Concept Paper Forensic Lab for Uganda Police 20130911 v1 PUBLIC

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1) Note:

ABL is a provider of Life Science Technology for Eastern Africa based in Nairobi, Kenya. For further information please contact us at [email protected] [email protected].. ABL wishes wishes to recognize contribution of Julius Muhwezi, Muhwezi, Uganda Police Police Force, D/ASP, MSc Biomed Lab Science, student of MSc in DNA profiling at University of Central Lancashire, England

Africa Biosystems Limited © 2013. 20 13. All rights reserved

�� Motivation ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction to Forensic DNA Technology .................................................................................................... 3 Uganda Police Perspectives ......................................................................................................................... 5 Crime Overview in Uganda ....................................................................................................................... 5 Application of DNA Forensic Forensi c Technology with No DNA Database ............................ ............................... .................. ............. 7 Application of DNA Forensic Forensi c Technology with DNA Database .................................. ................ .................................... ............................... ............. 7 Case Study: UK DNA technology and Database Dat abase 2000-2005 ................................. ................ .................................... ................................... ................ 8 DNA Database Global Trends................................................................................................................... 9 Implications for Uganda Police ............................................................................................................... 10 Legal Perspective Perspective .................................. ................ ................................... .................................. .................................... .................................... .................................. ................................ ............... 11 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Key decisions (Non-Exhaustive) ............................................................................................................. 11 Implications for Uganda Legislature ........................................................................................................ 13 Scientific Perspective .................................................................................................................................. 14 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Implications ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................................... 14 Defined Processes & Communication ................................................................................................ 16 Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) ( ABL) .................................. ................ ................................... .................................. .................................... .................................... .......................... ......... 16 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Tools: Technology Choice....................................................................................................................... 17 Processes: Work-flow for DNA Human Identification ............................................................................. 18 DNA Line 1: Reference Line ............................................................................................................... 18 DNA Line 2: Casework Line ................................................................................................................ 20 Capability Building................................. ............... ................................... .................................. .................................... .................................... .................................. ................................ ............... 23 HID Professions Services ................................................................................................................... 24 Gordon Thomas Honeywell Government Affairs (GTH-GA) ............................................................... 27 Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas (UNT), USA ......................................... 27 Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, UNT, USA ........................................................ 28 Africa Biosystems: Local On-sit e Expertise and Technicians .................................. ................. .................................... ........................... ........ 28 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................... 30 Contact Info ................................................................................................................................................. 30 Appendix 1: LIFE Technologies Customer List (Partial) ................................. ................ ................................... .................................... .......................... ........ 31 Appendix 2: Sources ................................... ................. ................................... .................................. .................................... .................................... .................................. .......................... ......... 32

1 Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) ( ABL) © 2013. All rights reserved ABL is a member of the UN Global Compact and subscribes to the U niversal Princples & Core Values

�� Motivation ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction to Forensic DNA Technology .................................................................................................... 3 Uganda Police Perspectives ......................................................................................................................... 5 Crime Overview in Uganda ....................................................................................................................... 5 Application of DNA Forensic Forensi c Technology with No DNA Database ............................ ............................... .................. ............. 7 Application of DNA Forensic Forensi c Technology with DNA Database .................................. ................ .................................... ............................... ............. 7 Case Study: UK DNA technology and Database Dat abase 2000-2005 ................................. ................ .................................... ................................... ................ 8 DNA Database Global Trends................................................................................................................... 9 Implications for Uganda Police ............................................................................................................... 10 Legal Perspective Perspective .................................. ................ ................................... .................................. .................................... .................................... .................................. ................................ ............... 11 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Key decisions (Non-Exhaustive) ............................................................................................................. 11 Implications for Uganda Legislature ........................................................................................................ 13 Scientific Perspective .................................................................................................................................. 14 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Implications ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................................... 14 Defined Processes & Communication ................................................................................................ 16 Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) ( ABL) .................................. ................ ................................... .................................. .................................... .................................... .......................... ......... 16 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Tools: Technology Choice....................................................................................................................... 17 Processes: Work-flow for DNA Human Identification ............................................................................. 18 DNA Line 1: Reference Line ............................................................................................................... 18 DNA Line 2: Casework Line ................................................................................................................ 20 Capability Building................................. ............... ................................... .................................. .................................... .................................... .................................. ................................ ............... 23 HID Professions Services ................................................................................................................... 24 Gordon Thomas Honeywell Government Affairs (GTH-GA) ............................................................... 27 Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas (UNT), USA ......................................... 27 Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, UNT, USA ........................................................ 28 Africa Biosystems: Local On-sit e Expertise and Technicians .................................. ................. .................................... ........................... ........ 28 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................... 30 Contact Info ................................................................................................................................................. 30 Appendix 1: LIFE Technologies Customer List (Partial) ................................. ................ ................................... .................................... .......................... ........ 31 Appendix 2: Sources ................................... ................. ................................... .................................. .................................... .................................... .................................. .......................... ......... 32


�� The East African region has been exposed to terrorism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, explosives movement, illegal trade and piracy. All these offences leave being evidence for laboratory analysis. Article 124 of the Treaty Establishing the East African Community highlights need for peace and security in the region as a pre-requisite for social and economic development in the region. Partner states have agreed to enhance co-operation in handling cross-border crime, provide mutual assistance in criminal matters and exchange critical information to combat crime. th

On August 24 2012, EAC Secretariat announced the development of EAC Regional Forensic Referral Center (RFRC), based in Kampala as a mechanism to achieve the regional security and peace goals, as stated in Article 124. Although joint security initiatives, common policing standards, joint investigation and exchanges of information are in place, a forensic laboratory will enable greater coordination between police, security and forensics groups and the gathering of the right evidence in the right manner for effective and speedy court prosecution of alleged criminals. Overall, the RFRC will enable the EAC to speak as one voice to fight crime, enabling regional peace and security through effective information sharing reducing EAC regional risk, enhance the quality of life for its citizens and stimulating economic development. RFRC located in Kampala will establish Uganda as a leader in this critically important and technologically cutting edge field, and at the forefront in the regional and international battle against terror threats, human trafficking, narcotics trafficking, gender violence and other major crimes. The RFRC will complement the existing Government Chemist in Uganda, and add critically needed DNA Forensic capability to the region. Uganda, in conjunction with other EAC countries, needs to develop tools, capabilities and processes to be able to effectively implement the collection of and the use of forensic and DNA-based evidence in court. Africa Biosystems Limited based in Nairobi Kenya, believes that through the use of world-class lifescience tools, capabilities and processes we can enable the EAC to leapfrog older crime-fighting techniques to enhance the capabilities of our police forces, legal system and scientists, bringing peace, stability and justice to our citizens.


�� Recent years have seen dramatic improvements in forensic technology. The speed of analysis has increased, while the cost has drastically decreased. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules contain the information all living cells in the human body need to function. They also control the inheritance of characteristics from parents to offspring. With the exception of identical twins, each person’s DNA is unique which makes DNA sampling useful for solving crimes, identifying victims of disasters, and locating missing persons. The first step in obtaining DNA profiles for comparison is the collection of samples from crime scenes and reference samples from suspects. Samples are commonly obtained from blood, hair or body fluids. Advances in DNA technology enable samples to be obtained from decreasingly smaller traces of DNA found at crime scenes. Using forensic science methods, the sample is analyzed, resulting in a DNA profile that can be compared against other DNA profiles within a database. This creates the opportunity for ‘hits’ – person-to-scene, scene-to-scene or person-to-person matches – where no previous connection was known. Unsolved crimes can be linked together, and DNA from known offenders or arrestees can be placed in DNA databases and compared to outstanding crimes. Crimes which have been previously unsolved can now be solved, and perpetrators apprehended early in their criminal careers, before they graduate to more serious crime. Since 1980s, the use of forensic DNA as a tool to conclusively eliminate and identify perpetrators of crime has become commonplace, well accepted in the scientific community, and well as in the court system. Many wrongfully convicted suspects have been exonerated through forensic DNA. Likewise, previously unsolved crimes have been solved using this technology. The Uganda Police can access DNA Forensic Technology, using modern equipment, trained staff, appropriate facilities, kits and utilities.

3 Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) © 2013. All rights reserved ABL is a member of the UN Global Compact and subscribes to the U niversal Princples & Core Values

Key advantages would include: •

Quickly identify suspects and link them to a crime scene

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Early exclusion of those not involved

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Early identification of serial offenders

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Significant savings on the time and cost of investigations, particularly serious offences

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Improve police resource management

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Enhance the peace and security in Uganda, enabling economic development and branding Uganda as the first country in East Africa to adopt DNA Profiling and develop DNA Databases

The cost of specialized equipment, lab space, and chemicals are offset by the social impact and cost savings of reducing crime, saving lives and preserving human dignity. Forensic DNA profiling is simply the result of combining specialized skilled labor and capital (building, equipment, supplies, and utilities) to provide a service that is used globally to fight crime.


�� Uganda Police is to be recognized for decreasing the crime in Uganda for the sixth consecutive year with crime reduced by 3.8% from 2010 to 2011. While several categories of crime reported a reduction, critical areas such as terrorism, narcotics, human trafficking and homicides have seen a significant increase. Compared with 2010, five times as many terror attacks were investigated. With success of AMISOM forces in Somalia and reports that ADF forces may be recruiting and reorganizing in DRC, Uganda and EAC may need to brace for additional terror attacks. In 2011, Narcotics crime increased by 79% versus 2010. Drug trafficking is having a major impact on the society targeting not only the tourist market but more so the Ugandan youth. The narcotics industry in the country is part of a larger international network of narcotic traffickers who long have an established distribution to existing clients and local sources for hard drugs. Critical attention is needed here to prevent the source of narcotics in conjunction with defensive programs from parents, schools and government agencies. Human trafficking is on the rise. Girls are being lured by organized crime rackets to countries as distant as Malaysia, China, and Egypt. In 2011, 69 incidents of child trafficking were reported. Combined with child stealing this amounted to 330 incidents, a 10% increase from 2010. Homicide overall increased by 13% versus 2010. Death by mob violence (7% increase), domestic violence (14% increase), poisoning and assault (9% increase). The Ugandan Police has planned to tackle crime through •

Collaboration with local and international government agencies

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Engagement of local public as a supporter to crime fighting

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Enhancement of Police services through training and equipment

This includes developing a modern forensic laboratory, where DNA and genetic material from crime sites can be traced back to suspects, enabling effective and rapid justice in all the fields of increasing crime. Notably: Narcotics, Human Trafficking, Homicide and Gender Violence.


In 2011, a study conducted by Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention (CEDOVIP) and Makerere University's Economic Policy Research Centre reported that the Ugandan Government loses ~sh36b (~0.5% of the national budget ) annually in response to domestic violence. That year, there were over five million episodes of violence against women. Currently the Uganda Police relies on the Government Chemist for DNA Forensic testing. However, due to lack of sufficient technology, processes and capacity, many tests cannot be performed and significant backlog exist, placing a strain on criminal enforcement. By building capability backed by modern technology and well-designed implementable processes in the Uganda Police, we can stay ahead of crime fighting to ensure peace and security, not just for Uganda and but also as a role-model for the EAC. Uganda Police took 43,813 cases to court in 2011 which resulted in 12,029 cases with convictions. This highlights a 27% success rate for convictions in court where there is a known suspect. Please see Figure 1 below: Figure 1

Source:

Uganda Police Crime Report 2011, Africa Biosystems Limited analysis


�� These cases are ideal applications for forensic laboratory technology where the subject’s DNA is available, as he/she is standing trial, and the crime scene can be searched for his DNA imprints to match the suspect DNA to the evidence found at the crime scene. If DNA forensic laboratory was in place with supported policies and procedures from the Police and Judiciary, Africa Biosystems estimates that the conviction rate in Uganda could increase from 27% to 51%. Please see the Figure 2 below: Figure 2

Source:

Uganda Police Crime Report 2011, Africa Biosystems Limited forecast with DNA forensic technologies

Hence, developing a modern world class forensic laboratory will be critical to fight crime across all categories. Studies from Journal of BioLaw & Business indicate that DNA databases in USA save $12.9 billion annually, which translates a return on investment of 3500% for Forensic DNA testing i.e. for every dollar invested on Forensic DNA Technology, $35 is saved in terms of expenses to victims and society (Source: Ray Wickenheiser, 2004, Journal of BioLaw and Business)

�� As DNA forensic capability develops in Uganda, it is critical for the Uganda Police to lead the effort to develop a DNA database. DNA profiles can be indexed using CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) developed by the FBI and can then be used to create the DNA databases, allowing crime scene DNA profiles to be compared to each other and to databases of known individuals


The DNA databases would aid in the early identification of potential criminals who tend to be repeat offenders. Many criminals tend to start with petty crime and then relapse into more serious crime. For example: on average, 90% of rapists have had previous convictions, 85% of criminals commit their first offence between the ages of 14-19 and over 50% of armed robbers have had prior criminal records. This capability now provides for a new application of forensic DNA, which is the ability to find suspects for a crime where there was none previously known. Before, if a crime lab did not have a known person to compare a crime scene sample to, a case was unsolvable. Today, the DNA database can be used to match evidence from the crime scene to a database of possible suspects. This capability can also be used to identify missing persons and victims of human disasters. The DNA database would contain DNA profiles of known suspects, arrestees and perhaps even data from citizens; for example those who register during an election, applicants for work permits, national Identity cards or citizenship in order to expand the size of the database.

�� 000��00� The UK started their National DNA database in 1995, initially collecting samples from convicted criminals, or people awaiting trial, however in 2001 this was changed this to allow DNA to be retained from people charged with an offence, even if they were subsequently acquitted. Recent data from 2000-2005 from the UK Home Office DNA Expansion Program showcased 78% successful trial outcomes for sexual assault cases, 71% for Homicides, 49% for Burglaries and 51% across all other crime categories, as a direct result of having a DNA database. Please see the Figure 3 below: Figure 3

Source: UK Home Office 2005 – DNA Expansion Program


�� Not only have Western countries established a DNA database, emerging markets have come out strongly to develop their own DNA databases as shown in Table 1: Western Countries DNA Database Development and Table 2: Developing Market DNA Lab / Database Development Table 1: Western Countries DNA Database Development Country

Population

Database Size

%

Comments

USA

311,000,000

9,000,000

3%

Arrestee incl. on database

Canada

34,000,000

200,000

1%

-

UK

63,000,000

5,000,000

8%

>60% crime hit rate

Germany

82,000,000

600,000

1%

Arrestee incl. on database

France

65,000,000

1,500,000

2%

-

Table 2: Developing Market DNA Lab / Database Development Country

Population

# Labs by 2014

Comments

Mexico

112,000,000

8

US Gov’t Aid will assist

Russia

142,000,000

40

DNA Database law, 2009

Brazil

196,000,000

14

DNA Database law pending

India

1,241,000,000

50


China

1,344,000,000

300

Database >10M samples

Uganda

35,000,000

1 (Gov. Chemist)



�� Uganda is poised to fight crime in line with international standards and emerging markets with the use of the both DNA technology and eventually the use of a DNA database. Uganda Police will need to develop internal capabilities, tools and processes to effectively use this technology in conjunction with the Uganda Judiciary. Figure 4 Forensic Lab Technology Aspiration for Uganda


�� Specific legislation is not an absolute requirement to start DNA profiling, collecting DNA data, establishing a national DNA Database or exchanging data internationally. National laws in Uganda already allow the use of DNA evidence in court and collection of samples for national identity card applicants for DNA profiling. However, most countries established specific legislation prior to the installation of national DNA Databases. The details of the legislation are essential, as inadequate laws may condemn a national database to be unsuccessful. The key trade-off lies between enhancing security while protecting the privacy rights of the individuals.

�� (��) Several key decisions will need to be taken from a legal perspective to ensure success of the DNA Forensic Program. The following highlights five critical key decisions to highlight the type of work that the Uganda legislature will need to undertake.

1.

Key Decision: Which DNA profiles will be included in the Database?

Key Questions: Can reference samples only be taken from convicted persons? Or can they also be

taken from suspects and arrestees? If only convicted persons’ profiles are included, then society might perceive that potential criminals can commit first crime with no risk of being caught by a ‘cold hit’, as there will be no reference sample present in the database. However, including profiles of potential criminals and suspects may cause society to perceive that a sample taken from an innocent person could later be used to incriminate that person for a different crime. This dilemma, as to which profiles to include, is one that has to be resolved. Best Practice: An overview of national databases worldwide clearly shows that all successful DNA

Databases include profiles of suspects and convicted criminals.


2.

Key Decision: What kind of crime which warrants the taking of reference samples?

The simplest and most efficient method is to include all crimes that may lead to an arrest. However another option is only to take samples for crimes carrying sentences of more than a certain minimum period of imprisonment. It would also be possible to draw up a classification or list of crimes, for example “all serious offences”, and only take reference samples from selected class or classes. Different countries have different methods Best Practice: All countries with successful databases take samples for all crimes, including volume

crimes e.g. Burglary, Theft, and Vehicle Crime. The reason is that DNA profiles from serious crime scenes mainly produce matches with reference samples taken from suspects or offenders who have committed volume crimes prior to or after committing the serious crime.

3.

Key Question: Should DNA profiles be removed from the Database?

If suspects or arrestees are included in a national database, an additional exit mechanism should be included, for example if a person is no longer a suspect or if an accused person has been acquitted by a court, then the relevant sample is removed. Inclusion of a deletion mechanism as described will not have a negative influence on the success of the database. However it may be helpful in improving the acceptance of the DNA Database by the population, as it diminishes some of the general population concerns. The spectrum of rules ranges from profiles never being removed, being removed after a certain period of time, or else varying, depending on the crime, on an individual prognosis for the convicted, or on the age of the person. Best Practice: Most countries keep crime scene profiles as long as they remain unsolved or when a

court order demands their removal. The procedures for removal of profiles from the database and sample destruction need to be defined. The authority required to order removal should be addressed. 4.

Key Question: How should taking of reference samples balance procedure versus efficiency?

Legislation should also define who is to be allowed to take a reference sample, and on what grounds. The procedural requirements must be followed to safeguard the legality of the sample. Best Practice: In constructing this legislation it is important not to introduce unnecessary obstacles into

the sample collection process that will impact on the efficient collection of samples. The most efficient


solution is that a police officer or appropriately trained professional should be able to take the sample and it should not be necessary to obtain a magistrate’s or mandatory court order. Multiple databases may need to be developed based on use of the DNA Profiles and care must be taken not to mix the use of the database. For example: the missing persons database should not be mixed in with the criminal database. 5.

Key Question: How should information be shared regionally and internationally?

Any national law on DNA should also include regulations on regional and international DNA data exchange. Simple legislations to enable sharing can have major impacts on crime effectiveness. The INTERPOL DNA Gateway can provide a mechanism for international exchange providing enormous benefits in terms of matches that could never have occurred otherwise. http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Forensics/DNA

�� Overall, legislation has to find an adequate balance between the interests of the individual and the interests of society. It must be in line with constitutional rights and other legislation, including privacy and data protection aspects, but without unnecessary restrictions. The most important resource in the use of DNA in most countries is legislation. Many amendments in national legislation in other countries have been done to enable the success of the DNA Databases. Whilst not typically covered in legislation, it is also important to give a similar level of detailed consideration to sampling and analysis strategies with regard to crime scene attendance and evidence recovery. It can be shown that increased overall success of DNA Database programmes results from an increased focus on both crime and person sampling.


�� Laboratory Scientists who perform Human Identification and forensic testing are under constant pressure. Each test performed can have a profound impact on the criminal investigations with coordination from all stakeholder involved in the Forensic DNA investigation process. For this reason, laboratories are required to use validated technologies and procedures that consistently produce high quality, valid and reliable results. Scientists therefore need to ensure that the equipment used provides the most comprehensively validated products, with well-defined processes and easily accessible to training, local expertise and application support available for the forensic labs. Key scientific tools for Human Identification (HID) testing include Extraction Kits, PCR machines and Genetic Analyzers and best-of-class LC/MS/MS instrumentation for forensic toxicology applications – used for Food, Drug and Narcotics testing.

�� The DNA Forensic lab in Uganda needs to be accredited or in compliance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidelines relevant to DNA profiling processes, such as ISO 17025. These guidelines focus heavily on traceability and chain of custody integrity issues, and enable Uganda Police to upload DNA profiles to national DNA Databases. Other standards can be found on the CODIS website, the FBI Director’s Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic & Database Laboratories, and the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) website. These standards cover different factors that affect quality including training and proficiency of personnel, the physical environment in which the analysis is completed, the equipment and methods used, and the handling of items under analysis. Quality principles need to be applied in every step of the law enforcement chain, so that from the crime scene, through the process of analysis in the laboratory, to the courtroom, the validity, reliability, and reproducibility of the DNA profile is ensured as much as possible. DNA profiles are loaded onto national and even international DNA Databases to maximize the efficiency of the investigations, some countries even share their entire national DNA Databases.


Three key factors will affect the quality of the results from the DNA Forensic Lab: 1.

Contamination

When identifying, collecting, preserving and analyzing DNA evidence, particular care should be taken to avoid contamination. As trace samples of DNA can be used as evidence, any minute contamination, genetic or non-genetic, can alter the results. Procedures need to be put in place to reduce contamination, for example: making the analysis automatic, using controls and checks, wearing personal protective equipment, having separate and designated work areas for post and pre-amplification processes, controlling air flow in laboratories and even restricting the movement of staff and equipment to designated work areas. 2.

Chain of Custody

The chain of custody refers to the process of documenting how evidence is collected, preserved, analyzed, stored and protected from initial collection at the crime scene all the way to introduction before a court of law. The chain of custody verifies that the evidence was handled carefully and has not been damaged, tampered with or changed in any way. All procedures regarding crime scene preservation, control and recording should be fully documented and available to the Uganda police. 3.

Data Integrity

Normally a DNA profile is loaded into the DNA Database as part of a record which may contain a unique bar code reference number, information about the crime and the laboratory that analyzed the sample, the person’s name, and identification number, the gender and the sample type. The possibility of errors can undermine the usefulness of the DNA Database and the reliability of DNA evidence. Errors in data handling occur when samples are mislabeled during processing and result in incorrect information being submitted to the DNA Database so that a DNA profile is incorrectly attributed to a person’s record, giving the wrong DNA reference for that person. This can lead to false matches where an innocent person is wrongly accused of a crime (false positives) or even where a criminal is excluded from suspicion (false negatives). Many laboratories have introduced a modular approach in which robots have replaced manual involvement in a number of the key stages. The use of robots minimizes human intervention and improves the processing time.

However scientists are still required to review and validate the

interpretation before it can be officially accepted.


�� & �� The standard operating procedure (SOP) for this should be an integral part of the facility’s standard operating protocol. The SOP should address security issues to ensure that the chain of custody can be identified at all stages. SOP will include procedures for First Attending Officers at Scene, Crime Scene Investigators and Laboratory Personnel. Training and capability building will be critical.

�� (��) �� ABL has operated in East Africa since 1999, and is a member of the UN Global Compact, having subscribed to the 10 principles encompassing four key areas: human rights, labor, environment and anticorruption. We believe that through innovative life sciences technology, Africa can embrace peace and security, where our countries can improve their economic development and all citizens of the EAC can enjoy a high quality of life. ABL enables the life sciences revolution in East Africa through developing solutions using state-of-the-art life sciences equipment and consumables for the Eastern African markets. We provide our customers diverse range of products, excellent sales, technical and application support focused providing working and cost-effective solutions. ABL has served governments, international research organizations, academia and NGOs. ABL is in a unique position to provide the Ugandan Government with the world's leading equipment for DNA technology and forensic toxicology applications supported with world-class capability building, training and support.

We are the distributors in the EAC, for Applied Biosystems, part of Life

Technologies, who are recognized world leaders in the forensic market. ABL can do the following to help successfully establish a forensic laboratory with a highly specialized DNA / Human Identification Unit and Forensic Toxicology Unit: •

Assist in setting up the correct workflow and ensuring international validation

•

Assist in the selection of the right mix of equipment’s for the forensic laboratory

•

Enable capability building across legal, police and scientific staff

•

Provide on-site rapid application support and service

Our goal is to build internal capabilities and knowledge in order to develop the right tools, systems and processes for the Uganda Regional Forensics Referral Center (RFRC).


�� Applied Biosystems Inc. (ABI), part of Life Technologies, has over 20 years of experience in developing DNA detection and analysis technologies. ABI is the only company in the world that designs and validates its reagents, instruments, and data analysis software together as a complete, integrated system for Human Identification (HID) testing. ABI equipment is the defacto standard equipment. ABI has developed a complete end-to-end workflow, see figure below, with equipment, reagents and software across extraction, quantification, amplification and detection. ABI is the gold-standard and defacto choice globally for forensic labs. Figure 5 Complete end-to-end work flow with reagents and software

Note: All Equipment is ISO 13485 Certified

To support the end-to-end workflow, we will provide to the Uganda Police Validation and Professional Service Program from Life Technologies which is used to ensure installation and performance of the equipment across three key areas: 1. Process Mapping, Efficiency Improvement and Design used to define laboratory workflows utilizing Six Sigma methodologies and to develop chain of custody for collected samples 2. Human Identification (HID) Training through the HID University 3. Robotic Validation and Implementation Support for high throughput labs Key applications of interest to the Uganda Police would include: •

Human Identification Testing (DNA fingerprinting or profiling)

•

Drugs & Toxicology Testing (Analytical processes including use of LC/MS/MS systems)


�� ABI offers the most trusted and integrated Human Identification Solutions. Precise results, consistent performance, and proven success cases. As the worldwide leader in DNA typing solutions, ABI delivers the most comprehensively validated products, expertise, and application support available to human identification laboratories. From the trusted AmpFℓSTR® kits to, high-performance genetic analyzers and software to in-depth training and on-site technical assistance, it all works together to help ensure success and maximize productivity. To achieve this, we are proposing two separate DNA lines created – one geared towards reference samples and the second focusing on processing crime samples including bone and teeth samples as well as other human remains.

�� 1� �� This line will be based on a direct amplification technology to type reference samples which will be collected in the form of blood/buccal sample deposited on Copan NUCLEIC-Card™ – a specially treated paper that allows convenient collection of samples and rapid direct PCR amplification. This line will comprise of a semi-automated punching system and with minimal handling steps. Figure 6 Reference Line Workflow

Step 1a: DNA Collection

Blood or Saliva is collected on Nucleic-Card™ paper (Figure 7). The Nucleic-Card™ matrix is chemicallytreated to enable cell lysis and protein denaturation. Doing so, nucleic acids are immobilized and preserved for long-term storage at room temperature. These cards are certified free of DNase, RNase and amplifiable human DNA. Figure 7 Nucleic-Card™ and Nucleic-Card™ collection device from Life Technologies


Step 1b: Punching

A disc of 1.2mm is punched from the Nucleic-Card™ using a Manual Puncher (Figure 8) or Automated Puncher like BSD systems or Hamilton easyPunch (Figure 9). Figure 8 Manual Puncher to be used with Nucleic-Card™ for Direct Amplification workflow

Figure 9 BSD Puncher and Hamilton easy Punch to be used with Nucleic-Card™ for Direct Amplification workflow

Step 2: DNA Amplification

AmpFlSTR® Direct & Express PCR Amplification Kits are used to amplify directly from this 1.2mm punch without the need to perform any DNA extraction or purification. This step is performed on a GeneAmp® 96-well PCR system 9700 Gold or Veriti® 96-well Thermal Cycler that are the only validated Thermal Cycler for HID application on the market (Figure 10). Figure 10 Thermal cycler from Life Technologies validated for HID. 9700 Gold (left) and Veriti (right)

Step 4: DNA analysis

Covered in Casework Line workflow. Please see below.


�� 2� �� An optimized process will be implemented that combines advanced DNA analysis techniques such as: •

DNA Extraction using sensitive PrepFiler™ and PrepFiler™ BTA Express technology.

•

Quantifiler Duo based quantification of quantity and assessment of quality of DNA extracts to help decide the best option for downstream DNA analysis

•

High performance STR typing technology, AmpFlSTR® Globalfier – which includes highly discriminatory markers and some of them are mini-STRs – allowing thereby recovery of valuable genetic data from compromised samples. Figure 11 Casework Line Workflow

Step 1: DNA extraction

The AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System (Figure 12) is an easy-to-use, robust benchtop instrument that utilizes the PrepFiler Express™ and PrepFiler Express BTA™ (bone, tooth and adhesive) chemistries packaged in prefilled, foilsealed cartridges. Life Technologies has designed the PrepFiler™ kits specifically to improve the quantity and quality of DNA isolated from forensic samples, thereby increasing the potential to obtain maximum information from downstream STR analysis. Once off-line lysis has been performed the AutoMate Express ™ will be able to process from 1 to 13 samples in about 30 minutes. The enhanced BTA buffer will allow lysis from Bone and Tooth in about 2 hours. Figure 12 AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System

Designed to improve yield, reproducibility and overall purity of DNA, AutoMate Express™ enables recovery of high-quality DNA free of PCR inhibitors and suitable for downstream applications.


Step 2: DNA quantification

Forensic analysts routinely encounter a variety of challenging biological samples, many of which contain mixtures of male and female DNA, and/or have been exposed to environmental insults. To aid selection of the most appropriate STR chemistry and maximize the chances of obtaining an interpretable STR profile in the first attempt, it is beneficial to efficiently determine the relative quantities of male and female DNA and detect the presence of PCR inhibitors. The Quantifiler® Duo DNA Quantification Kit enables forensic laboratories to simultaneously obtain a quantitative and qualitative assessment of total human and human male DNA in a single, highly sensitive real-time PCR reaction. This guides selection of the optimal STR chemistry (autosomal, Y-STR or miniSTR) and streamlines the workflow while increasing downstream analysis success rates. Figure 13 The 7500 HID Real-Time PCR System

This step is performed on the 7500 HID Real-Time PCR system (Figure 13) which is the only Real-Time PCR instrument validated for HID application on the market.

Step 3: DNA amplification

The AmpFlSTR® Next Generation Amplification Kits have been developed specifically to address the needs of forensic casework laboratories and to enable a new level of performance, data quality, and efficiency. This helps forensic analysts recover more interpretable results from challenging casework samples with increased confidence. The next-generation PCR amplification kits have been designed to overcome high levels of PCR inhibition and improve sensitivity from low-level samples. This step is performed on a GeneAmp® 96-well PCR system 9700 Gold or Veriti® 96-well Thermal Cycler that are the only validated Thermal Cycler for HID application on the market (Figure 10).


Step 4: DNA analysis

This step is performed on a Genetic Analyzer where PCR products obtained previously will be analyzed by their sizes. The 3500 Series Genetic Analyzers HID (Figure 14) are the latest advancements in the Life Technologies™ industry-leading product line of capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems, recognized for the highest levels of data quality and reliability. The versatile throughput system (48–1200 samples per day) supports a wide variety of applications using its DNA sequencing and fragment-sizing capabilities and, unlike its predecessors, has been designed with a specific feature set and workflow for Human Identification (HID) applications. Figure 14 3500 Series Genetic Analyzer for HID

Applied Biosystems® Genetic Analyzers are the only HID validated Genetic Analyzers instrument on the market. ®

Software used for analysis is the GeneMapper ID-X Software: an automated genotyping software solution for forensic DNA analysis applications.


�� ABL in partnership with ABI, part of Life Technologies, is committed to building the internal capabilities and knowledge of the Ugandan Scientists, Police and Legislature in order to facilitate a successful DNA Forensic program. Training is essential to ensure that the highest quality of results is achieved from all stages of the investigation. With several different personnel often being involved from investigation to prosecution it is necessary for them to complete different kinds of training specific to their individual roles. Four key categories of stakeholder have been identified: Police, Legal, Scientists and General Public. However, there will be some overlap in their knowledge, as the same basic concepts must be upheld throughout all stages including continuity, integrity and reliability. Figure 15 DNA Stakeholder Framework

Through our partnerships, we are able to provide training, access to extensive knowledge and experience of ABI’s dedicated forensic support team, access to training resources and access to external consultants. These include: HID Professional Services – part of Life Technologies, Gordon Thomas Honeywell Government Affairs Consultants, Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas, Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics and Africa Biosystems: Local On-site Expertise and Technicians.


�� “Supporting Implementation. Enhancing Productivity ” Target Audience : Uganda Scientists and Police Force

HID Professional Services enable forensic laboratories to overcome critical implementation challenges through a collaborative partnership with ABI part of Life Technologies - the worldwide leader in validated human identification solutions. Unlike any other solutions provider, ABI has developed an HID Professional Services team that will validate new technologies and protocols, integrate forensic solutions, develop trouble shooting capabilities and provide targeted courses for Human identification. HID Professional Services utilizes the highest level of genetic analysis and forensic application expertise, as well as the most extensive service and support network available. The result is not only a more rapid implementation leading to improved productivity, but also enhanced quality assurance and a thorough understanding of new procedures. Thus, the laboratory is better equipped to meet the ever-increasing demands of the forensic biology discipline. Unique offerings from the HID Professional Services team include: •

Most in-depth knowledge of the entire system, encompassing instrumentation, reagents, and software since ABI is manufacturer of the equipment

•

A tailored Forensic program for Uganda created, implemented, and supported by forensic scientists with over 100 years of combined forensic laboratory experience

•

A dedicated team of industry-leading scientists with extensive developmental and internal validation experience for forensic DNA applications

•

An extensive network of Field Service Engineers to provide on-site technical assistance with instrumentation

•

Utilization of VALID™ Software, an innovative program with numerous integrated tools to define, execute, and manage 5-dye validation projects

Please see attached Integrated Human Identification Training Brochure and Africa Forensic School in South Africa.


Track Record:

HID Professional Services (HPS) has been developing and delivering validation services for the forensics community for the past 6 years. In that time, HPS team has delivered over 175 validation/ implementation/ integration projects in the U.S., U.K., UAE, South Africa, Namibia, Singapore, Malaysia, Europe (Poland, Germany), and in Australia. These projects encompass all of Applied Biosystems Human Identification extraction, quantification and autosomal and Y STR chemistries, third party robotic validations on a variety of robotic platforms, performance checks, and LIMS integrations. A partial list of custom ers is attached in Appendix 1. Over 50% of HPS business comes from repeat customers and the team is seen as a trusted advisor to the clients by offering best in class professional consulting and services. In the last 3 years, this team has successfully undertaken turnkey projects to implement medium-high throughput production lines for processing scene of crime evidence samples as well as reference samples for database applications. Current turnkey project customers in the region include: •

South African Police Forensic Science Laboratories in Pretoria and Cape Town.

•

Forensic Genetics Laboratory for Ministry for Affairs of the Families of the Martyrs and Missing Persons, Libyan Government.

•

Namibian Police Laboratory.

•

Ministry of Interior Laboratories (34 in total) across Russia.

•

Polish Police, Warsaw

The South African Police Forensic Science Laboratories (SAPFSL) in Pretoria and Cape Town are currently undergoing modernization in which Life Technologies is the primary system integrator and a turnkey contractor to supply state of the art technology infrastructure as well as scientific services to validate latest chemistry for DNA analysis. This project encompasses both semi-automated case work and fully automated reference sample processing lines in multiple locations. The scope of this project included: •

Laboratory design

•

Construction work

•

Installation and Management of Biometric access controls, CCTV, Environmental controls etc.

•

Design of Casework Laboratory Workflows, Custom design of robotic platforms for DNA Extractions, writing methods and integrating the equipment with LIMS

•

Validation and Performance Checks the chemistry and the workflow


•

Training of personnel to operate and manage workflow

•

Supporting SAPFSL in the development of SOPs and manuals for operators

The Ministry of Missing Martyrs Project (Libya) involves setting up a complete laboratory system in Tripoli to perform DNA analysis from victims and their family members in an integrated and validated workflow. This work is conducted in partnership with Dr. Art Eisenberg at the Centre for Forensic Excellence, University of North Texas.

Again, in this project we have included extensive trainings at Life

Technologies facilities and at UNT in the USA. In Namibia, we have implemented robotic workflows for both Casework and Reference index samples in the Namibian Police Forensic Science Laboratory.

Casework workflow include Robotic extraction of

DNA, automated set up of qPCR and STR and CE Set up and Capillary electrophoresis. For reference samples processing line, we have integrated robotic punching system with STR set up and downstream workflows. These workflows were validated under ISO17025 guidelines and the laboratory is currently preparing for its accreditation through an external body. A complete list of customers can be provided on request. A partial list is shown below in Appendix 1. Throughout all of the projects executed, to date, by the Life Technologies team, we ensure that we follow, and are in accordance with, all of the following global compliance standards: 1. Revised SWGDAM Validation Guidelines (July 2003) 2. ENFSI Minimum Validation Guidelines 3. SWGDAM Interpretation Guidelines for Autosomal STR Typing by Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (Jan. 2010) 4. FBI Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (Sept. 1, 2011) 5. FBI Quality Assurance Standards Audit Document for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (Sept. 1, 2011) 6. FBI Quality Assurance Standards for DNA Databasing Laboratories (Sept. 1, 2011) 7. FBI Quality Assurance Standards Audit Document for DNA Databasing Laboratories 8. ASCLD/LAB International Accreditation 9. ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Requirements


�� (��) Target Audience: Uganda Government, Legislature

GTH is a dynamic group of individuals offering comprehensive professional consultancy services including governmental affairs, government research, and association management to a diverse client base. ABI can engage consultant Tim Schellberg ( President, Governmental Affairs Services). Tim has consulted with the African governments including South African, Kenya Libya and internationally, for example: China, Turkey, Netherlands, India, Italy, Philippines. His expertise in forensic technologies, particularly DNA, makes him a sought consultant in ensuring the right legal framework is developed to ensure success of the DNA Forensic Program. In addition, the GTH Team brings strong capabilities on international legislation concerning DNA databasing. This team can enable the right legislation needed to Uganda to ensure the Forensic DNA Program will be established and effective.

�� (��), �� Target Audience : Uganda Scientists and Police Force

The Life Technologies Center for Forensic Excellence at the University of North Texas Health Science Center was established to accelerate forensic DNA database lab start-up, accreditation and operational efficiency. Through this first-of-its-kind certification program, researchers obtain in-depth knowledge of DNA profiling and gain extensive laboratory experience in single-source sample processing, data analysis and data review for use in criminal investigations and identity verification. Upon completion, trainees possess the necessary skills to support the new Human Identification laboratory in Uganda. Center is led by Meredith Turnbough, Assistant Professor Please go to http://www.untcfe.org/ for more details


�� , ��, �� Target Audience : Uganda Scientists and Police Force

The Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics offers a program of comprehensive training in analytical and computational methods necessary for studies in the various fields of applied genetics. Students participate in seminars and teaching, and receive extensive training in techniques of contemporary molecular genetics. Research track students perform original, publishable research and present their research findings at national and international scientific meetings. Doctoral studies in Forensic and Investigative Genetics are broadly interdisciplinary. Students may undertake research in areas such as forensic genetics, clinical genetics, computational genetics and evolutionary biology, microbial forensics and many other interrelated disciplines. Three main centers exist; •

Center for Computational Genomics

•

Center for Bio-Safety and Security

•

Center for Human Identification

This world-class facility have ASCLD-LAB and ISO accreditations and provide access to FBI CODIS laboratory for missing persons, which routinely processes ~15,000 samples/year. Forensic Genetics advanced degree program are granted through successful completion of the academic degree and required curriculum

�� Target Audience : Uganda Scientists, Police Force, Legislature

ABL has 10-year established track record of proven delivery, and on-site rapid support in East Africa. Our professionals have deep technical and strategy expertise, enabling us to engage with forensic scientists, lab managers, police directors and legislature. For example: we have successfully worked with Public sector clients: Government Analytical Labs in Uganda, Government Chemists – Kenya, Tanzania, National Reference Labs (Rwanda), enabling training, applications, trouble shooting and data analysis for Human Identification testing (HID).


Our team has deep knowledge of DNA technology and DNA Forensics, with certifications Applied Biosystems and Life Technologies and their representatives in the region. ABL can coordinate capability building and support from Life Technologies: HID Professional Services, GTH-GA and University of North Texas Training, while providing on-site application support focused on ensuring successful outcomes, workflow solutions and testing. ABL also provides installation and service support, as key differentiator. We provide local, on-site commissioning of equipment, user training and our engineering team, based in Nairobi is available 24-7 by phone, email and on-site. Our team is led by Yasmin Verjee, Managing Director, who has worked in East African research institutions, specializing in DNA technology, for over 20 years. She has published several scientific papers related to development of vaccines and genetic analysis for cattle in East Africa. Her research has received UN award for the latter publication. She founded Africa Biosystems in 1999 with a vision to enable the cutting-edge life sciences research, development and application across East Africa to improve quality of life of the East Africa community. The ABL team has led business development activities, engaging with research institutes, governments and private sector clients. We have experience in setting up DNA labs with the right mix of instruments as per the end-users application. We have assisted Kenya, Uganda & Tanzania HID departments in recommendations of workflow solutions, instruments and consumables at the time of purchase. Our team includes several key members that will play an active role in bringing this project to light, including: Julius Osaso MSc Biotechnology (20 years’ experience in DNA Technologies and Application Support), Amy Wahome MSc Biochemistry (7 years’ experience in DNA Technologies Training and Customer Support) and James Kamau (10 years’ experience in installation, service and support of DNA Technologies Equipment and Consumables)


�� Overall, EAC & Uganda Police are poised to develop DNA Forensic capability through the RFRC, leveraging the existing skills, building new capabilities and investing in new technology. ABL can enable the EAC to ensure the success of the program engaging stakeholder across Police, Legal and Scientific community – building needed capability. Overall, the RFRC will •

Solve and reduce crimes, by enabling DNA Forensics for over ~59% of existing crime in Uganda and across the region, and more with the inclusion of the DNA Database

•

Exonerate the innocent, using unique DNA identifies that only provides an exact match

•

Save significant Govt. money by rapidly targeted criminals, avoiding lengthy investigations, prosecutions and social costs of crime

•

Enhance regional security and peace, becoming a role model for EAC and Sub-Saharan Africa

•

Enable the EAC to speak with “One Voice”

•

Enable economic development for Uganda and broader EAC

•

Build internal knowledge, and capability in DNA forensics

This technology is cost-effective and requires not only equipment and trained staff, but also detailed procedures and legal framework to enable forensic evidence to be submitted and successfully used for prosecution of criminals. The forensic lab will enable the EAC to join the ranks of multiple developed and emerging countries, underscoring the EAC’s commitment to social, economic and political development of the country through enhanced safety and security.

�� Africa Biosystems Limited is an East African company that drives transformative change for the region, through the use of innovative DNA technology. For more information please contact us on: [email protected]


�� 1� �� (��) Life Technologies has engaged in over 100 HID projects globally, developing end-to-end turnkey solutions and validation for customers in both emerging (e.g. South Africa, Namibia, Malaysia, Russia, UAE) and developed markets (e.g. USA, UK, Italy, Singapore). Selected Emerging Market Experience ��

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Concept Paper Forensic Lab for Uganda Police 20130911 v1 PUBLIC

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