es        o e    . W     e       a   m    s  e           Hs-

             d                                       ar     Q o  { P   . G o o 

     a                             g       o

8

CONTAIERS, U \f ·.:sr�-'1

Hv,  j   e w LC    a      ' ( ) B     a  ·   dn. 'Box Rate

T      FAK             m  g                         FAK (righ l nds)

h     k   w i      o                 x          a l  b                f  e i    ; i      a.

5.10

CONIER VT

      n   qa o e  o      u  z   /              a m . 5.10

Inveto Crl       i      e  o           irs  p  O  l w        w         d  y      i i    e frg  .             W   t t ob      a  e                        o     I     a  us      o        c  i o  G      e i i   n    e s              te e  E    p  c   s w                    oe    e     O        s      n o h   ors  pl       p i  o     y                       u  Lc

    o  a r                        w              

weer n prac ce eac ra e rote w ere a nu e o ps a eac p ma we be eed  a umbe of nand ocaton wih coaie depot Mo peraos wil hae oe a e ae oute wi he ager peas ag a whoe newk o tercnecting eces. As e me o ocaios seved a e ecein rute ieae o oe he cmpexy o acevg the s cost efectve sto o e cotaner sup prbe Oen, deret oaer Opear ee   petion w eac he, wl ave a ecage aageent  tat ca ne ca e the the' coaer (wth  apopa iacal aragee) ae a eac peaor nc empy oeet ss ,

Thee s a agent a oeal costs cod e educed i ee wa a wo-we po  coaers p wc ay opeao cou daw as equie ig he cost of pisi ad reducg e umer o ecessay baace oe. he aes wod eed  e u t a taa secat wihou te crs o mas  owerhp  a iu peatr s s ow as e Geybox ccept Agaist sch a gloa onep ae e poes  werip o the coae a wh wod eue te eal ece aageme of te wwde upy Conane ea copaes wud ague ha they  ch a e  e aet pae Determing he Fle Sz

A mle apoac to deemg e uer  cotae ere  peae a aru servce is to cder ta at ay me eac ip wll equre a se f cntaie to  t e a esiae is needed of how ma addtoa se are eue o ad at any oe me  aw f the me tae  upack caes ae dcage ad the me eue to pa cotaie and tansp he o e po bee te aa o a vese However thi appoac deped on usg a patca s sceue paten to eas tea ewee ca at a paica o ad prbay some compex mde  deemne e popn of caes wch ca be oaded ac  te ex cal, te e b one ec Diuo pater f he uers o aies  eac po  cal will a   a w  m   w h  n  n   ype An aernatve appoach palaly sed o he cno and mig  a ade wic J aeady eg opeaed s o coser he plem  wo pas; te demad  cnta a thecaer vecy he dead  coaies i aessed  fecasg e volue of busiess to e oe ve a gie perid ay one yer Sh an aesmen shod in any case e ceal to  cpay ar plang Were a evce cove a ume o cuntes he assessen w a leat have o be be dw no he type  cntane reuie I wi al e eceay t deemng e dna decon  e ade sic it w e he lume n ts ireco whc will deee he nmbe o cnaes reqed he cotane eoity  urrd te is a mease o e ie  aes a nae  e ade to peo a opete rcu Fo examle in he rade fm UK o Hg Kog  woud e e nme of day fom beg ade  e UK o comee a p o og K  t e aded wih ren cago,  be dschage  K ad t e reay or comme secod i.

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hs ca omay e ease saay y ecodng e aveage umbe o days s  e vau eees o he joey: • e expo ad n U 

 sea U og g

90

CONT�1rnSJ,O UN·IN A.D iERMl

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ue mo oad n ong Kong

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emy avaiae  og Kong

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uner ex ad n Hong Kg

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at sea Hog Kong-K

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une imp load n UK

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epy avaae  UK

Wie e emp avaale mes can e educed by hoding a sale sock  coaes  te tmes wl be eered b e aen o te sevce ad te geogapal a o opeatng feaues o e core n whch e ctaes ae de ad Wee e mvemes  all cnaines ae beng recored  a cmpte e e es f ese as acves w be easy eraced he te  a ee sea e s as UKog Kog gh e o te orde   days Wh a tme o 1 days a cnaer wd ae 3.65 oud tis e ea. Co ts data wh te er of cane mves o e mae in te an de  a year  is pose to cacae e eoecal nube of canes eqed. Sa  ce 0000 oves pe yea, wi cnaes dog  aeage 3 nd tis pe e u reie 1 divie b 3 = 274 cotainers Ths does ese a eately ssc pcure as hee wll e ote faco o nsde  exampe:  i  bin  n r  y,  r hr   n   cnser   wat ee does te cacuai eed  be vaed t aow or ey maae oves o a up areas o sup ad emad? • wa s e eec o eendg he cacula to a nber  ee cae pes • o wa ee sd an aowace e ade f 'aey o o ensre a ere ae alwas caes avaabe o meet csme dema and o ea w uecas inceases  usness?

5.102

Ownig Versu Leas avg deemne e me o oaners eede ee s e ce o pog em y ng em o a seciast manufacre o easg hem om oe o e man cmpanes wse sness s  ow contanes t hire em  oeatos e ets of ownng vesus easg conainers ae not sstanay ee om ose o ohe capal asses bu ae se u n e beow

 3

Ownn Advantges

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Tis sho ove ceae n he og un as i avo e eee o cos whc ays e easng cmpays os



contaers can e  o e Oeraos esg ad he eao w as be abe o cn te maenace a ea seccao

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e ear wll ave te coaes  hs cous/oo wc creases awaness  he opay

Co�r,\INiR1$AO UTS• D EM/LM

Howeve thi pesoses that e Oeaor a a suciet uber o the conaner o the pacuar easng copa at the urp ocato Th wll no poe a pble f te Oeao's feet  obae 10% o e ame eag coay Howeve  , a  moe key he ee s paally owne aaly eaed ad/or he eaed coaes ae obtaned ro sevea eag coae he Opeao ust conie f e a uabe conaie o eec he o of. Oerwse the osequece co be tha te pick-p o oanes at the efc ocato wi ae pace bt o baacg droof wh a coeuent cease n ovea cost Were e surplseft aea are at ee as o te word here wl ao ee to be ace avaae o e p o move e ept conaie. he Opeator us ece how a i advance o a epty coae poso e uthe n avace te moe ucetan are he eman orecas; empy contane cod be ove o mee a deman whic oe ot aterae. oweve hee ms be ea to avo a stock deict, a ead me o up o two mohs a be euie (alowig o o or te sea tansit bt o na oveet ad tme orgag e ecesar ace on a ship) erefoe whe ovea pas shoul be ae as ar ard a  eabe ey cotae old no e oe u the a oibe oe wh reaso  cae a alteae, lowe co, solo develops a te operatoa tao changes. An aeave paicar f a Oeao w a mal ake sae  ade i acte o eek buses tat w rece te umbe o uofable e epy contaner moes If e perao has a pemanen ep urplus  a parcula por he may cooe o ect h r  b  h p  d pu n   di h   hoage o coaner Nata ver goo tea cool yses ae eede  e eo of e copan ae tea ae gog to be geae o secung ues whch w ee oveal co aical as he ation can cange apiy his ago selecvt poc canot be puse o eas by an Opeato wo  a membe o a s coerence o cono w a obgao to cove he oveal reuremes o the trae However a he wa o ece baace co s to oo or o cae aria co bunes o fl epty coae  te  a regula ovee o ep conaes o Po A o o B t ca be age hat a the coane w ave to move away ay reveue  bee tha og heeoe exteey ow reight rae ca be oeed o ecoage comode o ove a oese woul not be ppe a al o o  conaner because o ter ow value h  a vai eto o edcng cosnceag pof, but oes have  agers  f eae e sp o cotae a o A de up becae o a chae  the geera balace o ade a the Opeaor ha a commtme to ca he maginal cargo e may we o o a a os because o the cost o uppy adional coae 1

Tracking the Coainer Flee t  e cea ha he above ethos o ool a maageet of the feet wll ot wor es e eao a aa a aate a o-date pcure of s toc pt ccong to te ere contae type a a hs ocao he coane sock epeets a very ubsantial aset o he copany o  i poa a eac dvua coaier s tace o ere tha   ot o o ue ebeaey o · cceta b anothe eato

CONT-ERISA, Ut D TEM/L

ntae  'paed a i y ear  eta pla o wc is c thir sa st carry capac  kos n t da  e a e inspeci  accrdance w e 1972 Cven o af Coas ( cvt)

5.1

Missng Contaners Shou a coai o v s atus eed r me csdeable time, checks re caed ut ad the et o eot at t at nwn lcain  he containr ask o veiy  atu Soud th not b psl, e eiter te coine hs bn toe o moved o  wio ifco f t late  e cas i may e  necesay to s a p and inan gent t ceck  e ig box - o ey t

2

Dme Rep The cst  piig daged ots i assse gs ti cptl vlu eg n m tht y e sy depet ov 5 ye If t epr  to o  than e vu o te ox  y  e  log v ts ay ded on t vialty o stte ep. sce cov wi meet ccd dmae pai bt th cos of dmae cused y  pais hs to  eovee whic  o aways easy e pcpal problem s povig a whic pon   g rap movm he daae caly occred ad e ideig e py ct eon. Eve i the ercange docmts ve een popey copted otig a vee s vy difct We e pte onanes de Ms  ragem i  quite commo  aag o e len cmpy  tak eby  damag  coae  th ine payg a addita pemm n e caer he is is a Damage Poction Polcy (D).

3

Cotne Lo h iece  los of coane genery s i rc ivese prpr t t icncy f te co sysem opg. I the s cass he os  very smal a epset a sml co o the ca cost. Coaies a ve e we d casnay appa ain ca cd keepg ic

4

The Aent' Role n Cont ono e sze o te Agnts to a t troghpt wl deemine th copexiy of te ctai cotro sy eede Ms les wi eqr h Aget t ainti diret lk to he is cpuer system. atever e system no cmpu c d h wr o   eig  appyn an ntelint ite cpd with cuity  ch stge f  ctains mvnt ac cang f stat a Equpme Interhae Reep ER} ul be sgd. Ver oe hs dy as to b degaed o  ck drver a ome ar mor cscietio h er

· 5.12

2

FCLs LCLs AND ICs

Fu Cone od h xpeo FCL  Cnane Ld eas mre n  pl saem tt te conai s  n fct  may y b patilly fld t stially mes tht te shippr as asmed th eposiy  pacig t gods o h cnanr hn clsi  drs ad aig a sal xcpt  t pssiy  the Cust athritis wsig t ispect th conent  whc ae ty eseal te cote wi r w s  FL eaces e cnsiee js  t lt e Shippers pses

1 1 ,u :  ' m b   x   A             (    p     h  )  j       r g     

T      l        S   e     k  f  e       a      o  o   v      ap              I    o      m   FC L c    r   od     i             n                       o o                            O       .                 t           e a    w    l      o c

5.1 2

Quay-to r D  W               h       M         -           s                               o,        s  B     t  u           n,     u    U  o       o               s         contr              u /            e            H        ey              e s.     of                e   g                     sa       q      e       e r      s          e            w        .                      s                    a                              o     q   -                                                di              y              

3

Les hn f I Ci d ( )     e  a                ;      

98

C servce of e own we hers pee to encoage   csae s aro Te ocere s ams the same e a eence s a f he ie i eg e  acty, te Spe ges te Line's bl f ang wheeas  a NVOC is ng    ter Hose l o ang May frwarder se emseles u a VCs ao cae VCCs - N esse ea (Commn or Conae) Carrer. As suc hey acce e same ab as a  a  isse a caes Bl o aig. Sch ls of aig ae say accepted e  e Ced  accance wh e ban U   P    PG [e Capte See a  12] as ag te se se as  es  f Lag. e se o CL cargo w peset s gos to a esigae e CF   e  smpl eceip Becaue  e ada ag a te c at tere w b e al sors an se   n an C cae e e wil have t use moe substaa pacagg  g  e case wt C. ee experece has sow tat e pacagng o C a   be less an wo have  be sed  cago beg oae dect no a u  o e labiy  LCL cago s vuay te same as for breabuk Jag e    cosolang oare/VOCC caes espnsty r eac pace   appate ae r agueisby rules a a iscagg por as  take e   o e contane  ta ey may be ivay haned ve o e resece sge nce aga hee are aaos n e tee t s by   meas usa  ae  consgmes A yca case wou e a caco cstcg someig     destatio. Compnes may e aw fro seeal sctracors  he e county u o coe al go  he sae Cnsee Wh CC te Le beas e se aby as  LCLLC becase the swg o e cago  he coae was    cayng e or is sbconrao  e aa Sppe.  moements are me rae; e Sper wises to spy me a oe sge  suc a case e Siper s essbe r stg e coane a dee e   wen e cnae is opeed a e scargg o, ere are nt e eac quaies  eac  te ifere consgees

ICDS

he esiga  l  actay peates conanesa a a exse  me adoke coures  me cago er he Cstms sea o  g por   e lan bde wee  wd be ceared fr mporato. e sse  adope by he K a e begng o e cner eouto nle many cries te  has a ery arge nmber o os a sry has ee  gw u aron he. e ea wi a cae sece s  se oy e    couy.  accommoae Spes eote rom e cotaine pos he es aag  seres  depos clse o the taoa s so ha mercats coud coue  dee r coeced ter cago n a ama aea ese epots ha Csms satus  ee  mecas  cnine t ae her Cstoms eries ocay ICs adled boh C  C carg Sbseeny he ICD ccept has been widely aoped  oer c Regetaby he expessn CD is en adope o ay epo sed to assebe   cag een og e gna name mpes tat  s ad a as a Cs   aeance  clea e cag.

 a onra o cariage cold we commene rom the Ees w ee   Lie provdng he rad vehice t aso he goods o e shp, ere   ·s halage' o lie haage. Whe the xoe poves e uck ad ees  o o he cs ecans hauage) he good pass ino te cst   e  e Cotaer Yad adjace t te laig e wich is soe disance (   e ss ra A this sage e hipper ca be gve a Bl o adng saig a e a a e e gods r shipen a whceve pon s appriae Sppes pemses   P e te Combne asp B  ang is invaably ded as    shipment' Bl of Laing  de t comply wih  contas o ae / e1 f et t wil eed t have a eaae endosemet statn ha the go  ee Shped o Bard ollowed by the date o oadng ad te e    sgaure  as saed eare ha he caying ine aceps abiy as so as he gods ass  s cstody b rememe a r e ea assage hee is a lmi t he ae  e ou n the Hagu  aguNby rul. (hese ae deat wth  deph i ap ee Thse ules hwever o o cove aspoaio vead so hw does e C   abilty? here ae oe internatoal oves o sve te re ere s he "Coveio relave a corat de traspo ienatna des Macises  vis de Rue Coneion elaing to cracs r itenatina t�nst  gs   efeed o a CMR Wi Epe ost aiways are sigaoie  he IM vei s l e  veo Ineraoal enan e aso e Mahadse pa ce    tra en    goods  l he      a wider cnvetn COTF wc as coves pasenges. So he arrer de a omed anso B f ag takes cae o icle  s ond o arrage e act ta i ss o damage aes pace  a  a he e ia  lailty aprae t he covento coceed w apy I  is mpssbe   ce whee the ls  daage cred hen  is asmed to have happened a sea s a e Hage o agueNisy rles wl ay. (These and oter rules meioed beow apea  Aece 2 o 4. Anote obem n he aea o iablty ha arse m te rafican of he UT Hamburg Rle, whc eae he Hague Res i hse untre whch ae ade s cvei Hague es apy ny  the cony of ept of he car eeas Habug ules apy t cago expoed o impored This eas to a onfct n t ab egie eause he s and appa of abiiy s dere i the tw cnet s i aso dea w i geae deph in Chapte Six. he probem r e Sppe o me corecly i insers s ta ea o he ce meioed as diee tems conio ad mis o omesatio Aems  pe a sgle conventio o cove a moes  tansp to whch a cntaner ay be bec e been ae CC Rue fr  Cmbned Tranp Dcume Some yeas ago an aempt was ade to da a onveni o cove oss  de o oos aied e a Cbined asr Dcme Knwn as te Toy es it aed  see suppo e erational ae  merce to p e a an made  comercaly me attrave hs is pished as he "CC es  a ombied as Dcen ad has o wde accepace. Mos ag oas apy tes an codiions which ae ased n the C ules f o presely clg with e

Th U  fc o   Dv ()  :   u     w           y  t     G  M  1980   "t n C  I -      NA O n   s   k  q   3          UNCTAD/I Rules fr Mti-moda np c

NC e g              R   m                      H V .   4  2  r  p b  5                      A w v?

e r       o a  g  l'                              ;        d             a       l,       E xa  b j            o     ei      po    e       S   a         6        m   a         e          o     d . 5.13

SELF-AMNT D  QUIO

          .

    l        c?

.

        

.

             

.

W    w  B   F AK



    e  C   Y



W n     

7.

o s       

.

     lai  i        

                                  e            

102