FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Escuela Profesional de Sociología
CICLO ACADÉMICO: IX SEMESTRE CURSO: SOCIOLOGÍA DEL CONFLICTO Y DE LA NEGOCIACIÓN DOCENTE: JESÚS EVARISTO TUMI QUISPE TITULO: CONFLICTO EN CONTRA DEL PROYECTO MINERO SANTA ANA ALUMNOS:
YANA LAURA WILLIE WILSON LIZBET JANY GAUNA M MAMANI AMANI MAQUERA CATACHURA PETHER ROSSI NEYRA JIMENEZ JAVIER RODRIGO ALVARO CONDORI RENE PUNO-PERU 2012 INDICE
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I.
EL CONTEXTO Y LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL CONFLICTO 1.1 Análisis del conflicto a. Características físico geográficos b. Características económico-sociales 1.2 caracterización del conflicto a. Localización b. Asunto del conflicto social c. Partes involucradas
II.
ELEMENTOS DEL CONFLICTO SOCIAL 2.1 Actitudes conflictivas Carga afectiva emotiva de las partes Percepción de las partes 2.2 Comportamientos conflictivos Satisfago mis intereses Satisfago el intereses del otro No satisfago mis intereses que del otro Medianamente se satisfacen ambas partes 2.3 Situación conflictiva Partes primarias o secundarias Partes de terceros o intermediarios Objetivos que se manifiestan Asuntos conflictivos Intereses, necesidades y valores
III.
CICLO DEL CONFLICTO SOCIAL 3.1 Estado de latencia 3.2 Emergencia del conflicto 3.3 Escalada y alcance del umbral destructivo
IV.
ESTRUCTURA DEL CONFLICTO SOCIAL 4.1 Relativas a las personas a. Protagonistas b. El poder c. Las percepciones del problema d. Las emociones y sentimientos e. Las posiciones f. Los intereses, necesidades y valores 4.2 Relativas al proceso a. Antecedentes b. Detonante c. Surgimiento
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b. Tipo de conflicto - Conflicto de intereses y necesidades
V.
RESOLUCIÓN DEL CONFLICTO 5.1 Competición 5.2 Evitación 5.3 Compromiso 5.4 Acomodación 5.5 Colaboración
VI.
CONCLUSIONES 6.1 Relativas al corpus teórico 6.2 En relación al contexto 6.3 en relación a los lineamientos metodológicos de la sistematización del conflicto social 6.4 En relación al conflicto propiamente dicho a. Elementos del conflicto b. Ciclo del conflicto c. Estructura del conflicto d. Resolución del conflicto
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1.1.
ANALISIS DEL CONTEXTO
a) Características físicas-geográficas Políticamente, el Proyecto Santa Ana, se ubica en el paraje denominado Ajaruni, distrito de Huacullani, provincia de Chucuito, Departamento de Puno. El mencionado proyecto está ubicado a 3.9 Km de la ciudad de Huacullani, delimitado por los cerros Caracollo al Norte; Carapaco al Nor Este, Huancanune al Este, Parullo al Sur Este, Ajaruni al Sur Oeste y por último al cerro Chiaraque al Nor Oeste teniendo a 1.6 Km. al río Zorrillo Humacata. Asimismo, el proyecto Santa Ana no se encuentra en un área Natural Protegida o zona de Amortiguamiento. Amortiguamiento. La ubicación del Proyecto Minero se puede apreciar en el Plano de Ubicación Regional Geográficamente se encuentra ubicado al Sur del Lago Titicaca. Sus coordenadas geográficas son las siguientes:
b) Características económicas-sociales Su línea de base se presento de la siguiente manera recopilando información en el aspecto económico, social, demográfico, cultural, religiosos y otros aspectos de la sociedad que corresponden al área de estudio en 2 niveles de zona de influencia:
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Relaciones Comunitarias‖ así como del D.S. N° 042 -2003-EM; en base a estos criterios se evaluaron las áreas de influencia.
Zona de influencia indirecta -
Distrito de Huacullani
El distrito de Huacullani se encuentra ubicado en la parte sur de la provincia de Chucuito en el departamento de Puno. Su capital Huacullani.
Demografía El distrito de Huacullani según el último censo realizado por el INEI en el 2005 concentra una población de 10,610 habitantes. La población según sexo se divide: hombres 5,464 habitantes que hace un 51.50% de la población y mujeres 5,146 habitantes que representa el 48.50%.
Viviendas En el siguiente cuadro, se detallan algunas características sobre el material de construcción de las viviendas (como pisos, paredes y techos), los servicios básicos (energía eléctrica, servicios higiénicos, abastecimiento de agua), así como el combustible que más se usa en el hogar.
Educación En cuanto a la educación, según el censo del 2005 realizado por INEI, la población del distrito de Huacullani presenta la siguiente característica: el 89.31 % sabe leer, el 10.69 % no saben leer. Situación que se ve reflejado en la asistencia y no
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gran porcentaje de jóvenes y niños trabaja en vez de estudiar para ayudar a la familia.
Actividades Económicas La población se dedica mayoritariamente a la actividad ganadera (principalmente al ganado vacuno, por otro lado a la crianza del ovino, camélidos y en menor cantidad los equinos). A las actividades agrícolas (básicamente al sembrío de tubérculos como: la papa que lo utilizan para hacer el chuño y la cañihua) no se dedican mucho por ser de tipo extensiva y de secano, además la altitud es un inconveniente para el desarrollo de la agricultura y por ende lo poco que se produce es para el autoconsumo y algunas formas de trueque.
Salud La gran mayoría de la población no cuenta con servicios de agua potable y disposición de residuos, lo cual se traduce en una alta incidencia de enfermedades bacteriológicas que provocan condiciones desfavorables en la salud de los habitantes. Entre otros aspectos importantes a tener en cuenta en este rubro de la población es el limitado acceso que se tiene con respecto a la atención, los motivos pueden ser la lejanía hacia los centros de salud o posta médica, la falta de recursos económicos o la inexistencia de los centros de salud o las postas médicas, entre otras causas que limitan este servicio, pueden ser también de orden económico, geográfico y hasta cultural.
Zona de influencia directa Para el proyecto de exploración ―Santa Ana‖, en la zona de influencia directa tenemos a las siguientes comunidades: Challacollo, Ingenio y Ancomarca, -
Comunidad Campesina de Challacollo
Ubicación Política ♦ Región :
Puno
♦ Provincia :
Chucuito
♦ Distrito :
Huacullani
♦ Centro Poblado : Challacollo
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♦ Altitud : 3,983 m.s.n.m.
Limites Norte: Comunidad Campesina Campesina de Yorohoco – Distrito de Huacullani. Sur:
Comunidad Campesina de Ancomarca y Karique
Este
: Comunidad Campesina de Tanka Tanka y Yorohoco – Distrito de Zepita
Oeste: Comunidad Campesina de Ingenio – Distrito de Huacullani.
La Comunidad Campesina de Challacollo cuenta con una población de 221 familias, con un total de 1025 personas aproximadamente, con un promedio de 5 a 6 miembros por familia.
Estructura Económica Empleo, La situación de empleo es precaria debido a que no existen fuentes de
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los pobladores de Challacollo son: el de estibadores y tricicleros , obteniendo ingresos mínimos aproximadamente de veinte a treinta soles por día.
Actividades Económicas En cuanto a este aspecto de la población la mayoría de los comuneros de Challacollo se dedican a la ganadería: crianza de vacunos, ovinos, camélidos y en menor cantidad crían porcinos, equinos, la gallina (solo algunos pobladores), la actividad ganadera es extensiva. -
Comunidad Campesina de Ingenio
Ubicación Política ♦ Región : Puno ♦ Provincia : Chucuito ♦ Distrito : Huacullani ♦ Comunidad : Ingenio
Ubicación Geográfica ♦ Región Natural : Puna ♦
Altitud : 4100 m.s.n.m.
Limites Norte: Distrito de Huacullani.
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Empleo, la situación de empleo al igual que en las comunidades aledañas es precaria, debido principalmente a que no existen fuentes de trabajo más que el de la mina y el de la feria local en Huacullani y las ferias en la zona de frontera – Desaguadero, generando y/u ofreciendo condiciones de empleo temporal. • Empleo minero, se caracteriza ca racteriza por ofrecer trabajo rotatorio de siete días cada cuatro meses a un miembro por familia; según convenio firmado entre el proyecto Santa Ana y la comunidad Campesina. • Ferias locales, Ingenio se encuentra ubicado cerca de la ciudad fronteriza de Desaguadero, lugar netamente comercial donde se desarrollan ferias dos días a la semana, por lo que se convierte en una fuente de trabajo para los pobladores de las diferentes comunidades cercanas. Las principales actividades que desempeñan los pobladores son el de estibadores, tricicleros, obteniendo ingresos mínimos aproximadamente de veinte a treinta soles por día.
Actividades Económicas La población económicamente activa en la comunidad de Ingenio es 122 personas que representa el 61% de la población entre 15 a 65 años edades activas de trabajo.Las principales actividades económicas que realizan los pobladores de la comunidad de Ingenio son principalmente:
Agricultura, actividad económica considerada complementaria a la ganadería y de autoconsumo; por encontrarse ubicada en una zona de riesgos climáticos (mayor a 4000 m.s.n.m.) con presencia frecuente de heladas y sequías, Por este motivo las áreas asignadas para esta actividad están dentro de un promedio de 0.25 has a 0.50has, principalmente para la producción de papa dulce y amarga,
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♦ Provincia : Chucuito ♦ Distrito : Huacullani ♦ Comunidad : Ancomarca
Ubicación Geográfica ♦ Región Natural : Puna ♦ Altitud : 3 880 m.s.n.m.
Limites Norte: Comunidad de Challacollo y Karique. Sur:
Distrito de Kelluyo
Este: Centro poblado de Sucuychuro. Oeste: Comunidad de Ingenio.
Demografía Población Total, la comunidad de Ancomarca, cuenta con una población promedio de 130 familias, que representa 715 habitantes con un promedio de 5 a 6 miembros por familia.
Estructura económica Empleo, la situación de empleo al igual que en las comunidades aledañas es precaria, debido principalmente a que no existen fuentes de trabajo más que el de
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desempeñan los pobladores son el de estibadores, tricicleros, obteniendo ingresos mínimos aproximadamente de veinte a treinta soles por día.
Actividades Económicas La población económicamente activa en la comunidad de Ancomarca es de 432 personas que representa el 61% de la población entre 15 a 65 años, edades activas para el trabajo. Las principales actividades económicas que realizan los pobladores de la comunidad de Ingenio son principalmente:
Agricultura, actividad económica considerada como principal, cuya producción es en su mayoría de autoconsumo y el restante para el mercado local, Por este motivo las áreas asignadas para esta actividad están dentro de un promedio de 4 has a 5 has, principalmente para la producción de papa dulce y amarga, quinua, cañihua, cebada y habas.
Ganadería, considerada como fuente de mayor ingreso con menor riesgo, así también como un medio de ahorro familiar ya que en la mayoría de los casos el producto de la venta del ganado sirve para cubrir necesidades de importancia como etapa escolar, ampliación y mejora de las vivienda, adquisición de bienes y otros, por este motivo la familia destina la mayor cantidad de terreno para pastoreo o instalación de pastos cultivados.
1.2. CARACTERISTICAS DEL CONFLICTO a) Localización El proyecto Santa Ana, ubicado en la provincia de Chucuito Juli, en el distrito de Huacullani se encuentra sobre los 4 mil 200 metros sobre el nivel del mar, y cuya zona de influencia se encuentra en los centros poblados de Ingenio, Cóndor
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causará graves daños al medio ambiente. Por tal motivo en el mes de febrero se movilizaron rechazando el proyecto.
Walter Aduviri, presidente del Comité Transitorio en Defensa del Sur y dirigente del Comité de Lucha del Sur de la región, denunció que a como de lugar la empresa minera quiere posicionarse de la zona, ya que en un inicio dijo que sólo iba a realizar trabajos de exploración. “Estamos firmes y no negociaremos, por ello la empresa sí o sí tiene que retirarse de la zona, para ello tiene plazo hasta el 22 emás, dijo que el informe del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental sólo de marzo”. Ad emás, esta publicado en el idioma ingles, por ello los pobladores no pueden acceder a su lectura. (noticiasSer.pe) Otro aspecto importante que preocupa a la población del lugar, es el mantenimiento y cuidado del medio ambiente. La región Puno y en especial sus poblaciones siempre se han mostrado recelosas del uso de sus recursos y sus tierras para proyectos de gran magnitud, temiendo que las aguas de sus ríos sean contaminadas y que sus pastos nunca más puedan ser cultivados.
c) Partes involucradas Estudio de Impacto Ambiental
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con las instancias regionales y locales, sin considerar los procesos económicos y de planificación territorial de las regiones. Varios gobiernos regionales han comenzado a demandar algún tipo de competencias en la materia. Si bien el discurso en algunas regiones apunta a lograr una suerte de autonomía absoluta, lo cierto es que hay puntos intermedios que pueden permitir avances y entendimientos: evaluaciones previas de las zonas que serán concesionadas, mecanismos de información y consulta a las regiones, tomar en cuenta los procesos de ordenamiento territorial y zonificación, acceso a información adecuada en tiempo real, etc. Se hace necesario mejorar este tipo de procedimientos para evitar conflictos y hechos tan lamentables como los que vienen ocurriendo en Puno. Un tema clave de política pública para la minería que hasta el momento en la campaña electoral no se ha abordado en serio.
Walter aduviri líder aymara La región que le dio el triunfo a Humala quiere pasarle la factura detrás del violento liderazgo del dirigente aymara Walter Aduviri. El gobierno regional ya está arrinconado y el presidente electo puede terminar siendo una figura
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audiencia pública del tercer Estudio de Impacto Ambiental de Bear Creek, y conminó a los comuneros a rechazar el proyecto. Ingresó acompañado del alcalde de Desaguadero, Juan Carlos Aquino, y de varios dirigentes de otras comunidades, quienes también se expresaron contra la mina. Eran extraños, una clara minoría. El auditorio no les hizo caso.
Walter Aduviri se presentó en una reunión del Consejo del Gobierno Regional de Puno y conminó a sus miembros a aprobar una ordenanza que suspendía concesiones mineras en Puno y solicitaba al Ministerio de Energía y Minas cancelar los títulos de Bear Creek en Santa Ana. La presentó en su condición de dirigente del Frente de Defensa de los Recursos Naturales de la Zona Sur de Puno. El cargo lo obtuvo en una asamblea de 1.000 personas en Lloroco, con buena parte de delegados llevados en camiones por el alcalde de Desaguadero, el militante de Raíces Juan Aquino. Este frente y la delegación de Raíces en el gobierno regional sincronizaban como un reloj. Fueron los consejeros de Raíces quienes aprobaron el viaje de Rodríguez al exterior —invitación de un proyecto peruano-canadiense para la reforma de la minería— minería— y transmitieron la información a sus detractores. Cuando llegó la propuesta de Aduviri, la aprobaron de inmediato. Rodríguez no quiso firmarla porque los gobiernos regionales no tienen competencia sobre proyectos de mediana y gran minería. Era una ordenanza ilegal y demagógica.
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cuestionado por su inacción, por no garantizar el cumplimiento de derechos o acuerdos entre actores privados o sociales.
La negativa de Mauricio Rodríguez a firmar la inútil ordenanza, Aduviri encabezó una marcha de sacrificio de 2.000 pobladores hacia Puno. Los había de Kelluyo, Desaguadero, Juli, Pomata, Chucuito, Capazo, Yunguyo, el Collao, Acora y Zepita, pero no de Huacullani. Un día antes, en la ciudad marcharon los estudiantes, docentes y autoridades de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano. Ellos recibían recursos del canon y estaban a favor de la minería. Había llegado también a Puno una delegación de Huacullani, sin marcha ni banderolas, para entrevistarse con el presidente regional.
El conflicto reafirma la lejanía del gobierno nacional y la desconfianza de la población hacía su política de concesiones. Así mismo muestra las debilidades del Gobierno Regional de Puno y las autoridades locales para canalizar las demandas de la población en situaciones de alta conflictividad; por el contrario, los Frentes de Defensa y Comités de Lucha y sus líderes ganaron mayor legitimidad llegando a movilizar a miles de pobladores. Muchas de las medidas legales han ayudado a mitigar el conflicto, sin embargo, no son la solución al problema, y mucho menos frente a la diversidad de las
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Según estimaciones de la propia empresa el promedio anual de canon y regalías mineras que produciría esta producción superarían los 15 millones de soles, que beneficiarían al municipio distrital de la zona, al provincial y al gobierno regional. Dinero que serviría además para poder mejorar las condiciones de vida de las cinco comunidades aledañas al entorno del proyecto, y que desde el año 2002 están trabajando mancomunadamente en trabajos de generación de empleo, mejoramiento ganadero, agrícola y de salud en las poblaciones junto a la empresa. Se señala que el proyecto generaría además miles de puestos de trabajos directos e indirectos. Los más beneficiados serían los pobladores de la propia zona, a quienes desde ya se les brinda capacitaciones en caso entre en operación la mina. Otro aspecto importante y que más preocupa a la población del lugar, es el mantenimiento y cuidado del medio ambiente. La región Puno y en especial sus poblaciones siempre se han mostrado recelosas del uso de sus recursos y sus tierras para proyectos de gran magnitud, temiendo que las aguas de sus ríos sean contaminadas y que sus pastos nunca más puedan ser cultivados.
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Si bien el discurso en algunas regiones apunta a lograr una suerte de autonomía absoluta, lo cierto es que hay puntos intermedios que pueden permitir avances y entendimientos: evaluaciones previas de las zonas que serán concesionadas, mecanismos de información y consulta a las regiones, tomar en cuenta los procesos de ordenamiento territorial y zonificación, acceso a información adecuada en tiempo real, etc. Este tipo de procedimientos deben ser modificados para evitar situaciones como las que han ocurrido en esta localidad peruana. El conflicto en Puno ha permitido colocar varios temas en la agenda de debate público en plena campaña electoral en el Perú y apunta a generar cambios sustantivos en las políticas extractivitas que se aplican desde hace un buen tiempo. Habrá que ver si las nuevas
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Tras estos hechos, se traslada a Lima una comisión integrada por el presidente regional y autoridades provinciales y distritales, quienes llegan a acuerdos con el gobierno nacional que fueron desconocidos por el Frente de Defensa del Sur, pero dando una semana de tregua para que se realice la segunda vuelta electoral. Seguidamente, otra comisión liderada por Aduviri llega a la capital, y sólo es atendida luego de la gran cobertura mediática que éste logró tras su atrincheramiento en Canal 5 luego de su intento que la Policía intentó detenerlo. Una vez cambiada su orden de captura por la de comparecencia las negociaciones se inician. Finalmente, se logró la obtención de un paquete de 3 Decretos Supremos y 2 Resoluciones Supremas. Se logró la derogación del D.S 083-2007 dejando sin efecto la concesión a la minera Santa Ana. Asimismo, la realización de una
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III.
CICLO DEL CONFLICTO SOCIAL
3.1 Estado de latencia En marzo el Consejo Regional aprobó la Ordenanza N° 005-2011, que declaraba a Puno como zona intangible para las concesiones mineras, acuerdo que generó controversia entre el Consejo y la Presidencia Regional ya que la misma estaba fuera de sus competencias. Se propusieron otras soluciones para abordar la temática minera en la región sin ningún éxito. Se creó un ambiente de
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gobierno nacional que fueron desconocidos por el Frente de Defensa del Sur, pero dando una semana de tregua para que se realice la segunda vuelta electoral. Seguidamente, otra comisión liderada por Aduviri llega a la capital, y sólo es atendida luego de la gran cobertura mediática que éste logró tras su atrincheramiento en Canal 5 luego de su intento que la Policía intentó detenerlo. Una vez cambiada su orden de captura por la de comparecencia las negociaciones se inician.
IV.
ESTRUCTURA DEL CONFLICTO SOCIAL
4.1.- RELATIVA A LAS PERSONAS
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b) EL PODER.Comunidad.- Para los aimaras todos en la naturaleza somos personas. Para los aimaras por encima de la ganancia capitalista se encuentra la armonía con la naturaleza y a la naturaleza se le respeta, como debe respetarse a cualquier persona. Ante una amenaza de alterar el equilibrio de su relación con la naturaleza, reaccionan, en última instancia, con suma violencia. La población entonces, encabezada por sus dirigentes, creó el Frente de Defensa de los Recursos Naturales de la zona sur de la región y rechazaron toda pretensión de que esta empresa se instale en el lugar.
Empresa.- Para los empresarios: todos en la naturaleza, incluido los humanos somos recursos materiales.
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d) LAS EMOCIONES Y SENTIMIENTOS El conflicto en torno al proyecto Santa Ana ha dejado sentimientos de ser una protesta por un caso de minería específico y ha pasado a cuestionar el sistema de
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Remy ―el Gobierno ha restringido eno rmemente la participación de los pueblos en el presupuesto participativo.
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asentarse en el distrito. Con un entorno tan complejo y donde la desconfianza respecto de las industrias extractivas es legítimamente creciente en el sur del departamento de Puno, la posición política del Gobierno Regional, más allá de los roles que tenga, se hace sumamente importante.
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nacionalidad Peruana Jenny Karina Villavicencio Gardini en Mayo de 2004, como estipula la Ley de Promoción a la Inversión Minera (Decreto Legislativo 708) quien gestionó previa solicitud de petitorio un acuerdo con los pobladores del distrito de Huacullani, ya que las zonas peticionadas estaban completamente superpuestas a
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declarada como proyecto de ―necesidad pública‖ por el Gobierno Nacional, lo que le ha permitido realizar operaciones dentro de los 50 kilómetros de la frontera cercana a la República de Bolivia. (El artículo N° 71 de la Constitución señala que: ―…dentro de cincuenta kilómetros de las fronteras, los extranjeros no pueden
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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