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case comment-S. SHANMUGAVEL NADAR V. STATE OF TAMIL NADU AND ANR.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT CASE DIGESTS
Privileges and Salary – Art. VII, Section 6 REPUBLIC REPUBLI C V. SANDIGAN S ANDIGANBA BAY YAN G.R. NO. 152154, JULY JULY 15, 2003 FACTS: Repulic !petitioner", t#roug# t#e Presidential Co$$ission o% &ood &overn$ent !PC&&", represented y t#e '(ce o% t#e Solicitor &eneral !'S&", )led a petition %or %or%eiture e%ore t#e Sandiganayan pursuant to RA *+-. eclaration eclaration o% t#e aggregate aggregate a$ount o% /S0 +162 deposited in escro3 in t#e P45, as illgotten 3ealt#. T#e %unds 3ere previously #eld y 1 account groups, using various %oreign %oundations in certain S3iss an7s. In addition, t#e Repulic soug#t t#e %or%eiture o% /S081 $illion and /S01 $illion in treasury notes 3#ic# e9ceeded t#e 2arcos couples salaries, ot#er la3%ul inco$e as 3ell as inco$e %ro$ legiti$ately ac;uired property. T#e treasury notes are%roSupple$e Agree$ent>Supple$ental ntal Agree$ents Agree$ents soug#t to identi%y, collate, cause cause t#e inventory inventory o% and distriute all assets presu$ed to e o3ned y t#e 2arcos %a$ily under t#e conditions contained t#erein. T#e &eneral Agree$ent speci)ed in one o% its pre$ises or ?3#ereas clauses? t#e %act t#at petitioner ?otained a @udg$ent %ro$ t#e S3iss Federal Triunal on ece$er 8*, *--, t#at t#e T#ree Bundred Fi%tysi9 2illion /.S. dollars !/S0+16 $illion" elongs in principle to t#e Repulic o% t#e P#ilippines provided certain conditionalities are $et 9 99.? Bearings 3ere conducted y t#e Sandiganayan on t#e $otion to approve t#e &eneral>Supple$ental Agree$ents. In a resolution dated +* anuary 88, t#e Sandiganayan denied t#e Repulics $otion %or su$$ary @udg$ent. ?T#e evidence oDered %or su$$ary @udg$ent @udg$ent o% t#e case did not prove t#at t#e $oney in t#e S3iss 5an7s elonged to t#e 2arcos spouses ecause no legal proo% e9ists in t#e record as to t#e o3ners#ip y t#e 2arcoses o% t#e %unds in escro3 %ro$ t#e S3iss 5an7s. T#e asis %or t#e %or%eiture in %avor o% t#e govern$ent govern$ent cannot e dee$ed to #ave een estalis#ed and our @udg$ent t#ereon, per%orce, $ust also #ave een 3it#out asis.? T#e Repulic Repulic )led t#e petition %or certiorari. certiorari. ISS/E: >4 petitioner Repulic 3as ale to prove its case %or %or%eiture in accordance 3it# t#e re;uisites o% Sections 8and + o% RA *+-. BEG: RA *+- raises t#e pri$a %acie presu$ption t#at a property is unla3%ully ac;uired, #ence su@ect to %or%eiture, %or%eiture, i% its a$ount or value is $ani%estly disproportionate disproportionate to t#e o(cial salary and ot#er la3%ul inco$e o% t#e pulic o(cer 3#o o3ns it. T#e %ollo3ing %acts $ust e estalis#ed estalis#ed in order t#at %or%eiture %or%eiture or sei
T#e S3iss deposits deposits 3#ic# 3#ic# 3ere trans%erred trans%erred to and are no3 deposited in escro3 escro3 at at t#e P#ilippine P#ilippine 4ational 4ational 5an7 in t#e esti$ated aggregate aggregate a$ount o% /S061=,*1,++.6 as o% anuary +*, 8 8, plus interest, are #erey %or%eited in %avor o% petitioner Repulic o% t#e P#ilippines. RATI' ECIE4I: !*-+ C'4ST" Article VII, Sec. J!8" – T#e President and t#e VicePresident s#all not, during t#eir tenure, #old any ot#er o(ce e9cept 3#en ot#er3ise provided in t#is Constitution, nor $ay t#ey practice any pro%ession, participate directly or indirectly in t#e $anage$ent o% any usiness, or e )nancially interested directly or indirectly in any contract 3it#, or in any %ranc#ise or special privilege privilege granted y t#e &overn$ent or any ot#er sudivision, agency, or instru$entality t#ereo%, including any govern$ent govern$ent o3ned or controlled corporation. Article VII, Sec. ** – 4o 2e$er o% t#e 4ational Asse$ly s#all appear as counsel e%ore any court in%erior to a court 3it# appellate @urisdiction, 9 99. 4eit#er s#all #e, directly or indirectly, e interested )nancially )nancially in any contract 3it#, or in any %ranc#ise or special privilege granted y t#e &overn$ent or any sudivision, agency, or instru$entality instru$entality t#ereo% including any govern$ent govern$ent o3ned or controlled controlled corporation during #is ter$ o% o(ce. Be s#all not intervene in any $atter e%ore any o(ce o% t#egovern$ent t#egovern$ent %or #is pecuniary ene)t. Article IK, Sec. – T#e Pri$e 2inister and 2e$ers o% t#e Cainet s#all e su@ect to t#e provision o% Section **, Article VIII #ereo% and $ay not appear as counsel e%ore any court or ad$inistrative ad$inistrative ody, or $anage any usiness, or practice any pro%ession, pro%ession, and s#all also e su@ect to suc# ot#er dis;uali)cation as $ay e provided y la3. Succession – In case o% te$porary disaility – Article VII Sections ***8 ESTRADA VS.DESIERTO, G.R. NO. 146710-15, MARC 2, 2001 ESTRADA VS.ARROYO, VS.ARROYO, G.R. NO. 14673!, MARC 2, 2001 FACTS: In t#e 2ay **, *--= elections, petitioner osep# Estrada 3as elected President 3#ile respondent &loria 2acapagalArroyo 3as elected Vice President. Fro$ t#e eginning o% #is ter$, #o3ever, petitioner 3as plagued y prole$s t#at slo3ly eroded #is popularity. 'n 'ctoer J, 8, Ilocos Sur &overnor C#avit Singson, a longti$e %riend o% t#e petitioner, accused t#e petitioner, #is %a$ily and %riends o% receiving $illions o% pesos %ro$ ueteng lords. T#e e9poseL i$$ediately ignited reactions o% rage. 'n 4ove$er *+, 8, Bouse Spea7er Villar trans$itted t#e Articles o% I$peac#$ent signed y **1 representatives or $ore t#an *>+ o% all t#e $e$ers o% t#e Bouse o% Representatives to t#e Senate. 'n 4ove$er 8, 8, t#e Senate %or$ally opened t#e i$peac#$ent trial o% t#e petitioner. 'n anuary *6, 8*, y a vote o% ***, t#e senator@udges senator@udges ruled against t#e opening o% t#e second envelope 3#ic# allegedly contained contained evidence s#o3ing t#at petitioner #eld P+.+ illion in a secret an7 account under t#e na$e Mose Velarde.N T#e ruling 3as 3as $et y a spontaneous outurst outurst o% anger t#at #it t#e streets streets o% t#e t#e $etropolis. $etropolis. T#erea%ter, T#erea%ter, t#e Ar$ed Forces Forces and and t#e P4P 3it#dre3 3it#dre3 t#eir support support to t#e Estrada Estrada govern$ent. govern$ent. So$e Cainet secretaries, undersecretaries, assistant secretaries and ureau c#ie%s resigned %ro$ t#eir posts. 'n anuary 8, 8*, at aout *8 noon, C#ie% ustice avide ad$inistered t#e oat# to respondent Arroyo as President o% t#e P#ilippines. 'n t#e sa$e day, petitioner issued a press state$ent t#at #e 3as leaving 2alacanang Palace %or t#e sa7e o% peace and in order to egin t#e #ealing process o% t#e nation. It also appeared t#at on t#e sa$e day, #e signed a letter stating t#at #e 3as trans$itting a declaration declaration t#at #e 3as unale to e9ercise e9ercise t#e po3ers and duties o% #is o(ce and t#at y operation o% la3 and t#e Constitution, t#e VicePresident s#all e t#e Acting President. A copy o% t#e letter 3as sent to Spea7er Fuenteella and Senate President Pi$entel on t#e sa$e day. A%ter #is %all %ro$ t#e po3er, t#e petitionerLs legal prole$s appeared in clusters. Several cases previously )led against #i$ in t#e '(ce o% t#e '$uds$an 3ere set in $otion. ISS/ES: !*" #et#er or not t#e petitioner resigned as President. !8" #et#er or not t#e petitioner is only te$porarily te$porarily unale to act as President. BEG: Petitioner denies #e resigned as President or t#at #e suDers %ro$ a per$anent disaility. Resignation is a %actual ;uestion. In order to #ave a valid resignation, t#ere $ust e an intent to resign and t#e intent $ust e coupled y acts o% relin;uis#$ent. T#e validity o% a resignation resignation is not governed y any %or$al re;uire$ent as to %or$. It can e oral. It can e 3ritten. It can e e9press. It can e i$plied. As long as t#e resignation resignation is clear, it $ust e given legal eDect. In t#e cases at ar, t#e %acts s#o3 t#at petitioner did not 3rite any %or$al letter o% resignation e%ore leaving 2alacanang Palace. Conse;uently, 3#et#er or not petitioner resigned #as to e deter$ined %ro$ #is acts and o$issions e%ore, during and a%ter
an. 8, 8* 8* or y t#e totality totality o% prior, conte$poraneous conte$poraneous and posterior %acts and circu$sta circu$stantial ntial evidence earing a $aterial relevance on t#e issue. T#e Court #ad an aut#oritative 3indo3 on t#e state o% $ind o% t#e petitioner provided y t#e diary o% E9ecutive Sec. Angara seriali
FACTS: Petitioner 4ational A$nesty Co$$ission !4AC" is a govern$ent agency created on 2arc# 81, *--J y t#en President Fidel V. Ra$os t#roug# Procla$ation 4o. +J. T#e 4AC is tas7ed to receive process and revie3 a$nesty applications. It is co$posed o% seven $e$ers: a C#airperson, t#ree regular $e$ers appointed y t#e President, and t#e Secretaries o% ustice, 4ational e%ense and Interior and Gocal &overn$ent as e9 o(cio $e$ers. It appears t#at a%ter personally attending t#e initial 4AC $eetings, t#e t#ree e9 o(cio $e$ers turned over said responsiility to t#eir representatives 3#o 3ere paid 3it# #onoraria eginning ece$er *8, *--J. Bo3ever, on 'ctoer *1, *--, 4AC resident auditor Eulalia disallo3ed disallo3ed on audit t#e pay$ent o% #onoraria to t#ese representatives representatives a$ounting to P811,1 %or t#e period ece$er *8, *--J to une 8, *--, pursuant to C'A 2e$orandu$ 4o. -+=. ISS/E: #et#er representatives can e entitled to pay$ent intended %or e9o(cio $e$ers R/GI4&: T#e representa representatives tives in %act %act assu$ed t#eir t#eir responsiilities responsiilities not not y virtue o% a ne3 appoint$ent appoint$ent ut y $ere designation %ro$ t#e e9 e9 o(cio $e$ers 3#o 3ere t#e$selves also designated as suc#. T#ere is a considerale diDerence diDerence et3een an appoint$ent and designation. designation. An appoint$ent is t#e selection y t#e proper aut#ority o% an individual 3#o is to e9ercise e9ercise t#e po3ers and %unctions o% a given o(ceH a designation $erely $erely connotes an i$position o% additional duties, usually y la3, upon a person already in t#e pulic service y virtue o% an earlier appoint$ent. esignation does not entail pay$ent o% additional ene)ts or grant upon t#e person so designated t#e rig#t to clai$ t#e salary attac#ed to t#e position. it#out an appoint$ent, a designation does not entitle t#e o(cer to receive receive t#e salary o% t#e position. E9ecutive Po3er – Article VII, Section * O * LAUREL VS. GARCIA G.R. NO. #2013, J 25, 1##0 FACTS: T#e su@ect property in in t#is case is one o% t#e t#e J properties properties in apan apan ac;uired ac;uired y t#e P#ilippine P#ilippine govern$ent under t#e Reparations Agree$ent entered into 3it# apan, t#e Roppongi property. T#e said property 3as ac;uired %ro$ t#e apanese govern$ent t#roug# Reparations Contract 4o. +. It consists o% t#e land and uilding %or t#e C#ancery o% t#e P#ilippine E$assy. As intended, it eca$e t#e site o% t#e P#ilippine E$assy until t#e latter 3as trans%erred to 4a$peidai 3#en t#e Roppongi uilding needed $a@or repairs. President President A;uino created a co$$ittee to study t#e disposition>utiliutili
FACTS: For$er President Ferdinand E. 2arcos 3as deposed %ro$ t#e presidency via t#e nonviolent Mpeople po3erN revolution and 3as %orced into e9ile. 2arcos, in #is deat#ed, #as signi)ed #is 3is# to return to t#e P#ilippines to die. 5ut President President Cora
*. Failed 2anila Botel coup in *-=6 led y 2arcos leaders 8. C#annel ta7en over y reels O loyalists +. Plan o% 2arcoses to return 3> $ercenaries aoard a c#artered plane o% a Geanese ar$s dealer. T#is is to prove t#at t#ey can stir troule %ro$ a%ar J. BonasanLs %ailed coup 1. Co$$unist insurgency $ove$ents 6. Secessionist $ove$ents in 2indanao . evastated econo$y ecause o%: !a" accu$ulated %oreign detH !" plunder o% nation y 2arcos 2arcos O cronies 2arcos 2arcos )led %or a petition o% $anda$us and pro#iition to order t#e respondents to issue t#e$ t#eir travel docu$ents and prevent t#e i$ple$entation i$ple$entation o% President President A;uinoLs decision to ar 2arcos %ro$ returning in t#e P#ilippines. Petitioner ;uestions A;uinoLs po3er to ar #is return in t#e country. Be also ;uestioned t#e clai$ o% t#e President President t#at t#e decision 3as $ade in t#e interest o% national security, pulic sa%ety and #ealt#. Petitioner also clai$ed t#at t#e President acted outside #er @urisdiction. According According to t#e 2arcoses, suc# act deprives t#e$ o% t#eir rig#t to li%e, lierty, property property 3it#out due process process and e;ual protection o% t#e la3s. T#ey also said t#at it deprives t#e$ o% t#eir rig#t to travel 3#ic# according to Section 6, Article + o% t#e constitution, $ay only e i$paired y a court order. ISS/E: *. #et#er or not, in t#e e9er e9ercise cise o% t#e po3ers po3ers granted granted y t#e Constitution, Constitution, t#e Presiden Presidentt $ay pro#iit t#e 2arcoses %ro$ returning to t#e P#ilippines. 8. #et#er or not t#e President President acted aritrarily aritrarily or 3it# grave grave ause o% discretion discretion a$ounting to lac7 or e9cess o% @urisdiction 3#en s#e deter$ined t#at t#e return o% t#e 2arcoses to t#e P#ilippines poses a serious t#reat to national interest and 3el%are and decided to ar t#eir return. ECISI'4: 4o to ot# issues. Petition dis$issed. RATI': Separation o% po3er dictates t#at eac# depart$ent #as e9clusive po3ers. According to Section *, Article VII o% t#e *-= P#ilippine Constitution, Mt#e e9ecutive po3er s#all e vested in t#e President o% t#e P#ilippines.N Bo3ever, it does not de)ne 3#at is $eant y Me9ecutive po3erN alt#oug# in t#e sa$e article it touc#es on e9ercise o% certain po3ers y t#e President, i.e., t#e po3er o% control over all e9ecutive depart$ents, ureaus and o(ces, t#e po3er to e9ecute t#e la3s, t#e appointing po3er to grant reprieves, reprieves, co$$utations and pardons !Art. VII secs. *J8+". Alt#oug# t#e constitution outlines tas7s o% t#e president, t#is list is not de)ned O e9clusive. S#e #as residual O discretionary po3ers not stated in t#e Constitution 3#ic# include t#e po3er to protect t#e general 3el%are o% t#e people. S#e is oliged to protect t#e people, pro$ote t#eir 3el%are O advance national interest. !Art. II, Sec. J1 o% t#e Constitution". Residual po3ers, according to T#eodore Roosevelt, dictate t#at t#e President can do anyt#ing 3#ic# is not %oridden in t#e Constitution Constitution !Cor3in, supra at *1+", inevitale to vest discretionary po3ers on t#e President !By$an, A$erican President" and t#at t#e president #as to $aintain peace during ti$es o% e$ergency e$ergency ut also on t#e daytoday operation o% t#e State. T#e rig#ts 2arcoses 2arcoses are invo7ing invo7ing are are not asolute. asolute. T#eyLre T#eyLre Qe9ile depending on t#e t#e circu$stances. circu$stances. T#e re;uest re;uest o% t#e 2arcoses 2arcoses to e allo3ed to return return to t#e P#ilippines P#ilippines cannot e considered considered in t#e lig#t lig#t solely o% t#e constitutional provisions guaranteeing lierty o% aode and t#e rig#t to travel, su@ect to certain e9ceptions, or o% case la3 3#ic# clearly never conte$plated situations even re$otely si$ilar to t#e present one. It $ust e treated as a $atter t#at is appropriately addressed to t#ose residual unstated po3ers o% t#e President 3#ic# are i$plicit in and correlative to t#e para$ount duty residing in t#at o(ce to sa%eguard and protect general 3el%are. In t#at conte9t, suc# re;uest or de$and s#ould su$it to t#e e9ercise o% a roader discretion on t#e part o% t#e President to deter$ine 3#et#er it $ust e granted or denied. For ISS/E 4/25ER 8, t#e ;uestion %or t#e court to deter$ine is 3#et#er or not t#ere e9ist %actual asis %or t#e President to conclude t#at it 3as in t#e national interest to ar t#e return o% t#e 2arcoses in t#e P#ilippines. P#ilippines. It is proven t#at t#ere are %actual ases in #er decision. T#e supervening events t#at #appened e%ore #er decision are %actual. T#e President $ust ta7e pree$ptive $easures %or t#e sel% preservation preservation o% t#e country O protection o% t#e people. S#e #as to up#old t#e Constitution. DENR VS DENR EMPLOYEES EMPLOYEES G.R. N). 14#724, A(/ 1#, 2003
ISS/E: #et#er or not E4R Secretary #as t#e aut#ority to reorgani
FACTS: 'n Fe. 8*, *--8, t#en Pres. A;uino issued A' 86= 3#ic# granted eac# o(cial and e$ployee o% t#e govern$ent govern$ent t#e productivity productivity incentive ene)ts in a $a9i$u$ a$ount e;uivalent to + o% t#e e$ployeeLs one $ont# asic salary ut 3#ic# a$ount not e less t#an P8, .. Said A' provided t#at t#e productivity incentive ene)ts s#all e granted only %or t#e year *--*. Accordingly, all #eads o% agencies, including govern$ent oards o% govern$ento3ned or controlled corporations and )nancial institutions, are strictly pro#iited %ro$ granting productivity incentive ene)ts %or t#e year *--8 and %uture years pending t#e result o% a co$pre#ensive study eing underta7en y t#e '(ce o% t#e Pres. T#e petitioners, petitioners, 3#o are are o(cials and and e$ployees o% several govern$ent govern$ent depart$ents and and agencies, agencies, 3ere paid incentive ene)ts %or t#e year *--8. T#en, on an. *-, *--+, t#en Pres. Ra$os issued A' 8aut#ori
FACTS: T#e Suic 5ay 5ay 2etropolitan 2etropolitan Aut#ority !or S52A" advertised advertised in leading leading national national daily ne3spapers ne3spapers and in one international international pulication, an invitation oDering to t#e private sector t#e opportunity to develop and operate a $odern $arine container ter$inal 3it#in t#e Suic 5ay Freeport Uone. 'ut o% seven idders 3#o responded to t#e pulis#ed invitation, t#ree 3ere declared y t#e S52A as ;uali)ed idders a%ter passing t#e pre;uali)cation evaluation conducted y t#e S52ALs Tec#nical Evaluation Co$$ittee !or S52ATEC". A$ong t#ese is t#e petitioner. T#erea%ter, T#erea%ter, t#e services o% t#ree !+" international international consultants consultants reco$$ended reco$$ended y t#e orld orld 5an7 %or t#eir e9pertise 3ere #ired y S52A to evaluate t#e usiness plans su$itted y eac# o% t#e idders, and to ensure t#at t#ere 3ould e a transparent and co$pre#ensive revie3 o% t#e su$itted ids. T#e S52A also #ired t#e )r$ o% avis, Gangdon and Sea# P#ilippines, Inc. to assist in t#e evaluation o% t#e ids and in t#e negotiation process a%ter t#e 3inning idder is c#osen. All t#e consultants, a%ter suc# revie3 and evaluation unani$ously concluded t#at BPPGLs 5usiness Plan 3as M%ar superior to t#at o% t#e t3o ot#er idders.N
Bo3ever, even e%ore t#e sealed envelopes containing t#e iddersL proposed royalty royalty %ees could e opened at t#e appointed ti$e and place, RPSI %or$ally protested t#at ICTSI is legally arred arred %ro$ operating a second port in t#e P#ilippines ased on E9ecutive 'rder 4o. 8*8 and epart$ent o% Transportation Transportation and and Co$$unication Co$$unication !'TC" !'TC" 'rder 'rder -1=6+. ISS/E: #et#er t#e petitioner BPPG #as t#e legal capacity to see7 redress %ro$ t#e Court. R/GI4&: es. es. Ad$ittedly, Ad$ittedly, petitioner petitioner BPPG is a %oreign corporation, corporation, organi
Topic: Topic: Control Control o% t#e E9ecutive E9ecutive epart$ent epart$ent FACTS: T#e 4ational 4ational Electri)cation Electri)cation Ad$inistration Ad$inistration is a &'CC 3it# 3it# t#e responsiili responsiility ty o% organi
CASE 2AI4 P'I4T: Appointing aut#ority $ay e given to ot#er o(cials t#an t#e President provided t#e appoint$ent is in a ran7 lo3er t#an t#e appointing o(cial.!ARTICGE , SECTI'4 *6: APP'I4TI4& P'ER CA4 5E VESTE I4 'TBER'FFICIAGS" FACTS: T3o T3o groups o% appointed $e$ers $e$ers o% t#e 5oard 5oard o% Trustees Trustees o% CCP CCP are contesting eac# eac# ot#erLs appoint$ent. T#e Endriga group, sitting as current $e$ers, 3as appointed y t#enPresident Ra$os and is assailing t#e appoint$ent o% t#e Ru)no group, replacing all $e$ers o% t#e Endriga group, y t#enPresident Estrada. Endriga group avers t#at t#e appoint$ent into t#e 5oard o% t#e Ru)no group transgressed P *1– creation o% 5oard o% Trustees o% CCP. As stated in P *1, speci)cally Section 6, appoint$ent into t#e 5oard s#all only e $ade y a $a@ority vote o% t#e trusteesH presidential presidential appoint$ents can only e $ade 3#en t#e 5oard is entirely vacant to up#old t#e CCPLs c#arter o% independence %ro$ pressure or politics. 2ean3#ile, Ru)no group stands y t#eir appoint$ent since t#e provision provision on appoint$ents stated in Section 6, P *1 is violative o% Section *6, Article o% t#e Constitution. T#e 5oard cannot invo7e invo7e t#e c#arter o% autono$y to e9tend to appoint$ent o% its $e$ers. ISS/E: #et#er or not P *1, Section 6 allo3ing appoint$ents appoint$ents $ade y trustees o% t#eir %ello3 $e$ers is unconstitutional. BEG: 4o, P *1, Section 6 allo3ing appoint$ents o% $e$ers y t#e trustees t#e$selves t#e$selves is /4C'4STIT/TI'4AG. /4C'4STIT/TI'4AG. #ile it is stated t#at appointing appointing po3ers $ay e delegated delegated y t#e President, Suc# po3er is li$ited in scope to include only ran7s lo3er t#an t#e appointing aut#ority. In t#e case, an appoint$ent o% a $e$er $ade y a %ello3 $e$er transgresses Article Article , Section *6 !*" since ot# positions are e;ual in nature. CCP cannot invo7e autono$y prescried in its c#arter as an e9e$ption %ro$ t#e li$itation o% delegative appointing po3er ecause suc# invocation puts CCP outside t#e control o% t#e President. &eneral Supervision over local govern$ents>autono$ous regions PIMENTEL V. AGUIRRE G.R. NO. 132#!! $JULY 1#, 2000% FACTS: T#is is a petition %or certiorari certiorari and and pro#iition pro#iition see7ing to annul annul Section * o% Ad$inistrative Ad$inistrative 'rder 'rder 4o. +8, issued y t#e President, inso%ar as it re;uires local govern$ent units to reduce t#eir e9penditures y 81 o% t#eir aut#ori
consultations 3it# t#e presiding o(cers o% t#e Senate and t#e Bouse o% Representatives and t#e presidents o% t#e various local leaguesH !+" t#e corresponding reco$$endation o% t#e secretaries o% t#e epart$ent o% Finance, Interior and Gocal &overn$ent, and 5udget and 2anage$entH and !J" any ad@ust$ent in t#e allot$ent s#all in no case e less t#an + o% t#e collection o% national internal revenue ta9es o% t#e t#ird )scal year preceding t#e current one. Section J o% A' +8 cannot e up#eld. A asic %eature o% local )scal autono$y is t#e auto$atic release o% t#e s#ares o% G&/s in t#e national internal internal revenue. revenue. T#is is $andated y t#e Constitution and t#e Gocal &overn$ent Code. Section J 3#ic# orders t#e 3it##olding 3it##oldin g o% * o% t#e G&/Ls IRA IRA clearly contravenes t#e Constitution and t#e la3. Po3er o% Appoint$ent BERMUDE& V. TORRES G.R. NO. 13142#, AUGUST 4, 1### FACTS: T#e vacancy vacancy in t#e '(ce '(ce o% t#e Provinci Provincial al Prosecutor Prosecutor o% Tarlac Tarlac i$pelled i$pelled t#e $ain $ain contestants contestants in t#is case, petitioner 'scar 5er$ude< and respondent Conrado Xuiaoit, to ta7e contrasting vie3s on t#e proper interpretation o% a provision in t#e *-= Revised Ad$inistrative Code. 5er$ude< 3as a reco$$endee o% t#en ustice Secretary Teo)sto &uingona, r., %or t#e position o% Provincial Prosecutor. Xuiaoit, on t#e ot#er #and, #ad t#e support o% t#en Representative ose ap. 'n + une *--, President Ra$os appointed Xuiaoit to t#e coveted o(ce. Xuiaoit received a certi)ed 9ero9 copy o% #is appoint$ent and, on 8* uly *--, too7 #is oat# o% o(ce e%ore E9ecutive udge Angel Paraor in@unction, and $anda$us, 3it# a prayer %or t#e issuance o% a 3rit o% in@unction>te$porary restraining order, against #erein respondents, c#allenging t#e appoint$ent o% Xuiaoit pri$arily on t#e ground t#at t#e appoint$ent lac7s t#e reco$$endation o% t#e Secretary o% ustice prescried under t#e Revised Ad$inistrative Code o% *-=. A%ter #earing, t#e trial court considered t#e petition su$itted %or resolution resolution and, in due ti$e, issued its no3 assailed order dis$issing dis$issing t#e petition. T#e suse;uent $ove y petitioners to #ave t#e order reconsidered $et 3it# a denial. ISS/E: #et#er or not t#e asence o% a reco$$endation o% t#e Secretary o% ustice to t#e President can e #eld %atal to t#e appoint$ent o% respondent Conrado Xuiaoit. BEG: 4'.. An Mappoint$entN to a pulic o(ce is t#e une;uivocal act o% designating or selecting y one #aving 4' t#e aut#ority t#ere%or o% an individual to disc#arge disc#arge and per%or$ t#e duties and %unctions o% an o(ce or trust. T#e appoint$ent is dee$ed co$plete once t#e last act re;uired o% t#e appointing aut#ority #as een co$plied 3it# and its acceptance t#erea%ter y t#e appointee in order to render it eDective. Indeed, it $ay rig#tly e said t#at t#e rig#t o% c#oice is t#e #eart o% t#e po3er to appoint. In t#e e9ercise o% t#e po3er o% appoint$ent, discretion is an integral part t#ereo%. #en t#e Constitution or t#e la3 clot#es t#e President 3it# t#e po3er to appoint a suordinate o(cer, suc# con%er$ent $ust e understood as necessarily carrying 3it# it an a$ple discretion o% 3#o$ to appoint. It s#ould e #ere pertinent to state t#at t#e President President is t#e #ead o% govern$ent 3#ose aut#ority includes t#e po3er o% control over all Me9ecutive depart$ents, ureaus and o(ces.N It is t#e considered vie3 o% t#e Court t#at t#e p#rase Mupon reco$$endation reco$$endation o% t#e Secretary,N %ound in Section -, C#apter II, Title III, 5oo7 IV, o% t#e Revised Ad$inistrative Code, s#ould e interpreted to e a $ere advise, e9#ortation e9#ortation or endorse$ent, 3#ic# is essentially persuasive in c#aracter and not inding or oligatory upon t#e party to 3#o$ it is $ade. T#e President, eing t#e #ead o% t#e E9ecutive epart$ent, could very 3ell disregard or do a3ay 3it# t#e action o% t#e depart$ents, ureaus or o(ces even in t#e e9ercise o% discretionary aut#ority, and in so opting, #e cannot e said as #aving acted eyond t#e scope o% #is aut#ority. Regular 2e$ers o% t#e udicial and 5ar Council – Article VIII, Sections = SARMIENTO '(. MISON G.R. N). 7##74 D**+* 17, 1#!7 FACTS: In t#is petition %or pro#iition, pro#iition, t#e petitioners, 3#o are ta9payers, ta9payers, la3yers, $e$ers o% t#e I5P and pro%essors pro%essors o% Constitutional Constitutional Ga3, see7 to en@oin t#e respondent respondent Salvador 2ison %ro$ per%or$ing t#e %unctions o% t#e '(ce o% Co$$issioner o% t#e 5ureau o% Custo$s and t#e respondent respondent &uiller$o
Carague, as Secretary o% t#e epart$ent o% 5udget, %ro$ eDecting disurse$ents in pay$ent o% 2isons salaries and e$olu$ents, on t#e ground t#at 2isons appoint$ent as Co$$issioner o% t#e 5ureau 5ureau o% Custo$s is unconstitutional unconstitutional y reason o% its not #aving een con)r$ed y t#e Co$$ission on Appoint$ents. T#e respondents, respondents, on t#e ot#er #and, $aintain t#e constitutionality constitutionality o% respondent respondent 2isons appoint$ent 3it#out t#e con)r$ation o% t#e Co$$ission on Appoint$ents. ISS/E: >4 t#e position o% Co$$issioner o% 5ureau o% Custo$s re;uires t#e con)r$ation o% t#e Co$$ission on Appoint$ents. BEG: 4'.. /nder Section *6, Article VII o% t#e *-= Constitution, t#ere are %our !J" groups o% o(cers 3#o$ t#e 4' President s#all appoint. T#ese %our !J" groups are: o
o
o
o
First, t#e #eads o% t#e e9ecutive depart$ents, a$assadors, ot#er pulic $inisters and consuls, o(cers o% t#e ar$ed %orces %ro$ t#e ran7 o% colonel or naval captain, and ot#er o(cers 3#ose appoint$ents are vested in #i$ in t#is ConstitutionH Second, all ot#er o(cers o% t#e &overn$ent 3#ose appoint$ents are not ot#er3ise provided %or y la3H T#ird, t#ose t#ose 3#o$ t#e Presiden Presidentt $ay e aut#ori
T#e )rst group group o% o(cers is clearly appointed appointed 3it# t#e consent o% t#e t#e Co$$ission on Appoint$ents. Appoint$ents o% suc# o(cers are initiated y no$ination and, i% t#e no$ination is con)r$ed y t#e Co$$ission on Appoint$ents, t#e President President appoints. It is evident t#at t#e position o% Co$$issioner o% t#e 5ureau o% Custo$s !a ureau #ead" is not one o% t#ose 3it#in t#e )rst group o% appoint$ents 3#ere t#e consent o% t#e Co$$ission on Appoint$ents is re;uired. As a $atter o% %act, as already pointed out, 3#ile t#e *-+1 Constitution includes ?#eads o% ureaus? ureaus? a$ong t#ose o(cers 3#ose appoint$ents need t#e consent o% t#e Co$$ission on Appoint$ents, t#e *-= Constitution, on t#e ot#er #and, delierately e9cluded t#e position o% ?#eads o% ureaus? ureaus? %ro$ appoint$ents t#at need t#e consent !con)r$ation" o% t#e Co$$ission on Appoint$ents. 2oreover, t#e President is e9pressly aut#ori
FACTS: 'n Aug. 8, *-=, t#e President ESI&4ATE petitioner 2ary Concepcion 5autista as Acting C#air$an o% t#e Co$$ission on Bu$an Rig#ts !CBR". 5ut s#e 3as e9tended y t#e President a per$anent appoint$ent as C#air$an o% t#e CBR. I$$ediately a%ter ta7ing #er oat# o% o(ce as C#air$an on ec. 8+, *-==, petitioner disc#arged disc#arged t#e %unctions and duties duties o% t#e o(ce. Bo3ever, on anuary anuary -, *-=-, petitioner received a letter %ro$ t#e Secretary o% t#e CA re;uesting #er to su$it to t#e Co$$ission certain in%or$ation in%or$ation and docu$ents as re;uired re;uired y its rules in connection 3it# t#e con)r$ation o% #er appoint$ent. appoint$ent . Petitioner re%used to co$ply 3it# t#e a%oresaid letter alleging t#at t#e CA #as no @urisdiction @urisdiction under t#e Constitution Constitution to revie3 revie3 appoint$ents appoint$ents y t#e Preside President nt o% Co$$issioners Co$$issioners o% t#e CBR. In a letter o% t#e CAs Secretary addressed addressed to t#e E9ecutive Secretary 2acaraig, r., r., t#e CA in%or$ed t#e latter t#at t#e CA disapproved petitioners petitioners ?ad interi$ appoint$ent? in vie3 o% #er re%usal to su$it to t#e @urisdiction o% t#e CA. A%ter A%ter petitioner #ad elevated #er case case to t#e SC and pending resolution t#ereo%, t#e President designated 2allillin as ?Acting C#air$an? o% t#e CBR. T#e Presidents action %ollo3ed a%ter CA C#air$an Salonga declared declared t#at petitioners appoint$ent 3as not con)r$ed %or
t#e second ti$e. 'n an. 8, *-=-, petitioner )led )led 3it# t#is Court t#is petition %or certiorari certiorari to revie3 t#e decision o% t#e CA. ISS/E: #et#er t#e appoint$ent y t#e President o% t#e C#air$an o% t#e CBR, an ?independent o(ce? created y t#e *-= Constitution, is to e $ade 3it# or 3it#out t#e con)r$ation o% t#e CA. BEG: Petitioner 5autista is declared to e, as s#e is, t#e duly appointed C#air$an o% t#e CBR and t#e la3%ul incu$ent t#ereo%. *. Since t#e position o% C#air$an o% t#e CBR is not a$ong t#e positions $entioned in t#e )rst sentence o% Sec. *6, Art. VII o% t#e *-= Constitution, appoint$ents 3#ic# are to e $ade 3it# t#e con)r$ation o% t#e CA, it %ollo3s t#at t#e appoint$ent y t#e President o% t#e C#air$an o% t#e CBR is to e $ade 3it#out t#e revie3 or participation o% t#e CA. To To e $ore $ore precise, precise, t#e appoint$ent appoint$ent o% t#e C#air$an C#air$an and $e$ers o% t#e t#e CBR is not not speci)cally speci)cally provided %or in t#e Constitution itsel%, unli7e unli7e t#e C#air$an C#air$an and $e$ers o% t#e Civil Service Co$$ission, C'2EGEC and Co$$ission on Audit, 3#ose appoint$ents are e9pressly vested y t#e Constitution in t#e President 3it# t#e consent o% CA. T#e President President appoints appoints t#e C#air$an C#air$an and 2e$ers 2e$ers o% t#e CBR CBR pursuant pursuant to t#e second sentence, sentence, t#at t#at is, 3it#out t#e con)r$ation o% t#e CA ecause t#ey are a$ong t#e o(cers o% t#e govern$ent ?3#o$ t#e President President $ay e aut#ori
FACTS: Pursuant RA 6*1, Pres. A;uino appointed t#e c#air$an and co$$issioners o% t#e 4GRC representing t#e pulic, 3or7er and e$ployer sector. T#e appoint$ents stated t#at t#e appointees $ay ;uali%y and enter upon t#e per%or$ance o% t#e duties o% t#e o(ce. Petitioners Petitioners ;uestioned t#e constitutionality constitutionality o% t#e per$anent appoint$ents e9tended y t#e president president to t#e respondents 3it#out su$itting t#e sa$e to t#e CA %or con)r$ation con)r$ation pursuant to Art. 8*1 o% t#e Gaor Code, as a$ended y RA 6*1. According to petitioner, RA 6*1 is not an encroac#$ent on t#e appointing po3er o% t#e e9ecutive e9ecutive contained in Sec. *6, Art. VII, *-= Constitution, as congress $ay, y la3, re;uire con)r$ation y t#e CA, ot#er o(cers appointed y t#e President in addition to t#ose $entioned in t#e *st sentence o% said provision. Petitioner %urt#er clai$ed t#at t#e 2ison and 5autista rulings are not decisive in t#is case %or in t#e case at ar, t#e Pres. issued per$anent appoint$ents 3it#out su$itting t#e$ to CA %or con)r$ation, despite passage o% la3 !RA 6*1" 3#ic# re;uires re;uires t#e con)r$ation con)r$ation y t#e CA o% suc# appoint$ents. ISS/E: #et#er or not Congress $ay, y la3, re;uire con)r$ation y t#e CA o% appoint$ents e9tended y t#e Pres. Pres. to govern$ent govern$ent o(cers in addition to t#ose e9pressly $entioned in t#e *st sentence o% Sec..*6, Art. VII, 3#ose appoint$ents re;uire re;uire con)r$ation y t#e CA. BEG: Article 8*1 o% t#e Gaor Code, as a$ended y RA 6*1 inso%ar as it re;uires re;uires t#e con)r$ation y t#e CA o% appoint$ents o% t#e c#air$an and $e$ers o% t#e 4GRC is unconstitutional and o% no legal %orce and eDect. T#e petition is dis$issed. *" T#e 4GRC c#air$an and co$$issioners %all 3it#in t#e 8nd sentence o% Sec. *6, Art. VII, $ore speci)cally under t#e +rd group? o% appointees re%erred to in 2ison case, i.e., ?t#ose 3#o$ t#e Pres. $ay e aut#ori
8" To t#e e9tent t#at RA 6*1 re;uires con)r$ation y t#e CA o% t#e appoint$ents o% respondents c#air$an and $e$ers o% 4GRC, it is unconstitutional ecause: a. it a$ends y legislation, legislation, t#e )rst sentence o% Sec. *6, Art. VII y adding t#ereto t#ereto appoint$ents re;uiring con)r$ation y t#e CAH . it a$ends, y legislation, t#e second sentence o% Sec. *6, Art. VII y i$posing t#e con)r$ation y t#e CA on appoint$ents 3#ic# are ot#er3ise entrusted only to t#e President. President. MANALO '(. SISTO&A G.R. N). 10736#, A(/ 11, 1###