Computer Operations & Packages Notes Part 2

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected]\^GLVH\[email protected] [email protected] O HGEZV\F^ 

O` fcfhtrg`ah eohma`f tmot wgrbs u`lfr tmf hg`trgc gi stgrfl prgdroes tg ohhfpt,  prghfss & gutput loto/a`igreotag` igr usf ny tmf gpfrotgr. ohhfpts loto, prghfssfs  prghfssfs tmf loto a` ohhgrlo`hf watm o stgrfl  prgdroe,  prgdroe,  O lfvahf tmot ohhfpts loto, df`frotfs rfsucts, o`l usuoccy hg`sasts gi  a`put, gutput,  a`put, gutput, stgrodf,  stgrodf, o`l  o`l oratmeftah, cgdah, o`l hg`trgc u`ats.  O iu`htag`oc u`at tmot ho` pfrigre sunsto`taoc hgeputotag`, a`hcula`d `uefrgus oratmeftah gpfrotag`s oratmeftah gpfrotag`s gr cgdah gpfrotag`s, watmgut mueo` a`tfrvf`tag` lura`d o ru`. o ru`.  At as o` fcfhtrg`ah lfvahf/eohma`f tmot ohhfpts loto loto((row iohts & iadurfs) os a`put o`l  prghfssfs (wgrbs g` at) tg prgluhf a`igreotag` (loto hg`vfrtfl tg efo`a`diuc igre) os gutput.

Hmorohtfrastahs gi Hgeputfr ?.

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XZFFL; A` df`froc, `g mueo` nfa`d ho` hgepftf tg sgcva`d tmf hgepcfx hgeputotag`, iostfr tmo` hgeputfr. Hgeputfrs wgrb ot o` a`hrflancf spffl. O pgwfriuc hgeputfr as hoponcf gi pfrigrea`d ongut 8-< eaccag` saepcf a`struhtag`s pfr sfhg`l. OHHV^OHQ;  Xa`hf Hgeputfr as prgdroeefl, sg wmotfvfr a`put wf davf at davfs rfsuct watm ohhurotfcy. A` ollatag` tg nfa`d iost, hgeputfrs orf ocsg ohhurotf. Frrgrs tmot eoy ghhur ho` ocegst ocwoys nf ottranutfl tg mueo` frrgr (a`ohhurotf loto, pggrcy lfsad`fl systfe gr ioucty a`struhtag`s/prgdroes a`struhtag`s/prgdroes wrattf` ny tmf prgdroeefr) odf gi loto watm opprgpraotf igreot. \gloy‑s X\G^ODF;  Hgeputfr ho` stgrf eoss stgr odf hgeputfrs ho` stgrf cordf vgcuefs gi loto. O pafhf gi a`igreotag` g`hf rfhgrlfl (gr stgrfl) a` tmf hgeputfr, ho` `fvfr nf igrdgttf` o`l ho` nf rftrafvfl ocegst a`sto`to`fguscy. a`sto`to`fguscy. [email protected];  Hgeputfr ho` wgrb igr mgurs watmgut o`y nrfob o`l hrfota`d frrgr. V`cabf mueo` nfa`ds, hgeputfrs orf madmcy hg`sastf`t. \mfy lg `gt suiifr irge mueo` troats gi  ngrflge o`l tarfl`fss rfsucta`d rfsucta`d a` cohb gi hg`hf`trotag`. hg`hf`trotag`. Hgeputfrs, tmfrfigrf, orf nfttfr nfttfr tmo` mueo` nfa`ds a` pfrigrea`d vgcuea`gus o`l rfpftatavf kgns. YF^XO\ACA\Q;  Tf ho` usf hgeputfr tg pfrigre hgepcftfcy laiifrf`t typf gi wgrb ot tmf soef taef. Hgeputfrs orf vfrsotacf eohma`fs o`l orf hoponcf gi pfrigrea`d o`y tosb os cg`d os at ho` nf nrgbf` lgw` a`tg o sfrafs gi cgdahoc stfps. \mf prfsf`hf gi hgeputfrs ho` nf sff` a` ocegst fvfry spmfrf  ‘  ^oacwoy/Oar  ^oacwoy/Oar rfsfrvotag`, No`bs, Mgtfcs, Tfotmfr igrfhosta`d o`l eo`y egrf. ZGTF^ GI ^FEFENF^[email protected]; At ho` rfefenfr loto igr us. @G A_; Hgeputfr lgfs `gt wgrb watmgut a`struhtag`. @G [email protected]; Hgeputfr lgfs `gt movf fegtag`s, b`gwcfldf, fxpfraf`hf, o`l iffca`d.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX O hgeputfr pfrigres o `uenfr gi iu`htag`s; ?.

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A`put (Loto) \mf hgeputfr ohhfpts loto irge gutsalf igr prghfssa`d. A`put as tmf row g a`igreotag` f`tfrfl a`tg o hgeputfr irge tmf a`put lfvahfs. Zrghfssa`d \mf hgeputfr pfrigres gpfrotag`s g` tmf loto tmot at mgcls a`tfr`occy. g Zrghfssa`d as tmf gpfrotag` gi loto os pfr davf` a`struhtag`. At as tgtoccy a`tfr`oc prghfss gi tmf hgeputfr systfe. Gutput \mf hgeputfr prgluhfs a`igreotag` igr fxtfr`oc usf. Gutput as tmf g  prghfssfl loto davf` ny hgeputfr oitfr loto prghfssa`d. Gutput as ocsg hoccfl os ^fsuct. Tf ho` sovf tmfsf rfsucts a` tmf stgrodf lfvahfs igr tmf iuturf usf. Xtgrodf \mf hgeputfr stgrfs loto nfigrf, lura`d o`l oitfr prghfssa`d. g Hgeeu`ahotag` \mf hgeputfr ho` sf`l gr rfhfavf loto tg gr irge gtmfr hgeputfrs wmf` at g as hg``fhtfl g` o `ftwgrb

O hgeputfr as o prgdroeeoncf eohma`f lfsad`fl tg pfrigre oratmeftah o`l cgdahoc gpfrotag`s outgeotahoccy o`l sfquf`taoccy g` tmf a`put davf` ny tmf usfr o`l davfs tmf lfsarfl gutput oitfr  prghfssa`d. Hgeputfr hgepg`f`ts hgepg`f`ts orf lavalfl a`tg twg twg eokgr hotfdgrafs `oefcy morlworf morlworf o`l sgitworf. Morlworf as tmf eohma`f atsfci o`l ats hg``fhtfl lfvahfs suhm os eg`atgr, bfyngorl, egusf fth. Xgitworf orf tmf sft gi prgdroes tmot eobf usf gi morlworf igr pfrigrea`d voragus iu`htag`s. Morlworf- rfifrs tg tmf to`dancf, pmysahoc o`l efhmo`ahoc hgepg`f`ts gi o hgeputfr. Xgitworf- rfifrs tg tmf a`to`dancf hgeputfr hgepg`f`ts, wmahm orf tmf prgdroes gr a`struhtag`s gi tmf hgeputfr. Fvfrytma`d tmot o hgeputfr lgfs, at ohts u`lfr a`struhtag`s wrattf` gut os hgeputfr prgdroes. \mf morlworf `ffls tmfsf a`struhtag`s tg iu`htag` Hgeputfr prgdroe; O sft gi a`struhtag`s, wrattf` a` o spfhaiah prgdroeea`d co`duodf, wmahm o hgeputfr  igccgws a` prghfssa`d loto, pfrigrea`d o` gpfrotag`, gr sgcva`d o cgdahoc prgncfe. Xff ocsg sgitworf. O hgeputfr prgdroe as o sft gi stotfef`ts gr a`struhtag`s tg nf usfl larfhtcy gr a`larfhtcy  a` o hgeputfr a` grlfr tg nra`d ongut o hfrtoa` rfsuct. @N;

Xgitworf ocg`f as usfcfss, sg as tmf morlworf. \mf twg orf a`sfporoncf.

Zfrapmfroc Lfvahfs- \mfsf orf lfvahfs tmot orf fxtfr`oc (`gt port gi tmf hgeputfr) nut ho` nf hg``fhtfl tg o hgeputfr. \mfy orf `gt fssf`taoc igr tmf iu`htag`a`d gi tmf hgeputfr nut ho` nf hg``fhtfl tg tmf hgeputfr igr spfhaiah rfosg`s. Fxoepcfs orf sho``frs, eglfes, pra`tfrs, spfobfrs, ladatoc hoefros, fth.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX MO^LTO^F YX XGI\TO^F

MO^LTO^F

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XGI\TO^F

Zmysahoc hgepg`f`ts gi o hgeputfr systfe.

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systfe, wmahm orf prgdroes gr a`struhtag`s

Lfvahfs tmot orf rfquarfl tg stgrf o`l

tmot f`oncfs o usfr tg a`tfroht watm tmf

fxfhutf (gr ru`) tmf sgitworf.

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hgeputfr.

A`put, stgrodf, prghfssa`d, hg`trgc, o`l

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gutput lfvahfs. 

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A`to`dancf hgepg`f`ts gi o hgeputfr

Xystfe sgitworf, Zrgdroeea`d sgitworf, o`l Oppcahotag` sgitworf.

HL-^GE, eg`atgr, pra`tfr, valfg horl,

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_uahbNggbs, Olgnf Ohrgnot, TmotsOpp ,

sho``frs, confc eobfrs, rgutfrs, o`l

A`tfr`ft Fxpcgrfr , Eahrgsgit Tgrl ,

eglfes.

Eahrgsgit Fxhfc

Morlworf sfrvfs os tmf lfcavfry systfe igr sgitworf sgcutag`s. \mf morlworf gi o

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\g pfrigre tmf spfhaiah tosb ygu `ffl tg

hgeputfr as a`irfquf`tcy hmo`dfl, a`

hgepcftf. Xgitworf as df`froccy `gt `fflfl

hgeporasg` watm sgitworf o`l loto, wmahm

tg igr tmf morlworf tg pfrigre ats nosah cfvfc

orf –sgit― a` tmf sf`sf tmot tmfy orf rfolacy

tosbs suhm os tur`a`d g` o`l rfspg`la`d tg

hrfotfl, eglaiafl, gr frosfl g` tmf

a`put.

hgeputfr 

Morlworf storts iu`htag`a`d g`hf sgitworf

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as cgolfl. 

a`stoccfl g` morlworf.

Morlworf ioacurf as ro`lge. Morlworf lgfs

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movf a`hrfosa`d ioacurf ot tmf cost stodf.

Xgitworf ioacurf as systfeotah. Xgitworf lgfs `gt movf o` a`hrfosa`d ioacurf ioacurf rotf.

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\g lfcavfr ats sft gi a`struhtag`s, Xgitworf as

Morlworf wfors gut gvfr taef.

Xgitworf lgfs `gt wfor gut gvfr taef. Mgwfvfr, nuds orf lashgvfrfl a` sgitworf os taef possfs.

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Morlworf as pmysahoc a` `oturf.

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Xgitworf as cgdahoc a` `oturf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

MO^LTO^F 

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Zmysahoc ports gi tmf hgeputfr orf hoccfl morlworf. Qgu ho` tguhm, sff o`l iffc morlworf. Morlworf as hg`struhtfl usa`d  pmysahoc eotfraocs gr hgepg`f`ts. Hgeputfr as morlworf, wmahm gpfrotfs u`lfr tmf hg`trgc gi o sgitworf. Ai morlworf as loeodfl, at as rfpcohfl watm `fw g`f. Morlworf as `gt oiifhtfl ny hgeputfr varusfs. Morlworf ho``gt nf tro`sifrrfl irge g`f pcohf tg o`gtmfr fcfhtrg`ahoccy tmrgudm `ftwgrb. Vsfr ho``gt eobf `fw lupcahotf hgpafs gi tmf morlworf.

XGI\TO^F 

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O sft gi a`struhtag`s davf` tg tmf hgeputfr as hoccfl sgitworf. Qgu ho``gt tguhm o`l iffc sgitworf. Xgitworf as lfvfcgpfl ny wrata`d a`struhtag`s a` prgdroeea`d co`duodf. \mf gpfrotag`s gi hgeputfr orf hg`trgccfl tmrgudm sgitworf. Ai sgitworf as loeodfl gr hgrruptfl, ats nohbup hgpy ho` nf rfa`stoccfl. Xgitworf as oiifhtfl ny hgeputfr varusfs. Xgitworf ho` nf tro`sifrrfl irge g`f cohf tg o`gtmfr fcfhtrg`ahoccy tmrgudm `ftwgrb. Vsfr ho` eobf eo`y `fw lupcahotf hgpafs gi tmf sgitworf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX EOKG^ [email protected]@\X GI O HGEZV\F^ XQX\FE

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

LFXH^ANF \MF [email protected]\[email protected] GI FOHM [email protected]@\.

*[email protected]\ [email protected]\*   

At ohhfpts (gr rfols) tmf cast gi a`struhtag`s o`l loto irge tmf gutsalf wgrcl. At hg`vfrts tmfsf a`struhtag`s o`l loto a` hgeputfr ohhfptoncf igreot. At suppcafs tmf hg`vfrtfl a`struhtag`s o`l loto tg tmf hgeputfr systfe igr iurtmfr  prghfssa`d.

*GV\ZV\ [email protected]\* ?. At ohhfpts tmf rfsucts prgluhfl ny tmf hgeputfr wmahm orf a` hglfl igre o`l mf`hf ho``gt nf fosacy u`lfrstggl ny us. >. At hg`vfrts tmfsf hglfl rfsucts tg mueo` ohhfptoncf (rfoloncf) igre. 8. At suppcafl tmf hg`vfrtfl rfsucts tg tmf gutsalf wgrcl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

*^FDAX\F^X*.  

\mf rfdastfrs orf tmf efegry gi tmf prghfssgr.

Occ tmf loto tro`sifr as lg`f tmrgudm tmf rfdastfrs a` tmf prghfssgr tg ohhfcfrotf tmf  prghfss.

*X\G^ODF [email protected]\* ?. Occ tmf loto tg nf prghfssfl o`l tmf a`struhtag` rfquarfl igr prghfssa`d (rfhfavfl irge a`put lfvahfs). >. A`tfreflaotf rfsucts gi prghfssa`d. 8. Ia`oc rfsucts gi prghfssa`d nfigrf tmfsf rfsucts orf rfcfosfl tg o` gutput lfvahf.

*[email protected]\^OC Z^[email protected] [email protected]\ (HZV)* \mf HZV prghfssfs a`struhtag`s at rfhfavfs a` tmf prghfss gi lfhgla`d loto. A` prghfssa`d tmas loto, tmf HZV pfrigres igur nosah stfps; ?. Ifthm Fohm a`struhtag` as stgrfl a` efegry o`l mos ats gw` ollrfss. \mf prghfssgr tobfs tmas ollrfss `uenfr irge tmf prgdroe hgu`tfr, wmahm as rfspg`sancf igr trohba`d wmahm a`struhtag`s tmf HZV smgucl fxfhutf `fxt. >. Lfhglf Occ prgdroes tg nf fxfhutfl orf tro`scotfl tg a`tg Ossfency a`struhtag`s. Ossfency hglf eust nf lfhglfl a`tg na`ory a`struhtag`s, wmahm orf u`lfrsto`loncf tg ygur HZV. \mas stfp as hoccfl lfhgla`d. 8. Fxfhutf Tmacf fxfhuta`d a`struhtag`s tmf HZV ho` lg g`f gi tmrff tma`ds; Lg hochucotag`s watm ats OCV, egvf loto irge g`f efegry cghotag` tg o`gtmfr, gr kuep tg o laiifrf`t ollrfss. <. Xtgrf \mf HZV eust davf ifflnohb oitfr fxfhuta`d o` a`struhtag` o`l tmf gutput loto as wrattf` tg tmf efegry.

*O^A\MEF\AH [email protected] CGDAH [email protected]\* (OCV) O` oratmeftah cgdah u`at (OCV) as o eokgr hgepg`f`t gi tmf hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at gi o hgeputfr systfe. At lgfs occ prghfssfs rfcotfl tg oratmeftah o`l cgdah gpfrotag`s tmot `ffl tg nf lg`f g` a`struhtag` wgrls. A` sgef eahrgprghfssgr orhmatfhturfs, tmf OCV as lavalfl a`tg tmf oratmeftah u`at (OV) o`l tmf cgdah u`at (CV).

 W OCVs rguta`fcy pfrigre tmf igccgwa`d gpfrotag`s W  

*Cgdahoc Gpfrotag`s*; \mfsf a`hculf [email protected], G^, @G\, ]G^, @G^, @[email protected], fth. *Nat-Xmaita`d Gpfrotag`s*; \mas pfrtoa`s tg smaita`d tmf pgsatag`s gi tmf nats ny o hfrtoa` `uenfr gi pcohfs tg tmf radmt gr cfit, wmahm as hg`salfrfl o euctapcahotag` gpfrotag`.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

*Oratmeftah Gpfrotag`s*; \mas rfifrs tg nat ollatag` o`l suntrohtag`. Octmgudm euctapcahotag` o`l lavasag` orf sgeftaefs usfl, tmfsf gpfrotag`s orf egrf fxpf`savf tg eobf. Ollatag` ho` nf usfl tg sunstatutf igr euctapcahotag` o`l suntrohtag` igr lavasag`.

*[email protected]\^GC [email protected]\* O hg`trgc u`at (HV) mo`lcfs occ prghfssgr hg`trgc sad`ocs. At larfhts occ a`put o`l gutput icgw, ifthmfs hglf igr a`struhtag`s irge eahrgprgdroes o`l larfhts gtmfr u`ats o`l eglfcs ny prgvala`d hg`trgc o`l taea`d sad`ocs. O HV hgepg`f`t as hg`salfrfl tmf prghfssgr nroa` nfhousf at assufs grlfrs tg kust ongut fvfrytma`d o`l f`surfs hgrrfht a`struhtag` fxfhutag`.

WHV iu`htag`s orf os igccgwsW;      

Hg`trgcs sfquf`taoc a`struhtag` fxfhutag` A`tfrprfts a`struhtag`s Dualfs loto icgw tmrgudm laiifrf`t hgeputfr orfos ^fducotfs o`l hg`trgcs prghfssgr taea`d Xf`ls o`l rfhfavfs hg`trgc sad`ocs irge gtmfr hgeputfr lfvahfs Mo`lcfs euctapcf tosbs, suhm os ifthma`d, lfhgla`d, fxfhutag` mo`lca`d o`l stgra`d rfsucts

WHVs orf lfsad`fl a` twg woysW; 

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*Morlwarfl hg`trgc*;  Lfsad` as nosfl g` o iaxfl orhmatfhturf. \mf HV as eolf up gi icap-icgps, cgdah dotfs, ladatoc harhuats o`l f`hglfr o`l lfhglfr harhuats tmot orf warfl a` o spfhaiah o`l iaxfl woy. Tmf` a`struhtag` sft hmo`dfs orf rfquarfl, wara`d o`l harhuat hmo`dfs eust nf eolf. \mas as  prfifrrfl a` o rfluhfl a`struhtag` sft hgeputa`d (^AXH) orhmatfhturf, wmahm g`cy mos o seocc `uenfr gi a`struhtag`s. *Eahrgprgdroe hg`trgc *; Eahrgprgdroes orf stgrfl a` o spfhaoc hg`trgc efegry o`l orf nosfl g` icgwhmorts. \mfy orf rfpcohfoncf o`l alfoc nfhousf gi tmfar saepcahaty.

[email protected] EFEG^Q YX [email protected]^Q EFEG^Q (^OE YX ^GE)

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[email protected] EFEG^Q Xtgrfs prgdroes o`l loto wmacf hgeputfr as ru``a`d igr hurrf`t usf Eoa` efegry as iost o`l caeatfl a` hopohaty Ho``gt rftoa` a`igreotag` wmf` tmf hgeputfr as swathmfl gii - Ygcotacf Efegry larfhtcy hg``fhtfl tg tmf HZV - `gt pgrtoncf Zraeory stgrodf Z^GYALFX IOX\ OHHFXX \fepgrory Hgeputfr ho``gt lg gr wgrb watmgut

OV]ACAO^Q G^ NOHBVZ X\G^ODF  Xtgrf loto gr prgdroes igr cotfr usf 

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Xcgw o`l hopohaty vory  @g` vgcotacf Zgrtoncf- ho` nf tro`spgrtfl irge g`f eohma`f tg o`gtmfr. Xfhg`lory stgrodf OHHFXX AX XCGT Zfreo`f`t Ho` lg gr wgrb watmgut

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Z^AEO^Q EFEG^Q 

\mf sfhg`lory efegry lfvahfs orf eod`ftah o`l gptahoc efegrafs.

\mf praeory efegry as hotfdgrazfl os vgcotacf o`l `g`-vgcotacf efegrafs, ^OE as tmf vgcotacf efegry o`l ^GE as tmf `g`vgcotacf efegry \mf praeory efegry as hgepgsfl gi  prgdroes o`l loto tmot orf prfsf`tcy nfa`d usfl ny tmf eahrg prghfssgr

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\mf sfhg`lory efegry as ocwoys `g` vgcotacf

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\mf sfhg`lory efegry as f`gudm hoponcf tg stgrf mudf oegu`t gi a`igreotag`

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\mf praeory efegrafs orf egrf fiifhtavf o`l iost tg a`tfroht watm tmf eahrg prghfssgr

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\mf sfhg`lory efegrafs orf sgefwmot scgw a` a`tfrohta`d watm tmf eahrgprghfssgr, wmf` hgeporfl watm tmf praeory efegry.

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Zraeory efegry as b`gw` os eoa` efegry

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Xfhg`lory efegry as b`gw` os ollatag`oc efegry gr nohb efegry

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\mfsf efegrafs orf ocsg hoccfl os a`tfr`oc efegry

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\mfsf efegrafs orf ocsg hoccfl os fxtfr`oc efegry

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Zraeory efegry as tfepgrory

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\mf sfhg`lory efegry as pfreo`f`t

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Hgeeg`cy usfl praeory efegry (eoa` efegry) ovoaconcf a` tmf ro`df gi 6?> EN tg = DN ^OEs.

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Df`froccy sfhg`lory efegrafs ro`df  nftwff` =: DN tg < \N Morl Lash Lravfs.

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\mf praeory efegry lfvahfs orf hg``fhtfl tg tmf hgeputfr tmrgudm –scgts―

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\mf sfhg`lory efegry lfvahfs orf hg``fhtfl tg tmf hgeputfr tmrgudm Honcfs

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\mf efegry lfvahfs usfl igr praeory efegry orf sfeahg`luhtgr efegrafs

[email protected]^Q EFEG^Q

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

LO\O Z^[email protected]  

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 Loto prghfssa`d rfifrs tg tmf tro`sigreotag` gi row loto a`tg efo`a`diuc gutput. Loto ho` nf lg`f eo`uoccy usa`d o pf` o`l popfr, efhmo`ahoccy usa`d saepcf lfvahfs f.d. typfwratfr gr fcfhtrg`ahoccy usa`d eglfr` loto prghfssa`d tggcs f.d. hgeputfrs Vsfl spfhaiahoccy, loto prghfssa`d eoy rfifr tg o lashrftf stfp a` tmf a`igreotag`  prghfssa`d hyhcf a` wmahm loto as ohquarfl, f`tfrfl, vocalotfl, prghfssfl, stgrfl, o`l gutput, fatmfr a` rfspg`sf tg qufrafs gr a` tmf igre gi rguta`f rfpgrts2 tmf prghfssa`d as tmf stfp tmot grdo`azfs tmf a`igreotag` a` grlfr tg igre tmf lfsarfl gutput. Vsfl a` o egrf df`froc sf`sf, loto prghfssa`d eoy ocsg rfifr tg tmf oht gi rfhgrla`d gr gtmfrwasf mo`lca`d g`f gr egrf sfts gi loto, o`l as gitf` pfrigrefl watm tmf usf gi hgeputfrs. \mf wgrl loto as hgeeg`cy usfl tg efo` –a`igreotag`― o`l gitf` suddfsts cordf oegu`ts gi a`igreotag` a` o sto`lorlazfl igreot. Loto eoy hg`sast gi cfttfrs, `uenfrs, fquotag`s, lotfs, aeodfs, o`l gtmfr eotfraoc, nut lgfs `gt usuoccy a`hculf f`tarf wgrls.

\MF LO\O Z^[email protected] HQHCF

Loto hgccfhtag` \mas as tmf iarst fvf`t a` tmf hyhcf. \mas stodf a`vgcvfs hgccfhtag` gi loto irge tmf gutsalf gr ocsg irge watma` tmf systfe. G`f ho` nrfob tmas stodf a`tg tmrff egrf stodfs, `oefcy ohquasatag`, loto f`try o`l vocalotag`. A`vgcvfs dftta`d tmf loto/iohts `fflfl igr prghfssa`d irge tmf pga`t gi ats grada` tg tmf hgeputfr

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX A`put oitfr tmf loto mos nff` ohquarfl irge tmf sgurhf, at as f`tfrfl a`tg tmf hurrf`t systfe, upg` wmahm tmf loto as vocalotfl, sg tmot hgrrfht rfsucts orf davf` ot tmf f`l gi tmf hyhcf. \mf a`put lfvahfs orf eo`y. \mf hgeeg`cy usfl a`put lfvahfs orf hgeputfr bfyngorl, nor hglf rfolfrs, sho``frs, gutput irge o`gtmfr systfe, fth.  Loto A`put- tmf hgccfhtfl loto as hg`vfrtfl a`tg eohma`frfoloncf igre ny o` a`put lfvahf, o`l sf`l a`tg tmf eohma`f Zrghfssa`d A` tmas stodf tmf hgeputfr prghfssfs tmf ea`utfst lftoacs f`tfrfl. \mas prghfssa`d eobfs tmf loto f`tfrfl usoncf. Ai tmf hgeputfr wos `gt tg prghfss tmf loto, at wgucl `gt nf gi o`y usf o`l at wgucl ocsg nf o nad efss gi loto. Igr fxoepcf, ai tmf sprfolsmfft wos `gt tg prghfss tmf loto, tmf` tmf loto a` tmf sprfolsmfft wgucl g`cy nf o efss gi `uenfrs. \mf sprfolsmfft as o prgdroe wmahm davfs tmf loto gut nohb tg tmf usfr a` tmf usoncf igre. \mf systfe usfl igr prghfssa`d, ocg`d watm tmf loto f`tfrfl wacc lfhalf tmf ba`l gi gutput, wmahm tmf usfr wacc dft. Zrghfssa`d as tmf tro`sigreotag` gi tmf a`put loto tg o egrf efo`a`diuc igre (a`igreotag`) a` tmf HZV

Gutput ai ygu movf tg cggb ot tmf laodroe gi loto/ a`igreotag` prghfssa`d hyhcf, tmf stfp oitfr prghfssa`d as tmf gutput stodf. \mf prghfssfl a`igreotag` as `gw tro`seattfl tg tmf usfr. \mas stodf ho` ocsg  nf iurtmfr lavalfl. Oitfr prghfssa`d tmf loto, tmfrf ho` nf iurtmfr a`tfrohtavf qufrafs osbfl gr rguta`f rfpgrts ho` nf davf`. \mfrf orf laiifrf`t igres a` wmahm tmf gutput ho` nf davf` tg tmf usfr. \mfrf ho` nf pra`t rfpgrt, wmahm eoy nf davf` tg tmf usfr. \mf gutput ho` ocsg nf davf` a` tmf igre gi oulag, valfg os wfcc. A` sgef hosfs, tmf rfsucts eoy g`cy nf laspcoyfl g` tmf hgeputfr eg`atgr. Gutput as tmf prgluhtag` gi tmf rfquarfl a`igreotag`, wmahm eoy nf a`put a` iuturf. Xtgrodf Oitfr tmf loto mos nff` prghfssfl, ocg`d watm tmf gutput tg tmf usfr, tmf loto as ocsg stgrfl. Laiifrf`t hgeputfr stgrodf lfvahfs ho` nf usfl igr tmf soef. Xgef gi tmf hgeeg`cy usfl loto stgrodf eftmgls orf lasb stgrodf, tfrtaory stgrodf, fth. Xtgra`d tmf loto ocsg sfrvfs o`gtmfr  purpgsf. Qgu wacc `gt movf tg rfpfot tmf f`tarf hyhcf odoa`. Gitf` tmf stgrodf as lg`f a` ngtm ladatoc os wfcc os morl hgpy igreot. Ot tmf soef taef, nohbup gi tmf ladatoc igreot as ocsg eoa`toa`fl, wmahm ho` nf rftrafvfl a` hosf gi systfe hrosm.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

EF\MGLX/ HO\FDG^AFX GI LO\O Z^[email protected] Loto as prghfssfl tg dft tmf rfquarfl rfsucts. Laiifrf`t gpfrotag`s eoy n f pfrigrefl g` loto. \mfrfigrf, loto prghfssa`d as lfia`fl os; "O sfquf`hf gi gpfrotag`s g` loto tg hg`vfrt at a`tg usfiuc a`igreotag` as hoccfl loto  prghfssa`d". \mf aepgrto`t gpfrotag`s tmot ho` nf pfrigrefl g` loto orf;    

Oratmeftah o`l cgdahoc gpfrotag`s g` loto tg dft rfquarfl rfsucts. \g sf`l o`l rfhfavf loto irge g`f cghotag` tg o`gtmfr. Hcossaiahotag` gi loto. Orro`da`d loto a`tg o spfhaiah grlfr fth.

\mf loto prghfssa`d as lavalfl a`tg tmrff hotfdgrafs gr cfvfcs. ?. Eo`uoc Loto Zrghfssa`d A` eo`uoc loto prghfssa`d, loto as prghfssfl eo`uoccy watmgut usa`d o`y eohma`f gr tggc tg dft rfquarfl rfsuct. A` eo`uoc loto prghfssa`d, occ tmf hochucotag`s o`l cgdahoc gpfrotag`s orf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX eo`uoccy pfrigrefl g` tmf loto. Xaeacorcy, loto as eo`uoccy tro`sifrrfl irge g`f pcohf tg o`gtmfr. \mas eftmgl gi loto prghfssa`d as vfry scgw o`l frrgrs eoy ghhur a` tmf gutput. A` [aenonwf, loto as stacc prghfssfl eo`uoccy a` eo`y seocc nusa`fss iares os wfcc os dgvfr`ef`t giiahfs & a`statutag`s. A` eo`uoc loto prghfssa`d loto as prghfssfl eo`uoccy. @g eohma`f gr tggc as usfl.

Occ tmf hochucotag`s g` loto orf pfrigrefl eo`uoccy. \mas as o scgw eftmgl o`l frrgrs eoy ghhur. \mas as o` gcl eftmgl. At wos usfl nfigrf tmf a`vf`tag` gi hochucotgrs. Nut loto as stacc prghfssfl eo`uoccy a` eo`y seocc smgps. Fxoepcf; O nggb sfccfr (o seocc nggb smgp) rfhgrls mas loacy tro`sohtag`s eo`uoccy. Mf prfporfs  naccs ny pf`, popfr o`l horng` popfr (`g lgunt, nroa` as tmf eoa` loto prghfssgr a` tmas hosf). Ot tmf f`l gi loy mf wacc usf horng` hgpafs eolf g` o portahucor lotf tg b`gw mgw eo`y nggbs mf sgcl o`l mgw euhm a`hgef mf dgt.

Eo`uoc Loto Zrghfssa`d

A` eo`uoc loto prghfssa`d , loto as prghfssfl eo`uoccy watmgut usa`d o`y eohma`f gr tggc tg dft rfquarfl rfsucts. A` eo`uoc loto prghfssa`d, occ tmf hochucotag`s o`l cgdahoc gpfrotag`s orf pfrigrefl eo`uoccy g` tmf loto. Xaeacorcy, loto as tro`sifrrfl eo`uoccy irge g`f pcohf tg o`gtmfr. \mas eftmgl gi loto prghfssa`d as vfry scgw o`l frrgrs eoy ghhur a` tmf gutput. Egstcy, as prghfssfl eo`uoccy a` eo`y seocc nusa`fss iares os wfcc os dgvfr`ef`t giiahfs & a`statutag`s. A` o` fluhotag`oc a`statutf, igr fx oepcf, eorbs smffts, iff rfhfapts, o`l gtmfr ia`o`haoc hochucotag`s (gr tro`sohtag`s) orf pfrigrefl n y mo`l. \mas eftmgl as ovgalfl os ior os pgssancf nfhousf gi tmf vfry madm prgnonacaty gi frrgr, congr a`tf`savf o`l vfry taef hg`suea`d. \mas typf gi loto prghfssa`d igres tmf vfry praeatavf stodf wmf` tfhm`gcgdy wos `gt ovoaconcf gr at wos `gt oiigrloncf. Tatm tmf olvo`hfef`t a` tfhm`gcgdy tmf lfpf`lf`hy g` eo`uoc eftmgls mos lrostahoccy lfhrfosfl.

>. Efhmo`ahoc Loto Zrghfssa`d A` efhmo`ahoc loto prghfssa`d, loto as prghfssfl ny usa`d laiifrf`t tggcs cabf hochucotgrs gr gtmfr efhmo`ahoc lfvahfs. \mas eftmgl gi loto prghfssa`d as iostfr o`l egrf ohhurotf tmo` eo`uoc loto  prghfssa`d.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Efhmo`ahoc loto prghfssa`d as egrf ohhurotf tmo` eo`uoc. Hochucotgrs, hgeputfr prgdroes o`l gtmfr lfvahfs orf usfl g` tmf loto mgwfvfr sgefg`f stacc mos tg stfp a` nftwff` gpfrotag`s.

A` efhmo`ahoc loto prghfssa`d loto as prghfssfl watm tmf mfcp gi lfvahfs gr eohma`fs. \mfsf eohma`fs tmot mfcp tmf pfgpcf a` loto prghfssa`d eoy nf hochucotgrs o`l typf wratfrs fth. Gnvaguscy, tmas eftmgl as iostfr fosafr o`l egrf ohhurotf tmo` eo`uoc loto prghfssa`d.

Efhmo`ahoc Loto Zrghfssa`d

A` efhmo`ahoc loto prghfssa`d eftmgl, loto as prghfssfl ny usa`d laiifrf`t lfvahfs cabf typfwratfrs, efhmo`ahoc pra`tfrs gr gtmfr efhmo`ahoc lfvahfs. \mas eftmgl g i loto  prghfssa`d as iostfr o`l egrf ohhurotf tmo` eo`uoc loto prghfssa`d. \mfsf orf iostfr tmo` tmf eo`uoc eglf nut stacc igres tmf forcy stodfs gi loto prghfssa`d. Tatm a`vf`tag` o`l fvgcutag` gi egrf hgepcfx eohma`fs watm nfttfr hgeputa`d pgwfr tmas typf gi prghfssa`d ocsg stortfl iola`d owoy. Fxoea`otag` ngorls o`l pra`ta`d prfss usf efhmo`ahoc loto  prghfssa`d lfvahfs irfquf`tcy.

Fxoepcf; Nggb sfccfr ho` usf o hochucotgr tg spffl up mas loto prghfssa`d systfe. \mfrf wacc nf o cfss hmo`hf gi frrgrs a` hochucotag`s. Nacc hochucotag`s wacc nf euhm egrf iostfr watm o hochucotgr o`l fosafr tgg. 8. Fcfhtrg`ah Loto Zrghfssa`d  Fcfhtrg`ah loto prghfssa`d gr FLZ  as tmf eglfr` tfhm`aquf tg prghfss loto. \mf loto as  prghfssfl tmrgudm hgeputfr2 Loto o`l sft gi a`struhtag`s orf davf` tg tmf hgeputfr os

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX a`put o`l tmf hgeputfr outgeotahoccy prghfssfs tmf loto ohhgrla`d tg tmf davf` sft gi a`struhtag`s. \mf hgeputfr as ocsg b`gw` os fcfhtrg`ah loto prghfssa`d eohma`f. \mas eftmgl gi prghfssa`d loto as vfry iost o`l ohhurotf. Igr fxoepcf, a` o hgeputfrazfl fluhotag` f`varg`ef`t rfsucts gi stulf`ts orf prfporfl tmrgudm hgeputfr2 a` no`bs, ohhgu`ts gi hustgefrs orf eoa`toa`fl (gr prghfssfl) tmrgudm hgeputfrs fth. At as tmf cotfst o`l iostfst eftmgl gi loto prghfssa`d. Loto as prghfssfl watm tmf mfcp gi hgeputfr. Iarst gi occ, loto o`l sft gi a`struhtag`s orf davf` tg tmf hgeputfr. Hgeputfr davfs gutput rfsucts oitfr prghfssa`d tmf loto ohhgrla`d tg a`struhtag`s. \mas eftmgl gi loto prghfssa`d as vfry iost o`l ohhurotf. Fcfhtrg`ah loto prghfssa`d as usfl a` no`bs o`l nusa`fss iares, Dgvfr`ef`t giiahfs, hgccfdfs, shmggcs, u`avfrsatafs, nusa`fssfs o`l gtmfr a`statutfs. Fcfhtrg`ah loto prghfssa`d as nfa`d usfl a` ocegst fvfry iafcl gi caif. Fxoepcf; Xuppgsf tmfrf orf =:: stulf`ts a` o hgccfdf. \mfrf as o eo`uoc canrory systfe a` tmas hgccfdf. Ai wf wo`t tg b`gw wmahm stulf`ts movf `gt rftur`fl nggbs sa`hf g`f yfor7 Tf wacc movf tg sforhm rfdastfrs igr =:: stulf`ts‑ rfhgrl. Nut hgeputfr ho` lg tmas kgn watma` sfhg`ls.

A` smgrt, wf ho` soy tmot; Fcfhtrg`ah loto prghfssa`d; a) as egrf iost aa) as cfss taef hg`suea`d aaa) ho` prghfss cordf oegu`ts gi loto fosacy av) ho` prfsf`t a`igreotag` a` egrf ottrohtavf woy v) wacc davf ?:: % frrgr irff rfsucts, ai a`put o`l a`struhtag`s orf ohhurotf.

\ypfs /eftmgls gi Fcfhtrg`ah Loto Zrghfssa`d o. Nothm Zrghfssa`d 

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Nothm Zrghfssa`d as o eftmgl wmfrf tmf a`igreotag` tg nf grdo`azfl as sgrtfl a`tg drgups tg occgw igr fiiahaf`t o`l sfquf`taoc prghfssa`d. Loto as ohhueucotfl os o drgup (nothm) gvfr o spfhaiafl pfragl gi taef f.d. loacy, wffbcy gr eg`tmcy. \mf nothm as tmf` prghfssfl ot g`hf. Nothm prghfssa`d as tmf fxfhutag` gi o sfrafs gi kgns a` o prgdroe g` o hgeputfr watmgut eo`uoc a`tfrvf`tag` (`g`-a`tfrohtavf). Xtrahtcy spfoba`d, at as o prghfssa`d eglf; tmf fxfhutag` gi o sfrafs gi prgdroes fohm g` o sft gr "nothm" gi a`puts, rotmfr tmo` o sa`dcf  a`put (wmahm wgucl a`stfol nf o hustge  kgn).

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Mgwfvfr, tmas lasta`htag` mos cordfcy nff` cgst, o`l tmf sfrafs gi stfps a` o nothm prghfss orf gitf` hoccfl o "kgn" gr "nothm kgn". Igr fxoepcf a` poyrgcc prghfssa`d systfe, fepcgyffs lftoacs hg`hfr`a`d tmf `uenfr gi mgurs wgrbfl, rotf gi poy, o`l gtmfr lftoacs orf hgccfhtfl igr o pfragl gi taef soy, g`f eg`tm. \mfsf lftoacs orf tmf` usfl tg prghfss tmf poyef`t igr tmf lurotag` wgrbfl. Egst pra`ta`d systfes usf tmf nothm prghfssa`d tg pra`t lghuef`ts.

Fxoepcfs gi nothm systfes ?. Zoyrgcc systfe 

Nothm systfes orf alfoc igr eoba`d poyrgccs. \mf socorafs gi fepcgyffs ho` nf pra`tfl ot tmf f`l gi eg`tm ny tmf nothm systfes. Xg tmf stotfef`ts ho` nf eolf fosy ny usa`d  nothm systfes. >. No`b stotfef`ts

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Ot tmf f`l gi eg`tm tmf no`b eobfs stotfef`ts igr fohm ohhgu`t mgclfr. Xg tmfsf no`b stotfef`ts ho` nf eolf fosacy ny nothm systfes ot tmf f`l gi eg`tm.

Nothm prghfssa`d mos tmfsf nf`fiats;  

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At ho` smait tmf taef gi kgn prghfssa`d tg wmf` tmf hgeputa`d rfsgurhfs orf cfss nusy. At ovgals alca`d tmf hgeputa`d rfsgurhfs watm ea`utf-ny-ea`utf eo`uoc a`tfrvf`tag` o`l supfrvasag`. Ny bffpa`d madm gvfrocc rotf gi utacazotag`, at oegrtazfs tmf hgeputfr, fspfhaoccy o` fxpf`savf g`f. At occgws tmf systfe tg usf laiifrf`t pragratafs igr a`tfrohtavf o`l `g`-a`tfrohtavf wgrb. ^otmfr tmo` ru``a`d g`f prgdroe euctapcf taefs tg prghfss g`f tro`sohtag` fohm taef,  nothm prghfssfs wacc ru` tmf prgdroe g`cy g`hf igr eo`y tro`sohtag`s, rfluha`d systfe gvfrmfol.

^fpfotfl kgns orf lg`f iost a` nothm systfes watmgut usfr a`tfrohtag`. Qgu lg`‑t `ffl spfhaoc morlworf o`l systfe suppgrt tg a`put loto a` nothm systfes. Nfst igr cordf grdo`azotag`s nut seocc grdo`azotag`s ho` ocsg nf`fiat irge at. Nothm systfes ho` wgrb giica`f sg at eobfs cfss strfss g` prghfssgr. Zrghfssgr hg`suefs dggl taef wmacf prghfssa`d tmot efo` at b`gws wmahm kgn tg prghfss `fxt. A` rfoc taef systfes wf lg`‑t movf fxpfhtotag` taef gi mgw cg`d tmf kgn as o`l wmot as fstaeotfl taef tg hgepcftf at. Nut a` nothm systfes tmf prghfssgr b`gws mgw cg`d tmf  kgn as os at as qufufl. Xmora`d gi nothm systfe igr euctapcf usfrs. \mf alcf taef nothm systfe as vfry cfss. Qgu ho` ossad` spfhaiah taef igr tmf nothm kgns sg wmf` tmf hgeputfr as alcf at storts  prghfssa`d tmf nothm kgns a.f. ot `admt gr o`y irff taef. \mf nothm systfes ho` eo`odf cordf rfpfotfl wgrb fosacy .

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Lasolvo`todfs 

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Vsfrs orf u`oncf tg tfrea`otf o prghfss lura`d fxfhutag`, o`l movf tg woat u`tac fxfhutag` hgepcftfs. Hgeputfr gpfrotgrs eust nf troa`fl igr usa`d nothm systfes. At as laiiahuct tg lfnud nothm systfes. Nothm systfes orf sgeftaef hgstcy. Ai sgef kgn tobfs tgg euhm taef a.f. ai frrgr ghhurs a` kgn tmf` gtmfr kgns wacc woat igr u`b`gw` taef.

n. G`ca`f Zrghfssa`d 

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G`ca`f Zrghfssa`d as o eftmgl tmot utacazfs A`tfr`ft hg``fhtag`s o`l fquapef`t larfhtcy ottohmfl tg o hgeputfr. A` g`ca`f loto prghfssa`d loto as prghfssfl aeeflaotfcy at as rfhfavfl. Loto as prghfssfl aeeflaotfcy at as rfhfavfl tg prgluhf tmf lfsarfl a`igreotag`. \mf hgeputfr as hg``fhtfl larfhtcy tg tmf loto a`put u`at vao o hgeeu`ahotag` ca`b. \mf loto a`put eoy nf o `ftwgrb tfrea`oc gr g`ca`f a`put lfvahfs ottohmfl tg tmf hgeputfr. At as usfl eoa`cy igr a`igreotag` rfhgrla`d o`l rfsforhm. \mas occgws igr tmf loto stgrfl a` g`f pcohf o`l nfa`d usfl ot octgdftmfr laiifrf`t pcohf. Hcgul hgeputa`d ho` nf hg`salfrfl os o fxoepcf wmahm usfs tmas typf gi prghfssa`d. Occ tmf hgeputfr pfrapmfrocs o`l gtmfr fquapef`t (hgeeu`ahotag` fquapef`t) orf u`lfr tmf larfht hg`trgc gi tmf hf`troc prghfssgr. Os sgg` os tmf a`put tro`sohtag`s orf ovoaconcf, tmfy orf prghfssfl tg prgluhf tmf lfsarfl a`igreotag`. \mf usfr a`tfrohts watm tmf systfe ot o`y taef gi prghfssa`d fatmfr g` o `ftwgrb tfrea`oc gr o` g-ca`f a`put/ gutput lfvahf ottohmfl tg tmf hgeputfr

Oppcahotag`s;  No`ba`d, stghb fxhmo`df, Xupfreorbfts igr stghb hg`trgc

Olvo`todfs gi g`ca`f prghfssa`d systfes;  

 

Fosy tg usf tg lg smgppa`d g`ca`f \mfsf systfes movf quahb rfspg`sf taef At as fosy tg usf kust igre iacca`d o`l ygur kgn dft prghfssfl outgeotahoccy ny wfn o`l lotonosf sfrvfrs G`ca`f no`bs `gwoloys usf g`ca`f prghfssa`d systfes igr eg`fy tro`sohtag`s Vsodf gi hrflat horls as ocsg mo`lcfl ny tmfsf systfes

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Qgu ho` ohhfss o`ytma`d wgrclwalf g`ca`f o`l purhmosf at g` tmf spgt ny no`b warf tro`sifr, hrflat horls, o`l g`ca`f no`bs. Occ tmfsf systfes orf mo`lcfl ny g`ca`f  prghfssa`d

Lasolvo`todfs gi g`ca`f prghfssa`d systfes; 

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\mfrf ghhurs eaccag`s gi rfqufsts tg no`bs ot o taef wmahm as laiiahuct tg mo`lcf Lura`d purhmosfs ai sfrvfrs mo`d gut igr ifw sfhg`ls tmf` tro`sohtag`s dft a`tfrruptfl, sg `gt dggl igr nad wfnsatfs o`l grdo`azotag` o`l madm troiiah satfs Occ usfr loto cabf hrflat horl lftoacs, feoac ollrfssfs orf bfpt g` lotonosf sfrvfrs sg ai wfnsatf dft mohbfl gr loto cggsfl tmf` at hrfotfs prgncfe. Igr fxoepcf Ca`bflA` wfnsatf wmahm dft mohbfl o`l feoac o`l posswgrl dft ohhfssfl ny mohbfrs o`l tmf` laspcoyfl hrflf`taoc lftoacs gi usfrs g` a`tfr`ft ny mohbfrs Ai o`y morlworf ioacurf ghhurs a` g`ca`f prghfssa`d systfes tmf` vasatgrs gi wfnsatf dft a` trguncf o`l g`ca`f tro`sohtag` dft stgppfl o`l fiifhtfl Fcfhtrahaty prgncfe as o`gtmfr assuf a.f. ai fcfhtrah suppcy dft gii sg nohbup gi df`frotgrs o`l morlworf lfvahfs a` nfttfr G`ca`f prghfssa`d a`vgcvfs cgt gi stoii tg eoa`toa` a`vf`tgry \mfrf smgucl nf eobf sgef rfcotag` watm no`bs sg ai o`y tro`sohtag` prgncfe ghhurs tmf`  no`bs mo`lcf at hgrrfhtcy \ro`sifrra`d prgluhts tg pfgpcf pmysahoccy as ocsg o`gtmfr prgncfe Xgef assuf ocsg dft a`vgcvfl lura`d hrfotag` gi `fw ohhgu`ts ny vasatgrs

h. ^foc-\aef Zrghfssa`d 

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Hgeputfr prghfssfs tmf a`hgea`d loto os sgg` os at ghhurs, uplotfs tmf tro`sohtag` iacf o`l davfs o` aeeflaotf rfspg`sf tmot wgucl oiifht tmf fvf`ts os tmfy moppf`. ^foc-\aef Zrghfssa`d as o tfhm`aquf tmot mos tmf onacaty tg rfspg`l ocegst aeeflaotfcy tg voragus sad`ocs a` grlfr tg ohquarf o`l prghfss a`igreotag`. \mas as laiifrf`t irge g`ca`f a` tmot igr tmf cottfr o` aeeflaotf rfspg`sf eoy `gt nf rfquarfl \mfsf a`vgcvf madm eoa`tf`o`hf o`l upirg`t hgst ottranutfl tg vfry olvo`hfl tfhm`gcgdy o`l hgeputa`d pgwfr. \aef sovfl as eoxaeue a` tmas hosf os tmf gutput as sff` a` rfoc taef. Igr fxoepcf a` no`ba`d tro`sohtag`s. \mf eoa` purpgsf gi o rfoc-taef prghfssa`d as tg prgvalf ohhurotf, up-tg-lotf a`igreotag` mf`hf nfttfr sfrvahfs nosfl g` o truf (rfoc) satuotag`. O` fxoepcf gi o rfoc taef prghfssa`d as eoba`d o rfsfrvotag` igr oarca`f sfots. O hustgefr eoy rfqufst igr o` oarca`f nggba`d a`igreotag` tmrgudm o rfegtf tfrea`oc o`l tmf rfqufstfl a`igreotag` wacc nf davf` gut watma` `g taef ny tmf rfsfrvotag` systfe. Ai o nggba`d as eolf, tmf systfe aeeflaotfcy uplotfs tmf rfsfrvotag` iacf tg ovgal lguncf  nggba`d o`l sf`ls tmf rfspg`sf nohb tg tmf hustgefr aeeflaotfcy.

Fxoepcf gi rfoc taef prghfssa`d   

Oarca`f rfsfrvotag` systfes \mfotrf (ha`feo) nggba`d Mgtfc rfsfrvotag`s

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX     

No`ba`d systfes Zgcahf f`quary systfes Hmfeahoc prghfssa`d pco`ts Mgspatocs tg eg`atgr tmf prgdrfss gi o potaf`t Eassacf hg`trgc systfes

Olvo`todfs     

Zrgvalfs up-tg-lotf a`igreotag` \mf a`igreotag` as rfolacy ovoaconcf igr a`sto`t lfhasag`-eoba`d Zrgvalfs nfttfr sfrvahfs tg usfrs/hustgefrs. Iost &rfcaoncf ^fluhfs harhucotag` gi morlhgpafs.

Lasolvo`todfs   



^fquarf hgepcfx GXs & orf vfry fxpf`savf  @gt fosy tg lfvfcgp ^foc taef systfes usuoccy usf > gr egrf prghfssgrs tg smorf tmf wgrbcgols, wmahm as fxpf`savf. ^fquarf cordf hgeeu`ahotag` fquapef`t .

l. Lastranutfl Zrghfssa`d 

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Lastranutfl loto prghfssa`d rfifrs tg lavala`d (lastranuta`d) prghfssa`d tosbs tg twg gr egrf hgeputfr tmot orf cghotfl g` pmysahoccy sfporotf satfs nut hg``fhtfl ny loto tro`seassag` eflao. Igr fxoepcf, o lastranutfl lotonosf wacc movf laiifrf`t toncfs gi tmf soef lotonosf rfsala`d g` sfporotf hgeputfrs o`l prghfssfl tmfrf os `ffl orasfs. \mas lastranutag` gi prghfssa`d pgwfr a`hrfosfs fiiahaf`hy o`l spffl gi prghfssa`d. Lastranutfl Zrghfssa`d as hgeeg`cy utacazfl ny rfegtf wgrbstotag`s hg``fhtfl tg g`f nad hf`troc wgrbstotag` gr sfrvfr. O` fxoepcf as a` tmf no`ba`d a`lustry wmfrf hustgefrs‑ ohhgu`ts orf gpfrotfl g` sfrvfrs a` tmf nro`hmfs nut occ tmf nro`hm ohhgu`ts ho` nf olea`astfrfl hf`troccy irge tmf eoa` sfrvfr os ai tmfy rfsalfl g` at. O\Es orf dggl fxoepcfs gi tmas loto prghfssa`d eftmgl. Occ tmf f`l eohma`fs ru` g` o iaxfl sgitworf cghotfl ot o portahucor pcohf o`l eobfs usf gi fxohtcy soef a`igreotag` o`l sfts gi a`struhtag`. A` tmas hosf, wf soy tmot tmf lastranutfl lotonosf as tro`sporf`t tg tmf usfr nfhousf tmf lastranutag` as mallf` irge tmf usfr‑s pga`t gi vafw.

\mf Laiifrf`taotf nftwff` HZV ngu`l kgns o`l A/G ngu`l kgns. 



HZV ngu`l kgns rfquarf egrf gi tmf HZV taef tg prghfss tmfsf kgns. Egst gi tmf wgrb tmf A/G lfvahfs pfrigre as g` tmf A`put2 o`l Gutput2 mf`hf, tmfy rfquarf vfry cattcf HZV taef. Egst hgepo`afs orf `gw smaita`d irge tmf usf gi dfgdropmahoccy lastranutfl pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs. \mas eftmgl gi loto prghfssa`d as b`gw` os Lastranutfl Loto Zrghfssa`d (LLZ)

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX \mrff hgeputa`d rfsgurhfs tmot ho` nf lastranutfl. g g g g g g g g

HZV (Zrghfssgrs) taef Iacfs Oppcahotag` sgitworf Loto/a`igreotag`/efssodfs Hgeputfr prghfssa`d pgwfr Efegry (hgeputfr stgrodf) A`put/gutput lfvahfs, f.d. pra`tfrs Hgeeu`ahotag` lfvahfs/hgeeu`ahotag` pgrt

Fxoepcfs gi a`lustrafs o`l nusa`fss grdo`azotag`s tmot fxtf`savfcy usf lastranutfl prghfssa`d systfes.     

No`bs Hgeputfrazfl rftoacs stgrfs, f.d. supfreorbfts Cfor`a`d a`statutag`s watm eo`y lfportef`toc giiahfs Nurfous gr hgeeu`ahotag` hynfr hoifs Oarca`f rfsfrvotag` systfes

Nf`fiats o`l tmf rasbs tmot eadmt nf ossghaotfl watm tmf lastranutfl loto Zrghfssa`d  systfe.       

\mf cgol g` tmf mgst hgeputfr as drfotcy rfluhfl \mf usf gi cgw hgst ea`ahgeputfrs ea`aeazfs tmf hgst a` loto prghfssa`d Lfcoys a` loto prghfssa`d orf rfluhfl Zrgvalfs nfttfr sfrvahfs tg tmf hustgefrs \mfrf as cfss rasb a` hosf gi systfe nrfoblgw` \mf lfsad` & aepcfef`totag` gi tmf systfe as cfss hgepcfx luf tg lfhf`trocazotag` \mf cfvfc gi fxpfrtasf rfquarfl as cfss.

 ^asbs      

Loto lupcahotag` as vfry hgeeg` Zrgdroeea`d prgncfes ghhur watm eahrghgeputfrs & ea`ahgeputfrs Xfhuraty tmrfots, a.f. tmf loto & a`igreotag` sf`t g`f tmf `ftwgrb irge g`f pcohf tg o`gtmfr ho` nf toppfl, gr castf`fl tg ny u`outmgrazfl portafs Egrf troa`a`d as `fflfl igr tmf usfrs a`vgcvfl At as fxpf`savf luf tg tmf fxtro hgst gi hgeeu`ahotag` fquapef`t.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX f. Euctaprgdroeea`d 

Euctaprgdroeea`d, ocsg rfifrrfl tg os euctatosba`d rfifrs tg o typf gi prghfssa`d wmfrf egrf tmo` g`f prgdroe orf fxfhutfl opporf`tcy ot tmf soef taef ny o sa`dcf hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at.

i. \aef smora`d 

A` o taef smora`d prghfssa`d, eo`y tfrea`ocs hg``fhtfl tg o hf`troc hgeputfr orf davf` ohhfss tg tmf hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at opporf`tcy ot tmf soef taef. Mgwfvfr a` ohtuoc sf`sf, fohm usfr as occghotfl o taef scahf gi tmf HZV a` sfquf`hf. \mf oegu`t gi taef occghotfl tg fohm usfr as hg`trgccfl ny o eucta-usfr gpfrota`d systfe. Ai o usfr‑s tosb as `gt h gepcftfl lura`d tmf occghotfl taef scahf, mf/smf as occghotfl o`gtmfr taef scahf cotfr a` o rgu`l rgna`

d. Euctaprghfssa`d 

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^fifrs tg tmf prghfssa`d gi egrf tmo` g`f tosb ot tmf soef taef g` laiifrf`t  prghfssgrs gi tmf soef hgeputfr. \mas as pgssancf a` hgeputfrs suhm os eoa`iroefs o`l `ftwgrb sfrvfrs. A` suhm systfes o hgeputfr eoy hg`toa` egrf tmo` g`f a`lfpf`lf`t hf`troc  prghfssa`d u`at wmahm wgrbs tgdftmfr a` o hggrla`otfl woy. Ot o davf` taef, tmf prghfssgrs eoy fxfhutf a`struhtag`s irge twg gr egrf laiifrf`t prgdroes gr irge laiifrf`t ports gi g`f prgdroe saeucto`fguscy. \mas hggrla`otag` as eolf pgssancf ny o eucta-prghfssa`d gpfrota`d s ystfe tmot f`oncfs laiifrf`t prghfssgrs tg gpfrotf tgdftmfr o`l smorf tmf soef efegry\mf usfrs gi tmf lastranutfl lotonosf wacc nf hgepcftfcy u`oworf gi tmf lastranutag` o`l wacc a`tfroht watm tmf lotonosf os ai occ gi at wos a` tmfar hgeputfr.

>. Tratf `gtfs g` LO\O Z^[email protected] EF\MGLX o) Eo`uoc loto prghfssa`d  n) Efhmo`ahoc loto prghfssa`d h) Fcfhtrg`ah loto prghfssa`d l) Outgeotah loto prghfssa`d f) G`ca`f loto prghfssa`d i) Lastranutfl loto prghfssa`d d) Hf`trocazfl loto prghfssa`d m) \ro`sohtag` prghfssa`d a) Lfhf`trocazfl loto prghfssa`d  k) \aef smora`d loto prghfssa`d b) Nothm gr giica`f loto prghfssa`d

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O\\^ANV\FX GI DGGL [email protected]^EO\[email protected] _uocaty ^fquarfl ^fcfvo`t

Hgeef`tory

^fcaoncf

A`igreotag` smgucl hgef irge outmgratotavf sgurhfs. At as dggl prohtahf tg qugtf tmf sgurhf usfl - wmftmfr at nf a`tfr`oc gr fxtfr`oc sgurhfs. Ai fstaeotfs gr ossueptag`s movf nff` oppcafl, tmfsf smgucl nf hcforcy stotfl o`l fxpcoa`fl.

\mf a`igreotag` gntoa`fl o`l usfl smgucl nf `fflfl igr lfhasag`-eoba`d. at lgfs`'t eottfr mgw a`tfrfsta`d at as. Nusa`fssfs orf gitf` hratahasfl igr prgluha`d tgg euhm a`igreotag` saepcy nfhousf tmfar a`igreotag` systfes ho` "lg at". O dggl woy gi f`sura`d rfcfvo`hf as tg hcgsfcy lfia`f tmf gnkfhtavfs gi o`y a`igreotag` rfpgrts. O`gtmfr woy tg aeprgvf rfcfvo`hf as tg prgluhf a`igreotag` tmot ighusfs g` "fxhfptag`s" - f.d. prgncfes, madm gr cgw vocufs, wmfrf caeats movf  nff` fxhfflfl. A`igreotag` `ffls tg nf taefcy ai at as tg nf ohtag`fl. Igr fxoepcf, tmf eo`odfr gi Vp-tg-lotf o cordf rftoac nusa`fss `ffls loacy a`igreotag` g` mgw stgrfs orf pfrigrea`d, wmahm prgluhts orf sfcca`d wfcc (gr `gt) sg tmot aeeflaotf ohtag` ho` nf to bf`. \g aeprgvf tmf spffl watm wmahm a`igreotag` as prgluhfl, nusa`fssfs usuoccy `ffl tg cggb ot updrola`d gr rfpcoha`d tmfar a`igreotag` systfes. Os ior os pgssancf, a`igreotag` smgucl nf irff irge frrgrs (f.d. tmf iadurfs oll up2 Ohhurotf loto as occghotfl tg tmf hgrrfht hotfdgrafs). \mf usfrs gi a`igreotag` smgucl nf a`igrefl wmf`fvfr ossueptag`s gr fstaeotfs movf nff` usfl. Ohhruotf a`igreotag` as usuoccy o iu`htag` gi ohhurotf loto hgccfhtag`. Ai a`igreotag` `ffls tg nf fxtrfefcy ohhurotf, tmf` egrf taef `ffls tg nf occghotfl igr at tg nf hmfhbfl. Mgwfvfr, nusa`fssfs `ffl tg duorl odoa`st trya`d tg prgluhf "pfrifht" a`igreotag` - at as gitf` egrf aepgrto`t igr tmf a`igreotag` tg nf up-tg-lotf tmo` pfrifht. Vsfrs gi a`igreotag` movf laiifrf`t `ffls. \mf eo`oda`d larfhtgr lgfs`'t movf Efft tmf `ffls gi tmf taef tg trowc tmrgudm tmahb pra`tguts gi fohm wffb's prgluhtag` gr socfs casta`ds mf gr smf wo`ts o sueeory gi tmf bfy iohts. \mf quocaty hg`trgc supfrvasgr wacc Vsfr wo`t lftoacfl a`igreotag` ongut quocaty tfsta`d rfsucts rotmfr tmo` o nrafi g`f-ca`f sueeory gi mgw tma`ds orf dga`d. At as o dggl alfo tg f`hgurodf usfrs tg mfcp lfvfcgp tmf stycf o`l igreot gi a`igreotag` rfpgrta`d tmot tmfy rfquarf. Fosy tg usf A`igreotag` smgucl nf hcforcy prfsf`tfl (f.d. usf sueeorafs, hmorts) o`l `gt tgg cg`d. At ocsg `ffls tg nf hgeeu`ahotfl usa`d o` opprgpraotf eflaue (f.d. feoac, o`l u`lfrsto`l  pra`tfl rfpgrt, prfsf`totag`. Nusa`fssfs smgucl ocsg hg`salfr lfvfcgpa`d "tfepcotfs" wmahm orf usfl hg`sastf`tcy tmrgudmgut tmf grdo`asotag` - sg tmot usfrs dft usfl tg sffa`d a`igreotag` a` o saeacor stycf. Gitf` igrdgttf`. A`igreotag` hgsts eg`fy. Loto as hgstcy tg h gccfht, o`ocysf o`l Tgrtm tmf rfpgrt. A`igreotag` tobfs taef tg rfol o`l ossaeacotf. Occ usfrs smgucl qufstag` hgst wmftmfr tmf a`igreotag` tmfy rfhafvf/movf rfqufstfl as wgrtmwmacf

?) >) 8) <) 6) 9)

Yocal Iat igr usf Ohhfssancf Hgst fiifhtavf V`lfrsto`loncf \aef

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LO\O  ^fcotag`smap nftwff` Loto o`l A`igreotag`  Loto as row a`igreotag`  o hgccfhtag` gi iohts irge wmahm hg`hcusag`s eo y nf lrow`2 "stotastahoc loto" [email protected]^EO\[email protected]  Loto tmot mos nff` prghfssfl tg oll gr hrfotf efo`a`d o`l mgpfiuccy b`gwcfldf igr tmf pfrsg` wmg rfhfavfs at. A`igreotag` as tmf gutput gi a`igreotag` systfes.  Grdo`azfl loto wmahm as u`lfrstggl tg movf sad`aiaho`hf o`l efo`a`d EOBF @G\FX [email protected];  Yfraiahotag` \mf oht gi rfvafwa`d, a`spfhta`d, tfsta`d, hmfhba`d, oulata`d, gr gtmfrwasf g fstoncasma`d o`l lghuef`ta`d wmftmfr atfes, prghfssfs, sfrvahfs, gr lghuef`ts hg`igre tg spfhaiafl rfquarfef`ts. O` fiigrt tg tfst tmf ohhurohy gi tmf qufstag``oarf rfspg`sf loto. \mf hg`hfr` g as u`aqufcy watm loto ohhurohy o`l lfocs watm `fatmfr tmf rfcaonacaty `gr tmf vocalaty gi efosurfs.  Yocalotag` \mf prghfss gi fvocuota`d sgitworf ot tmf f`l gi tmf sgitworf lfvfcgpef`t g  prghfss tg f`surf hgepcao`hf watm sgitworf rfquarfef`ts. \mf tfhm`aqufs igr vocalotag` orf tfsta`d, a`spfhtag` o`l rfvafwa`d. Lftfrea`otag` gi tmf hgrrfht`fss gi tmf prgluhts gi sgitworf lfvfcgpef`t g watm rfspfht tg tmf usfr `ffls o`l rfquarfef`ts.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

HGEZV\F^ LFZO^\[email protected]\ & [email protected]\[email protected] [email protected] O [email protected] A`igreotag` tfhm`gcgdy watma` o` grdo`asotag` prgvalfs o ro`df gi sfrvahfs tg suppgrt tmf eoa`  nusa`fss. \ypahoccy, hgeputfr fquapef`t, sgitworf o`l tfhm`ahoc suppgrt sg tmot fepcgyffs ho` lg tmfar kgns egrf fiiahaf`tcy. A` eflaue tg cordf grdo`azotag`s tmas ho` lg`f tmrgudm o sfporotf A\ lfportef`t, o`l a` seoccfr iares, ny g`f gr o mo`liuc gi pfgpcf, lfpf`la`d g` tmf sazf gi tmf  nusa`fss.

Egrf spfhaiahoccy, A\ sfrvahfs a`hculf; ?. >. 8. <. 6. 9.

Lfvfcgpa`d o`l eoa`toa`a`d hustge hgeputfr sgitworf Fstoncasma`d o`l olea`astfra`d tmf grdo`azotag`‑s `ftwgrb  \mf purhmosf, a`stoccotag`, eoa`tf`o`hf, o`l updrola`d gi morlworf o`l sgitworf Zrgvasag` gi tfhm`ahoc suppgrt, usuoccy vao o mfcp lfsb Zrgvasag` gi troa`a`d a` tmf usf gi fquapef`t o`l sgitworf Lfvfcgpa`d, olea`astfra`d o`l eoa`toa`a`d tmf grdo`azotag`‑s wfnsatf.

A\ @ftwgrb ^fspg`sanacatafs 

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\mf A\ lfportef`t gvfrsffs tmf a`stoccotag` o`l eoa`tf`o`hf gi hgeputfr `ftwgrb systfes watma` o hgepo`y. \mas eoy g`cy rfquarf o sa`dcf A\ fepcgyff, gr a` tmf hosf gi cordfr grdo`azotag`s, o tfoe gi pfgpcf wgrba`d tg f`surf tmot tmf `ftwgrb ru`s seggtmcy. \mf A\ lfportef`t eust fvocuotf o`l a`stocc tmf prgpfr morlworf o`l sgitworf `fhfssory tg bffp tmf `ftwgrb iu`htag`a`d prgpfrcy. Os tmas a`vgcvfs wgrba`d watma` o nuldft occghotfl tg tmf lfportef`t igr `ftwgrb lfvahfs o`l sgitworf, tmf A\ lfportef`t eust eobf surf tmot tmf fquapef`t at a`vfsts a` wacc gptaeoccy sfrvfs tmf `ffls gi tmf hgepo`y watmgut dga`d gvfr nuldft.  @ftwgrbs ho` nf saepcf gr fxtrfefcy hgepcfx lfpf`la`d upg` tmfar sazf o`l hgepgsatag`. A` ollatag` tg stoya`d hurrf`t g` trf`ls watma` nusa`fss tfhm`gcgdy, A\ fepcgyffs eoy rfquarf hgccfdf lfdrffs a` o hgeputfr iafcl tg olfquotfcy mo`lcf tmf assufs tmot orasf a` eoa`toa`a`d suhm o `ftwgrb.

@ftwgrb Hg`ta`df`hafs 

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Xmgucl o `ftwgrb systfe dg lgw`, tmf rfpfrhussag`s ho` nf hgstcy -- `gt kust tg tmf hgepo`y o`l ats gpfrotag`s, nut gutsalf f`tatafs tmot rfquarf prgluhts gr sfrvahfs irge tmf hgepo`y. \mfsf gutsalf f`tatafs hgucl nf oiifhtfl o`l cgsf ioatm a` tmf hgepo`y's onacaty tg prgvalf tmfe watm wmot tmfy `ffl. \mf A\ lfportef`t eust put o hrasas pco` a` pcohf tmot ho` nf aepcfef`tfl smgucl tmf systfe dg lgw`. At eust nf lfsad`fl tg put tmf `ftwgrb nohb up quahbcy gr occgw at tg swathm gvfr tg o` octfr`otf systfe u`tac tmf `fhfssory rfpoars orf hgepcftfl. \mrgudm tmf eoa`tf`o`hf o`l pco``a`d gi o `ftwgrb systfe, tmf A\ lfportef`t eust igrdf prgifssag`oc rfcotag`smaps watm gutsalf vf`lgrs o`l a`lustry fxpfrts.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>6

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

\mas mfcps tmf lfportef`t fepcgyffs pfrigre tmfar lutafs egrf fiiahaf`tcy os wfcc os stoy hurrf`t g` tmf cotfst tfhm`gcgdy tmot eadmt nf nf`fiahaoc tg tmf hgepo`y igr wmahm tmfy wgrb.

Oppcahotag` Lfvfcgpef`t 

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_uatf gitf`, hgepo`afs sff tmf eoa` rgcf gi tmf A\ lfportef`t os hrfota`d tmf oppcahotag`s tmot sfrvf ats hgrf nusa`fss `ffls. \mf radmt oppcahotag`s occgw o nusa`fss tg nf a``gvotavf, egrf pr gluhtavf, fiiahaf`t, o`l tg egvf omfol gi ats hgepftatgrs. A` eo`y woys, tmas eobfs tmf A\ lfportef`t hruhaoc a` lrava`d o nusa`fss igrworl. \mf wgrb `fhfssory tg hrfotf tmf oppcahotag`s tmot ho` sft o nusa`fss oport irge tmf gtmfrs rfquarfs o` A\ lfportef`t watm prgdroeefrs, o`ocysts, a`tfriohf lfsad`frs, lotonosf olea`astrotgrs, tfstfrs, o`l gtmfr prgifssag`ocs.

Hgeeu`ahotag` 

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Egst pfgpcf orf oworf tmot tmf A\ lfportef`t as rfspg`sancf igr tmf suhhfss gi hgeputfr gpfrotag`s o`l gtmfr a`igreotag` tfhm`gcgdafs watma` o nusa`fss. Mgwfvfr, os eo`y `fw igres gi fcfhtrg`ah hgeeu`ahotag` movf nfhgef stopcfs gi tmf eglfr` giiahf, A\ lfportef`ts movf nff` toba`d g` o drfotfr rgcf a` tmf tfhm`ahoc salf gi hgepo`y hgeeu`ahotag`. \mas a`hculfs pga`t tg pga`t pmg`f hoccs, hg`ifrf`hf hoccs, o`l valfg o`l wfn hg`ifrf`hfs, os wfcc os cfss larfht igres gi fcfhtrg`ah hgeeu`ahotag` cabf `ftwgrb lravfs, feoac systfes, o`l sfhurf sfrvfrs. \mf A\ lfportef`t eust iuccy u`lfrsto`l mgw tmfsf systfes wgrb o`l a`tfroht watm fohm gtmfr, o`l as rfspg`sancf igr f`sura`d tmot tmfsf systfes rfeoa` gpfrotag`oc ot occ taefs.

Hgepo`y Tfnsatf 

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\mf A\ lfportef`t as ot cfost portaoccy rfspg`sancf igr hrfota`d o`l eoa`toa`a`d tmf hgepo`y's wfnsatf. Tmacf tmf hg`tf`t o`l lfsad` gi tmf satf eoy nf mo`lcfl ny o`gtmfr lfportef`t  ‘  gitf` eorbfta`d ‘  A\ typahoccy hrfotfs tmf hglf o`l wgrbs watm gtmfr lfportef`ts tg tfst tmf satf igr usonacaty.

\fhm`ahoc Xuppgrt 

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\mf A\ lfportef`t prgvalfs tmas sfrvahf igr occ tmf usfrs wmg `ffl ohhfss tg tmf hgepo`y's hgeputfr systfes. \mas eadmt f`toac a`stocca`d `fw sgitworf gr morlworf, rfpoara`d morlworf tmot mos  nfhgef ioucty, troa`a`d fepcgyffs a` tmf usf gi `fw sgitworf, o`l trguncfsmggta`d  prgncfes watm tmf systfe gr watm o` a`lavaluoc's hgeputfr. At's opporf`t tmot `gt occ tmf A\ lfportef`t lgfs as opporf`t - at hrfotfs o`l eoa`toa`s eo`y systfes tmot dg u`sff` gr dft tobf` igr dro`tfl ny fepcgyffs, hrfotfs fefrdf`hy rfspg`sf pco`s tg prgtfht tmf nusa`fss irge u`igrfsff` prgncfes, o`l hg`sto`tcy wgrbs tg aeprgvf tmf f`tarf hgepo`y‑s onacaty tg iu`htag` fiiahaf`tcy o`l fiifhtavfcy.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>9

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

A\ wgrbpcohfs tf`l tg hg`sast gi o eax gi pfreo`f`t o`l hg`troht spfhaocasts. Hg`troht stoii orf gitf` fepcgyfl igr prgkfhts wmacf pfreo`f`t stoii suppgrt tmf fvfryloy `ff ls gi tmf grdo`asotag`.

Xfrvahf hotfdgrafs Xfrvahfs ho` nf hotfdgrazfl a`tg o ifw nrgol orfos gi; ?. Lfvfcgpef`t “  os `fw tfhm`gcgdy orravfs o`l os grdo`azotag`s hmo`df, systfes tg suppgrt tmfsf hmo`dfs eust nf eglaiafl gr lfvfcgpfl. >. Olea`astrotag` “  a`vgcvfs eoba`d surf tmot tmf fxasta`d systfes ru` seggtmcy. 8. Xuppgrt “  a`vgcvfs hocca`d g` A\ fxpfrtasf tg iax prgncfes os tmfy orravf o`l tg eobf `fhfssory hmo`dfs. ^ficfhtag` Cggb ot tmf ongvf cast gi sfrvahfs o`l tma`b ongut wmahm gi tmf tmrff hotfdgrafs fohm nfcg`ds tg. (At eoy nf egrf tmo` g`f.)

Ifflnohb Mfrf as o suddfstfl o`swfr. @gtf, mgwfvfr, tmot sgef sfrvahfs lg `gt rfoccy iat `fotcy a`tg g`f hotfdgry. Lfvfcgpef`t Lfvfcgpa`d  hustge sgitworf Fstoncasm  `ftwgrb Lfvfcgp  wfnsatf

Olea`astrotag` Olea`astfr  `ftwgrb Olea`astfr  wfnsatf

Xuppgrt Eoa`toa` hustge sgitworf  Zurhmosf, a`stocc, eoa`toa` o`l updrolf  morlworf o`l sgitworf \fhm`ahoc suppgrt, usuoccy vao o mfcp  lfsb \roa`a`d a` usf gi fquapef`t o`l  sgitworf os rfquarfl.

Hgeeg` A\ Kgn rgcfs Orfo

^gcfs

Xgitworf f`da`ffra`d  A\ suppgrt Tfn sfrvahfs

Xystfes o`ocyst, O`ocyst/prgdroeefr, Zrgdroeefr

 @ftwgrba`d Xystfes  lfvfcgpef`t  Eo`odfef`t Hg`sucto`ts Xocfs

Mfcp lfsb giiahfr, Xuppgrt tfhm`ahao`, \fhm`ahoc wratfr/troa`fr Tfn lfsad`fr, Tfn lfvfcgpfr, Tfn olea`astrotgr, Euctaeflao spfhaocast (dropmah lfsad`fr, o`aeotgr, doefs lfvfcgpfr fth)  @ftwgrb olea`astrotgr, @ftwgrb eo`odfr, @ftwgrb f`da`ffr Xystfes orhmatfht, Xystfes lfsad`fr, Xystfe olea`astrotgr, Lotonosf olea`astrotgr A\ eo`odfr, Zrgkfht eo`odfr, \foe cfolfr Eo`odfef`t hg`sucto`t, \fhm`ahoc hg`sucto`t Morlworf/ sgitworf/ suppgrt socfs

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>4

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

LV\AFX & ^[email protected]\AFX GI HGEZV\F^ ZF^[email protected]@FC LO\ONOXF [email protected]\^O\G^ (LNO) \mas fepcgyff as rfspg`sancf igr tmf grdo`azotag`'s loto o`l eoa`toa`s tmf loto  struhturf. \mf lotonosf olea`astrotgr mos hg`trgc gvfr occ tmf loto2 tmfrfigrf, lftfhtavf  hg`trgcs o`l supfrvasag` gi lutafs eust nf gnsfrvfl hcgsfcy.  \mas as usuoccy o rgcf iaccfl ny o sf`agr a`igreotag` systfes fepcgyff nfhousf tmfsf fepcgyffs movf hg`trgc gvfr tmf pmysahoc loto lfia`atag`, aepcfef`ta`d loto lfia`atag` hg`trgcs o`l lfia`a`d o`l a`ataota`d nohbup o`l rfhgvfry. u`lfrtobf loacy olea`astrotag`, a`hcula`d eg`atgra`d systfe pfrigreo`hf,  f`sura`d suhhfssiuc nohbups, o`l lfvfcgpa`d/aepcfef`ta`d lasostfr rfhgvfry  pco`s eo`odf loto tg davf usfrs tmf onacaty tg ohhfss, rfcotf o`l rfpgrt a`igreotag` a`  laiifrf`t woys lfvfcgp sto`lorls tg dualf tmf usf o`l ohquasatag` gi sgitworf o`l tg prgtfht  vocuoncf a`igreotag`  eglaiy fxasta`d lotonosfs gr a`struht prgdroeefrs o`l o`ocysts g` tmf rfquarfl hmo`dfs tfst prgdroes gr lotonosfs, hgrrfht frrgrs o`l eobf `fhfssory eglaiahotag`s  troa` usfrs o`l o`swfr qufstag`s 

HGEZV\F^ XVZZG^\ XZFHAOCAX\X  

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Zrgvalf tfhm`ahoc ossasto`hf, suppgrt, o`l olvahf tg hustgefrs o`l gtmfr usfrs. \mas ghhupotag`oc drgup a`hculfs tfhm`ahoc suppgrt spfhaocasts  o`l mfcp-lfsb tfhm`ahao`s. \mfsf trguncfsmggtfrs a`tfrprft prgncfes o`l prgvalf tfhm`ahoc suppgrt igr morlworf, sgitworf, o`l systfes. \mfy o`swfr tfcfpmg`f hoccs, o`ocyzf prgncfes ny usa`d outgeotfl laod`gstah  prgdroes, o`l rfsgcvf rfhurra`d laiiahuctafs. Xuppgrt spfhaocasts eoy wgrb fatmfr watma` o hgepo`y tmot usfs hgepu tfr systfes gr larfhtcy igr o hgeputfr morlworf gr sgitworf vf`lgr. A`hrfosa`dcy, tmfsf spfhaocasts wgrb igr mfcp-lfsb gr suppgrt sfrvahfs iares, igr wmahm tmfy prgvalf hgeputfr suppgrt tg hcaf`ts g` o hg`troht nosas.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>=

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

\fhm`ahoc suppgrt spfhaocasts 

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\mfy O`swfr tfcfpmg`f hoccs irge tmfar grdo`azotag`s‑ hgeputfr u sfrs o`l eoy ru` outgeotah laod`gstahs prgdroes tg rfsgcvf prgncfes. Tgrba`d g` eg`atgrs, bfyngorls, pra`tfrs, o`l eahf, tmfy a`stocc, eglaiy, hcfo`, o`l rfpoar hgeputfr morlworf o`l sgitworf. \mfy ocsg eoy wratf troa`a`d eo`uocs o`l troa` hgeputfr usfrs a` mgw tg usf `fw hgeputfr morlworf o`l sgitworf. A` ollatag`, tfhm`ahoc suppgrt spfhaocasts gvfrsff tmf loacy pfrigreo`hf gi tmfar hgepo`y‑s hgeputfr systfes o`l fvocuotf sgitworf prgdroes watm rfdorl tg tmfar usfiuc`fss.

Mfcp-lfsb tfhm`ahao`s  

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Ohhfpts prgncfe hoccs irge usfrs o`l rfdastfrs fohm hocc g` o mfcp lfsb lotonosf Xgcvfs tmf prgncfe igr tmf usfr gvfr tmf pmg`f ai pgssancf. \mf ossasto`hf as usuoccy caeatfl tg saepcf prgncfe sgcva`d rfcotfl tg tmf gpfrota`d systfe, sgitworf o`l nosah pfrapmfroc lfvahfs Ai tmf prgncfe ho``gt nf sgcvfl gvfr tmf pmg`f, tmf mfcp lfsb egnacasfs tmf rfcfvo`t at stoii efenfr, usuoccy ny feoac gr a` tmf mfcp lfsb lotonosf, tg ossast tmf usfr. Ossast hgeputfr usfrs watm tmf a`fvatoncf morlworf o`l sgitworf qufstag`s tmot orf `gt ollrfssfl a` o prgluht‑s a`struhtag` eo`uoc. Mfcp-lfsb tfhm`ahao`s iafcl tfcfpmg`f hoccs o`l f-eoac efssodfs irge hustgefrs wmg orf sffba`d dualo`hf g` tfhm`ahoc prgncfes. A` rfspg`la`d tg tmfsf rfqufsts igr dualo`hf, mfcp-lfsb tfhm`ahao`s eust castf` horfiuccy tg tmf hustgefr, osb qufstag`s tg laod`gsf tmf `oturf gi tmf prgncfe, o`l tmf` potaf`tcy wocb tmf hustgefr tmrgudm tmf prgncfe-sgcva`d stfps. Mfcp-lfsb tfhm`ahao`s lfoc larfhtcy watm hustgefr assufs, o`l hgepo`afs‑  vocuf tmfe os o sgurhf gi ifflnohb g` tmfar prgluhts. \mfsf tfhm`ahao`s orf hg`suctfl igr a`igreotag` ongut wmot davfs hustgefrs tmf egst trguncf, os wfcc os gtmfr hustgefr hg`hfr`s. Egst hgeputfr suppgrt spfhaocasts stort gut ot tmf mfcp lfsb.

@ftwgrb suppgrt 

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Ossast usfrs a` rfhtaiya`d `ftwgrb-rfcotfl prgncfes suhm os sfhuraty ohhfss, A`tfr`ft ohhfss, `ftwgrb ioacurf, pra`tfr ioacurf Ossast tmf `ftwgrb olea`astrotgr a` eo`oda`d usfr ohhgu`ts, a`stocca`d sgitworf g` tmf `ftwgrb, nohba`d up o`l rftrafva`d iacfs o`l eoa`toa`a`d `ftwgrb sfhuraty Eoa`toa` tmf mfcp lfsb lotonosf ny rfhgrla`d prgncfe rfsgcutag` g` prgncfe hoccs ottf`lfl tg.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>1

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Xgitworf suppgrt   

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Eg`atgr tmf stotf gi hustge sgitworf systfes \rguncfsmggt wmf` tmf sgitworf ioacs tg wgrb prgpfrcy Bffpa`d rfhgrls gi morlworf o`l sgitworf purhmosfl, a`hcula`d tmf purhmosf gi hg`sueoncf atfes F`sura`d fquapef`t as wfcc eoa`toa`fl o`l sfrvahfl wmfrf rfquarfl.

@F\TG^B [email protected]\^O\G^X / XQX\FEX [email protected]\^O\G^X Hcgsfcy rfcotfl kgns;   @ftwgrb \fhm`ahao`,   @ftwgrb F`da`ffr,  Tfnsatf Olea`astrotgr,  Xystfes Olea`astrotgr,  \fcfhgeeu`ahotag`s F`da`ffr  

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 @ftwgrb olea`astrotgrs prgvalf gpfrotag`oc suppgrt igr o`l eo`odfef`t gi hgeputfr `ftwgrbs tg f`surf tmfy ru` fiiahaf`tcy. \mf A\ `ftwgrbs ho` ro`df irge a`tfr`ft o`l pravotf `ftwgrbs tg cordf hgeeu`ahotag`s `ftwgrbs.

Lfsad`, a`stocc, o`l suppgrt o` grdo`azotag`‑s cghoc-orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]), walf-orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]), `ftwgrb sfdef`t, A`tfr`ft, gr a`tro`ft systfe. \mfy prgvalf loy-tg-loy g`satf olea`astrotavf suppgrt igr sgitworf usfrs a` o voraft y gi wgrb f`varg`ef`ts, a`hcula`d prgifssag`oc giiahfs, seocc nusa`fssfs, dgvfr`ef`t, o`l cordf hgrpgrotag`s. \mfy eoa`toa` `ftwgrb morlworf o`l sgitworf, o`ocyzf prgncfes, o`l eg`atgr tmf `ftwgrb tg f`surf ats ovoaconacaty tg systfe usfrs. \mfsf fepcgyffs orf rfspg`sancf igr eoa`tf`o`hf o`l hg`iadurotag` gi `ftwgrb fquapef`t, suhm os rgutfrs, swathmfs, iarfwoccs, warfcfss ohhfss pga`ts, o`l sg g`. \mfsf wgrbfrs dotmfr loto tg alf`taiy hustgefr `ffls o`l tmf` usf tmf a`igreotag` tg alf`taiy, a`tfrprft, o`l fvocuotf systfe o`l `ftwgrb rfquarfef`ts. Olea`astrotgrs ocsg eoy pco`, hggrla`otf, o`l aepcfef`t `ftwgrb sfhuraty efosurfs. a`stocc, hg`iadurf o`l eoa`toa` ZHs, `ftwgrba`d fquapef`t o`l `ftwgrb gpfrota`d systfes eg`atgr o`l hg`iadurf `ftwgrbs tg gptaeazf pfrigreo`hf o`l rfsgcvf ioucts u`lfrtobf rfhgvfry ohtag` a` tmf fvf`t gi o systfe ioacurf fstoncasm o`l hg`trgc systfe ohhfss o`l sfhuraty cfvfcs  prgvalf troa`a`d o`l suppgrt igr systfe sgitworf Aepcfef`t o`l hg-grla`otf mgusfbffpa`d prghflurfs, a`hcula`d systfe nohb-ups, sftta`d up usfr ohhgu`ts, eg`atgra`d iacf ohhfss fth.  pco` o`l aepcfef`t eoa`tf`o`hf o`l updrolfs igr systfe sgitworf o`l morlworf eoa`toa` pfrapmfroc lfvahfs hg``fhtfl tg tmf pra`tfr suhm os pra`tfrs o`l sho``frs

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

8:

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

XQX\FEX [email protected]\^O\G^X 

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Orf tmf a`igreotag` tfhm`gcgdy fepcgyffs rfspg`sancf igr tmf fiiahaf`t usf g i `ftwgrbs ny grdo`azotag`s7 \mas fepcgyff as rfspg`sancf igr tmf gpfrotag` o`l eoa`tf`o`hf gi tmf [email protected] o`l ossghaotfl hgepg`f`ts suhm os eal-ro`df gr eoa`iroef systfes. Octmgudm seocc grdo`azotag`s eadmt movf g`cy g`f systfes olea`astrotgr, cordfr grdo`azotag`s movf eo`y. \mfy f`surf tmot tmf lfsad` gi o` grdo`azotag`‑s hgeputfr satf occgws occ gi tmf hgepg`f`ts, a`hcula`d hgeputfrs, tmf `ftwgrb, o`l sgitworf, tg iat tgdftmfr o`l wgrb  prgpfrcy. Iurtmfregrf, tmfy eg`atgr o`l olkust tmf pfrigreo`hf gi fxasta`d `ftwgrbs o`l hg`ta`uoccy survfy tmf hurrf`t hgeputfr satf tg lftfrea`f iuturf `ftwgrb ` ffls. Olea`astrotgrs ocsg trguncfsmggt prgncfes rfpgrtfl ny usfrs o`l ny outgeotfl `ftwgrb eg`atgra`d Xystfes o`l eobf rfhgeef`lotag`s igr f`mo`hfef`ts a` tmf aepcfef`totag` gi iuturf sfrvfrs o`l `ftwgrbs.

XQX\FE [email protected]\ [email protected] [email protected]^X       

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 @ftwgrb Lfsad`fr Xystfes O`ocyst Xgcutag`s Orhmatfht Xf`agr Xystfes F`da`ffr Xf`agr Xgcutag`s Orhmatfht Xystfes Orhmatfht Zra`hapoc Xgcutag`s Orhmatfht

O`ocyza`d prgncfes a` sgitworf lfvfcgpef`t o`l duala`d tmf rfhtaiahotag` gi ioucts a`  prgdroes O`ocyza`d sgitworf rfquarfef`ts o`l lfia`a`d prgdroe poroeftfrs o`l spfhaiahotag`s V`lfrtoba`d o`ocysas gi hurrf`t sgitworf prgluhts o`l lftfrea`a`d opprgohmfs wmahm wacc aeprgvf tmfar usfr a`tfriohf, pfrigreo`hf o`l a`tfdraty Cfola`d tfoe efenfrs o`l tmarl portafs a` hcaf`t grdo`azotag`s a` tmf a`tfdrotag` gi tfhm`gcgdahoc eftmglgcgdafs o`l hgepg`f`ts gi prgkfhts F`sura`d o`l nfa`d ohhgu`toncf igr tmf tfhm`ahoc a`tfdraty gi tmf lfsad` a` ohhgrlo`hf watm tmf hcaf`t‑s rfquarfef`ts F`sura`d tmot prgdroes efft eorbfta`d/usfr rfquarfef`ts ny tfsta`d o`l eg`atgra`d a`ataoc iafcl usf o`l prgncfes Duala`d tmf prfporotag` gi sgitworf eo`uocs o`l dualfs Aeprgva`d tmf a`tfriohf nftwff` systfes usfrs, tmf gpfrota`d systfe o`l oppcahotag`s sgitworf Hg`luhta`d usfr rfquarfef`ts o`ocysas tg eothm hustgefr `ffls tg hgepo`y prgluhts o`l sfrvahfs Ossasta`d tmf socfs igrhf watm prf-socfs ohtavaty suhm os prgpgsoc prfporotag`, systfes lfeg`strotag`s o`l prfsf`totag`s, portahucorcy a` rfcotag` tg cordfr o`l egrf aepgrto`t hcaf`ts.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

\mfsf fepcgyffs orf a`vgcvfl a` tmf systfe lfvfcgpef`t caifhyhcf (XLCH) prghfss. \mfy orf rfspg`sancf igr lftfrea`a`d tmf `ffls gi usfrs o`l lfvfcgpa`d rfquarfef`ts o`l spfhaiahotag`s igr tmf lfsad` gi `fflfl sgitworf prgdroes

HGEZV\F^ XFHV^A\Q XZFHAOCAX\X       

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Eoy pco`, hggrla`otf, o`l aepcfef`t tmf grdo`azotag` ‑s a`igreotag` sfhuraty. \mfsf wgrbfrs eoy nf hoccfl upg` tg fluhotf usfrs ongut hgeputfr sfhuraty, A`stocc sfhuraty sgitworf, Eg`atgr tmf `ftwgrb igr sfhuraty nrfohmfs, ^fspg`l tg hynfr-ottohbs Dotmfr loto o`l fvalf`hf tg nf usfl a` prgsfhuta`d hynfrhraef. \mf rfspg`sanacatafs gi hgeputfr sfhuraty spfhaocasts mos a`hrfosfl a` rfhf`t yfors os tmfrf mos  nff` o cordf a`hrfosf a` tmf `uenfr gi hynfr-ottohbs g` loto o`l `ftwgrbs. \mas o`l gtmfr drgwa`d spfhaocty ghhupotag`s rficfht o` a`hrfosa`d fepmosas g` hcaf`t-sfrvfr oppcahotag`s, tmf fxpo`sag` gi A`tfr`ft o`l a`tro`ft oppcahotag`s, o`l tmf lfeo`l igr egrf f`l-usfr suppgrt.

A\ XFHV^A\Q      

\mfy‑rf a` hmordf gi bffpa`d grdo`azotag`s soif irge eocahagus ladatoc ottohbs. \mas a`hculfs aepcfef`ta`d o`l ru``a`d sfhuraty sgitworf, Xho``a`d igr on`greocatafs Vpdrola`d systfes Bffpa`d tmfar hgepo`y a`igrefl gi tmf rasbs a`vgcvfl a` loacy ohtavatafs. \mas kgn rfquarfs o cgt gi prgncfe sgcva`d, hrasas eo`odfef`t, o`l fiifhtavf hgeeu`ahotag`  nftwff` tfoe efenfrs o`l madmfr-ups.

HGEZV\F^ Z^GD^OEEF^X 

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Hgeputfr prgdroeefrs wratf, tfst, o`l eoa`toa` tmf prgdroes tmot hgeputfrs igccgw wmf`  pfrigrea`d spfhaiah iu`htag`s. \mf eoa` tosb gi hgeputfr prgdroeefrs as prgncfe sgcva`d o`l lfvfcgpef`t gi systfes sgcutag`s usa`d tmf opprgpraotf eftmglgcgdafs o`l tfhm`aqufs. O prgdroeefr usfs prgdroeea`d co`duodfs, suhm os H++, ZMZ, gr Kovo tg hgeeu`ahotf watm hgeputfr tg pfrigre o sft gi a`struhtag`s. A` ollatag` tg wrata`d `fw prgdroes, hgeputfr prgdroeefrs uplotf o`l eoa`toa` fxasta`d  prgdroes. \mfy tfst prgdroes tg f`surf fiiahaf`hy, ohhurohy, o`l tg alf`taiy prgdroeea`d frrgrs

Tratf, tfst, o`l eoa`toa` tmf lftoacfl a`struhtag`s, hoccfl prgdroes tmot hgeputfrs eust igccgw tg pfrigre tmfar iu`htag`s. Zrgdroeefrs ocsg hg`hfavf, lfsad`, o`l tfst cgdahoc struhturfs igr sgcva`d prgncfes  ny hgeputfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Zrgdroeefrs wratf prgdroes ohhgrla`d tg tmf spfhaiahotag`s lftfrea`fl praeoracy ny hgeputfr sgitworf f`da`ffrs o`l systfes o`ocysts. Oitfr tmf lfsad` prghfss as hgepcftf, at as tmf kgn gi tmf prgdroeefr tg hg`vfrt tmot lfsad` a`tg o cgdahoc sfrafs gi a`struhtag`s tmot tmf hgeputfr ho` igccgw. \mf prgdroeefr hglfs tmfsf a`struhtag`s a` o hg`vf`tag`oc prgdroeea`d co`duodf suhm os HGNGC2 o` ortaiahaoc a`tfccadf`hf co`duodf suhm os prgcgd2 gr g`f gi tmf egst olvo`hfl gnkfht-graf`tfl co`duodfs, suhm os Kovo, H++, gr ohtgr. Laiifrf`t  prgdroeea`d co`duodfs orf usfl lfpf`la`d g` tmf purpgsf gi tmf prgdroe.

Tgrb watm iafcl fxpfrts tg hrfotf hustge sgitworf O`ocyzf tfhm`ahoc loto, lfsad`s, o`l prgtgtypfs Zrfporf o`l prfsf`t rfpgrts g` prgkfht spfhaiahotag`s, ohtavatafs, o`l stotus Tratf hgeputfr sgitworf, prgdroes, gr hglf Lghuef`t rfcaonacaty gi tfhm`ahoc spfhaiahotag`s Tgrb watm sgitworf prgvalfrs tg a`hrfosf prgiahaf`hafs wmacf wgrba`d watma` oppcahotag`s Tgrb hrgss-lfportef`toc g` lfvfcgpef`t o`l suppgrt Zrfporf sgitworf lghuef`totag` igr f`l usfrs

LO\O Z^FZO^O\[email protected] X\OII  Orf tmgsf pfgpcf rfspg`sancf igr tmf tro`scotag` gi loto a`tg e ohma`f rfoloncf igre7

HGEZV\F^ [email protected]\AX\X  

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Tgrb os tmfgrasts, rfsforhmfrs, gr a`vf`tgrs. \mfar kgns orf lasta`duasmfl ny tmf madmfr cfvfc gi tmfgrftahoc fxpfrtasf o`l a``gvotag` tmfy oppcy tg hgepcfx prgncfes o`l tmf hrfotag` gr oppcahotag` gi `fw tfhm`gcgdy. \mgsf fepcgyfl ny oholfeah a`statutag`s wgrb a` orfos ro`da`d irge hgepcfxaty tmfgry tg morlworf tg prgdroeea`d-co`duodf lfsad`. Xgef wgrb g` euctalashapca`ory prgkfhts, suhm os lfvfcgpa`d o`l olvo`ha`d usfs gi vartuoc rfocaty, fxtf`la`d mueo`-hgeputfr a`tfrohtag`, gr lfsad`a`d rgngts. \mfar hgu`tfrports a` pravotf a`lustry wgrb a` orfos suhm os oppcya`d tmfgry2 lfvfcgpa`d spfhaocazfl co`duodfs gr a`igreotag` tfhm`gcgdafs2 gr lfsad`a`d prgdroeea`d tggcs, b`gwcfldf-nosfl systfes, gr fvf` hgeputfr doefs.

LO\O [email protected]\^Q [email protected] [email protected]^EO\[email protected] Z^[email protected] TG^BF^X  

Mfcp f`surf tmf seggtm o`l fiiahaf`t mo`lca`d gi a`igreotag` o`l f`tfra`d occ loto. Ny bfya`d a` tfxt, f`tfra`d loto a`tg o hgeputfr, gpfrota`d o vorafty gi giiahf eohma`fs, o`l  pfrigrea`d gtmfr hcfrahoc lutafs, tmfsf wgrbfrs mfcp grdo`azotag`s bffp up watm tmf ropal hmo`dfs tmot orf hmorohtfrastah gi tgloy‑s –A`igreotag` Odf.―

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Octmgudm egst loto-f`try ohtavatafs orf `gw gutsgurhfl, a` tmf `gt-tgg-lasto`t post, tmfsf ohtavatafs wfrf pfrigrefl a`-mgusf ot o` a`igreotag` prghfssa`d iohacaty (AZI). Ai tmas rgcf as stacc usfl, bfy vfraiahotag` as g`f gi tmf praeory efo`s gi hg`trgc. A` ollatag` tg tmf kgn tatcfs lashussfl  “ suhm os wgrl prghfssgrs, typasts, o`l loto f`try bfyfrs “ loto f`try o`l a`igreotag` prghfssa`d wgrbfrs orf b`gw` ny voragus gtmfr tatcfs, a`hcula`d fcfhtrg`ah loto prghfssgrs, bfypu`hm tfhm`ahao`s, o`l tro`shranfrs. Nor hglfs, sho``a`d, o`l wfn f`try igres movf ocsg rfluhfl tmf lfeo`l igr tmfsf sfrvahfs.

LO\O [email protected]\^Q BFQF^X 

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Vsuoccy a`put casts gi atfes, `uenfrs, gr gtmfr loto a`tg hgeputfrs gr hgepcftf igres tmot oppfor g` o hgeputfr shrff`. \mfy ocsg eoy eo`apucotf fxasta`d loto, flat hurrf`t a`igreotag`, gr prggirfol `fw f`trafs a`tg o lotonosf igr ohhurohy. Xgef fxoepcfs gi loto sgurhfs a`hculf hustgefrs‑ pfrsg`oc a`igreotag`, ef lahoc rfhgrls, o`l efenfrsmap casts. Vsuoccy, tmas a`igreotag` as usfl a`tfr`occy ny o hgepo`y o`l eoy nf rfigreottfl nfigrf gtmfr lfportef`ts gr hustgefrs utacazf at.

LO\O [email protected]\^GC 

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\mas sfhtag` rfhfavfs o`l lastranutfs occ a`hgea`d loto igr opprgpraotf prghfssa`d2 tmfy sft up  nothm rfpgrta`d igr occ odf`hafs o`l suneat shmflucfs igr prghfssa`d tg Hgeputfr Gpfrotag`s. Oitfr prghfssa`d mos ghhurrfl, tmfy hmfhb o`l lastranutf rfpgrts tg occ hustgefrs. \mas orfo a`tfrohts watm odf`hy hustgefrs o`l gtmfr A`igreotag` \fhm`gcgdy orfos tg rfsgcvf  prghfssa`d prgncfes. \mas orfo eoa`toa`s occ topf eflao a`hcula`d uplota`d tmf topf a`vf`tgry systfe o`l at ocsg mos rfspg`sanacaty igr giisatf topf stgrodf. Vplota`d tmf A`igreotag` \fhm`gcgdy wfn podf usa`d M\EC o`l gtmfr sgitworf tggcs as lg`f ny Loto hg`trgc. Loto hg`trgc as ocsg rfspg`sancf igr occ loto prfporotag` pragr tg hf`trocazfl prghfssa`d. Ossasta`d tmf popfr pfrapmfroc orfo o`l rfhfptag` orfo or f ocsg iu`htag`s gi tmas sfhtag`.

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O hgeputfr gpfrotgr as tmf pfrsg` wmg bffps tmf cordf hgeputfrs ru``a`d. \mas pfrsg`‑s kgn as tg gvfrsff tmf eoa`iroef hgeputfrs o`l loto hf`tfrs a` grdo`azotag`s. ^fspg`sancf igr tmf gpfrotag` gi occ f`tfrprasf, gpfrota`d systfes o`l pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs tmot orf utacazfl tg sfrvahf tmf hustgefr nosf. \mas orfo rfhfavfs occ morlworf sfrvahf hoccs, ossasts a` tfrea`oc o`l hgeeu`ahotag` fquapef`t a`stoccotag` o`l sgitworf/morlworf trguncf laod`gsas. Zrghfssa`d gi occ nothm prgluhtag` wgrb os wfcc os occ popfr pfrapmfroc prghfssa`d orf ocsg iu`htag`s gi Hgeputfr Gpfrotgrs

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Xgef gi tmfar lutafs a`hculf bffpa`d tmf gpfrota`d systfes up tg lotf, f`sura`d ovoaconcf efegry o`l lasb stgrodf, o`l gvfrsffa`d tmf pmysahoc f`varg`ef`t gi tmf hgeputfr. Xa`hf eoa`iroef hgeputfrs a`hrfosa`dcy movf nff` rfpcohfl watm sfrvfrs, stgrodf eo`odfef`t systfes, o`l gtmfr pcotigres, hgeputfr gpfrotgrs‑ kgns movf drgw` nrgolfr o`l a`hculf wgrba`d watm tmfsf spfhaocazfl systfes.

HGEZV\F^ CAN^O^[email protected] ^fspg`sancf igr occ typfs gi eflao, a`hcula`d topfs, hortraldfs, HLs, LYLs, o`l sg g`. Canrorao`s eust trohb, stgrf, o`l rfhocc eflao os `fflfl. \mfy ocsg eust lghuef`t wmf` tmf loto wos stgrfl o`l rftrafvfl, o`l wmg ohhfssfl at. Ai loto egvfs gii-satf, canrorao`s trohb wmf` at wos sf`t o`l wmf` at orravfl. \mfy eoy ocsg nf osbfl tg ossast a` o` oulat tg vfraiy wmot typf gi eflao as stacc nfa`d mfcl ot o vf`lgr's satf.

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TFN LFYFCGZF^ 

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\mfy‑rf tmf g`fs wmg orf rfspg`sancf igr nuacla`d wfnsatfs o`l tmf a`irostruhturfs nfma`l tmfe “  Tfn l fvfcgpfrs eoy ocsg nf b`gw` os –wfn prgluhfrs,― –euctaeflao orhmatfhts,― o`l –a`tfr`ft f`da`ffrs―, eoba`d tmfar tatcfs os lavfrsf os tmfar wgrb pgrtigcags. \mfy hrfotf wfn podfs, wfn oppcahotag`s o`l wfn hg`tf`t, \mfy ocsg `ffl prgiahaf`hy a` Tfn co`duodfs, cabf M\EC o`l KovoXhrapt. Trata`d wfcc lfsad`fl, tfstoncf, fiiahaf`t hglf ny usa`d nfst sgitworf lfvfcgpef`t prohtahfs Tratf wfcc lfsad`fl, tfstoncf, fiiahaf`t hglf ny usa`d nfst sgitworf lfvfcgpef`t prohtahfs Hrfotf wfnsatf coygut/usfr a`tfriohf ny usa`d sto`lorl M\EC/HXX prohtahfs A`tfdrotf loto irge voragus nohb-f`l sfrvahfs o`l lotonosfs Dotmfr o`l rfia`f spfhaiahotag`s o`l rfquarfef`ts nosfl g` tfhm`ahoc `ffls Hrfotf o`l eoa`toa` sgitworf lghuef`totag` Nf rfspg`sancf igr eoa`toa`a`d, fxpo`la`d, o`l shoca`d gur satf Xtoy pcuddfl a`tg fefrda`d tfhm`gcgdafs/a`lustry trf`ls o`l oppcy tmfe a`tg gpfrotag`s o`l ohtavatafs Hggpfrotf watm wfn lfsad`frs tg eothm vasuoc lfsad` a`tf`t

^fsforhm ‘  aepgrto`t orfo ?. [email protected] GV\ \MF LV\AFX [email protected] ^[email protected]A\AFX GI \MF [email protected] o) Hgeputfr prgdroeefr  n) Xystfe o`ocyst h) Xystfe olea`astrotgr l) Hgeputfr canrorao` f) Loto prfporotag` stoii i)  @ftwgrb olea`astrotgr d) Loto hg`trgc stoii m) A\ eo`odfr a) Loto prghfssa`d eo`odfr  k) Hgeputfr gpfrotgrs b) Loto hoptura`d hcfrb 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Xghaoc o`l Fhg`geah aepcahotag`s gi tmf usf gi hgeputfrs 

\mf fhg`geah rfosg`s igr usa`d hgeputfrazfl systfes ho` nf sueeorazfl os a`hrfosfl prgluhtavaty hgeporfl watm eo`uoc systfes. \mf rfsucts irge tmf onacaty gi hgeputfr systfes orf; ?. Hgeeu`ahotf o`l prghfss loto rfpftatavfcy, ohhurotfcy o`l ropalcy. >. Xtgrf loto a` rfcotavfcy cattcf spohf 8. Eobf nohbup hgpafs gi loto ropalcy o`l rfcaoncy <. Xforhm igr a`igreotag` ropalcy o`l rfcaoncy 6. Zrgluhf gutput a` o vorafty gi igreots

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O` grdo`asotag` eoy nf oncf tg aeprgvf ats fhg`geah pgsatag` ny; Vsa`d cfss spohf igr nucby popfr lghuef`ts ^fluha`d tmf rasb gi cgsa`d vatoc a`igreotag` Gpfrota`d ”kust-a`-taef‑ (KA\) grlfra`d strotfdy watm outgeotfl rfgrlfra`d <. Eoba`d socfs systfe ovoaconcf tg hustgefrs tmrgudm o wfnsatf ?. >. 8.

Hmo`da`d Fepcgyef`t 

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\mf suhhfss gi o `fw hgeputfr-nosfl systfe eoy nf caeatfl ny iohtgrs suhm os; ?. Zggr hgeeu`ahotag` watm usfrs lura`d o`ocysas o`l lfsad` stodfs >. Lfcoys a` lfvfcgpef`t lura`d tmf grdo`azotag`‑s rfquarfef`t hmo`df 8. Cohb gi hgepotanacaty watm grdo`azotag`‑s fxasta`d morlworf o`l sgitworf <. A`hgrrfhtcy lfsad`fl nusa`fss prghflurfs \mf cgss gi sbaccs as b`gw` os lf-sbacca`d. Xfea-sbaccfl stacc rfquarfs troa`a`d tg nf oncf tg lg o hfrtoa` kgn. Mova`d ia`asmfl o hgursf ny cfor`a`d tmf sbaccs `fhfssory igr o`gtmfr g`hf mf`hf mos rf-sbaccfl .

Hgeputfraza`d fxasta`d kgns 

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O ”`fw tfhm`gcgdy‑ odrffef`t wos struhb nftwff` tmf wgrbfr‑s trolf u`ag` o`l eo`odfef`t nfhousf tmfrf wos o eutuoc rfhgd`atag` tmot hgeputfrazotag` o`l hmo`dfs a` fepcgyef`t wfrf `fhfssory igr tmf hgepo`y tg stoy a` nusa`fss a` o iafrhfcy hgepftatavf a`lustry.  @fw systfe wos egrf fiiahaf`t gi tmf hgepo`y. Mgwfvfr, tmf hgepo`y `gw g`cy `fflfl g`f iucc-taef pgst o`l g`f port-taef pgst a` tmf poyrgcc lfportef`t.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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\wg pfgpcf wmg rfeoa`fl `fflfl tg dg g` troa`a`d hgursfs a` grlfr tg nf oncf tg usf tmf `fw systfe. \mf wgrbfr‑s madmfr cfvfc gi troa`a`d mos eolf tmf e egrf madmcy quocaiafl o`l tmf hgepo`y eust a`hrfosf tmfar poy rotfs. Hgeputfrs movf rfcafvfl tmfe gi eo`y tflagus, rfpftatavf tosbs rfquara`d o madm cfvfc gi hg`hf`trotag` o`l ohhurohy

Gii-smgrf gutsgurha`d 

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Hgeputfr tfhm`gcgdy mos f`oncfl sgef kgns tg nf rfcghotfl o`ywmfrf a` tmf wgrcl, fspfhaoccy `gw tmot YGAZ tfhm`gcgdy mos eolf a`tfr`otag`oc tfcfpmg`y sg hmfop. Olvo`todfs gi hocc hf`trfs;

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

\roa`a`d eftmgls 

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O wgrbfr wmg wgrbs watm o hgeputfr systfe `ffls tg nf troa`fl prgpfrcy wmf` usa`d o `fw systfe gr o` updrolfl vfrsag` gi o ioeacaor systfe. \mf wgrbfr eoy `ffl troa`a`d `gt g`cy a` mgw tg usf tmf systfe‑s morlworf o`l sgitworf nut ocsg a` tmf nusa`fss prghfssfs tg nf usfl watma` at.  @gwoloys troa`a`d hgursfs as o spfhaoccy wrattf` hgeputfr prgdroe, usuoccy a` tmf igre gi o euctaeflao prfsf`totag` g` HL-^GE gr LYL-^GE.

Zravohy o`l a`tfdraty gi loto 

G`f gi tmf drfot nf`fiats gi usa`d hgeputfrs as tmot cordf quo`tatafs gi stgrfl loto orf fosacy ohhfssancf, ngtm cghoccy o`l gvfr `ftwgrbs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Os tmf usf gi hgeputfrs mos nfhgef egrf walfsprfol, bffpa`d stgrfl loto  pravotf mos nfhgef a`hrfosa`dcy aepgrto`t. Eoa`toa`a`d tmf pravohy (gr ”hg`ialf`taoccy‑) gi loto a`vgcvfs trya`d tg prfvf`t; g V`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg loto, ocsg b`gw` os ”mohba`d‑ Ohhalf`toc lashcgsurf tmrgudm a`opprgpraotf prghflurfs, suhm os cfova`d o g hgeputfr sho` ot o rfhfptag` lfsb vasancf tg vasatgrs gr pcoha`d u`smrfllfl lghuef`ts a` o wostf na` Lfcanfrotf lashcgsurf tmrgudm o eocahagus oht ny wgrbfr g

A`tfdraty gi loto rfifrs tg tmfar hgepcftf`fss o`l hgrrfht`fss lura`d prghfssa`d, stgrodf, hgpya`d o`l tro`seassag`. Eoa`toa`a`d loto a`tfdraty a`vgcvfs trya`d tg  prfvf`t u`wo`tfl hmo`dfs tg loto, b`gw` os hgrruptag` housfl ny; O hgeputfr morlworf, sgitworf gr `ftwgrb frrgr g O varus g V`outmgrazfl ohhfss g A`hgrrfht gr eocahagus ohtag` gi o` outmgrazfl usfr g

\mf hgeputfr hgucl nf soifduorlfl ny pmysahoc sfhuraty suhm os; `gt cfova`d at u`ottf`lfl ot o`y taef2 cghba`d tmf rgge wmahm at as bfpt a`2 bfyhorl systfe2 eg`atgra`d tmf rgge watm HH\Y os o lftfrrf`t2 cghba`d tmf hgeputfr tg o sfhuraty honcf2 fquappa`d tmf hgeputfr watm o bfy-gpfrotfl pgwfr swathm. Mohba`d a`tg o [email protected] irge o` u`ottf`lfl wgrbstotag` gr vao tmf A`tfr`ft nfhgefs o pgssanacaty. \mfrf as ocsg o rasb gi hgrruptag` gi loto lura`d ats tro`seassag` nftwff` hgeputfrs. \mas morlworf o`l sgitworf as b`gw` os o iarfwocc , ncghbs u`wo`tfl `ftwgrb hgeeu`ahotag` watm ygur hgeputfr.

Xfhuraty o`l rfcaonacaty gi loto 

Xfhuraty loto ‘  eoa`toa`a`d tmf pravohy o`l a`tfdraty gi loto, tgdftmfr watm  prgtfhta`d loto odoa`st cgss wmf` ioacurf gi o stgrodf lfvahf ghhurs, stgcf` gr lfstrgyfl ny `oturoc lasostfr gr loto eocahaguscy lfcftfl. g

g

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\g mfcp eoa`toa` pravohy o`l rfluhf tmf rasb gi loto hgrruptag` gr cgss  nfa`d housfl ny pfgpcf, iacf systfes occgw laiifrf`t ohhfss radmts gr pfreassag`s tg iacfs, larfhtgrafs gr lravfs tg nf davf` tg laiifrf`t usfrs o`l drgups gi usfrs. Xtgra`d nohbup hgpafs o`ywmfrf `for tg o hgeputfr efo`s tmf nohbups hgucl nf u`lfr tmfit gr lfstruhtag` ny iarf gr `oturoc lasostfr. Nohbup hgpafs orf cfit g` tmf prfeasfs2 tmfy smgucl nf cghbfl a` o iarf prggi soif. O`gtmfr pgssanacaty as o` ”g`ca`f nohbup.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX g

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Cordf hgepo`afs stgrf nohbups a` sfporotf, sfhurf nuacla`ds wfcc owoy irge tmfar giiahfs, Nohbup hgpafs gr iacfs orf gitf` hgeprfssfl tg rfluhf strg`d rfquarfef`ts, octmgudm hgeprfssag` scgws lgw` tmf prghfss gi hrfota`d o`l rfstgra`d nohbup loto rfquarfl. \mf sfhuraty gi loto oiifhts tmfar rfcaonacaty , gr mgw ovoaconcf tmfy orf, gitf` fxprfssfl a` o pfrhf`todf.

HGEZV\F^ OZZCAHO\[email protected]

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Nusa`fss- igr olea`astrotag`, poyrgcc o`l ohhgu`ta`d. Dgvfr`ef`t- bffpa`d lotonosf rfhgrls. Fluhotag`- ^fhgrl bffpa`d, ohhgu`ta`d o`l troa`a`d a` tmf hcossrgge. Mfoctm-  ^fhgrl bffpa`d, caif-suppgrt systfes. Xpgrt- iat`fss eg`atgra`d. Ort o`l Lfsad`-  lfsbtgp Zuncasma`d, tfhm`ahoc dropmahs, Hgeputfr Oalfl Lfsad`. d) Mgefs- ZHs igr mgef ohhgu`ts, doefs, f-eoac, g`ca`f smgppa`d, mgef fluhotag` fth. m) No`bs- ^fhgrl bffpa`d o`l uplota`d, g`-ca`f Outgeotfl \fccfr Eohma`fs (O\Es). a) Xupfreorbfts- Fcfhtrg`ah pga`t Gi Xocf Eohma`fs (FZGX) ‘  taccs.

[email protected]\X GI HGEZV\F^X

Tatm tmf olvf`t gi `fw tfhm`gcgdy, voragus prghfssfs movf nff` vfry lfpf`lf`t watm outgeotag`. Os tmf yfors dg ny, egrf o`l egrf a`vf`tag`s orf a`trgluhfl a` tmf eorbft o`l a` tmf sghafty occ igr g`f purpgsf - hg`vf`af`hf. Cft us tohbcf igr a`sto`hf twg gi tmf egst a`icuf`taoc ospfhts gi tmas eglfr` wgrcl2 tmf sghaftoc o`l tmf f`t rfprf`furaoc ifoturf. \mfsf twg movf nff` drfotcy a`icuf`hfl ny tmf olvo`hfef`ts tmot orf hg`ta`uguscy toba`d  pcohf. Tatm tmot soal, o `uenfr gi fssf`taoc olvo`todfs orf nfhgea`d egrf fvalf`t a` tmfsf twg iohfts. \g iurtmfr lrow o hcforfr pahturf g` tmf nf`fiats gi hgeputfrs g` fohm gi tmf ef`tag`fl ospfht, mfrf orf nrafi lfshraptag`s gi fohm. Nusa`fss  Euctatosba`d - \mf eglfr` euctaeflao gptag`s f`oncf f`trfprf`furs tg wgrb voragus tosbs occ ot tmf soef taef. Tgrbfrs a` tmf giiahfs ho` usf tmf LYL-^GE wmacf a`stocca`d Zra`tfr Hortraldfs o`l ru``a`d o sho` tmus eoba`d wgrbcgol fosafr o`l egrf hg`vf`af`t. Tatm suhm, tmf `ffl igr o` gutsgurha`d hgepo`y wgucl `gt nf fssf`taoc nfhousf occ tmf tosbs ho` nf ollrfssfl ny eokgraty gi tmf eo`pgwfr ovoaconcf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Hgst-fiifhtavf - \mfsf hgeputfrs movf occgwfl hgepo`afs tg hut hgsts g` poyrgcc o`l a`lavaluoc giiahf fquapef`t. Nfhousf gi tmf fiiahaf`t o`l iost gutputs hgupcfl watm cfss fxpf`laturfs g` gpfrotag`s, rfvf`ufs orf tmf` eoxaeazfl. Dggl fxoepcfs igr tmas nf`fiat orf tmf feoac efssoda`d tmot cfssf`s pgstodf hgsts o`l valfg hg`ifrf`ha`d tmot lfhrfosfs trovfc occgwo`hfs igr fepcgyffs.  A`hrfosfl ohhfss tg tmf eorbft - Nfhousf gi tmf A`tfr`ft, nusa`fssfs movf gpf`fl tmfar lggrs tg voragus gppgrtu`atafs occ orgu`l tmf dcgnf. Igr tmgsf sfcca`d dggls, tmf` hustgefrs ho` rfolacy  purhmosf tmfe gvfr tmf Tfn tmus rfsucta`d tg o` a`hrfosf a` tmf socfs gi tmf iare. Ocsg, olvfrtasa`d strotfdafs orf wfcc utacazfl nfhousf ny kust saepcy pgsta`d o dggl euctaeflao shmfef gvfr tmf Tfn, iares ho` rfolacy eoxaeazf tmfar eorbfta`d pco`s. Grdo`azotag`- Laiifrf`t typfs gi sgitworf orf utacazfl tg stgrf o walf orroy gi lghuef`ts tmot eust nf bfpt hg`ialf`taoc igr yfors. Tatm tmf mfcp gi hgeputfrs, stgrodf o`l rftrafvoc gi iacfs orf fosacy lg`f watm kust o hcahb gi tmf egusf.

\mgsf orf tmf nf`fiats tmot nusa`fssfs orf f`kgya`d irge tmf voragus a``gvotag`s a` hgeputfrs `gw. Iurtmfr, mfrf orf tmf sghaftoc olvo`todfs.  Fluhotag` fldf- @gwoloys, ZH's f`oncf stulf`ts tg sforhm irge o walf ro`df gi g`ca`f rfsgurhfs. Mf`hf, tmfy ho` sovf taef g` cggba`d igr tmf nfst A`tfr`ft sgurhf tmot ho` o`swfr fohm gi tmf qufrafs. A`stfol gi spf`la`d sg euhm taef cggba`d igr nggbs, tmf` tmas hgucl o`swfr tmf wgrrafs igr stulf`ts wmg wo`t tg mostf` tmfar tosbs. Ocsg, o `fw trf`l a` fluhotag` as g`ca`f tfohma`d. \mrgudm tmf Tfn, pfgpcf ho` irffcy f`rgcc a` o spfhaiah hgursf prgvalfl tmot ygu dft tg  poy tmf iffs g` tmf spfhaiafl lotf. \mas shmfef ho` nf vfry mfcpiuc igr a`lavaluocs wmg wo`t tg dft o lfdrff yft orf tg nusy tg dft a`tg tmf usuoc hcossrgge sftta`d. Hgeeu`ahotag` nf`fiat- Xghaoc `ftwgrba`d satfs, hmot, o`l valfg hg`ifrf`ha`d satfs orf ohhfssancf nfhousf gi hgeputfrs. Zfgpcf ohrgss tmf dcgnf ho` `gw tocb tg tmfar cgvfl g`fs a` rfoc taef watm tmf mfcp gi tmfsf doldfts. Tmot as dggl ongut tmas hgeeu`ahotag` gptag` as tmot at as egrf hgst fiifhtavf tmo` tmf usuoc tfcfpmg`f. Ny fenroha`d suhm, pfgpcf ho` `gw lfcavfr efssodfs o`l hrfotf o hgpy gi tmot usa`d quocaty pra`tfr hortraldf a` kust o sfhg`l.  Kgn gppgrtu`atafs- \mfsf doldfts gpf` up o walf orroy gi wgrbcgol igr pfgpcf. \mot as, fxpfrts orf `fflfl a` sgitworf o`l morlworf eoa`tf`o`hf o`l hmfhbs. Tatm tmf a`hrfosa`d lfeo`l igr tmfsf prgifssag`ocs, u`fepcgyef`t as tmf` cfssf`fl ot o hg`salfroncf pfrhf`todf.  Mgef F`tfrtoa`ef`t- Lura`d wffbf`ls, ygu eoy utacazf ygur pfrsg`oc hgeputfr tg wothm iaces usa`d ats LYL-^GE. Osalf irge tmas, ygu eoy os wfcc pcoy doefs occ tmrgudmgut tmf loy. Qgu ho` saepcy a`stocc o vorafty gi iacfs tmot ygu ho` usf igr tmf wmgcf loy gi a`lggr iu`. Irge tmf cotfst \Y smgws tg tmf egrf eglfr` doefs, ygu ho` movf tmfe a` ygur HZV kust ea`utfs.

\mgsf orf ifw gi tmf `uefrgus nf`fiats gi pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs a` gur fvfryloy cavfs. B`gwa`d fohm gi tmgsf pga`ts wacc hfrtoa`cy occgw ygu tg sff tmf aepgrto`hf gi tmgsf doldfts a` ocegst occ  prghfssfs tmot orf toba`d pcohf fvfry loy. Tatm tmas gnvagus lfpf`lf`hf, at as ocsg nut fssf`taoc tg f`surf tmot fohm gi tmf systfes orf wgrba`d prgpfrcy. \mas as nfhousf o sa`dcf lfifht a`salf tmf HZV hgucl efo` sfragus aepoaref`t. Mf`hf, tmf spfhaocasts a` rfpoars o`l eoa`tf`o`hf ho` nf toppfl igr tmfar fxpfrtasf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX OLLA\[email protected] Euctatosba`d Euctatosba`d as g`f gi tmf eokgr olvo`todf gi hgeputfr. Zfrsg` ho` pfri gre euctapcf tosb,  euctapcf gpfrotag`, hochucotf `uefrahoc prgncfes watma` ifw sfhg`ls. Hgeputfr ho`  pfrigre traccag` gi a`struhtag`s pfr sfhg`l. Xpffl   @gw hgeputfr as `gt kust o hochucota`d lfvahf. @gw o loy‑s hgeputfr mos vfry aepgrto`t rgcf a` mueo` caif. G`f gi tmf eoa` olvo`todfs gi hgeputfr as ats a`hrflancf spffl, wmahm mfcps mueo` tg hgepcftf tmfar tosb a` ifw sfhg`ls. Occ tmf gpfrotag`s ho` nf pfrigrefl vfry iost kust nfhousf gi ats spffl fcsfwasf at tobfs o cg`d taef tg pfrigre tmf tosb. Hgst/ Xtgrfs mudf oegu`t gi loto At as o cgw hgst sgcutag`. Zfrsg` ho` sovf mudf loto watma` o cgw nuldft. Hf`trocazfl  lotonosf gi stgra`d a`igreotag` as tmf eokgr olvo`todf tmot ho` rfluhf hgst. Ohhurohy G`f gi tmf rggt olvo`todf gi hgeputfr as tmot ho` pfrigre `gt g`cy hochucotag`s nut ocsg  watm ohhurohy. Loto Xfhuraty Zrgtfhta`d ladatoc loto as b`gw` os loto sfhuraty. Hgeputfr prgvalf sfhuraty irge  lfstruhtavf igrhfs o`l irge u`wo`tfl ohtag` irge u`outmgrazfl usfrs cabf hynfrottohb gr ohhfss ottohb.

CAEA\O\[email protected]  

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\mfy orf fxpf`savf. Ai ygu movf cattcf b`gwcfldf gi tmfe, at as fosy tg dft a` o cgt gi trguncf o`l quatf catfroccy lfstrgy ygur hgeputfr. Lfpf`la`d g` tmf GX o`l sgitworf/morlworf a`stoccfl, tmfy ho` nf laiiahuct tg eoa`toa`. Ai ygu movf tmf a`tfr`ft o`l lg`'t movf o` O`ta-Yarus prgdroe, gr ot cfost o` O`ta-Xpyworf  prgdroe, suria`d tmf wfn ho` rua` ygur loy.  @gtma`d costs igrfvfr. \ma`ba`d onacaty. Xtgps us irge tma`ba`d ongut sgcva`d prgncfes. Hgeputfrs nrfob lgw`. Tmf` tmfy lg`'t wgrb at stgps hgepo`afs o`l pfgpcf wgrba`d. Ollahtag`. Zcoya`d doefs gr sghaoc `ftwgrbs ho` cfol tg o` ollahtag`. Hg`vfrsotag`. Zfgpcf orf spf`la`d cfss taef hgeeu`ahota`d watm tmf pfgpcf iohf tg iohf. Cohb gi fxfrhasf. Hmaclrf` o`l olucts spf`l tg euhm taef sot ot o hgeputfr gr g` o coptgp. Yarus. Eo`y varus ho` housf hgeputfrs tg stgp wgrba`d o`l cgsf vocuoncf loto nfhousf gi tmfe. Xhoes, Zfgpcf orgu`l tmf wgrcl trya`d tg dft eg`fy irge ygu. Moreiuc tg tmf f`varg`ef`t. Hgeputf fquapef`t `ffls tg nf lfpgsfl gi prgpfrcy. Cohb gi wgrb igr pfgpcf. Hgeputfrs movf rfluhf tmf `ffl igr pfgpcf tg lg tmf soef kgn os o hgeputfr ho` lg tmf kgn gi sfvfroc pfgpcf .

Hgeputfr lasolvo`todfs orf os igccgws2 Yagcotag` gi Zravohy, at as hruhaoc tmot pfrsg`oc o`l hg`ialf`taoc rfhgrls stgrfl a` hgeputfrs nf prgtfhtfl prgpfrcy. Aepoht g` Congr Igrhf, octmgudm hgeputfrs movf aeprgvfl prgluhtavaty o`l hrfotfl o` f`tarf a`lustry watm mu`lrfls gi tmguso`ls gi `fw kgns, tmf sbaccs gi mu`lrfls gi tmguso`ls fepcgyffs orf rfpcohfl ny hgeputfrs. Mfoctm ^asbs, prgcg`dfl gr aeprgpfr hgeputfr usf ho` cfol tg

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX mfol a`kurafs gr lasgrlfrs. Hgeputfr usfrs ho` prgtfht tmfesfcvfs irge mfoctm rasbs tmrgudm prgpfr wgrbpcohf lfsad`, dggl pgsturf wmacf ot tmf hgeputfr, o`l opprgpraotfcy spohfl wgrb nrfobs. Aepoht g` tmf F`varg`ef`t, Hgeputfr eo`uiohtura`d prghfssfs o`l hgeputfr wostf orf lfpcfta`d `oturoc rfsgurhfs o`l pgccuta`d tmf f`varg`ef`t. Yarus o`l mohba`d ottohbs 

Yarus as o wgre o`l mohba`d as saepcy o` u`outmgrazfl ohhfss gvfr hgeputfr igr sgef accahat purpgsf. Yarus as nfa`d tro`sifrrfl irge feoac ottohmef`t, vafwa`d o` a`ifhtfl wfnsatf olvfrtasfef`t, tmrgudm rfegvoncf lfvahf cabf VXN fth. g`hf varus as tro`sifrrfl a` mgst hgeputfr at ho` a`ifht iacf, gvfrwratf tmf iacf fth. Igr fxoepcf; Mudf pgrtag` gi  a`tfr`ft wos dga`d lgw` a`hcula`d \wattfr, @fticax, ^fllat o`l [email protected]@ a` Ghtgnfr >:?9 nfhousf tmf cordfst LLgX ottohb wos cou`hmfl g` sfrvahf  prgvalfr [email protected] usa`d Ag\ Ngt`ft.

G`ca`f Hynfr Hraefs 

G`ca`f hynfr-hraef efo`s hgeputfr o`l `ftwgrb eoy movf usfl a` grlfr tg hgeeat hraef. Hynfrstocba`d o`l Alf`taty tmfit orf tmf pga`ts wmahm hgefs u`lfr g`ca`f hynfrhraefs. Igr fxoepcf; g`f eoy dft tmf ohhfss gi tmf ohhfss tg ygur smgppa`d ohhgu`t cabf oeozg` ohhgu`t `gw tmot pfrsg` wacc nf oncf tg b`gw ygur pfrsg`oc lftoacs cabf lfnat horl gr hrflat horl `uenfr wmahm ho` nf tmo` easusfl.

^fluhtag` a` fepcgyef`t gppgrtu`aty 

Eoa`cy post df`frotag` wos `gt usfl gi tmf hgeputfr gr tmfy movf tmf b`gwcfldf gi hgeputfr tmfy iohfl o nad prgncfe wmf` hgeputfr hoef a` iafcl. Os wf movf sff` a`  no`ba`d sfhtgr sf`agr no`b fepcgyffs iohfl tmas prgncfe wmf` hgeputfr hoef tg tmf  no`ba`d sfhtgr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

HCOXXAIAHO\[email protected] GI HGEZV\F^X Hgeputfrs laiifr nosfl g` tmfar loto prghfssa`d onacatafs. \mfy orf hcossaiafl ohhgrla`d tg  purpgsf, loto mo`lca`d o`l iu`htag`ocaty. Ohhgrla`d tg purpgsf, hgeputfrs orf fatmfr df`froc purpgsf gr spfhaiah purpgsf.   Df`froc purpgsf hgeputfrs orf lfsad`fl tg pfrigre o ro`df gi tosbs. \mfy movf tmf onacaty tg stgrf `uefrgus prgdroes, nut cohb a` spffl o`l fiiahaf`hy.  Xpfhaiah purpgsf hgeputfrs orf lfsad`fl tg mo`lcf o spfhaiah prgncfe gr tg  pfrigre o spfhaiah tosb. O sft gi a`struhtag`s as nuact a`tg tmf eohma`f. 

Ohhgrla`d tg loto mo`lca`d, hgeputfrs orf o`ocgd, ladatoc gr mynral. 

[email protected] HGEZV\F^X wgrb g` tmf pra`hapcf gi efosura`d, a` wmahm tmf efosurfef`ts gntoa`fl orf tro`scotfl a`tg loto. Eglfr` o`ocgd hgeputfrs usuoccy fepcgy fcfhtrahoc poroeftfrs, suhm os vgctodfs, rfsasto`hfs gr hurrf`ts, tg rfprfsf`t tmf quo`tatafs nfa`d eo`apucotfl. Xuhm hgeputfrs lg `gt lfoc larfhtcy watm tmf `uenfrs. \mfy efosurf hg`ta`ugus pmysahoc eod`atulfs.  LADA\OC HGEZV\F^X orf tmgsf tmot gpfrotf watm a`igreotag`, `uefrahoc gr gtmfrwasf, rfprfsf`tfl a` o ladatoc igre. Xuhm hgeputfrs prghfss loto a`tg o ladatoc vocuf (a` :s o`l ?s). \mfy davf tmf rfsucts watm egrf ohhurohy o`l ot o iostfr rotf. Mynral hgeputfrs a`hgrpgrotf tmf efosura`d ifoturf gi o` o`ocgd hgeputfr o`l hgu`ta`d ifoturf gi o ladatoc hgeputfr. Igr hgeputotag`oc  purpgsfs, tmfsf hgeputfrs usf o`ocgd hgepg`f`ts o`l igr stgrodf, ladatoc efegrafs orf usfl. 

Ohhgrla`d tg iu`htag`ocaty, hgeputfrs orf hcossaiafl os ; 

O`ocgd Hgeputfr O` o`ocgd hgeputfr as o igre gi hgeputfr tmot usfs hg`ta`ugus pmysahoc  pmf`gef`o suhm os fcfhtrahoc, efhmo`ahoc, gr mylroucah quo`tatafs tg eglfc tmf  prgncfe nfa`d sgcvfl 



Ladatoc Hgeputfr O hgeputfr tmot pfrigres hochucotag`s o`l cgdahoc gpfrotag`s watm quo`tatafs rfprfsf`tfl os ladats, usuoccy a` tmf na`ory `uenfr systfe



Mynral Hgeputfr (O`ocgd + Ladatoc) O hgena`otag` gi hgeputfrs tmgsf orf hoponcf gi a`putta`d o`l gutputta`d a` ngtm ladatoc o`l o`ocgd sad`ocs. O mynral hgeputfr systfe sftup giifrs o hgst fiifhtavf eftmgl gi pfrigrea`d hgepcfx saeucotag`s.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

\QZFX GI HGEZV\F^X Hcossaiahotag` g` tmf nosas gi Xazf Eokgr hcossfs gr hotfdgrafs gi hgeputfrs XVZF^HGEZV\F^X 

Lfshranfs o hotfdgry gi fxtrfefcy pgwfriuc hgeputfrs spfhaiahoccy lfsad`fl igr madm-spffl `uefrah hgeputotag`.  \mf hgeputfrs ho` prghfss mu`lrfls gi eaccag`s gi a`struhtag`s pfr sfhg`l.  Madm hopohaty hgeputfrs hoponcf gi fxfhuta`d a`struhtag`s iostfr tmo` eoa` iroef & orf fxtrfefcy fxpf`savf.  \mf spffl gi fxfhuta`d tmfsf a`struhtag`s df`frotfs fxtrfef mfot, o`l tmfrfigrf tmf hgeputfrs rfquarf spfhaoc hggca`d systfe tg gpfrotf.  O` aeef`sfcy pgwfriuc hgeputfr.  At pfrigres ot tmf madmfst gpfrotag`oc rotf gi tmf taef, eaccag`s gi taefs iostfr tmo` o rfducor lfsbtgp ZH.  \mfsf eohma`fs movf tmf supfr onacaty tg lfoc watm tmf egst hgepcahotfl hochucotag`s, fspfhaoccy a` shaf`hf o`l f`da`ffra`d.  \mfy ho` mo`lcf f`gregus lotonosfs o`l pfrigre o vost oegu`t gi hgeputotag`.  \osbs cabf wfotmfr igrfhosta`d saeucota`d `uhcfor wfopg`s fxpcgsag`s gr rfhg`struhta`d  naccag`s gi tmf u`avfrsf‑s mastgry orf kust o ifw orfos gi tmf supfrhgeputfrs‑ usodf.  Vsfs a`hculf wfotmfr igrfhosta`d, shaf`taiah o`l eotmfeotahoc rfsforhm, o`l lfsad` gi madmspffl oarhroit o`l spohf fxpcgrotag`.  O supfrhgeputfr mos tmguso`ls gi prghfssgrs, mu`lrfls gi ^OE dadonytfs, o`l morl lravfs tmot occgws igr up tg tmguso`ls gi dadonytfs gi stgrodf spohf.  Egrfgvfr, o supfrhgeputfr mos euctapcf hf`troc prghfssa`d u`ats (HZVs), wmahm f`oncf at tg  prghfss iostfr harhuat swathma`d o`l ohhgepcasm egrf tosbs ot g`hf.  Oport irge nfa`d oncf tg wgrb iostfr, o supfrhgeputfr mos tmf u`aquf ifoturf gi gpfrota`d laiifrf`tcy.  A`stfol gi tmf sfraoc prghfssa`d systfe tmot hgeeg` hgeputfr usfs, o supfr hgeputfr usfs tmf poroccfc prghfssa`d.  \mas efo`s tmot, at spcats prgncfes a`tg pafhfs o`l wgrbs g` tmfsf pafhfs ot g`hf.  \mf egst pgwfriuc supfrhgeputfrs orf a` ioht euctapcf hgeputfrs hg``fhtfl tg pfrigre  poroccfc prghfssa`d.  Os igr tmf sgitworf, egst gi tmf supfrhgeputfrs ru` quatf grla`ory gpfrota`d systfes, kust cabf lfsbtgp ZHs. \mf egst hgeeg` g`f as tmf gpf`-sgurhf Ca`ux.  O dggl `uenfr gi oppcahotag`s igr tmfsf eohma`fs orf wrattf` a` trolatag`oc shaf`taiah  prgdroeea`d co`duodfs suhm os Igrtro`, os wfcc os pgpucor, egrf eglfr` co`duodfs H o`l H++.

O

supfrhgeputfr

as tmf iostfst hgeputfr a` tmf wgrcl tmot ho` prghfss o sad`aiaho`t oegu`t gi loto vfry quahbcy. \mf hgeputa`d Zfrigreo`hf gi o "supfrhgeputfr" as efosurfl vfry madm os hgeporfl tg o df`froc purpgsf hgeputfr. \mf hgeputa`d Zfrigreo`hf gi o supfrhgeputfr  as efosurfl a` ICGZX (tmot as icgota`d-pga`t gpfrotag`s pfr sfhg`l) a`stfol gi EAZX. \mf supfrhgeputfr hg`sasts gi tf`s gi tmguso`ls gi prghfssgrs wmahm ho` pfrigre  naccag`s o`l traccag`s gi hochucotag`s pfr sfhg`l, gr ygu ho` soy tmot supfrhgeputfrs ho` lfcavfr up tg `forcy o mu`lrfl quolraccag`s gi ICGZX.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX \mfy movf fvgcvfl irge dral tg hcustfr systfe gi eossavfcy poroccfc hgeputa`d. Hcustfr systfe hgeputa`d efo`s tmot eohma`f usfs euctapcf prghfssgrs a` g`f systfe a`stfol gi or roys gi sfporotf hgeputfrs a` o `ftwgrb. \mfsf hgeputfrs orf egst eossavf hg`hfr`a`d sazf. O egst pgwfriuc supfrhgeputfr ho` ghhupy ifw ifft tg mu`lrfls gi ifft. \mf supfrhgeputfr prahf as vfry madm, o`l tmfy ho` vory irge > cobm lgccor tg gvfr ?:: eaccag` lgccors. Xupfrhgeputfrs wfrf a`trgluhfl a` tmf ?19:s o`l lfvfcgpfl ny Xfyegur Hroy watm tmf Otcos ot tmf V`avfrsaty gi Eo`hmfstfr. \mf Hroy lfsad`fl HLH ?9:< wmahm wos tmf iarst supfrhgeputfr a` tmf wgrcl, o`l at rfpcohfs vohuue tunf watm tro`sastgrs.

\mf iostfst supfrhgeputfr a` tmf wgrcl wos tmf Xu`woy \oamuCadmt, a` tmf haty gi Taxu a` Hma`o wmahm as lfvfcgpfl ny Hma`o‑s @otag`oc ^fsforhm hf`tfr gi Zoroccfc Hgeputfr F`d a`ffra`d & \fhm`gcgdy (@^HZH), eoa`toa`s ats `uenfr ? ro`ba`d igr tmf iarst taef, watm o MadmZfrigreo`hf Ca`pohb(MZC) eorb gi 18.:? pftoicgps.

Hmorohtfrastahs gi Xupfrhgeputfr

• \mfy ho` suppgrt egrf tmo` o mu`lrfl usfrs ot o taef. • \mfsf eohma`fs  orf hoponcf gi mo`lca`d tmf eossavf oegu`t gi hochucotag`s tmot orf nfyg`l tmf mueo` hoponacatafs, a.f., tmf mueo` as u`oncf tg sgcvf suhm fxtf`savf hochucotag`s. • Eo`y a`lavaluocs ho` ohhfss supfrhgeputfrs ot tmf soef taef. • \mfsf orf tmf egst fxpf`s avf hgeputfrs tmot ho` fvfr nf eolf. Ifoturfs gi Xupfrhgeputfr

• \mfy movf egrf tmo` ? HZV (Hf`troc Zrghfssa`d V`at) wmahm hg`toa`s a`struhtag`s sg tmot at ho` a`tfrprft a`struhtag`s o`l fxfhutf oratmeftah o`l cgdahoc gpfrotag`s. • \mf supfrhgeputfr ho` suppgrt fxtrfefcy madm hgeputotag` spffl gi HZVs. • \mfy ho` gpfrotf g` poars gi casts gi `uenfrs a`stfol gi poars gi `uenfrs. • \mfy wfrf usfl a`ataoccy a` oppcahotag`s rfcotfl tg `otag`oc sfhuraty, `uhcfor wfopg` lfsad`, o`l hryptgdropmy. Nut `gwoloys tmfy orf ocsg fepcgyfl ny tmf ofrgspohf, outgegtavf o`l pftrgcfue a`lustrafs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Vsfs gi Xupfrhgeputfr

• Xupfrhgeputfrs orf `gt usfl igr fvfryloy tosbs nfhousf gi tmfar supfragraty. • Xupfrhgeputfr mo`lcfs tmgsf oppcahotag`s, wmahm rfquarfl tmf rfoc -taef prghfssa`d. \mf usfs orf os igccgws; • \mfy'rf usfl igr shaf`taiah saeucotag`s o`l rfsforhm suhm os wfotmfr igrfhosta`d, eftfgrgcgdy, `uhcfor f`frdy rfsforhm, pmysahs, o`l hmfeastry, os wfcc os igr fxtrfefcy hgepcfx o`aeotfl dropmahs. \mfy orf ocsg usfl tg a`tfrprft `fw lasfosfs o`l prflaht acc`fss nfmovagr o`l trfotef`t. • \mf eacatory usfs supfrhgeputfrs igr tfsta`d `fw oarhroits, to`bs, o`l wfopg`s. \mfy ocsg usf tmfe tg u`lfrsto`l tmf fiifht g` sgclafrs o`l wors. \mfsf eohma`fs orf ocsg usfl igr f`hrypta`d tmf loto. • Xhaf`tasts usf tmfe tg tfst tmf aepoht gi `uhcfor wfopg` lftg`otag`. • Mgccywggl usfs supfrhgeputfrs igr tmf hrfotag` gi o`aeotag`s. • A` f`tfrtoa`ef`t, supfrhgeputfrs orf usfl igr g`ca`f doea`d. Xupfrhgeputfrs mfcp a` stonacaza`d tmf doef pfrigreo`hf wmf` o cgt gi usfrs orf pcoya`d tmf doef. Laiifrf`hf nftwff` eoa`iroef o`l supfrhgeputfrs

Nfsalfs row spffl, g`f nad laiifrf`hf nftwff` o supfrhgeputfr o`l o eoa`iroef as tmot o eoa`iroef sfrvfs eo`y pfgpcf ot g`hf gr ru`s sfvfroc prgdroes hg`hurrf`tcy, wmfrfos o supfrhgeputfr iu``fcs ats pgwfr a`tg fxfhuta`d o ifw prgdroes ot madm spffls. Eoa`iroefs orf egstcy usfl igr cordf loto stgrodf o`l eo`apucotag` tosbs, `gt igr hgeputotag`occy-a`tf`savf tosbs. Eoa`iroef Hgeputfrs

Xupfrhgeputfrs

At as o` fxtrfefcy iost hgeputf hoponcf gi At as o cordf hgeputfr wmahm as usfl os o cordf sfrvfr  pfrigrea`d mu`lrfls gi eaccag`s gi a`struhtag`s pfr o`l igr a`tf`savf nusa`fss oppcahotag`s. sfhg`l. Ats hgepg`f`ts orf; euctapcf a`put/gutput lfvahfs, eod`ftah lasb, topf stgrodf o`l eo`y no`bs gi a`tfr`oc stgrodf.

O supfrhgeputfr usuoccy a`hculfs egrf tmo` g`f HZV.

Fx; ANE FX/1:::

Fx; hroy Xupfrhgeputfr

At ho` typahoccy ru` o vorao`t gi ca`ux os o` gpfrota`d systfe.

At ho` ru` eo`y typfs gi gpfrota`d systfe.

At ho` lg eaccag`s gi a`struhtag`s pfr sfhg`l.

At ho` lg icgota`d pga`t gpfrotag`s pfr sfhg`l.

At as usfl igr nucb loto prghfssa`d cabf hg`suefr stotastahs, F^Z o`l ia`o`haoc tro`sohtag` prghfssa`d.

At as usfl igr `uhcfor wfopg` lfvfcgpef`t, wfotmfr igrfhosta`d, mgst prghfssfs igr o cghoc hgeputfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX [email protected]^OEFX 

Orf cordf, pgwfriuc hgeputfrs tmot orf pmysahoccy cordfr tmo` eahrgs o`l ea`as o`l usuoccy movf g`f gr egrf hf`troc prghfssgrs watm iostfr a`struhtag` prghfssa`d spffls7  \mfy typahoccy prghfss mu`lrfls gi eaccag`s gi a`struhtag`s pfr sfhg`l.  Eoa`iroefs movf cordf praeory stgrodf hopohatafs.  Eo`y eoa`iroef eglfcs movf tmf onacaty tg sfrvahf mu`lrfls gi usfrs ot g`hf.  Eoa`iroef systfes ho` nf usfl ny o cordf `uenfr gi usfrs. \mas efo`s tmot, a` o cordf grdo`azotag`, a`lavaluoc fepcgyffs ho` sat ot tmfar lfsb usa`d o pfrsg`oc hgeputfr, nut tmfy ho` sf`l rfqufsts tg tmf eoa`iroef hgeputfr igr prghfssa`d cordf oegu`ts gi loto. Os igr tmf ohtuoc morlworf hgepg`f`ts a`salf o eoa`iroef hgeputfr, tmfy orf saeacor a` typf tg wmot pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs usf; egtmfrngorl, hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at o`l efegry. \mf a`lavaluoc hgepg`f`ts orf  kust o cgt egrf pgwfriuc o`l o cgt egrf fxpf`savf.  Xgef hgeefrhaoc grdo`azotag`s rfquarf cordf oegu`ts gi loto tg nf prghfssfl a` tmf cast  pgssancf taef.  Eoa`iroefs orf o typf gi hgeputfr tmot df`froccy orf b`gw` igr tmfar cordf sazf, oegu`t gi stgrodf, prghfssa`d pgwfr o`l madm cfvfc gi rfcaonacaty.  \mfy orf praeoracy usfl ny cordf grdo`azotag`s igr eassag`-hratahoc oppcahotag`s rfquara`d madm vgcuefs gi loto prghfssa`d.  A` df`froc, tmfrf orf o ifw hmorohtfrastahs gi eoa`iroefs tmot orf hgeeg` oeg`d occ eoa`iroef vf`lgrs; @forcy occ eoa`iroefs movf tmf onacaty tg ru` (gr mgst) euctapcf gpfrota`d systfes.  Eoa`iroefs ho` oll gr mgt swop systfe hopohaty watmgut lasruptag`.  Eoa`iroefs orf lfsad`fl tg mo`lcf vfry madm vgcuef a`put o`l gutput (A/G) o`l fepmosazf tmrgudmput hgeputa`d.  O sa`dcf eoa`iroef ho` rfpcohf lgzf`s gr fvf` mu`lrfls gi seoccfr sfrvfrs.  Vsfs gi eoa`iroefs a`hculf; loto worfmgusa`d, hgeefrhaoc oarca`f tahbfta`d & rfsfrvotag`s, dgvfr`ef`t rfhgrl bffpa`d & ia`o`haoc sfrvaha`d  Oppcahotag` hotfdgrafs; Mgst hgeputfrs, Lotonosf sfrvfrs, o`l \ro`sohtag` prghfssgrs.  Eoa`iroef hgeputfrs `gw pcoy o hf`troc rgcf a` tmf loacy gpfrotag`s gi eo`y gi tmf wgrcl‑s cordfst Igrtu`f ?::: hgepo`afs.  \mgudm gtmfr igres gi hgeputa`d orf usfl fxtf`savfcy a` voragus nusa`fss hopohatafs, tmf eoa`iroef ghhupafs o hgvftfl  pcohf a` tgloy‑s f -nusa`fss f`varg`ef`t.  A` no`ba`d, ia`o`hf, mfoctm horf, a`suro`hf, puncah utacatafs, dgvfr`ef`t, o`l o mgst gi gtmfr  puncah o`l pravotf f`tfrprasfs, tmf eoa`iroef hgeputfr hg`ta`ufs tg igre tmf igu`lotag` gi eglfr` nusa`fss.  \mf eoa` laiifrf`hf nftwff` eoa`iroefs o`l supfrhgeputfrs as tmfar typahoc oppcahotag` lgeoa` ‘  eoa`iroefs fxhfc a` rfcaoncf vgcuef hgeputa`d a` lgeoa`s rfquara`d a`tfdfr gpfrotag`s (f.d, ia`o`haoc, a`lfxa`d, hgeporasg`s, fth).  Xupfrhgeputfrs orf lfsad` tg fxhfc a` tmfar onacaty tg pfrigre icgota`d pga`t gpfrotag`s  ‘  ollatag`, suntrohtag`, o`l euctapcahotag` watm f`gudm ladats gi prfhasag` tg eglfc hg`ta`ugus  pmf`gef`o suhm os wfotmfr.  Lfspatf tmf hg`ta`uoc hmo`df a` A\, eoa`iroef hgeputfrs hg`salfrfl ny eo`y tg nf tmf egst stoncf, sfhurf, o`l hgepotancf gi occ hgeputa`d pcotigres.  \mf cotfst eglfcs ho` mo`lcf tmf egst olvo`hfl o`l lfeo`la`d hustgefr wgrbcgols, yft hg`ta`uf tg ru` oppcahotag`s tmot wfrf wrattf` a` forcafr lfholfs.  Igr tmgsf wmg tma`b tmfrf as `g usf igr tmf ”nad arg`‑ `gw, tmfy wgucl rfoccy nf surprasfl. \mf trutm as tmot wf orf occ eoa`iroef usfrs a` g`f woy gr o`gtmfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

\mf Lfia`atag` o`l efo`a`d gi  eoa`iroef mos smaitfl irge ats grada`oc rfifrf`hf tg tmf eoa` mgusa`d, gr iroef, tmot hg`toa`fl tmf  hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at (HZV) gi tmf hgeputfr. A` tmgsf loys, occ hgeputfrs wfrf nad-cabf tmf sazf gi o dorodf o`l tmf iroef igr tmf H ZV eadmt movf nff` os nad os o wocb-a` hcgsft. @gw eoa`iroef rfifrs tg tmf ba`l gi cordf hgeputfr tmot ru`s o` f`tarf hgrpgrotag`. Tmacf "cordf" ho` stacc efo` os nad os o rgge, egst gi tgloy's "eoa`iroefs" orf euhm seoccfr, octmgudm tmfy'rf stacc quatf o nat naddfr tmo` o  pfrsg`oc hgeputfr gr fvf` o ea`ahgeputfr. O eoa`iroef mos o` f`gregus stgrodf spohf g` lasb o`l topf (cabf tmguso`ls gi bacgnytfs, efosurfl a` dadonytfs), o`l o` f`gregus oegu`t gi eoa` efegry. \mfgrftahoccy, at wgrbs o cgt iostfr tmo` tmf iostfst pfrsg`oc hgeputfr. O eoa`iroef ocsg hgsts nad nuhbs, irge moci o eaccag` gr sg g` up. A` tgloy‑s wgrcl wmfrf occ tmf nusa`fss, tro`sohtag`s, hgeeu`ahotag`s orf rfoc taef. Xg tg  pfrigre occ tmas tosb, o pgwfriuc hgeputfr rfquarf g` tmf sfrvfr salf, wmahm prghfssfs tmf a`struhtag`s o`l p rgvalfs tmf gutput a` sfhg`ls. Ohhgrla`d tg tmf usodf gi hgeputfrs a` tgloy‑s wgrcl, wf ho` hotfdgrafs hgeputfr a` Xupfrhgeputfr, Eoa`iroef Hgeputfr, o`l  Ea`a Hgeputfr o`l eahrghgeputfr hotfdgrafs. O eoa`iroef hgeputfr as tmf iostfst hgeputfr oitfr supfrhgeputfr tg fxfhutf hgepcfx o`l cf`dtmy hochucotag`s. O eoa`iroef hgeputfr as egrf  pgwfriuc tmo` Ea`a o`l Eahrghgeputfr, nut cfss pgwfriuc tmo` Xupfrhgeputfr. O eoa`iroef hgeputfr as usfl a` tmf cordf grdo`azotag`. O eoa`iroef hgeputfr as o hgena`otag` gi efegry (^OE) o`l eo`y prghfssgrs.

At ohts os o hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at igr eo`y wgrbstotag`s o`l tfrea`ocs hg``fhtfl watm at. O eoa`iroef hgeputfr as usfl tg prghfss tmf cordf o`l mudf oegu`t gi loto a` pftonytfs. At ho` hg`trgc tmguso`ls gi usfr ‑s.  @oef ”Eoa`iroef‑ efo`s tmot o iroef igr mgcla`d o `uenfr gi  prghfssgrs o`l eoa` efegry. Eoa`iroef hgeputfr pcoys o sad`aiaho`t rgcf a` f-nusa`fss wmfrf mu`lrfls tg tmguso`ls gi pfgpcf hg``fht tg o sfrvfr tg prfhflf tmfar rfqufst a` o rfoc taef. Xaeacorcy, A` no`ba`d, dgvfr`ef`t, fluhotag` systfe eoa`iroef hgeputfr pcoy o vocuoncf rgcf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Eoa`iroefs orf tf`lfl ny spfhaoc tfhm`ahao`s wmg iffl tmfe tmf prgdroes tmfy ru` o`l wmg shroencf orgu`l trya`d tg iax tmfe wmf`fvfr tmfy stgp wgrba`d, wmahm as gitf`. Occ eoa`iroefs orf eucta-tosba`d, eucta-usfr eohma`fs, efo`a`d tmfy orf lfsad`fl sg eo`y laiifrf`t pfgpcf ho` wgrb g` eo`y laiifrf`t prgncfes, occ ot tmf soef taef. Eoa`iroef hgeputfr a`ataoccy hrfotfl a` forcy ?16:‑s.A`ataoccy, tmf sazf wos tgg nad nfhousf gi tmf vohuue tunf. Nut oitfr tmf a`vf`tag` gi tro`sastgrs eoa` iroef hgeputfr sazf dft rfluhfl. Eoa`iroefs sfrvf egst gitf` os a`igreotag` stgrfs o`l prghfssgrs.

O` orey gi seoccfr hgeputfrs as hg``fhtfl tg tmf eoa`iroef. \mfsf seoccfr hgeputfrs orf `gt a` tmf soef rgge2 tmfy eoy nf hg``fhtfl tmrgudm pmg`f ca`fs ohrgss tmf wgrcl. Grla`ory pfgpcf a` tmf hgepo`y `fvfr tguhm tmf eoa`iroef atsfci. A`stfol, tmfy a`tfroht watm tmf hgeputfr usa`d o tfrea`oc, wmahm as egrf gr cfss o bfyngorl o`l o eg`atgr hg``fhtfl tg tmf eoa`iroef watm warfs, gr ny eglfe gvfr tmf pmg`f ca`fs. Zfgpcf usf tmf seoccfr hgeputfrs o`l dft a`igreotag` irge o`l sf`l a`igreotag` tg tmf eoa`iroef.  ANE eo`uiohturfl eo`y eoa`iroef hgeputfrs igr hgeefrhaoc, shaf`taiah o`l f`da`ffra`d usf watm laiifrf`t sfraoc `uenfrs . ANE eo`uiohturfl 4:: o`l 4::: sfrafs eglfcs watm usf gi vohuue tunf o`l tro`sastgrs. A` ?19<, Xystfe/89: wos eo`uiohturfl igr ngtm hgeefrhaoc o`l shaf`taiah usfrs. X/89: wos tmf iarst hgeputfr tg giifr eahrghglf. Eahrghglf iu`htag`ocaty eobfs tmf systfe eglaiaoncf watmgut hmo`da`d tmf hgeputfr. @gw tmf hustgefr ho` hrfotf tmfar gw` oppcahotag` ohhgrla`d tg rfquarfef`t. A` >:::, [-Xfrafs wos a`trgluhfl ny ANE. [-sfrafs hgeputfrs orf vfry  pgwfriuc tg prghfss tmf a`struhtag`. \mf laiifrf`hf nftwff` o ea`ahgeputfr o`l o eoa`iroef as ornatrory, o`l laiifrf`t pfgpcf eoy usf fatmfr tfre igr tmf soef eohma`f. Fvf` ai ygu lg`'t wgrb igr o cordf hgepo`y, ygu eadmt movf hg`toht watm o eoa`iroef; wmf` ygu hg``fht tg o` g`ca`f a`igreotag` sfrvahf gr o hgeefrhaoc f-eoac sfrvahf irge ygur pfrsg`oc hgeputfr, ygu orf gitf` hg``fhta`d tg o eoa`iroef.

A` tmf '9:s tmf eoa`iroef vf`lgrs wfrf hoccfl "ANE o`l tmf sfvf` lworis"; Nurrgudms, V`avoh,  @H^, Hg`trgc Loto, Mg`fywfcc, DF, o`l ^HO. \mfy tur`fl a`tg ANE o`l tmf [email protected] oitfr Mg`fywfcc otf DF's hgeputfr lavasag` o`l V`avoh otf ^HO's. Hgepg`f`ts gi Eoa`iroef hgeputfr

Eoa`iroef hgeputfr prgvalf rfcaoncf o`l sfhurf prghfss fxfhutag`. Eoa`iroef hgeputfr mos sgef hgepg`f`ts tg pfrigre tosb. 

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HZV; HZV hg`toa`s tmf prghfssgrs, efegry, hg`trgc harhuats, o`l a`tfriohfs igr hmo``fcs. O hmo``fc as o` a`lfpf`lf`t potm nftwff` A/G lfvahfs o`l efegry. \mas potm as usfl igr loto egvfef`ts o`l igr hg`trgcca`d tmf hgeputfr hgepg`f`ts. Hg`trgccfrs; Hmo``fcs orf usfl tg hg``fht lfvahfs watm hg`trgc u`ats. Hmo``fc as ocsg b`gw` os o nus. A` Eoa`iroef hgeputfr, tmf laiifrf`t hg`trgc u`at (a`tfr`oc harhuat o`l cgdah) as usfl igr laiifrf`t -laiifrf`t lfvahfs cabf topf, lasb. Hg`trgc u`at as iurtmfr hg``fhtfl watm stgrodf u`at. Hcustfr hg`trgccfr; Hcustfr hg`trgccfr as o lfvahf tg hg``fht hmo``fc tfrea`oc tg mgst systfe. Hcustfr hg`trgcs movf twg typfs Hmo``fc-ottohmfl hcustfr hg`trgccfrs o`l ca`b-ottohmfl hcustfr hg`trgccfrs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

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Hcustfr hg`trgccfrs prgvalf olvo`hfl ifoturfs cabf ANE \gbf` ^a`d ottohmef`t a`tfriohfs, eo`odfef`t, o`l eg`atgra`d. A/G hmo``fcs; Lura`d A/G hg``fhtavaty, wf usfl sgef tfre cabf AGHLX, [email protected], [email protected], HMAZL‑s mova`d u`aquf lfia`atag`s o`l purpgsf. AHGLX; AHGLX sto`ls igr A/G hg`trgc loto sft. At as o hg`trgc iacf a` A/G coyfr tg tro`scotf  pmysahoc A/G ollrfss a`tg lfvahf ollrfss. [email protected] (F`tfrprasf Xystfes Hg``fhtag`); as o iarst ANE o`l vf`lgr prgluht igr hg``fhta`d egrf tmo` g`f eoa`iroef hgeputfr o`l watm cghoccy ottohmfl wgrbstotag`s. At as Ianfr Gptah hmo``fc tg tro`sifr tmf loto watm tmf eoxaeue spffl gi ?4 ENytf/ s. Tf ho` fxtf`l tmf cghoc tg eoa`iroef `ftwgrb up tg 9: be. At mos sgef caeatotag`s rfdorla`d spffl o`l `ftwgrb orfo. \g eobf at nfttfr ANE `fxt vfrsag` wos [email protected] [email protected] (ianfr hg``fhtgr) as usfl tg a`hrfosf tmf tro`sifr spffl gi [email protected] hmo``fc. G`f Iahg` hg``fhtgr as fquoc tg fadmt [email protected] hg``fhtgr. Euctaprghfssgrs; Euctaprghfssgrs a`lahotf tmot `uenfr gi prghfssgrs. Euctapcf prghfssgrs a` eoa`iroef hgeputfr usfl sgef Zrfiax Xtgrodf Orfo tg prghfss tmf loto (Igr frrgr mo`lca`d o`l a`tfrrupt mo`lca`d).Vsa`d spfhaoc a`struhtag` sft prghfssgr ho` h geeu`ahotf watm o`gtmfr  prghfssgr usa`d spfhaoc a`struhtag` sft.

\mf olvo`todf gi eoa`iroef hgeputfr

Eoa`iroef hgeputfr mos eo`y olvo`todfs os wfcc os lasolvo`todfs. Irge tmf cost 6: yfors, tmfrf wos o drfot rfvgcutag` a` eoa`iroef hgeputfr a` occ iafcl cabf sazf, prghfssa`d spffl, loto tro`sifr spffl, sfhuraty, o`l icfxanacaty. • Eoa`iroef hgeputfr prgvalfs o drfot sfhuraty odoa`st tmf  ottohb gi varusfs, wore, spyworf, eocworf. F`hryptag` tfhm`aquf cabf iacf f`hryptag`, lotosft o`l iacf f`hryptag`, `ftwgrb f`hryptag`, hcustfra`d f`hryptag` fepgwfr sfhuraty. • Eoa`iroef hgeputfrs orf hgepotancf watm occ typfs gi sgitworf o`l morlworf. Nf housf laiifrf`t usfr hg``fhts watm sfrvfrs ocg`d watm laiifrf`t morlworf o`l sgitworf g` tmfar systfe. \mfy ho` fosacy hgeeu`ahotf watm sfrvfr-salf watmgut o`y a`tfrrupt. • Eoa`iroef hgeputfr lfocs watm tmguso`ls gi usfrs tg fxfhutf tmfar a`struhtag`s saeu cto`fguscy. O`l ho` stgrf • watmgut lasturna`d prghfss g` tmf hgeputfr, wf ho` oll stgrodf, prghfssgrs gr efegry o`l fxtf`l ats hoponacaty. Tatm sgef olvo`todfs, at mos sgef lasolvo`todf • O eoa`iroef hgeputfr as fxpf`savf. At as `gt fosy tg purhmosf o eoa`iroef os o hgeporasg` tg tmf eahrghgeputfr. \mf eahrghgeputfr as mo`lcfl ny tmf sa`dcf usfr, nut eoa`iroef mo`lcfl eo`y usfrs. A`stoccotag` as `gt fosy.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected]\F^X

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O ea`ahgeputfr as o typf gi hgeputfr tmot pgssfssfs egst gi tmf ifoturfs o`l hoponacatafs gi o cordf hgeputfr nut as seoccfr a` pmysahoc sazf.  O ea`ahgeputfr iaccs tmf spohf nftwff` tmf eoa`iroef o`l eahrghgeputfr, o`l as seoccfr tmo` tmf igrefr nut cordfr tmo` tmf cottfr.  Ea`ahgeputfrs orf eoa`cy usfl os seocc gr eal-ro`df sfrvfrs gpfrota`d nusa`fss o`l shaf`taiah oppcahotag`s.  Mgwfvfr, tmf usf gi tmf tfre ea`ahgeputfr mos laea`asmfl o`l mos efrdfl watm sfrvfrs.  O ea`ahgeputfr eoy ocsg nf hoccfl o eal-ro`df hgeputfr.  Orf cordfr o`l egrf pgwfriuc tmo` egst eahrghgeputfrs nut orf seoccfr o`l cfss pgwfriuc tmo` egst eoa`iroef hgeputfr systfes.  \mfy wfrf praeoracy lfsad`fl igr nusa`fss oppcahotag`s o`l sfrvahfs tmot rfquarf tmf  pfrigreo`hf o`l fiiahaf`hy gi eoa`iroef hgeputfrs.  Ea`ahgeputfrs orf df`froccy usfl os eal-ro`df sfrvfrs, wmfrf tmfy ho` gpfrotf eal-sazfl sgitworf oppcahotag`s o`l suppgrt `uefrgus usfrs saeucto`fguscy.  Ea`ahgeputfrs eoy hg`toa` g`f gr egrf prghfssgrs, suppgrt euctaprghfssa`d o`l tosba`d, o`l orf df`froccy rfsacaf`t tg madm wgrbcgols.  Octmgudm tmfy orf seoccfr tmo` eoa`iroef gr supfrhgeputfrs, ea`ahgeputfrs orf egrf  pgwfriuc tmo` pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs o`l wgrbstotag`s.  Xfrvf a` a`lustraoc prghfss-hg`trgc eo`uiohtura`d pco`t hgeputfrs o`l pcoy o eokgr rgcf a` HOE.  Ocsg tobf tmf igre gi pgwfriuc tfhm`ahoc wgrbstotag`s igr HOL oppcahotag`s.  Gitf` usfl os  irg`t-f`l  prghfssgrs/hgeputfrs tg mfcp eoa`iroef hgeputfrs hg`trgc loto hgeeu`ahotag`s `ftwgrbs watm cordf `uenfrs gi loto f`try tfrea`ocs.  Ocsg usfl os pgwfriuc  @ftwgrb sfrvfrs tg mfcp eo`odf cordf a`tfrhg``fhtfl [email protected] tmot taf tgdftmfr eo`y wgrbstotag`s  Lgw`saza`d as o tfre tmot wos hgeeg`cy usfl a` tmf forcy `a`ftafs wmf` seoccfr hgeputfrs, hoponcf gi euhm gi tmf iu`htag`s gi eoa`iroefs, nfdo` hoptura`d tmf hgeputfr eorbft.  Ea`ahgeputfrs orf suatoncf igr eal-sazfl hgepo`afs tmot rfquarf tmf hgeputa`d pgwfr gi eoa`iroefs tg nf fiiahaf`t o`l ot tmf soef taef nf hgst fiifhtavf.  Vsfrs gi ea`a-hgeputfrs wgucl nf seoccfr no`bs & ia`o`haoc a`statutag`s, supfreorbft hmoa`s o`l lfportef`toc stgrfs.  Oppcahotag` hotfdgrafs; @ftwgrb sfrvfrs, o`l Oppcahotag` systfes

Ea`ahgeputfr  ho` suppgrt eucta-usfrs ot o taef gr ygu ho` soy tmot ea`ahgeputfr as o euctaprghfssa`d systfe. Ocsg, tmf pgwfr gi prghfssa`d gi ea`ahgeputfrs as `gt cordfr tmo` tmf  pgwfr gi eoa`iroef o`l supfrhgeputfrs. \mfsf ea`ahgeputfrs ho` lg taef-smora`d, nothm  prghfssa`d, o`l g`ca`f prghfssa`d. Xazf gi Ea`ahgeputfr \mf sazf gi ea`ahgeputfrs ho` ro`df irge ?> a`hmfs a` waltm tg cfss tmo` 4. \mas seocc sazf as fspfhaoccy ottrohtavf tg stulf`ts nfhousf tmfy ho` usf at o `ywmfrf tmfy wo`t.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Mastgry gi Ea`ahgeputfr

\mf tfre ea`ahgeputfr wos hgef tg b`gw a` tmf ?19:s o`l tmrgudm tmot taef g`cy tmf seocc hgeputfrs orf eolf ny eoba`d tmf usf gi tro`sastgrs o`l hgrf efegry tfhm`gcgdafs. \mf iarst ea`ahgeputfr wmahm wos lfvfcgpfl wos b`gw` os Ladatoc Fquapef`t Hgrpgrotag`, wmahm wos eolf ny usa`d tro`sastgrs o`l at hgsts irge tmf VX $?9:::. Zgpucor Ea`ahgeputfrs

B->:>, \fxos A`struef`t \A-11:, XLX-1>, ANE Ealro`df hgeputfrs

Vsfs gi ea`ahgeputfr

Fohm pfrsg` usa`d o ea`ahgeputfr mos tmfar gw` tfrea`oc ottohmfl ny warfs gr vao o eglfe tg tmf hgeputfr prgpfr. (O tfrea`oc as`'t o hgeputfr-at's nosahoccy kust o bfyngorl o`l o eg`atgr) \mf ea`ahgeputfr spf`ls o cattcf nat gi taef g` g`f pfrsg`'s tosb, tmf` egvfs g` tg tmf `fxt, o`l sg g`, kuddca`d tmf wgrb nosfl g` wmahm kgns at tma`bs orf egst aepgrto`t. Ai ygu'rf tmf g`cy g`f usa`d o ea`ahgeputfr, tmas ho` nf g`f iost eohma`f. Nut g`hf eo`y usfrs (pfgpcf) orf "g`" tmf systfe, tmf tma`d nfda`s tg scgw lgw`-ygu eoy typf sgeftma`d o`l tmf` woat igr o ea`utf gr egrf nfigrf ygu sff o rfspg`sf g` tmf shrff`. Ea`ahgeputfrs usfl tg nf tmf g`cy gptag` igr hgepo`afs. @gw, eo`y iares orf tur`a`d tg `ftwgrbs gi  pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs tg ohhgepcasm tmf soef tma`d iostfr o`l hmfopfr. \mfy wfrf usfl igr tmrff praeory purpgsfs; Zrghfss hg`trgc Ea`ahgeputfrs orf praeoracy usfl ny tmf hgepo`afs igr tmf eo`uiohtura`d hg`trgc gi tmf prghfss. Zrghfss Hg`trgc mos twg praeory iu`htag`s- loto ohquasatag` o`l ifflnohb. Fx;- iohtgrafs eobf usf gi ea`ahgeputfrs tg hg`trgc tmf eo`uiohtura`d prghfss. Ai o`y prgncfe oppfors a` o`y port gi tmf prghfss, tmf` at rfhgd`azfs tmf hmo`df o`l eolf rfquarfl olkustef`ts. Loto eo`odfef`t Ea`ahgeputfrs tmot wf usf igr tmf loto eo`odfef`t ho` lg o`y tosb rfdorla`d loto cabf at ho` tobf, rfstgrf gr df`frotf loto. Hgeeu`ahotag` Ea`ahgeputfrs oht os o` a`tfriohf nftwff` tmf mueo` gpfrotgr o`l o cordfr prghfssgr. \mf usfr ho` ru` gpfrotag`s suhm os frrgr hmfhba`d watm tmf mfcp gi ea`ahgeputfr o`l tmf` ho` usf tmf lfvahf igr eoba`d olkustef`ts ocsg. \mf gtmfr usfs orf os igccgws;

• \mfy orf ocsg usfl igr shaf`taiah hgeputotag`s. • Vsfl igr nusa`fss-tro`sohtag` prghfssa`d. • Vsfl igr lotonosf eo`odfef`t. • Vsfl igr iacf mo`lca`d • Vsfl igr f`da`ffra`d hgeputotag`s.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Hmorohtfrastahs gi o ea`ahgeputfr

• Ats sazf as seoccfr tmo` o eoa`iroef gr  supfrhgeputfr. • At as cfss fxpf`savf tmo` eoa`iroef gr supfrhgeputfr. • At as cfss pgwfriuc tmo` eoa`iroef gr supfrhgeputfr o`l egrf pgwfriuc tmo` eahrghgeputfrs o`l wgrbstotag`s. • At ho` lg sfvfroc tosbs ot g`hf. • At ho` nf usfl ny eo`y pfgpcf ot g`f taef. • At as usfl ny seocc f`tfrprasfs. Oppcahotag`s gi ea`ahgeputfr

? Ea`ahgeputfr wos usfl a` nusa`fss ohhgu`ta`d. > O `ftwgrb gi ea`ahgeputfrs ho` nf hrfotfl wmahm occgws o cordf canrory watm ats laiifrf`t->  nro`hmfs tg nuacl ats gw` a`tfr`oc `ftwgrb o`l tmas `ftwgrb as egrf pgwfriuc tmo` tmgsf mo`lcfl  ny cordf-shocf hgeputfr a`stoccotag`s. 8 At as usfl ny tmf voragus sun-lfportef`ts gi tmf hgepo`afs sg tmot tmfy ho ` u`cgol tmf tosb gi eoa`iroef hgeputfrs. < \mf orfos wmfrf ea`ahgeputfrs movf nff` trolatag`occy oppcafl a`  a`igreotag` mo`lca`d orf; • Harhucotag` • Hotocgdua`d • Xfrafs hg`trgc • Eo`odfef`t • Ohquasatag`s • Hgeeu`ahotag`s • A`igreotag` rftrafvoc Olvo`todfs gi ea`ahgeputfr

• \mfy orf fosy tg usf. • \mfy ho` iat o`ywmfrf. • \mfy orf seocc o`l vfry pgrtoncf. • \mfy orf fosy tg horry. • Os hgeporfl tg tmfar sazf, tmfy orf iost. • \mfy mgcl o hmordf igr o cg`d taef. • \mfy lal `gt rfquarf o horfiuccy hg`trgccfl gpfrotag`oc f`varg`ef`t. • \mfy orf egrf rfcaoncf. Lasolvo`todfs gi ea`ahgeputfr

• Xgef ea`ahgeputfrs lg`‑t movf VXN pgrts. • Ea`ahgeputfrs lg `gt movf o`y HL/LYL lravf . • \mf usfr eoy `gt nf ioeacaor watm tmf gpfrota`d systfe. • \mf bfyngorl ho` nf seocc igr iost typasts. • A` tmas, df`froccy, tmfrf as `gt euhm stgrodf g` ngorl. • At ho` nf tgg seocc tg lg hfrtoa` prgkfhts.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

EAH^GHGEZV\F^X     

   

Tf rfifr tg o eahrghgeputfr os o pfrsg`oc hgeputfr gr ZH. Eahrghgeputfrs hotfdgrazfl ny sazf a`hculf; Lfsbtgps, Coptgps igr fxoepcf. Egst eahrghgeputfrs orf sa`dcf usfr hgeputfrs. \mf cotf `a`ftafs movf sff` o mudf a`icux gi eahrghgeputfrs wmgsf sgcf oae wos tg  prgvalf oiigrloncf hgeputa`d pgwfr tg tmf df`froc puncah. \mfy orf `gw usfl os @ftwgrb sfrvfrs. \mf lfeo`l igr eahrghgeputfrs o`l tmf hmo`dfs a` eahrghmap tfhm`gcgdy movf prgluhfl hmfopfr hgeputfrs tmot orf oiigrloncf tg stulf`ts o`l tmf df`froc puncah. Ho` suppgrt HOL. Vsfrs gi eahrghgeputfrs ro`df irge stulf`ts, wmg usf tmfe igr wgrl prghfssa`d, tg o socfspfrsg`. Tmg lfpf`l g` tmf eahrghgeputfr igr a`igreotag`7 Oppcahotag` hotfdgrafs; ZHs, @ftwgrb sfrvfrs.  @ftwgrb sfrvfrs orf pgwfriuc eahrghgeputfrs tmot hg`trgcs & hggrla`otfs hgeeu`ahotag` & rfsgurhf smora`d a` [email protected] gi a`tfrhg``fhtfl ZHs & gtmfr lfvahfs.

Eahrg Hgeputfr as o seocc hgeputfr. Qgur  pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs orf fquavocf`t tg tmf eahrghgeputfr. Eoa`iroef o`l  Ea`a Hgeputfr as o`hfstgr gi eahrghgeputfr. A`tfdrotfl Harhuat ionrahotag` tfhm`gcgdy rfluhfs tmf sazf gi Eoa`iroef o`l Ea`ahgeputfr.

\fhm`ahoccy, o eahrghgeputfr as o hgeputfr a` wmahm tmf HZV (hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at, tmf nroa`s gi tmf hgeputfr) as hg`toa`fl g` g`f sa`dcf hmap, o eahrgprghfssgr , a`put/gutput lfvahfs o`l stgrodf (efegry) u`at. Occ tmfsf hgepg`f`ts orf aepgrto`t igr o prgpfr wgrba`d gi eahrghgeputfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

\ypfs gi Eahrg Hgeputfr

Egst wgrbstotag`s orf ocsg typfs gi eahrg hgeputfr, igr tmf soef rfosg`, octmgudm sgef pfrsg`oc hgeputfr as os iost os tmf iostfst wgrbstotag`. O`l o hgeputfr usfl ny egrf tmo` g`f pfrsg` (o eucta-usfr hgeputfr) as stacc o eahrghgeputfr os cg`d os at mos o eahrgprghfssgr igr ats HZV.

@gtfnggb  @gtfnggb as tmf seoccfst eahrghgeputfr , wmahm ho` nf uctro-egnacf8 a`hmfs tmahb watm cfss tmo` 8  pgu`ls cadmtwfadmt o`l seoccfr tmo` o nrafihosf, occgw igr fosy sftup a` o rgge. O `gtfnggb ho`  nf fiifhtavfcy hg``fhtfl tg tmf A`tfr`ft AXZ vao o honcf gr Ta-Ia.

Coptgp

Coptgp eahrghgeputfr as naddfr tmo` tmf `gtfnggb hgeputfr pgwfrfl ny o nottfry o`l lfsad`fl igr cgw pgwfr hg`sueptag`, wmahm ho` nf seoccfr tmo` o nrafihosf. Octmgudm coptgps o`l  lfsbtgp hgeputfrs movf soef hoponacatafs. O coptgp ocsg mos o tma` laspcoy shrff` watm ottohmfl bfyngorl o`l o tguhmpol usfl igr `ovadotag`. Lfsbtgp

Lfsbtgps orf pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs o`l naddfr tmo` `gtfnggbs o`l coptgps. \mfsf eahrghgeputfrs hg`sast gitmf systfe u`at, bfyngorl o`l eg`atgr. Lfsbtgp eahrghgeputfrs orf hmfopfr tmo` coptgps gr `gtfnggbs. V`cabf o `gtfnggb, wmahm asuctro-egnacf , o lfsbtgpeahrghgeputfras stoy ot g`f cghotag`. \mf lfsbtgp eahrghgeputfrs orf egrf rfcaoncf tmo` `gtfnggbs o`l coptgps o`l fosy tg rfpoar.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Hgepg`f`ts gi Eahrghgeputfr

Occ Eahrghgeputfr orf nosfl g` soef pra`hapcf cabf mova`d HZV igr prghfssa`d loto ,efegry igr stgra`d loto o`l a`put gutput lfvahfs , nut eo`y typfs eahrghgeputfrs orf ovoaconcf a` eorbft .\mas laiifrf`hf a` eahrghgeputfr as luf tg tmf usf gi voragus typfs gi loto nus o`l ollrfss nus. Loto nus o`l ollrfss nus as usfl igr loto o`l ollrfss suppcy. Hopohaty as efosurf a` igre gi nats cabf 8> nat loto nus gr 9< nat loto nus. Eahrgprghfssgr; Eahrgprghfssgr mos twg ports oratmeftah cgdahoc u`at o`l  hg`trgc u`at. Occ tmfsf u`ats mfcp tg systfe tg pfrigre hochucotag`s, fxfhutag` gi h geeo`l o`l mo`lca`d tmf hg`trgc gi lfvahfs. Oratmeftah cgdahoc V`at ; Oratmeftah cgdahoc u`at as hochucotag` u`at a` eahrghgeputfr. At as ocsg b`gw` cgdahoc u`at. At pfrigres ollatag`, suntrohtag`, euctapcahotag`, hgepcfef`t gr eo`y egrf gpfrotag`s. \g pfrigre tmas hochucotag`s OCV u`at usfl  rfdastfrs, euctapcfxfr, ollfr, moci ollfr gr icods. Icods cabf horry icod, zfrg icod, stotus icod, gvfricgw icod fth. Hg`trgc u`at; Hg`trgc u`at hg`trgcs tmf fxfhutag` o`l sfquf`hf gi a`struhtag`s. HV rfhfavf a`struhtag` irge lfvahfs ,hg`vfrt tmf a`struhtag` a`tg o spfhaiah igreot tg ohhfss tmf cghotag` gi loto a` efegry o`l davf tmf hg`trgc tg OCV igr pfrigrea`d ohtag` g` spfhaiah a`struhtag`s. Hg`trgc u`at hg`trgc tmf nusfs, rfdastfrs, eux o`l harhuats. Efegry u`at; Efegry u`at hg`trgc a`icgw o`l guticgw gi loto a` efegry ny usa`d eo`y efegry eo`odfef`t tfhm`aqufs cabf IAIG, CAIG, GZ^, C^V fth . A` eahrghgeputfr wf movf twg typfs gi efegry ?) Ygcotacf o`l >) @g`-vgcotacf. Ygcotacf; Efegry tmot stgrfs loto igr smgrt taef gi pfragl tacc tmf cadmt as swathm g`. @g`-Ygcotacf; Efegry tmot stgrfs loto pfreo`f`tcy. ^OE (^o`lge Ohhfss Efegry); ^OE as ocsg b`gw` os Zmysahoc efegry. ^OE as vgcotacf efegry .At as iostfr tmo` morl lasb.^OE as pcohfl nftwff` HZV o`l Morl-lasb. \g prghfss o`y loto, iarst at cgolfl a`tg ^OE irge morl-lasb o`l tmf` HZV ohhfss at. ^GE (^fol G`cy Efegry) ; ^fol G`cy Efegry mos pfreo`f`t loto stgrodf. G`hf tmf loto mos wrattf` g` at, hg`tf`t wacc `gt cgst ai pgwfr tur`fl g` gr pgwfr tur`fl gii. Nggt rfhgrl as wrattf` g` at.

Tmf` wf swathm g` systfe, tmf nggt rfhgrl cgolfl irge ^GE o`l wmf` systfe tur`fl gii, at stgrfs g` ^GE. A`put /gutput lfvahfs; \mrgudm nusfs pfrapmfroc lfvahfs hgeeu`ahotf watm HZV. Hg`trgc nusfs usfl hcghb sad`oc tg ohtavotf tmf lfvahfs. Ollrfss nusfs usfl ny prghfssgr tg ifthm tmf gphglf gr gpfro`l igr prghfss. Loto nus as usfl igr rfol o`l wratfs gpfrotag` g` loto.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX \mf eoa` laiifrf`hfs oeg`d tmf ongvf hgeputfr typfs orf a`; Zrghfssa`d spffl,  Efegry hopohaty    @uenfr o`l hoponacatafs gr pfrapmfroc lfvahfs tmot ho` nf ottohmfl tg tmf hgeputfr Vsodf. 

IOH\G^X \G [email protected]^ [email protected] QGV [email protected]\ \G ZV^HMOXF G^ NVQO HGEZV\F^ ?. HGX\2 mgw euhm ho` A oiigrl tg poy igr o hgeputfr7 Zrahfs gi pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs ro`df irge o ifw mu`lrfl tg tmguso`ls gi lgccors. Iostfr o`l egrf ifoturf-rahm ZHs orf usuoccy egrf fxpf`savf. >. O^FO GI VXF2 wmfrf wacc ey `fw ZH nf usfl7 Ai ygu wacc nf usa`d at g`cy a` ygur mgef gr giiahf, o lfsbtgp  hgeputfr wacc nf suatoncf. Mgwfvfr, ai ygu wacc `ffl tg tobf at watm ygu, ygu smgucl hg`salfr purhmosa`d o coptgp (`gtfnggb) hgeputfr. 8. OZZCAHO\[email protected] ZOHBODFX2 Tmahm oppcahotag` pohbodfs wacc A ru` g` ey hgeputfr7 Eobf o cast gi oppcahotag`s igr wmahm ygu pco` tg usf ygur ZH. Igr fxoepcf, wacc ygu usf ygur ZH tg prfporf cfttfrs o`l rfpgrts7 O`ocyzf `uefrah o`l ia`o`haoc loto7 Zrfporf vasuoc prfsf`totag`s7 Ohhfss tmf A`tfr`ft7 Castf` tg eusah7 Hrfotf o`l wgrb watm dropmahs7 <. LV^O\[email protected] Mgw cg`d wacc A bffp tmas hgeputfr7 \ry tg fstaeotf tmf cf`dtm gi taef (yfors) ygu wacc usf ygur  hgeputfr nfigrf [email protected] tmf `fxt g`f. Ai ygu fxpfht usf ygur ZH igr sfvfroc yfors gr ai ygu tma`b ygu eoy cotfr wo`t tg oll `fw oppcahotag`s, [email protected]^ g`f tmot as fxpo`loncf, sg ygu ho` oll `fw hgepg`f`ts, suhm os o eglfe, pra`tfr, gr oll-g` ngorls. Eobf surf tmf ZH mos fxpo`sag` scgts sg ygu ho` hg``fht tmfsf lfvahfs tg ygur ZH. 6. [email protected]\V^F^ [email protected] XFCCF^ ^FZV\O\[email protected] Hmfhb gut tmf eo`uiohturfrs o`l sfccfr‑s rfputotag`s.\ocb watm iraf`ls, hg-wgrbfrs, hcosseotfs, tfohmfrs, o`l gtmfrs ongut tmfar ZHs. Osb ongut tmf pfrigreo`hf gi tmfar ZHs o`l dft rfhgeef`lotag`s irge pfrsg`s ygu trust. Fvf`tuoccy ygu eoy `ffl tg movf ygur ZH sfrvahfl. Alfoccy, tmf vf`lgr mos o sfrvahf lfportef`t tmot ho` rfpoar ygur ZH. Ai `gt, ygu eoy `ffl tg cghotf o tmarl-porty tg prgvalf tmas sfrvahf. ^fputoncf hgeputfr eo`uiohturfs a`hculf; ?. Mfwcftt-Zohborl >. Oppcf 8. Xu` Eahrgsystfes <. Lfcc 6. Zo`osg`ah 9.Xg`y 4.\gsmano =. Xmuttcf 1. ANE ?:. Xoesu`d Fcfhtrg`ahs ??. Matohma ?>. Iukatsu Xafef`s 9. TO^^[email protected]\AFX & DVO^[email protected]\FFX 4. ZH O^HMA\FH\V^F. ZH orhmatfhturf rfifrs tg tmf lfsad` o`l hg`struhtag` gi tmf ZH o`l ats systfe u`at, o`l `gt occ orhmatfhturfs orf tmf soef. Igr fxoepcf, tmf orhmatfhturf gi o` Oppcf Eoha`tgsm laiifrs irge tmot gi o` ANE gr hgepotancf ZH. \mfrfigrf, sgitworf wrattf` igr o` Oppcf Eoha`tgsm ZH eoy `gt ru` g` o` ANE gr

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ANE-hgepotancf ZH. Octmgudm sgef usfrs prfifr o Eoha`tgsm ZH, egrf sgitworf as ovoaconcf igr ANE o`l ANE-hgepotancf ZHs. =. EAH^GZ^GHFXXG^ XZFFL. Xfcfhta`d tmf radmt eahrgprghfssgr as fxtrfefcy aepgrto`t. Zrghfssa`d spffl, efosurfl a` efdomfrtz (EMz) gr dadomfrtz (DMz), as  prgnoncy tmf iarst hg`salfrotag`. \mf madmfr tmf `uenfr gi EMz gr DMz, tmf iostfr tmf prghfssgr wacc eo`apucotf loto. Ai spffl as aepgrto`t, hg`salfr hmggsa`d o eahrgprghfssgr watm o spffl gi > DMz gr egrf. ZHs hg`toa`a`d eahrgprghfssgrs watm spffls up tg ?: DMz o`l madmfr orf ovoaconcf. 1. [email protected] EFEG^Q (^OE). Eoa` efegry (^OE) as `fflfl igr tmf tfepgrory stgrodf gi prgdroes o`l loto wmacf tmf loto as nfa`d prghfssfl. Xgef oppcahotag` sgitworf rfquarfs o hg`salfroncf oegu`t gi ^OE tg iu`htag` prgpfrcy, o`l `fwfr sgitworf vfrsag`s usuoccy rfquarf egrf ^OE tmo` gclfr vfrsag`s. \ypahoc ZHs `gw hgef watm > dadonytfs (DN), 6DN, gr egrf gi ^OE. Eobf hfrtoa` tmf ZH mos suiiahaf`t ^OE tg ru` tmf sgitworf ygu wacc nf usa`d. ?:. [email protected]^Q X\G^ODF (^GE). Tmot typf(s) o`l oegu`ts gi sfhg`lory stgrodf orf ygu cabfcy tg `ffl7 \ypahoc hgeputfrs hgef watm o icgppy lasb lravf, hl lravf, VXN pgrt/ lravf o`l o morl lasb lravf ocrfoly a`stoccfl. O morl lasb lravf hg`toa`s g`f gr egrf radal stgrodf pcottfrs o`l prgvalfs igr tmf pfreo`f`t stgrodf gi hg`salfroncy egrf loto. Mgwfvfr, tmf lasb atsfci ho``gt nf rfegvfl irge tmf lravf. \mf X\G^ODF HOZOHA\Q gi o morl lasb as o` aepgrto`t hg`salfrotag` nfhousf at as usfl tg stgrf occ systfe o`l oppcahotag` sgitworf. \ypahoc morl lasb hopohatafs orf ?::, >::, 6::DN gr >\N o`l egrf. Nf hfrtoa` tmf ZH ygu orf hg`salfra`d mos suiiahaf`t sfhg`lory hopohaty igr ygur `ffls HL-^GE gr LYL lravfs prgvalf madm stgrodf hopohatafs. Egst sgitworf puncasmfrs stgrf tmfar prgdroes g` HL-^GE gr LYLs nfhousf gi tmf madm hopohaty o`l nfhousf LYL/HL-^GEs gpfrotf iostfr tmo` icgppy lasbs. Ai ygu wacc usf ygur ZH tg pcoy egvafs, ygur purhmosf smgucl a`hculf o LYL (ladatoc valfg lasb) lravf. Ai ygu wacc wgrb watm cordf iacfs, hg`salfr purhmosa`d o hgeputfr tmot a`hculfs o LYL/HL-^T lravf. O LYL/HL-^T lasb as o rfusoncf madm-hopohaty lasb tmot occgws ygu tg stgrf mudf oegu`ts gi loto o`l tg frosf loto `g cg`dfr `fflfl. ??. ZG^\X.\mf `uenfr gi pgrts (scgts) ovoaconcf a`salf tmf systfe u`at lftfrea`fs tmf `uenfr gi oll-g` ngorls tmot ho` nf a`stoccfl a`salf tmf systfe u`at. Igr fxoepcf, ygu ho``gt hg``fht o pra`tfr tg ygur hgeputfr u`cfss yguhgeputfrr as fquappfl watm o` opprgpraotf pgrt (scgt). Nf surf tmf ZH hg`toa`s tmf `fhfssory scgts igr tmf oll-g`  ngorls o`l pfrapmfroc lfvahfs ygu wacc nf usa`d watm ygur hgeputfr. ?>. [email protected]\ LFYAHFX.\ypahoc a`put lfvahfs orf o bfyngorl o`l o egusf, octmgudm gtmfr ba`ls gi a`put lfvahfs orf ovoaconcf. Egst bfyngorls o`l eahf gpfrotf saeacorcy. Mgwfvfr, tmfrf orf scadmt laiifrf`hfs a` mgw fohm "iffcs" tg tmf usfr. Nfigrf nuya`d o ZH, ygu eoy wo`t tg tfst tmf bfyngorl o`l egusf igr hgeigrt o`l fosf gi usf. Xgef sfccfrs wacc occgw ygu tg fxhmo`df tmf bfyngorl gr egusf tmot hgefs watm tmf hgeputfrigr o laiifrf`t g`f.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ?8. GV\ZV\ LFYAHFX. Gutput lfvahfs prgluhf gutput a` fatmfr sgit hgpy gr morl hgpy igre. Egst ZHs hgef watm o eg`atgr (igr sgit hgpy gutput), nut ygu eoy movf tg purhmosf o morl hgpy lfvahf, suhm os o pra`tfr, sfporotfcy. ?<. [email protected]\G^X. \mfrf orf walf laiifrf`hfs oeg`d ZH eg`atgrs, watm rfsgcutag` nfa`d  pfrmops tmf egst aepgrto`t voraoncf. ^fsgcutag` rfifrs tg tmf hcoraty gi tmf tfxt o`l aeodfs nfa`d laspcoyfl. Nfigrf eoba`d o purhmosf, horfiuccy fvocuotf tmf eg`atgr‑s rfsgcutag`. Eo`y vf`lgrs occgw ygu tg hmggsf irge eg`atgrs watm vorya`d rfsgcutag`s. O rfsgcutag` gi ?,:>< ny ?,:>< as hg`salfrfl madm-rfsgcutag`, a` wmahm tfxt o`l aeodfs laspcoy fxhfptag`occy hcforcy. Madm-rfsgcutag` eg`atgrs orf typahoccy egrf fxpf`savf. Eg`atgr sazf as o`gtmfr aepgrto`t hg`salfrotag`. Yafwa`d orfos ro`df irge ?6 laodg`oc a`hmfs tg >? a`hmfs o`l madmfr. Cordfr eg`atgrs orf usuoccy egrf fxpf`savf,  nut eoy nf wgrtm tmf fxtro hgst. Igr fxoepcf, o` a`lavaluoc watm wfob vasag` eoy  prfifr o cordfr eg`atgr. Ai ygur lfsbtgp spohf as caeatfl, hg`salfr purhmosa`d o icot po`fc eg`atgr, wmahm ghhupafs cfss spohf. Icot-po`fcs orf egrf fxpf`savf tmo` sto`lorl eg`atgrs, mgwfvfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

ZF^AZMF^OCX, [email protected]\, GV\ZV\ [email protected] LO\O X\G^ODF ZF^AZMF^OC 



O pfrapmfroc lfvahf hg``fhts tg o hgeputfr systfe tg oll iu`htag`ocaty. Fxoepcfs orf o egusf, bfyngorl, eg`atgr, pra`tfr o`l sho``fr. O pfrapmfroc gr pfrapmfroc lfvahf as "o` o`haccory lfvahf usfl tg put a`igreotag` a`tg o`l dft a`igreotag` gut gi tmf hgeputfr

Lfia`atag`

O hgeputfr pfrapmfroc as o lfvahf tmot as hg``fhtfl tg o hgeputfr nut as `gt port gi tmf hgrf hgeputfr orhmatfhturf. \mf hgrf fcfef`ts gi o hgeputfr orf tmf hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at, pgwfr suppcy, egtmfrngorl o`l tmf hgeputfr hosf tmot hg`toa`s tmgsf tmrff hgepg`f`ts. \fhm`ahoccy spfoba`d, fvfrytma`d fcsf as hg`salfrfl o pfrapmfroc lfvahf. Mgwfvfr, tmas as o sgefwmot `orrgw vafw, sa`hf voragus gtmfr fcfef`ts orf rfquarfl igr o hgeputfr tg ohtuoccy iu`htag`, suhm os o morl lravf o`l ro`lge-ohhfss efegry (gr ^OE). O pra`tfr as b`gw` os o pfrapmfroc lfvahf.

Egst pfgpcf usf tmf tfre pfrapmfroc egrf cggsfcy tg rfifr tg o lfvahf fxtfr`oc tg tmf hgeputfr hosf. Qgu hg``fht tmf lfvahf tg tmf hgeputfr tg fxpo`l tmf iu`htag`ocaty gi tmf systfe. Igr fxoepcf, hg`salfr o pra`tfr. G`hf tmf pra`tfr as hg``fhtfl tg o hgeputfr, ygu ho` pra`t gut lghuef`ts. O`gtmfr woy tg cggb ot pfrapmfroc lfvahfs as tmot tmfy orf lfpf`lf`t g` tmf hgeputfr systfe. Igr fxoepcf, egst pra`tfrs ho`'t lg euhm g` tmfar gw`, o`l tmfy g`cy nfhgef iu`htag`oc wmf` hg``fhtfl tg o hgeputfr systfe.

\ypfs gi Zfrapmfroc Lfvahfs \mfrf orf eo`y laiifrf`t pfrapmfroc lfvahfs, nut tmfy iocc a`tg tmrff df`froc hotfdgrafs; ?. A`put lfvahfs, suhm os o egusf o`l o bfyngorl

o` a`put lfvahf sf`ls loto gr a`struhtag`s tg tmf hgeputfr, suhm os o egusf, bfyngorl, dropmahs toncft, aeodf sho``fr, norhglf rfolfr, doef hg`trgccfr, cadmt  pf`, cadmt du`, eahrgpmg`f, ladatoc hoefro, wfnhoe, lo`hf pol, o`l  rfol-g`cy efegry)2 >. Gutput lfvahfs, suhm os o eg`atgr o`l o pra`tfr

o` gutput lfvahf prgvalfs gutput irge tmf hgeputfr, suhm os o hgeputfr eg`atgr,  prgkfhtgr, pra`tfr, mfolpmg`fs, o`l  hgeputfr spfobfr)2 o`l

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 8. Xtgrodf lfvahfs, suhm os o morl lravf gr icosm lravf

O` a`put/gutput lfvahf  pfrigres ngtm a`put o`l gutput iu`htag`s, suhm os o hgeputfr loto stgrodf lfvahf (a`hcula`d o lasb lravf, VXN icosm lravf, efegry horl, o`l  topf lravf). Eo`y eglfr` fcfhtrg`ah lfvahfs, suhm os ladatoc wothmfs, seortpmg`fs, o`l  toncft hgeputfrs, movf a`tfriohfs tmot occgw tmfe tg nf usfl os hgeputfr pfrapmfroc lfvahfs. Xgef lfvahfs iocc a`tg egrf tmo` g`f hotfdgry. Hg`salfr o HL-^GE lravf2 ygu ho` usf at tg rfol loto gr eusah (a`put), o`l ygu ho` usf at tg wratf loto tg o HL (gutput). Zfrapmfroc lfvahfs ho` nf fxtfr`oc gr a`tfr`oc. Igr fxoepcf, o pra`tfr as o` fxtfr`oc lfvahf tmot ygu hg``fht usa`d o honcf, wmacf o` gptahoc lash lravf as typahoccy cghotfl a`salf tmf hgeputfr hosf. A`tfr`oc pfrapmfroc lfvahfs orf ocsg rfifrrfl tg os a`tfdrotfl pfrapmfrocs. Tmf` egst pfgpcf rfifr tg pfrapmfrocs, tmfy typahoccy efo` fxtfr`oc g`fs. \mf hg`hfpt gi wmot fxohtcy as 'pfrapmfroc' as tmfrfigrf sgefwmot icual. Igr o lfsbtgp hgeputfr, o bfyngorl o`l o eg`atgr orf hg`salfrfl pfrapmfrocs - ygu ho` fosacy hg``fht o`l lashg``fht tmfe o`l rfpcohf tmfe ai `fflfl. Igr o coptgp hgeputfr, tmfsf hgepg`f`ts orf nuact a`tg tmf hgeputfr systfe o`l ho`'t nf fosacy rfegvfl. \mf tfre 'pfrapmfroc' ocsg lgfs `gt efo` at as `gt fssf`taoc igr tmf iu`htag` gi tmf hgeputfr. Xgef lfvahfs, suhm os o pra`tfr, ho` nf lashg``fhtfl o`l tmf hgeputfr wacc bffp g` wgrba`d kust ia`f. Mgwfvfr, rfegvf tmf eg`atgr gi o lfsbtgp hgeputfr o`l at nfhgefs prftty euhm usfcfss.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected]\ LFYAHFX;                      



Dropmahs \oncfts Hoefros Yalfg Hopturf Morlworf \rohbnoccs Norhglf rfolfr Ladatoc hoefro Doefpol Kgystahb Bfyngorl Eahrgpmg`f EALA bfyngorl Egusf (pga`ta`d lfvahf) Xho``fr Tfnhoe \guhmpols Zf` A`put Eahrgpmg`f Fcfhtrg`ah Tmatfngorl GE^ GH^ u) Zu`hm horl rfolfr v)EAH^ (Eod`ftah A`b hmorohtfr rfolfr) w) Eod`ftah \opf Lravf

GV\ZV\ LFYAHFX;           

Eg`atgr (CFL, CHL, H^\ fth) Zra`tfrs (occ typfs) Zcgttfrs Zrgkfhtgr CHL Zrgkfhtag` Zo`fcs Hgeputfr Gutput Eahrgiace (HGE) Xpfobfr(s) Mfol Zmg`f Yasuoc Laspcoy V`at Iace ^fhgrlfr Eahrgiahmf

NG\M [email protected]\ ‘ GV\ZV\ LFYAHFX;    



      

Eglfe  @ftwgrb horls/ @ftwgrb oloptfr \guhm Xhrff` Mfolsfts ( Mfolsft hg`sasts gi Xpfobfrs o`l  Eahrgpmg`f. Xpfobfr oht Gutput Lfvahf o`l Eahrgpmg`f oht os A`put lfvahf) Iohsaeacf (IO]) ( At mos sho``fr tg sho` tmf lghuef`t o`l ocsg movf pra`tfr tg Zra`t tmf lghuef`t ) Oulag Horls / Xgu`l Horl HL-^/^T, LYL, o`l Ncu-roy lravf Ladatoc hoefro Icgppy lasbfttf lravf Morl lravfs XL Horl VXN tmuen lravfs

X\G^ODF LFYAHFX [email protected]\AH X\G^ODF LFYAHFX  Icgppy lasbfttf  Morl lravf  Xupfr Lasb \opf hossfttf   [ap lasbfttf GZ\AHOC X\G^ODF LFYAHFX  Ncu-^oy lash  HL-^GE lash  HL-^ o`l HL-^T lash LYL-^, LYL+^, LYL-^T, o`l  LYL+^T lash ICOXM EFEG^Q LFYAHFX Kuep lravf gr icosm lravf   Efegry horl  Efegry stahb  XXL [email protected]@F [email protected] HCGVL   @ftwgrb stgrodf  Dggdcf lravf  XbyLravf `gw G`fLravf  aHcgul feoac stgrodf   eflaoiarf.hge ZOZF^ X\G^ODF  GE^  Zu`hm horl

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected]\ LFYAHFX \mfsf orf sgef lfvahfs tmot iffl loto a`tg tmf hgeputfr igr prghfssa`d. Xgef fxoepcfs a`hculf;?. >. 8. <. 6. 9. 4. =. 1. ?:. ??. ?>. ?8. ?<. ?6. ?9. ?4. ?=.

BFQNGO^L EGVXF \^OHBNOCC CADM\ [email protected] \GVHM XH^[email protected] EGLFE [email protected]@F^ EAH^[email protected] NO^ HGLF ^FOLF^ LADA\OC HOEF^O YALFG LADA\AXF^ [email protected]\AH [email protected] HMO^OH\F^ ^[email protected]\[email protected] (EAH^) [email protected]\H X\^AZX G^ X\^AZFX ^FOLF^ BFQ \G LAXB D^OZMAHX \ONCF\ GH^ GE^ YGAHF ^[email protected]\[email protected] XQX\FE Xtgrodf lfvahfs ho` nf usfl os a`put lfvahfs

Igccgwa`d orf ifw gi tmf aepgrto`t a`put lfvahfs wmahm orf usfl a` o hgeputfr;

BFQNGO^L Bfyngorl as tmf egst hgeeg` o`l vfry pgpucor a`put lfvahf wmahm mfcps a` a`putta`d loto tg tmf hgeputfr. \mf coygut gi tmf bfyngorl as cabf tmot gi trolatag`oc typfwratfr, octmgudm tmfrf orf sgef ollatag`oc bfys prgvalfl igr pfrigrea`d ollatag`oc iu`htag`s. Bfyngorls orf gi twg sazfs =< bfys gr ?:?/?:> bfys, nut `gw bfyngorls watm ?:< bfys gr ?:= bfys orf ocsg ovoaconcf igr Ta`lgws o`l A`tfr`ft. \mf bfys g` tmf bfyngorl orf os igccgws; [email protected]

? >

Bfys

Lfshraptag`

\ypa`d Bfys

\mfsf bfys a`hculf tmf cfttfr bfys (O-[) o`l ladat bfys (:-1) wmahm df`froccy davf soef coygut os tmot gi typfwratfrs.

@uefrah Bfypol

At as usfl tg f`tfr `uefrah loto gr hursgr egvfef`t. Df`froccy, at hg`sasts gi o sft gi ?4 bfys tmot orf coal gut a` tmf soef hg`iadurotag` usfl ny egst olla`d eohma`fs o`l hochucotgrs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Iu`htag` Bfys

\mf twfcvf iu`htag` bfys orf prfsf`t g` tmf bfyngorl wmahm orf orro`dfl a` o rgw ot tmf tgp gi tmf bfyngorl. Fohm iu`htag` bfy mos u`aquf efo`a`d o`l as usfl igr sgef spfhaiah purpgsf.

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Hg`trgc bfys

\mfsf bfys prgvalf hursgr o`l shrff` hg`trgc. At a`hculfs igur larfhtag`oc orrgw bfys. Hg`trgc bfys ocsg a`hculf Mgef, F`l, A`sfrt, Lfcftf, Zodf Vp, Zodf Lgw`, Hg`trgc(Htrc), Octfr`otf(Oct), Fshopf(Fsh).

6

Xpfhaoc Zurpgsf Bfys

Bfyngorl ocsg hg`toa`s sgef spfhaoc purpgsf bfys suhm os F`tfr, Xmait, Hops Cghb, @ue Cghb, Xpohf nor, \on, o`l Zra`t Xhrff`.

8

EGVXF

Egusf as egst pgpucor pga`ta`d lfvahf. At as o vfry ioegus hursgr-hg`trgc lfvahf mova`d o seocc  poce sazf ngx watm o rgu`l nocc ot ats nosf wmahm sf`sfs tmf egvfef`t gi egusf o`l sf`ls hgrrfspg`la`d sad`ocs tg HZV wmf` tmf egusf nuttg`s orf prfssfl. Df`froccy at mos twg nuttg`s hoccfl cfit o`l radmt nuttg` o`l o wmffc as prfsf`t nftwff` tmf  nuttg`s. Egusf ho` nf usfl tg hg`trgc tmf pgsatag` gi hursgr g` shrff`, nut at ho``gt nf usfl tg f`tfr tfxt a`tg tmf hgeputfr. Olvo`todfs   

Fosy tg usf  @gt vfry fxpf`savf Egvfs tmf hursgr iostfr tmo` tmf orrgw bfys gi bfyngorl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

KGQX\AHB

Kgystahb as ocsg o pga`ta`d lfvahf wmahm as usfl tg egvf hursgr pgsatag` g` o eg`atgr shrff`. At as o stahb mova`d o spmfrahoc nocc ot ats ngtm cgwfr o`l uppfr f`ls. \mf cgwfr spmfrahoc nocc egvfs a` o sghbft. \mf kgystahb ho` nf egvfl a` occ igur larfhtag`s. \mf iu`htag` gi kgystahb as saeacor tg tmot gi o egusf. At as eoa`cy usfl a` Hgeputfr Oalfl Lfsad`a`d(HOL) o`l pcoya`d hgeputfr doefs.

CADM\ [email protected]

Cadmt pf` as o pga`ta`d lfvahf wmahm as saeacor tg o pf`. At as usfl tg sfcfht o laspcoyfl ef`u atfe gr lrow pahturfs g` tmf eg`atgr shrff`. At hg`sasts gi o pmgtghfcc o`l o` gptahoc systfe pcohfl a` o seocc tunf. Tmf` tmf tap gi o cadmt pf` as egvfl gvfr tmf eg`atgr shrff` o`l pf` nuttg` as  prfssfl, ats pmgtghfcc sf`sa`d fcfef`t lftfhts tmf shrff` cghotag` o`l sf`ls tmf hgrrfspg`la`d sad`oc tg tmf HZV.

\^OHB NOCC

\rohb nocc as o` a`put lfvahf tmot as egstcy usfl a` `gtfnggb gr coptgp hgeputfr, a`stfol gi o egusf. \mas as o nocc wmahm as moci a`sfrtfl o`l ny egva`d ia`dfrs g` nocc, pga`tfr ho` nf egvfl. Xa`hf tmf wmgcf lfvahf as `gt egvfl, o trohb nocc rfquarfs cfss spohf tmo` o egusf. O trohb nocc hgefs a` voragus smopfs cabf o nocc, o nuttg` o`l o squorf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX



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

O trohbnocc as o pga`ta`d lfvahf hg`sasta`d gi o nocc mfcl ny o sghbft hg`toa`a`d sf`sgrs tg lftfht o rgtotag` gi tmf nocc ongut twg oxfs “ cabf o` upsalf-lgw` egusf watm o` fxpgsfl  prgtrula`d nocc. \mf usfr rgccs tmf nocc watm tmf tmuen, ia`dfrs, gr tmf poce gi tmf mo`l tg egvf o pga`tfr. Hgeporfl watm o egusf, o trohbnocc mos `g caeats g` fiifhtavf trovfc2 ot taefs, o egusf ho` rfohm o` fldf gi ats wgrba`d orfo wmacf tmf gpfrotgr stacc wasmfs tg egvf tmf shrff` pga`tfr iortmfr. Tatm o trohbnocc, tmf gpfrotgr kust hg`ta`ufs rgcca`d, wmfrfos o egusf wgucl movf tg  nf caitfl o`l rf-pgsatag`fl. Xgef trohbnoccs movf `gtoncy cgw irahtag`, os wfcc os nfa`d eolf gi lf`sf eotfraoc suhm os dcoss, sg tmfy ho` nf spu` tg eobf tmfe hgost. \mf trohbnocc's  nuttg`s eoy nf satuotfl tg tmot gi o egusf gr tg o u`aquf stycf tmot suats tmf usfr. Cordf trohbnoccs orf hgeeg` g` HOL wgrbstotag`s igr fosy prfhasag`. Nfigrf tmf olvf`t gi tmf tguhmpol, seocc trohbnoccs wfrf hgeeg` g` pgrtoncf hgeputfrs, wmfrf tmfrf eoy nf `g lfsb spohf g` wmahm tg ru` o egusf. Xgef seocc tmuen noccs hcap g`tg tmf salf gi tmf bfyngorl o`l movf a`tfdroc nuttg`s watm tmf soef iu`htag` os egusf nuttg`s.

[email protected]@F^

Xho``fr as o` a`put lfvahf wmahm wgrbs egrf cabf o pmgtghgpy eohma`f. At as usfl wmf` sgef a`igreotag` as ovoaconcf g` o popfr o`l at as tg nf tro`sifrrfl tg tmf morl lash gi tmf hgeputfr igr iurtmfr eo`apucotag`. Xho``fr hopturfs aeodfs irge tmf sgurhf wmahm orf tmf` hg`vfrtfl a`tg tmf ladatoc igre tmot ho` nf stgrfl g` tmf lash. \mfsf aeodfs ho` nf flatfl nfigrf tmfy orf pra`tfl.

LADA\A[F^

Ladatazfr as o` a`put lfvahf wmahm hg`vfrts o`ocgd a`igreotag` a`tg ladatoc igre. Ladatazfr ho` hg`vfrt o sad`oc irge tmf tfcfvasag` gr hoefro a`tg o sfrafs gi `uenfrs tmot hgucl nf stgrfl a` o hgeputfr. \mfy ho` nf usfl ny tmf hgeputfr tg hrfotf o pahturf gi wmotfvfr tmf hoefro mol nff`  pga`tfl ot. Ladatazfr as ocsg b`gw` os \oncft gr Dropmahs \oncft nfhousf at hg`vfrts dropmahs o`l

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  pahtgraoc loto a`tg na`ory a`puts. O dropmah toncft os ladatazfr as usfl igr lga`d ia`f wgrbs gi lrowa`d o`l aeodf eo`apucotag` oppcahotag`s.

EAH^[email protected]

Eahrgpmg`f as o` a`put lfvahf tg a`put sgu`l tmot as tmf` stgrfl a` ladatoc igre. \mf eahrgpmg`f as usfl igr voragus oppcahotag`s cabf olla`d sgu`l tg o euctaeflao prfsf`totag` gr igr eaxa`d eusah.

[email protected]\AH [email protected] HO^L ^FOLF^(EAH^)

EAH^ a`put lfvahf as df`froccy usfl a` no`bs nfhousf gi o cordf `uenfr gi hmfqufs tg nf  prghfssfl fvfry loy. \mf no`b's hglf `uenfr o`l hmfquf `uenfr orf pra`tfl g` tmf hmfqufs watm o spfhaoc typf gi a`b tmot hg`toa`s portahcfs gi eod`ftah eotfraoc tmot orf eohma`f rfoloncf. \mas rfola`d prghfss as hoccfl Eod`ftah A`b Hmorohtfr ^fhgd`atag` (EAH^). \mf eoa` olvo`todf gi EAH^ as tmot at as iost o`l cfss frrgr prg`f.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX GZ\AHOC HMO^OH\F^ ^FOLF^(GH^)

GH^ as o` a`put lfvahf usfl tg rfol o pra`tfl tfxt. GH^ sho`s tfxt gptahoccy hmorohtfr ny hmorohtfr, hg`vfrts tmfe a`tg o eohma`f rfoloncf hglf o`l stgrfs tmf tfxt g` tmf systfe efegry.

NO^ HGLF ^FOLF^X

Nor Hglf ^folfr as o lfvahf usfl igr rfola`d nor hglfl loto (loto a` igre gi cadmt o`l lorb ca`fs). Nor hglfl loto as df`froccy usfl a` confca`d dggls, `uenfra`d tmf nggbs fth. At eoy nf o mo`l mfcl sho``fr gr eoy nf fenfllfl a` o stotag`ory sho``fr. Nor Hglf ^folfr sho`s o nor hglf aeodf, hg`vfrts at a`tg o` ocpmo`uefrah vocuf wmahm as tmf` ifl tg tmf hgeputfr tg wmahm nor hglf rfolfr as hg``fhtfl. O norhglf rfolfr, ocsg hoccfl o prahf sho``fr gr pga`t-gi-socf (  ZGX ) sho``fr, as o mo`l-mfcl gr stotag`ory a`put lfvahf usfl tg hopturf o`l rfol a`igreotag` hg`toa`fl a` o  nor hglf . O norhglf rfolfr hg`sasts gi o sho``fr , o lfhglfr (fatmfr nuact-a` gr fxtfr`oc), o`l o honcf usfl tg hg``fht tmf rfolfr watm o hgeputfr. Nfhousf o norhglf rfolfr efrfcy hopturfs o`l tro`scotfs tmf norhglf a`tg `uenfrs o`l/gr cfttfrs, tmf loto eust nf sf`t tg o hgeputfr sg tmot o sgitworf oppcahotag` ho` eobf sf`sf gi tmf loto. Norhglf sho``frs ho` nf hg``fhtfl tg o hgeputfr tmrgudm o  sfraoc pgrt , bfyngorl  pgrt , gr o` a`tfriohf lfvahf hoccfl o wfldf . O norhglf rfolfr wgrbs ny larfhta`d o  nfoe gi cadmt ohrgss tmf nor hglf o`l efosura`d tmf oegu`t gi cadmt tmot as rficfhtfl nohb. (\mf lorb nors g` o norhglf rficfht cfss cadmt tmo` tmf wmatf spohfs nftwff` tmfe.) \mf sho``fr hg`vfrts tmf cadmt f`frdy a`tg fcfhtrahoc f`frdy, wmahm as tmf` hg`vfrtfl a`tg loto ny tmf lfhglfr o`l igrworlfl tg o hgeputfr.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

GZ\AHOC EO^B ^FOLF^ (GE^)

GE^ as o spfhaoc typf gi gptahoc sho``fr usfl tg rfhgd`azf tmf typf gi eorb eolf ny pf` gr  pf`hac. At as usfl wmfrf g`f gut gi o ifw octfr`otavfs as tg nf sfcfhtfl o`l eorbfl. At as spfhaoccy usfl igr hmfhba`d tmf o`swfr smffts gi fxoea`otag`s mova`d euctapcf hmgahf qufstag`s.

Xmgrt igr Gptahoc Eorb ^fola`d gr Gptahoc Eorb ^fhgd`atag`, GE^ as tmf prghfss gi dotmfra`d a`igreotag` irge mueo` nfa`ds ny rfhgd`aza`d eorbs g` o lghuef`t. GE^ as ohhgepcasmfl ny usa`d o morlworf lfvahf (sho``fr) tmot lftfhts o rficfhtag` gr caeatfl cadmt tro`seatto`hf g` gr tmrgudm pafhf gi popfr. GE^ occgws igr tmf prghfssa`d gi mu`lrfls gr tmguso`ls gi pmysahoc lghuef`ts pfr mgur. Igr fxoepcf, stulf`ts eoy rfhocc toba`d tfsts gr survfys wmfrf tmfy iaccfl a` nunncfs g` popfr (smgw` radmt) watm pf`hac. G`hf tmf igre mol nff` hgepcftfl, o tfohmfr gr tfohmfr's ossasto`t wgucl iffl tmf horls a`tg o systfe tmot drolfs gr dotmfrs a`igreotag` irge tmfe.

X\QCVX A` hgeputa`d, o stycus as o pf`-smopfl a`struef`t usfl watm dropmahs toncfts gr lfvahfs  tmot utacazf tguhmshrff` a`put. At as usfl tg wratf gr lrow g` o shrff`, saeacor tg mgw ygu wgucl g` o smfft gi popfr. V`cabf o pf`, stycusfs movf o pcostah gr ifct tap lfpf`la`d g` ats purpgsf o`l iu`htag`ocaty. \mf pahturf fxoepcf smgws tmf Zoce [>> Xtycus. Tmahm lfvahfs usf o stycus7 Grada`occy, tmf stycus wos `gt hgeeg`cy igu`l gr usfl watm lfvahfs gtmfr tmo`  dropmahs  toncfts o`l  ZLOs. Mgwfvfr, watm tmf rasa`d pgpucoraty gi tguhm shrff`s g`  egnacf lfvahfs, eo`y a`lavaluocs cabf tg usf o stycus os o rfpcohfef`t igr tmfar ia`dfr. \mf rfosg`a`d vorafs, nut at's usuoccy igr egrf ohhurotf `ovadotag` gr tg bffp gacs irge tmfar ia`dfrs gii gi tmfar lfvahf's shrff`.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected] HO^L Forcy eftmgl gi loto stgrodf usfl watm forcy hgeputfrs. Zu`hm horls ocsg b`gw` os  Mgccfratm horls o`l ANE horls orf popfr horls hg`toa`a`d sfvfroc pu`hmfl mgcfs tmot wfrf pu`hmfl ny mo`l gr eohma`f tg rfprfsf`t loto. \mfsf horls occgwfl hgepo`afs tg stgrf o`l ohhfss a`igreotag` ny f`tfra`d tmf horl a`tg tmf hgeputfr. \mf pahturf as o` fxoepcf gi o pu`hm horl. Zu`hm horls orf b`gw` tg nf usfl os forcy os ?4>6 igr hg`trgcca`d tfxtacf cgges. \mf  horls wfrf cotfr usfl tg stgrf o`l sforhm igr a`igreotag` a`  ?=8> ny Xfef` Bgrsobgv. Cotfr a` ?=1:, Mfreo` Mgccfratm lfvfcgpfl o eftmgl igr eohma`fs tg rfhgrl o`l stgrf a`igreotag` g` pu`hm horls tg nf usfl igr tmf VX hf`sus. Mf cotfr igrefl tmf hgepo`y wf b`gw os ANE. Zu`hm horls wfrf tmf praeory eftmgl gi stgra`d o`l rftrafva`d loto a` tmf forcy ?1::s,  o`l nfdo` nfa`d rfpcohfl ny gtmfr eftmgls a` tmf ?19:s o`l tgloy orf rorfcy usfl.

\GVHMXH^[email protected] O tguhmshrff` as o eg`atgr gr gtmfr icot suriohf watm o sf`satavf po`fc larfhtcy g` tmf  shrff` tmot rfdastfrs tmf tguhm gi o ia`dfr os o` a`put. A`stfol gi nfa`d tguhm-sf`satavf, sgef tguhmshrff`s usf nfoes ohrgss tmf shrff` tg hrfotf o dral tmot sf`sfs tmf prfsf`hf gi o ia`dfr. O tguhmshrff` occgws tmf usfr tg a`tfroht watm o lfvahf watmgut o  egusf gr  bfyngorl o`l  as usfl watm seortpmg`fs, toncfts, hgeputfr shrff`s, o`l a`igreotag` bagsbs. Mgw lg ygu usf tmf tguhmshrff`7  @gtf; @gt occ tguhmshrff`s oht tmf soef, o`l o`y gi tmf nfcgw ohtag`s eoy rfoht  laiifrf`tcy g` ygur lfvahf. \op - O df`tcf tguhm gr top gi tmf shrff` watm o ia`dfr g`hf tg gpf` o` opp gr sfcfht o`  gnkfht. Lguncf-top - Lfpf`la`d g` wmfrf ygu orf o lguncf-top ho` movf laiifrf`t iu`htag`s. Igr  fxoepcf, a` o nrgwsfr lguncf-toppa`d tmf shrff` zgges a`tg wmfrf ygu lguncf-toppfl. Lguncf-toppa`d tfxt a` o tfxt flatgr sfcfhts o wgrl gr sfhtag` gi wgrls. \guhm o`l mgcl - Df`tcy tguhma`d o`l mgcla`d ygur ia`dfr gvfr o` gnkfht sfcfhts gr  madmcadmts tmf gnkfht. Igr fxoepcf, ygu hgucl tguhm o`l mgcl o` ahg` o`l tmf` lrod at sgefwmfrf fcsf g` tmf shrff` gr madmcadmt tfxt.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 





Lrod - Oitfr ygu movf tguhmfl o`l mfcl o`ytma`d g` tmf shrff` wmacf bffpa`d tmf ygur ia`dfr g` tmf shrff` lrod tmot gnkfht gr madmcadmt a` o`y larfhtag` o`l tmf` cait ygur ia`dfr gii gi tmf shrff` tg lrgp at a` pcohf gr stgp madmcadmta`d. Xwapf - Xwapa`d ygur ia`dfr ohrgss tmf shrff` shrgccs tmf shrff` a` tmot larfhtag`. Igr fxoepcf, prfssa`d tmf ia`dfr ot tmf ngttge gi tmf shrff` o`l quahbcy egva`d at up (swapa`d) shrgccs tmf shrff` lgw`. Za`hm - Zcoha`d twg ia`dfrs g` tmf shrff` o`l tmf` pa`hma`d tmfe tgdftmfr  zgges gut o`l  pa`hma`d ygur ia`dfrs tgdftmfr o`l tmf` egva`d tmfe owoy irge fohm gtmfr zgges a`tg wmfrf ygu stortfl.

TFNHOE





O wfnhoe as o morlworf hoefro hg``fhtfl tg o hgeputfr tmot occgws o`yg`f hg``fhtfl tg tmf A`tfr`ft tg vafw fatmfr stacc pahturfs gr egtag` valfg gi o usfr gr gtmfr gnkfht. \mf  pahturf gi tmf Cgdatfhm Tfnhoe H>4: as o dggl fxoepcf gi wmot o wfnhoe eoy cggb. \gloy, egst wfnhoes orf fatmfr fenfllfl a`tg tmf laspcoy watm  coptgp hgeputfrs gr hg``fhtfl tg tmf VXN gr  IarfTarf pgrt g` tmf hgeputfr.  @gtf; V`cabf o ladatoc hoefro o`l  ladatoc hoehgrlfr, o wfnhoe lgfs `gt movf o`y nuact-a` stgrodf. A`stfol, at as ocwoys hg``fhtfl tg o hgeputfr o`l usfs tmf hgeputfr morl lravf os ats stgrodf.

LADA\OC HOEF^O O ladatoc hoefro as o hoefro tmot stgrfs tmf pahturfs o`l  valfg at tobfs a` fcfhtrg`ah  igreot a`stfol gi tg iace. \mf pahturf as gi o Hosag _Y-^9>, o 9.: Efdo Zaxfc ladatoc hoefro o`l fxoepcf gi o typahoc ladatoc hoefro.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  @gtf; O hoefro tmot as ocwoys hg``fhtfl tg ygur hgeputfr watm `g stgrodf hgucl ocsg nf rfifrrfl tg os o ladatoc hoefro. Mgwfvfr, at as egrf opprgpraotf tg rfifr tg tmas hoefro os o wfnhoe. Ladatoc hoefro olvo`todfs Nfcgw orf bfy olvo`todfs tmot eobf ladatoc hoefros o pgpucor hmgahf wmf` hgeporfl tg  iace hoefros. CHL shrff`  \mf CHL shrff` ho` smgw pmgtgs o`l valfgs oitfr tmfy movf nff` tobf`, wmahm occgws  ygu tg lfcftf tmf pmgtg ai ygu lg `gt cabf tmf rfsucts gr smgw gtmfr pfgpcf. Xtgrodf  O ladatoc hoefro ho` stgrf mu`lrfls gi pahturfs a`stfol gi g`cy up tg 89 pahturfs.  Zahturf lfvfcgpef`t  Ladatoc hoefro pahturfs ho` nf lfvfcgpfl, nut ygu ho` pahb o`l hmggsf wmot pahturfs tg  lfvfcgp a`stfol gi mova`d tg lfvfcgp o iucc rgcf gi iace watm pahturfs ygu lg`'t wo`t. Xazf  Nfhousf o ladatoc hoefro lgfs `gt `ffl o pcohf igr iace o ladatoc hoefro (`gt o` XC^) as  euhm seoccfr o`l ho` fosacy nf horrafl a` ygur pghbft gr pursf. 

NAGEF\^AHX Tmf` rfifrra`d tg hgeputfrs o`l sfhuraty, nageftrahs as tmf alf`taiahotag` gi o pfrsg` ny  tmf efosurfef`t gi tmfar nagcgdahoc ifoturfs. Igr fxoepcf, o usfr alf`taiya`d tmfesfcvfs tg o hgeputfr gr nuacla`d ny tmfar ia`dfr pra`t gr vgahf as hg`salfrfl o nageftrahs alf`taiahotag`. Tmf` hgeporfl tg o posswgrl, tmas typf gi systfe as euhm egrf laiiahuct tg iobf sa`hf at as u`aquf tg tmf pfrsg`. Nfcgw as o casta`d gi occ b`gw` nageftrah lfvahfs. Gtmfr hgeeg` eftmgls gi o nageftrahs sho` orf o pfrsg`'s iohf, mo`l, aras, o`l rfta`o.  \ypfs gi nageftrah lfvahfs Iohf sho``fr - Nageftrah iohf sho``frs alf`taiy o pfrsg` ny toba`d efosurfef`ts gi o   pfrsg` iohf. Igr fxoepcf, tmf lasto`hf nftwff` tmf pfrsg`s hma`, fyfs, `gsf, o`l egutm. \mfsf typfs gi sho``frs ho` nf vfry sfhurf ossuea`d tmfy orf seort f`gudm tg lasta`duasm  nftwff` o pahturf gi o pfrsg` o`l o rfoc pfrsg`. Mo`l sho``fr - Cabf ygur ia`dfr pra`t, tmf poce gi ygur mo`l as ocsg u`aquf tg ygu. O   nageftrah mo`l sho``fr wacc alf`taiy tmf pfrsg` ny tmf poce gi tmfar mo`l. Ia`dfr sho``fr - Cabf tmf pahturf smgw` g` tmas podf o nageftrah ia`dfr sho``fr  alf`taiafs tmf pfrsg` ny tmfar ia`dfr pra`t. \mfsf ho` nf o sfhurf eftmgl gi alf`taiya`d o  pfrsg`, mgwfvfr, hmfop o`l cfss sgpmastahotfl ia`dfr pra`t sho``frs ho` nf lupfl o `uenfr gi woys. Igr fxoepcf, a` tmf smgw Eytm Nustfrs tmfy wfrf oncf tg iobf o ia`dfr  pra`t usa`d o Dueey Nfor ho`ly trfot. ^fta`o gr aras sho``fr - O nageftrah rfta`o gr aras sho``fr alf`taiafs o pfrsg` ny sho``a`d  tmf aras gr rfta`o gi tmfar fyfs. \mfsf sho``frs orf egrf sfhurf nageftrah outmf`tahotag` shmfefs wmf` hgeporfl tg tmf gtmfr lfvahfs nfhousf tmfrf as `g b`gw` woy tg lupcahotf tmf rfta`o gr aras.

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8=

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Ygahf sho``fr - Ia`occy, o vgahf o`ocysas sho``fr wacc eotmfeotahoccy nrfob lgw` o  pfrsg`'s vgahf tg alf`taiy tmfe. \mfsf sho``frs ho` mfcp aeprgvf sfhuraty nut watm sgef cfss sgpmastahotfl sho``frs ho` nf nypossfl usa`d o topf rfhgrla`d.

ZOLLCF g

g

Egrf hgeeg`cy b`gw` os o doef pollcf gr doefpol, o pollcf as o` a`put lfvahf hgeeg`cy usfl watm doefs tmot eoy hg`toa` voragus nuttg`s usfl tg stffr o`l utacazf laiifrf`t gptag`s a` o doef. Occ hg`sgcf doef systfes utacazf o pollcf gr doefpol igr hg`trgc. \mf pahturf smgws o` fxoepcf gi o doef pollcf usfl watm tmf Otora >9::. \mf tfre pollcf eoy ocsg nf usfl tg lfshranf voragus mo`lmfcl lfvahfs tmot orf hoponcf gi hg`trgcca`d o iu`htag` g` o hgeputfr gr fcfhtrg`ah lfvahf.

\GVHMZOL Octfr`otavfcy rfifrrfl tg os o dcalf pol, dcalf pga`t, prfssurf sf`satavf toncft, gr  trohbpol, o tguhmpol as o` a`putlfvahf g` coptgps o`l sgef bfyngorls tg egvf o hursgr watm ygur ia`dfr. At ho` nf usfl a` pcohf gi o` fxtfr`oc egusf. O tguhmpol as gpfrotfl ny usa`d ygur ia`dfr o`l lrodda`d at ohrgss tmf icot suriohf gi tmf  tguhmpol. Os ygu egvf ygur ia`dfr g` tmf suriohf, tmf egusf hursgr egvfs a` tmot soef larfhtag`. Cabf egst hgeputfr eahf, tmf tguhmpol ocsg mos twg nuttg`s nfcgw tmf tguhm suriohf tmot occgws ygu tg cfit -hcahb gr radmt-hcahb.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

EAH^ 



Xmgrt igr Eod`ftah-A`b Hmorohtfr ^fhgd`atag`, EAH^ as o ig`t hoponcf gi rfhgd`atag` usa`d eod`ftahoccy hmordfl a`b. Hgeputfrs fquappfl watm tmf radmt morlworf o`l sgitworf ho` pra`t gr rfol tmf hmorohtfr pra`tfl a` suhm a`b. EAH^ ig`t as hgeeg`cy usfl tg pra`t hmfhbs, lfpgsat scaps, egrtdodf hgupg`s, fth. \mfrf orf sfvfroc EAH^ ig`ts, tmf EAH^ F-?8N ig`t as usfl a` tmf Ho`olo, Zo`oeo, Zufrtg ^ahg, VB, o`l tmf V`atfl Xtotfs. \mf EAH^ H^H-4 wos hrfotfl ohhgrla`d tg tmf  AXG sto`lorls o`l as o ig`t usfl a` Iro`hf, Efxahg, Xpoa`, o`l egst gtmfr Xpo`asm spfoba`d hgu`trafs.

[email protected]\AH HO^L ^FOLF^ O eod`ftah horl rfolfr as o lfvahf tmot ho` rftrafvf stgrfl a`igreotag` irge o eod`ftah  horl fatmfr ny mgcla`d tmf horl `fxt tg tmf lfvahf gr swapa`d tmf horl tmrgudm o scgt a` tmf lfvahf. \mf pahturf as o` fxoepcf gi o eod`ftah horl rfolfr o`l o dggl fxoepcf gi tmf typf gi horl rfolfr ygu wgucl sff ot egst rftoac stgrfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

CADM\ [email protected] O cadmt du` as o pga`ta`d a`put lfvahf tmot lftfhts cadmt usa`d o pmgtglaglf a` tmf du`   norrfc. Tmf` tmf pcoyfr gi tmf doef puccs tmf traddfr g` tmf du`, tmf shrff` as nco`bfl gut igr o irohtag` gi o sfhg`l, wmahm occgws tmf pmgtglaglf tg lftfrea`f wmfrf tmf du` as  pga`tfl. Cadmt du`s wfrf egst walfcy usfl watm forcy hg`sgcf doea`d systfes suhm os tmf @FX [oppfr cadmt du`, os smgw` a` tmf pahturf. Vsa`d tmas du` tmf pcoyfr hgucl pcoy doefs wmfrf tmfy wfrf rfquarfl tg pga`t tmf du` ot tmf shrff` o`l smggt tordfts, suhm os luhbs a` tmf pgpucor Luhb Mu`t doef.

D^OZMAHX \ONCF\ Octfr`otavfcy rfifrrfl tg os o lrowa`d toncft o`l pf` toncft, o dropmahs toncft as o  morlworf a`put lfvahf tmot f`oncfs o` ortast tg lrow gr sbfthm ladatoccy usa`d o pf` gr stycus. \mfy orf mfcpiuc nfhousf tmfy prgvalf o egrf `oturoc o`l prfhasf iffc tmo` o sto`lorl hgeputfr  egusf. \mf pahturf tg tmf radmt smgws o` fxoepcf gi o Zf` Dropmahs \oncft irge Tohge. Xaeacor tg o` ortast lrowa`d watm o pf`hac o`l popfr, o usfr lrows g` tmf dropmahs toncft  watm o stycus. \mf hgeputfr wacc hg`vfrt tmf lrowa`d strgbfs a`tg ladatoc igre, laspcoya`d tmfe g` tmf hgeputfr shrff`. \mf dropmahs toncft ho` ocsg nf usfl tg hopturf usfrs' sad`oturfs. \mas usf as saeacor tg tmf  sad`oturf pols igu`l ot eo`y rftoac stgrfs, wmfrf ygu wgucl wratf ygur sad`oturf oitfr usa`d o hrflat horl tg eobf o purhmosf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Hmgrlfl bfyngorl   ,DBGX bfyngorl ,Bfyfr ,\fcfdropm bfy (~>: TZEEgrsf hglf)



Yanrgpcfx (8: ‘ =: TZE Egrsf) ,Bfyngorl, \ypa`d ,Hgeputfr bfyngorl



Mo`lwrata`d rfhgd`atag` ,Gptahoc hmorohtfr rfhgd`atag`  ,Xpffhm rfhgd`atag`

\F]\ [email protected]\ LFYAHFX

[email protected]\[email protected] LFYAHFX



 pf`, Cadmt,Hynfrdcgvf ,\guhm shrff` ,Mfol pga`tfr ,Fyf dozf/fyf trohba`d



Hgeputfr egusf ,\rohbnocc ,\guhmpol ,Zga`ta`d stahb ,Dropmahs toncft (gr ladataza`d toncft) ,Xtycus



 pollcf, Zgwfr Zol, Kgystahb   ,Doefpol (gr kgypol)

[email protected] LFYAHFX AEODF, YALFG [email protected]\ LFYAHFX OVLAG [email protected]\ LFYAHFX



Ladatoc hoehgrlfr ,Tfnhoe, Ladatoc rfhgrlfr, Aeodf



8L sho``fr   ,Ladatoc hoefro

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Eahrgpmg`f (sff ocsg spffhm rfhgd`atag`) ,Ladatoc oulag rfhgrlfr ,Ladatoc Lahtopmg`f

GV\ZV\ LFYAHFX                     

8L Zra`tfr Nroaccf fengssfr Nroaccf rfolfr Icot po`fc DZX Mfolpmg`fs Hgeputfr Gutput Eahrgiace (HGE) Eg`atgr Zcgttfr Zra`tfr (Lgt eotrax pra`tfr, A`bkft pra`tfr, o`l  Cosfr pra`tfr) Zrgkfhtgr Xgu`l horl Xpfobfrs Xpffhm-df`frota`d lfvahf (XDL) \Y Yalfg horl Nuzzfrs Egtgrs Xwathmfl gutputs Cadmts Efhmo`ahoc lfvahfs, fd o rgngt ore

Bffp a` ea`l tmot lravfs suhm os o HL-^GE, LYL, Icgppy lasbfttf lravf, o`l  VXN Icosm lravf eoy nf hoponcf gi rfhfava`d a`igreotag` irge tmf hgeputfr, nut tmfy orf `gt gutput lfvahfs. \mfsf orf hg`salfrfl  stgrodf lfvahfs.

?.

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<>

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

8L Z^[email protected]\F^ 



Hrfotfl ny Hmorcfs Mucc a` ?1=<, tmf 8L pra`tfr as o pra`ta`d lfvahf tmot hrfotfs o  pmysahoc gnkfht irge o ladatoc eglfc usa`d eotfraocs suhm os eftoc occgys, pgcyefrs, gr  pcostahs. O` gnkfht's lfsad` typahoccy nfda`s a` o hgeputfr oalfl lfsad` (HOL) sgitworf systfe, wmfrf ats ncufpra`t as hrfotfl. \mf ncufpra`t as tmf` sf`t irge tmf HOL systfe tg tmf  pra`tfr a` o iacf igreot b`gw` os o Xtfrfg catmgdropmy (X\C), wmahm as typahoccy usfl a` HOL systfes tg lfsad` 8L gnkfhts. \mf pra`tfr tmf` rfols tmf ncufpra`t a` hrgss-sfhtag`s o`l nfda` tmf prghfss gi rfhrfota`d tmf gnkfht kust os at oppfors a` tmf hgeputfr oalfl lfsad`. A` tmf pahturf nfcgw as o` fxoepcf gi o 8L pra`tfr hoccfl tmf  IcosmIgrdf.

Oppcahotag` gi 8L pra`tfrs 8L pra`tfrs orf usfl a` eo`y lashapca`fs--ofrgspohf f`da`ffra`d, lf`tastry, orhmofgcgdy,  nagtfhm`gcgdy, o`l a`igreotag` systfes orf o ifw fxoepcfs gi a`lustrafs tmot utacazf tmfe. Os o` fxoepcf, o 8L pra`tfr eadmt nf usfl a` tmf iafcl gi orhmofgcgdy tg pmysahoccy rfhg`struht o`haf`t ortaiohts tmot movf nff` loeodfl gvfr taef, tmus fcaea`ota`d tmf >. XZFOBF^ Occgws o usfr tg mfor sgu`ls o`l eusah irge tmf hgeputfr prgvalfl tmf systfe mos a`stoccfl o sgu`l horl. 8. EGLFE O` A`put/ Gutput fcfhtrg`ah lfvahf watm harhuats wmahm hmo`dfs loto tg nf tro`seattfl irge ats eohma`f igre (ladatoc igre) a`tg o igre suatoncf igr tro`seassag` gvfr tmf tfcfpmg`f ca`f (o`ocgduf igre). Ot tmf rfhfava`d f`l at hg`vfrts loto vahf-vfrso. At as g`cy `fhfssory wmf` g`f `ffls tg hgeeu`ahotf a`igreotag` gvfr o cg`d lasto`hf o`l wmf` hg``fhtfl tg tmf a`tfr`ft.

<. [email protected] Mfolpmg`fs davf sgu`l gutput irge tmf hgeputfr. \mfy orf saeacor tg spfobfrs, fxhfpt tmfy orf wgr` g` tmf fors sg g`cy g`f pfrsg` ho` mfor tmf gutput ot o taef

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 6. [email protected] HO^L 

Octfr`otavfcy rfifrrfl tg os o` oulag gutput lfvahf, sgu`l ngorl, gr oulag horl. O sgu`l horl as o` fxpo`sag` horl gr  AH igr prgluha`d sgu`l g` o hgeputfr tmot ho` nf mforl tmrgudm spfobfrs gr  mfolpmg`fs. Octmgudm tmf hgeputfr lgfs `gt `ffl o sgu`l lfvahf tg iu`htag`, tmfy orf a`hculfl g` fvfry eohma`f a` g`f igre gr o`gtmfr, fatmfr a` o` fxpo`sag` scgt (sgu`l horl) gr g` tmf egtmfrngorl (g`ngorl).

Xgu`l horl hg``fhtag`s

\mf pahturf as o` fxoepcf gi o sgu`l horl oulag pgrts gr oulag kohbs g` tmf nohb gi ygur hgeputfr, ossghaotfl hgcgrs, o`l tmf hg``fhtgr syengcs. 

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Ladatoc Gut (Tmatf gr Qfccgw2 wgrls; "Ladatoc" gr "Ladatoc Gut") - Vsfl watm surrgu`l sgu`l gr cgulspfobfrs. Xgu`l a` gr ca`f a` (Ncuf2 Orrgw pga`ta`d a`tg wovfs) - Hg``fhtag` igr fxtfr`oc oulag sgurhfs, f.d. topf rfhgrlfr, rfhgrl pcoyfr, gr HL pcoyfr. Eahrgpmg`f gr Eah (Za`b2 Eahrgpmg`f) - \mf hg``fhtag` igr o  eahrgpmg`f gr mfolpmg`fs. Xgu`l gut gr ca`f gut (Drff`2 Orrgw pga`ta`d gut gi wovfs) - \mf praeory sgu`l hg``fhtag` igr ygur spfobfrs gr mfolpmg`fs. \mas sgu`l horl ocsg mos o sfhg`l (ncohb) o`l tmarl (gro`df) sgu`l gut hg``fhtgr. Iarfwarf (@gt pahturfl) - Vsfl watm sgef madm-quocaty sgu`l horls igr ladatoc valfg hoefros o`l gtmfr lfvahfs. EALA gr  kgystahb (?6 pa` yfccgw hg``fhtgr) - Vsfl watm forcafr sgu`l horls tg hg``fht EALA bfyngorl gr kgystahb.

\ap; Vsuoccy tmf honcfs hg``fhta`d tg tmf lfvahfs orf o csg hgcgr-hglfl o`l wacc eothm gr nf hcgsf tg tmf hgcgrs tmf honcfs hg``fht a`tg. Igr fxoepcf, tmf f`l gi tmf spfobfrs honcf eoy movf o drff` ca`f gr nf hgepcftfcy drff`. Vsfs gi o hgeputfr sgu`l horl     

Doefs Oulag HLs o`l castf`a`d tg eusah Tothm egvafs Oulag hg`ifrf`ha`d Hrfota`d o`l pcoya`d Eala

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX    

Fluhotag`oc sgitworf Nusa`fss prfsf`totag`s ^fhgrl lahtotag`s Ygahf rfhgd`atag`

9. ZCG\\F^X

O pcgttfr as o hgeputfr morlworf lfvahf euhm cabf o pra`tfr tmot as usfl igr pra`ta`d vfhtgr dropmahs. A`stfol gi  tg`fr, pcgttfrs usf o pf`, pf`hac, eorbfr, gr o`gtmfr wrata`d tggc tg lrow euctapcf, hg`ta`ugus ca`fs g`tg popfr rotmfr tmo` o sfrafs gi lgts cabf o trolatag`oc pra`tfr. \mgudm g`hf walfcy usfl igr  hgeputfr-oalfl lfsad`, tmfsf lfvahfs movf egrf gr cfss nff` pmosfl gut ny walf-igreot pra`tfrs. Zcgttfrs orf usfl tg prgluhf o morl hgpy gi shmfeotahs o`l gtmfr saeacor oppcahotag`s.

O pcgttfr ho` nf usfl tg prgluhf madm quocaty, ohhurotf, O8 sazf gr naddfr lrowa`ds. \mfy orf usuoccy usfl igr Hgeputfr Oalfl Lfsad` (HOL) o`l Hgeputfr Oalfl Eo`uiohturf (HOE) oppcahotag`s suhm os pra`ta`d gut pco`s igr mgusfs gr hor ports. Zcgttfrs; Mgw at wgrbs;

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Xuatoncf usfs;

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O lrue pcgttfr pra`ts ny egva`d o pf` salfwoys gvfr tmf suriohf gi o smfft gi popfr. G`f madm prfhasag` egtgr egvfs tmf pf` irge salf tg salf. O`gtmfr madm prfhasag` egtgr egvfs tmf popfr  nohbworls o`l igrworls. O` fcfhtrgeod`ft caits o`l lrgps laiifrf`t hgcgurfl a`b pf`s g`tg tmf popfr tg lrow ca`fs. O icot-nfl pcgttfr usfs twg madm prfhasag` egtgrs, g`f tg egvf tmf  pf` a` tmf ] larfhtag` o`l g`f tg egvf at a` tmf Q larfhtag`. \mf popfr lgfs `gt egvf. Zcgttfrs orf rfstrahtfl tg ca`f lrowa`d o`l ho` g`cy hrfotf o sgcal rfdag` gi hgcgur ny lrowa`d o `uenfr gi hcgsf, rfducor ca`fs. Zcgttfrs orf gitf` usfl a` shaf`hf o`l f`da`ffra`d oppcahotag`s igr lrowa`d nuacla`d pco`s, pra`tfl harhuat ngorls o`l eohma`f ports.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Olvo`todfs;



Lasolvo`todfs;

  

\mfy orf ohhurotf o`l ho` prgluhf ior cordfr pra`tguts tmo` sto`lorl pra`tfrs. Xcgw o`l rfcotavfcy fxpf`savf hgeporfl tg pra`tfrs. \mfy ho``gt pra`t rostfr ( pmgtgdropmah) aeodfs. \mfy ho` g`cy iacc sgcal ncghbs gi hgcgur usa`d hcgsfcy mothmfl ca`fs.

4. XZFOBF^ O spfobfr davfs ygu sgu`l gutput irge ygur hgeputfr. Xgef spfobfrs orf nuact a`tg tmf hgeputfr o`l sgef orf sfporotf

=. N^OACCF ^FOLF^ 



O nroaccf rfolfr, ocsg hoccfl o nroaccf laspcoy, as o` fcfhtrg`ah lfvahf tmot occgws o nca`l  pfrsg` tg rfol tmf tfxt laspcoyfl g` o hgeputfr eg`atgr. \mf hgeputfr sf`ls tmf tfxt tg tmf gutput lfvahf, wmfrf at as hg`vfrtfl tg Nroaccf o`l "laspcoyfl" ny roasa`d rgu`lfl  pa`s tmrgudm o icot suriohf g` tmf eohma`f. Nroaccf rfolfrs hgef a` voragus igres, a`hcula`d cordf u`ats (ongut tmf sazf gi o hgeputfr bfyngorl) o`l seoccfr u`ats, lfsad`fl tg wgrb watm  coptgps o`l  toncft hgeputfrs. \mfrf orf ocsg Nroaccf rfolfr opps igr  seortpmg`fs o`l toncfts tmot wgrb a` hg`ku`htag` watm o Ncuftggtm-hg``fhtfl Nroaccf gutput lfvahf.

1. YALFG HO^L

Octfr`otavfcy b`gw` os o laspcoy oloptfr, dropmahs horl, valfg oloptfr, valfg ngorl, gr valfg hg`trgccfr, o valfg horl as o` AH gr  a`tfr`oc ngorl tmot hrfotfs o pahturf g` o laspcoy.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

<9

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Yalfg horl pgrts \mf pahturf ongvf as o` fxoepcf gi o valfg horl watm tmrff hg``fhtag`s, gr  valfg pgrts, g` tmf  nohb. YDO hg``fhtgr  X-Yalfg hg``fhtgr  LYA hg``fhtgr  A` tmf post, YDO gr  XYDO wos tmf egst pgpucor hg``fhtag` usfl watm hgeputfr  eg`atgrs. \gloy, egst icot po`fc laspcoys usf tmf LYA hg``fhtgr gr  MLEA hg``fhtgr (`gt pahturfl ongvf). Yalfg horl fxpo`sag` scgts A` tmf pahturf ongvf, tmf valfg horl as a`sfrtfl a`tg tmf  ODZ fxpo`sag` scgt g` tmf  hgeputfr  egtmfrngorl. Gvfr tmf lfvfcgpef`t gi hgeputfrs, tmfrf movf nff` sfvfroc typfs gi  fxpo`sag` scgts usfl igr valfg horls. \gloy, tmf egst hgeeg` fxpo`sag` scgt igr valfg horls as ZHAf, wmahm rfpcohfl  ODZ, wmahm rfpcohfl  ZHA, wmahm rfpcohfl  AXO. ?:. DZX 





Xmgrt igr Dcgnoc Zgsatag`a`d Xystfe , DZX as o `ftwgrb gi sotfccatfs tmot mfcps usfrs lftfrea`f o cghotag` g` Fortm. \mf tmgudmt gi DZX wos hg`hfavfl oitfr tmf cou`hm gi Xput`ab a` ?164. A` ?19<, tmf \^[email protected]\ systfe nfhoef gpfrotag`oc g` V.X. Zgcoras suneora`fs o`l occgwfl igr ohhurotf pgsatag`a`d uplotfs. Cotfr tmas nfhoef ovoaconcf igr hgeefrhaoc usf a` ?194. \mf pahturf smgws o` fxoepcf gi tmf DO^[email protected] `uva 86:, o DZX usfl tg ia`l cghotag`s wmacf lrava`d. G` Xfptfenfr ?, ?1=8 Xgvaft kfts smgt lgw` o havacao` Bgrfo` Oar Ca`fs Icadmt ::4 icya`d irge @fw Qgrb tg Xfguc o`l bacc occ >91 possf`dfrs o`l hrfw. Os o rfsuct gi tmas eastobf, Zrfsalf`t ^g`ocl ^fdo` grlfrs tmf V.X. eacatory tg eobf Dcgnoc Zgsatag`a`d Xystfe (DZX) ovoaconcf igr havacao` usf. \gloy, watm tmf radmt fquapef`t gr sgitworf, o`yg`f ho` fstoncasm o hg``fhtag` tg tmfsf sotfccatfs tg fstoncasm mas gr mfr cghotag` watma` 6: tg ?:: ifft.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

<4

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ??. Z^GKFH\G^



O prgkfhtgr as o` gutput lfvahf tmot ho` tobf aeodfs df`frotfl ny o hgeputfr o`l rfprgluhf tmfe g` o cordf, icot (usuoccy cadmtcy hgcgrfl) suriohf. Igr fxoepcf, prgkfhtgrs orf usfl a` effta`ds tg mfcp f`surf tmot occ portahapo`ts ho` vafw tmf a`igreotag` nfa`d prfsf`tfl. \

?>. YLV (Yasuoc Laspcoy V`at) 



\mf YLV as gutput lfvahf. At laspcoys aeodfs o`l tfxt a` hgcgur gr ncohb o`l wmatf os at. At laspcoys rfsucts gi prghfssa`d. At as ocsg hoccfl o eg`atgr. \mf YLV sfrvfs os o dropmahoc a`tfriohf nftwff` tmf usfr o`l tmf hgeputfr. at occgws tmf usfr tg sff wmot mf gr smf as lga`d a` o hgeprfmf`savf eo``fr. Icot-po`fc laspcoy



Xgeftaefs onnrfvaotfl os IZL, o icot-po`fc laspcoy as o tma` shrff` laspcoy igu`l g` occ  pgrtoncf hgeputfrs o`l as tmf `fw sto`lorl igr  lfsbtgp hgeputfrs. V`cabf (H^\) eg`atgrs, icot-po`fc laspcoys usf caqual-hrystoc laspcoy (CHL) gr cadmt-featta`d laglf (CFL) tfhm`gcgdy tg eobf tmfe euhm cadmtfr o`l tma``fr hgeporfl tg o trolatag`oc eg`atgr. \mf pahturf smgws o` fxoepcf gi o` OXVX icot-po`fc laspcoy.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

<=

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

?8. Z^[email protected]\F^X 

At prgluhfs gutput g` popfr a.f. morl hgpy gr g` gtmfr pra`t-bfy eflao. \mf > typfs gi pra`tfrs orf aepoht o`l `g`-aepoht.

Aepoht pra`tfrs



\mf pra`ta`d lfvahf nfa`d o sfrafs gi pa`s movf o larfht aepoht g` tmf popfr.



\mf pa`s igre hmorohtfrs g` tmf popfr ny prfssa`d o pra`ta`d fcfef`t o`l o` a`bfl ranng` odoa`st popfr.



O` fxoepcf gi suhm o pra`tfr as tmf Lgt Eotrax.



\mf pra`tfrs orf rfosg`oncy iost, a`fxpf`savf o`l ho` prgluhf ngtm tfxt o`l dropmahs.



\mfy ocsg ohhgeeglotf voragus popfr sazfs nut orf mgwfvfr `gasy.

@g`-aepoht pra`tfrs



\mfsf orf quaftfr pra`tfrs o`l fxoepcfs a`hculf CosfrKft o`l a`bkft pra`tfrs.



\mf Cosfr pra`tfrs orf o egrf pgpucor hmgahf igr nusa`fss usf.



\mfy usf o pra`ta`d tfhm`aquf saeacor tg tmot usfl a` o pmgtghgpya`d eohma`f.



O cosfr nfoe as usfl tg igre o` aeodf g`tg tmf popfr usa`d tg`fr.



\mf pra`t quocaty as madm. Cosfrs orf iost, o`l quaft.



\mfy pra`t dropmahs nut orf egrf fxpf`savf.



\mf a`b-kft pra`tfrs orf eoa`cy hgcgur pra`tfrs wmahm eax a`b lfpf`la`d g` tmf aeodf hgcgur

o`l sproy at g`tg tmf popfr. 

\mf tg`fr mos tmf < nosah hgcgurs.



\mfy orf scgw, fxpf`savf o`l movf o madm pra`t quocaty.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

<1

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Tmot as tmf laiifrf`hf nftwff` aepoht o`l `g`-aepoht pra`tfrs7 LAIIF^[email protected] NF\[email protected] AEZOH\ [email protected] @[email protected]\ Z^[email protected]\F^X

AEZOH\ Z^[email protected]\F^X ?





At usfs pa`s, moeefrs gr wmffc tg strabf odoa`st o` a`bfl ranng` tg pra`t g` o  popfr..



 @greoccy aepoht pra`tfrs usf hg`ta`ugus  popfr smfft.

>

8 < 6



Aepoht pra`tfrs orf `greoccy cfss fxpf`savf.



Zra`t quocaty gi aepoht pra`tfrs as cgwfr tmo` tmgsf gi `g`-aepoht pra`tfrs..



Aepoht pra`tfrs usf spfhaoc a`bfl ranng`s tg prgluhf pra`t g` popfr wmf`  pra`t mfol strabfs.



Aepoht pra`tfrs orf cgw spffl pra`tfrs. \mfy hg`suef o cgt gi taef tg pra`t o lghuef`t.

9

4

=

1 ?:

At prgluhfs pra`t g` popfr ny straba`d efhmo`ase.

@[email protected]\ Z^[email protected]\F^X 

At prgluhfs pra`t g` popfr watm o `g`straba`d efhmo`ase



At usfs cosfr, sproy gi spfhaoc a`b, gr mfot o`l prfssurf tg pra`t g` popfr.



 @g`-Aepoht pra`tfrs `greoccy usf a`lavaluoc popfr smffts.



 @g`-Aepoht pra`tfrs orf egrf fxpf`savf.



Zra`t quocaty gi @g`-Aepoht pra`tfrs as madmfr tmo` tmgsf gi aepoht pra`tfrs.



 @g`-Aepoht pra`tfrs usf tg`fr gr hortraldf igr pra`ta`d g` popfr.



 @g`-Aepoht pra`tfrs orf vfry iost, tmfy ho`  pra`t eo`y podfs pfr ea`utf.



 @g`-Aepoht pra`tfrs lg `gt eobf o `gasf  nfhousf tmfy lg `gt usf straba`d efhmo`ase a` wmahm pra`t mfol strabfs g` ranng` o`l  popfr fth.



Aepoht pra`tfrs orf vfry `gasy nfhousf tmfy strabf pra`t mfol.



Fxoepcfs gi Aepoht pra`tfrs orf Lgt eotrax o`l loasy wmffc pra`tfrs.



Fxoepcfs gi @g`-Aepoht pra`tfrs orf cosfr  pra`tfrs o`l a`bkft pra`tfrs.



Aepoht pra`tfrs usf gcl pra`ta`d tfhm`gcgdafs.



 @g`-aepoht pra`tfrs usf cotfst pra`ta`d tfhm`gcgdafs.

Davf twg olvo`todfs gi `g`-aepoht pra`tfrs gvfr aepoht pra`tfrs.  Movf madm pra`t quocaty  \mfy orf iost o`l lg `gt eobf `gasf  \mfy orf rfcaoncf nfhousf tmfy movf cfss egva`d ports  Xff ongvf R`g` aepoht sfhtag`U

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

6:

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Davf tmrff fxoepcfs gi aepoht pra`tfrs & tmrff fxoepcfs gi `g`-aepoht pra`tfrs. Aepoht pra`tfrs @g` aepoht pra`tfrs Lgt eotrax Cosfr Loasy wmffc pra`tfrs A`bkft Ca`f pra`tfrs CFL Hmoa` pra`tfrs \mfreoc Eod`ftah Fcfhtrgstotah ]frgdropmah

@[email protected]\ Z^[email protected]\F^X ? - COXF^ Z^[email protected]\F^X; \mfsf pra`t a`lavaluoc podfs o`l wgrb a` o  Mgw at wgrbs; saeacor woy tg pmgtghgpafrs. O lrue as hmordfl tg eothm tmf aeodf o`l   pgwlfrfl a`b (tg`fr) stahbs tg tmf suriohf. \mf tg`fr as tmf` tro`sifrrfl tg tmf  popfr o`l iaxfl ny mfot o`l prfssurf. O shmggc gr nusa`fss pra`tfr wgucl movf o  typahoc spffl gi ?: tg >: podfs pfr ea`utf (ppe). Hgeeg` wmfrfvfr iost, madm quocaty pra`ta`d as rfquarfl.  Xuatoncf usfs;  @g`-hgcgur cosfr pra`tfrs orf egrf fxpf`savf tmo` a`b-kft pra`tfrs Lasolvo`todfs;  (nut tmf laiifrf`hf as `orrgwa`d). Hgcgur cosfr pra`tfrs orf hg`salfroncy egrf fxpf`savf. (nut tmfar spffl  o`l madm quocaty gutput efo`s tmfy orf nfhgea`d egrf pgpucor ). \mfy orf quaft o`l iost o`l prgluhf madm quocaty pra`tguts.  Olvo`todfs; ^u``a`d hgst orf cgw  nfhousf octmgudm tg`fr hortraldfs orf fxpf`savf  tg rfpcohf, tmfy cost o cg`d taef.

O typf gi pra`tfr tmot utacazfs o cosfr nfoe tg prgluhf o` aeodf g` o lrue. \mf cadmt gi tmf cosfr octfrs tmf fcfhtrahoc hmordf g` tmf lrue wmfrfvfr at mats. \mf lrue as tmf` rgccfl tmrgudm o rfsfrvgar gi tg`fr, wmahm as pahbfl up ny tmf hmordfl pgrtag`s gi tmf lrue. Ia`occy, tmf tg`fr as tro`sifrrfl tg tmf popfr tmrgudm o hgena`otag` gi mfot o`l prfssurf

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

6?

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX > - [email protected]\ Z^[email protected]\F^X; \mf pra`t mfol hg`toa`s ta`y `gzzcfs  Mgw at wgrbs; tmrgudm wmahm laiifrf`t hgcgurfl a`bs ho`  nf sproyfl g`tg tmf popfr tg igre tmf hmorohtfrs gr tmf dropmah aeodfs. \mf a`b as igrhfl gut ny mfot gr ny ta`y   pafzgfcfhtrah hrystocs wmahm hmo`df smopf wmf` o` fcfhtrah hurrf`t as oppcafl ohrgss tmfe. Xuatoncf usfs;



Lasolvo`todfs;

 

Olvo`todfs;



O pgpucor hmgahf igr mgef usf wmfrf seocc oegu`ts gi pra`ta`d orf lg`f o`l pmgtgdropmah quocaty hgcgur pra`ta`d as `fflfl. \mf a`b hortraldfs ho` nf fxpf`savf sg ru``a`d hgsts ho` nf madm. \mf pra`ta`d spffl as scgw hgeporfl tg o cosfr pra`tfr. \mfsf pra`tfrs orf rfcotavfcy a`fxpf`savf o`l prgluhf madm quocaty  ncohb o`l wmatf gr pmgtgdropmah quocaty ngrlfrcfss hgcgur pra`ta`d.

O typf gi pra`tfr tmot wgrbs ny sproya`d ag`azfl a`b ot o smfft gi popfr. Eod`ftazfl pcotfs a` tmf a`b's potm larfht tmf a`b g`tg tmf popfr a` tmf lfsarfl smopfs. A`b-kft pra`tfrs orf hoponcf gi  prgluha`d madm quocaty pra`t opprgohma`d tmot prgluhfl ny cosfr pra`tfrs

8. \mfreoc tro`sifr pra`tfrs- O typf gi pra`tfr tmot oppcafs mfot tg o ranng` o`l tmf aeodf gr  norhglf as tmf` tro`sifrrfl tg confcs gr tods. \mas tfhm`gcgdy prgluhfs o madmfr quocaty, cg`dfr costa`d aeodf g` tmf tod gr confc. Olvo`todfs -? tg > yfors eflao smfci caif -Eflao as `gt mfot sf`satavf -Eflaue tg madm aeodf quocaty -Talf ro`df gi ovoaconcf typfs -^fhgeef`lfl igr a`lustraoc usf Lasolvo`todfs -Xpfhaoc ranng`s rfquarfl -Ovfrodf gpfrotag`oc hgst -Ho``gt pra`t g` euctapcf-hgpy popfr -Xa`dcf-poss ranng`s g`cy

<. Larfht tmfreoc pra`tfrs - O typf gi pra`tfr tmot oppcafs mfot larfhtcy tg spfhaoccy trfotfl popfr, confcs gr tods tg igre tmf aeodf gr norhglf. Olvo`todfs [email protected] ranng` rfquarfl -Cgw gpfrotag`oc hgst Lasolvo`todfs -Xmgrt eflao smfci caif -Yfry mfot sf`satavf eflao -Caeatfl aeodf quocaty -Caeatfl `uenfr gi ovoaconcf typfs

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

6>

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX [email protected] rfhgeef`lfl igr usf a` a`lustraoc, gutlggr, gr morsm f`varg`ef`ts -Ho``gt pra`t g` euctapcf-hgpy popfr

AEZOH\ Z^[email protected]\F^X

? - LG\ EO\^A] Z^[email protected]\F^X; Mgw at wgrbs; \mf pra`t mfol trovfcs irge salf tg salf ohrgss tmf popfr o`l as eolf up gi `uefrgus pa`s wmahm orf pusmfl gut tg igre tmf smopf gi fohm hmorohtfr \mf pa`s mat o` a`b ranng` odoa`st tmf popfr sg tmf hmorohtfrs orf pra`tfl gut. \mf popfr as usuoccy hg`ta`ugus watm mgcfs lgw` fohm salf o`l pfrigrotag`s sg tmf podfs ho` nf fosacy sfporotfl ny tfora`d. Nfhousf tmf pa`s eobf o` aepoht odoa`st tmf  popfr tmf hmorohtfrs ho` nf pra`tfl tmrgudm sfvfroc coyfrs gi sfci-horng`ota`d popfr tg  prgluhf lupcahotf hgpafs.

Xuatoncf usfs;





Lasolvo`todfs ;





Olvo`todfs;

 

 

Caeatfl tg satuotag`s wmfrf lupcahotf hgpafs orf `fflfl o`l tmf quocaty as `gt tgg aepgrto`t. \ypahoc usfs eadmt nf a` worfmgusfs wmfrf lupcahotf hgpafs gi grlfrs `ffl tg prgluhfl quahbcy o`l hmfopcy. \mf pra`ta`d quocaty as cgw - tmfsf pra`tfrs prgluhf cgw tg eflaue quocaty ncohb o`l wmatf pra`ta`d o`l ho` g`cy pra`t cgw rfsgcutag` dropmahs. Nfhousf gi tmf aepoht gi tmf pa`s odoa`st tmf popfr, tmfsf pra`tfrs ho` nf quatf `gasy. \mf purhmosf hgst as cgw o`l tmf ru``a`d hgsts orf vfry cgw. \mfy ho` pra`t ioarcy quahbcy, portahucorcy ai ygu rfefenfr tmot euctapcf hgpafs orf nfa`d pra`tfl a` g`f pra`t ru`. \mfy orf rgnust o`l ho` gpfrotf a` morsm f`varg`ef`ts. Ai sfvfroc smffts gi sfci-horng`ota`d popfr orf pcohfl a`tg tmf pra`tfr tmf` tmf aepoht wacc prgluhf lupcahotf hgpafs.

O typf gi pra`tfr tmot prgluhfs hmorohtfrs o`l accustrotag`s ny straba`d pa`s odoa`st o` a`b ranng` tg pra`t hcgsfcy spohfl lgts a` tmf opprgpraotf smopf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Olvo`todfs -Ho` pra`t tg eucta-podf igres-Eglfrotfcy prahfl -Eucta-poss ranng`s (sovfs eg`fy) Lasolvo`todfs [email protected] gpfrotag` -Cgw-quocaty gutput -Xcgw pra`t spffl -Eucta-poss ranng`s (lfhrfosf a` quocaty watm fohm poss) >. LOAXQ TMFFC Z^[email protected]\F^X Mfol as cya`d g` o wmffc o`l pa`s hgrrfspg`la`d tg hmorohtfrs orf cabf pftocs gi Loasy (icgwfr `oef) tmot as wmy at as hoccfl Loasy Tmffc Zra`tfr. \mfsf pra`tfrs orf df`froccy usfl igr wgrl prghfssa`d a` giiahfs wmahm rfquarf o ifw cfttfrs tg nf sf`t mfrf o`l tmfrf watm vfry `ahf quocaty. Olvo`todfs Egrf rfcaoncf tmo` LEZ  Nfttfr quocaty  \mf ig`ts gi hmorohtfr ho` nf fosacy hmo`dfl  Lasolvo`todfs Xcgwfr tmo` LEZ   @gasy  Egrf fxpf`savf tmo` LEZ 

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

6<

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

8. [email protected] Z^[email protected]\F^X Ca`f pra`tfrs orf tmf pra`tfrs wmahm pra`t g`f ca`f ot o taef.

\mfsf orf gi iurtmfr twg typfs Lrue Zra`tfr  Hmoa` Zra`tfr  <. L^VE Z^[email protected]\F^

\mas pra`tfr as cabf o lrue a` smopf sg at as hoccfl lrue pra`tfr. \mf suriohf gi lrue as lavalfl a`tg `uenfr gi trohbs. \gtoc trohbs orf fquoc tg sazf gi popfr a.f. igr o popfr waltm gi ?8> hmorohtfrs, lrue wacc movf ?8> trohbs. O hmorohtfr sft as fengssfl g` trohb. \mf laiifrf`t hmorohtfr sfts ovoaconcf a` tmf eorbft orf <= hmorohtfr sft, 9< o`l 19 hmorohtfrs sft. G`f rgtotag` gi lrue pra`ts g`f ca`f. Lrue pra`tfrs orf iost a` spffl o`l ho` pra`t 8:: tg >::: ca`fs pfr ea`utf. Olvo`todfs Yfry madm spffl  Lasolvo`todfs Yfry fxpf`savf  Hmorohtfrs ig`ts ho``gt nf hmo`dfl 

6. [email protected] Z^[email protected]\F^

A` tmas pra`tfr, hmoa` gi hmorohtfr sfts orf usfl sg at as hoccfl Hmoa` Zra`tfr. O sto`lorl hmorohtfr sft eoy movf <=, 9<, gr 19 hmorohtfrs. Olvo`todfs Hmorohtfr ig`ts ho` fosacy nf hmo`dfl.  Laiifrf`t co`duodfs ho` nf usfl watm tmf soef pra`tfr.  Lasolvo`todfs  @gasy 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Ifoturfs gr iohtgrs tg hg`salfr wmf` ygu wo`t tg nuy o pra`tfr ?. Zra`t quocaty, igr fxoepcf tmf pra`t irge lgt eotrax pra`tfrs vorafs watm tmf `uenfr gi pa`s o`l fvf` tmf nfst orf a`ifragr tg cosfr pra`tfrs. >. Hmorohtfr igreotag`, wmftmfr eolf irge lgts os a` eotrax pra`tfr, gr iucc hmorohtfrs os watm loasywmffc gr cosfr pra`tfr 8. Eucta-port, a.f. wmftmfr sfvfroc hgpafs ho` nf pra`tfl ot g`hf, os watm o` aepoht pra`tfr. <. Ig`ts gr typf stycf2 forcy hgeputfr usfrs wfrf sotasiafl watm o`y quocaty wmotsgfvfr, nut tmf olvo`hfs a`tg orfos suhm os wgrl prghfssa`d o`l lfsb tgp puncasma`d movf staeucotfl o lfeo`l igr vorya`d typfiohfs gr ig`ts watma` tmf soef lghuef`t 6. Cfttfr quocaty, wmftmfr tmf quocaty as fquavocf`t gr supfragr tg tmot gi o dggl typfwratfr o`l sg ohhfptoncf igr tmf wgrl prghfssa`d gi eoac. Xgef pra`tfrs movf o hmgahf gi twg pra`t eglfs, lroit quocaty o`l cfttfr quocaty. 9. Xpffl, a` tfres gi hmorohtfrs pfr sfhg`l. 4. Dropmahs hoponacatafs. =. Icfxanacaty, igr fxoepcf as at suatoncf igr g`f tosb g`cy, suhm os dggl cfttfr quocaty nut `gt dropmahs, os watm loasywmffc pra`tfrs, gr dggl dropmahs nut scgw spffl o`l a`laiifrf`t cfttfr quocaty, os watm sgef lgt eotrax pra`tfrs. 1. Xmfft iffla`d, a` tfres gi sa`dcf smffts, irahtag` iffl gr sprghbft iffl. ?:. Hopatoc hgst gr wmot at hgsts tg nuy. ??. ^u``a`d hgst gr wmot at hgsts a` ranng`s, pra`t tg`fr, spfhaoc stotag`fry & eoa`tf`o`hf. ?>. Hgepotanacaty watm sto`lorl pohbodfs2 eo`y prgdroes suppgrt o ro`df gi pra`tfrs ny df`frota`d tmf hgrrfht hg`trgc hmorohtfrs igr ig`ts, ifoturfs cabf atocahs o`l u`lfrca`f, o`l igr dropmahs. ?8. ^gnust`fss2 sgef vfry hmfop pra`tfrs orf alfoc ot mgef nut wgucl `gt cost vfry cg`d a` o` giiahf. ?<. ^fputotag` gi tmf eo`uiohturfr os o suppcafr gi pra`tfrs.

Qgu movf nff` lfcfdotfl tmf tosb gi sfcfhta`d o `fw pra`tfr irge o ro`df gi laiifrf`t gptag`s hurrf`tcy g` tmf eorbft. \mf eohma`f mos tg sfrvf o seocc `ftwgrb gi eahrghgeputfrs a` ygur giiahf. Xgitworf usfl a`hculfs o wgrl prghfssa`d pohbodf, lotonosf, sprfolsmfft, o`l prfsf`totag`  pohbodfs. Ossuea`d tmot hgst as `gt o eokgr hg`stroa`t, cast ?: ifoturfs gi tmf pra`tfrs, wmahm ygu wgucl a`vfstadotf a` ygur fvocuotag`.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected]\/ GV\ZV\ LFYAHFX (AG Lfvahfs ) Octfr`otavfcy rfifrrfl tg os o` AG lfvahf, o` a`put/gutput lfvahf as o`y morlworf usfl ny o mueo` gpfrotgr gr gtmfr systfes tg hgeeu`ahotf watm o hgeputfr. Os tmf `oef suddfsts, a`put/gutput lfvahfs orf hoponcf gi sf`la`d loto (a`put) tg o hgeputfr o`l rfhfava`d loto irge o hgeputfr (gutput).

Fxoepcfs gi a`put/gutput lfvahfs ?. HL-^/^T, LYL, o`l  Ncu-roy lravf >. Ladatoc hoefro 8. Icgppy lasbfttf lravf <. Morl lravfs 6. Eglfe 9.  @ftwgrb oloptfr 4. XL Horl =. \guhm shrff` 1. VXN tmuen lravfs ?:. Mfolsfts (Mfolsft hg`sasts gi Xpfobfrs o`l Eahrgpmg`f. Xpfobfr oht Gutput Lfvahf o`l

Eahrgpmg`f oht os A`put lfvahf) ??. Iohsaeacf (IO]) (At mos sho``fr tg sho` tmf lghuef`t o`l ocsg movf pra`tfr tg Zra`t tmf lghuef`t)

X\G^ODF LFYAHFX Octfr`otavfcy rfifrrfl tg os ladatoc stgrodf, stgrodf, stgrodf eflao, gr stgrodf eflaue, o stgrodf lfvahf as o`y morlworf hoponcf gi mgcla`d a`igreotag` fatmfr tfepgroracy gr  pfreo`f`tcy. \mfrf orf twg typfs gi stgrodf lfvahfs usfl watm hgeputfrs; o  praeory stgrodf lfvahf, suhm os ^OE, o`l o sfhg`lory stgrodf lfvahf, cabf o morl lravf. Xfhg`lory stgrodf ho` nf rfegvoncf, a`tfr`oc, gr  fxtfr`oc stgrodf. Tatmgut o stgrodf lfvahf, ygur hgeputfr wgucl `gt nf oncf tg sovf o`y sftta`ds gr a`igreotag` o`l wgucl nf hg`salfrfl o luen tfrea`oc.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Fxoepcfs gi hgeputfr stgrodf

[email protected]\AH X\G^ODF LFYAHFX

\gloy, eod`ftah stgrodf as g`f gi tmf egst hgeeg` typfs gi stgrodf usfl watm hgeputfrs o`l as tmf tfhm`gcgdy tmot eo`y hgeputfr morl lravfs usf.     

Icgppy lasbfttf Morl lravf XupfrLasb \opf hossfttf [ap lasbfttf

GZ\AHOC X\G^ODF LFYAHFX

O`gtmfr hgeeg` stgrodf as gptahoc stgrodf, wmahm usfs cosfrs o`l cadmts os ats eftmgl gi rfola`d o`l wrata`d loto.    

Ncu-^oy lash HL-^GE lash HL-^ o`l HL-^T lash LYL-^, LYL+^, LYL-^T, o`l LYL+^T lash

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

ICOXM EFEG^Q LFYAHFX

Icosm efegry mos stortfl tg rfpcohf eod`ftah eflao os at nfhgefs hmfopfr os at as tmf egrf fiiahaf`t o`l rfcaoncf sgcutag`.    

Kuep lravf gr icosm lravf Efegry horl Efegry stahb XXL

[email protected]@F [email protected] HCGVL

Xtgra`d loto g`ca`f o`l a` hcgul stgrodf as nfhgea`d pgpucor os pfgpcf `ffl tg ohhfss tmfar loto irge egrf tmo` g`f lfvahf.      

 @ftwgrb stgrodf Dggdcf lravf XbyLravf `gw G`fLravf aHcgul feoac stgrodf eflaoiarf.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ZOZF^ X\G^ODF

Forcy hgeputfrs mol `g eftmgl gi usa`d o`y gi tmf ongvf tfhm`gcgdafs igr stgra`d a`igreotag` o`l mol tg rfcy g` popfr. \gloy, tmfsf igres gi stgrodf orf rorfcy usfl gr igu`l.  

GE^ Zu`hm horl

Tmf` sova`d o`ytma`d g` o hgeputfr, at eoy osb ygu igr o stgrodf cghotag`, wmahm as tmf orfo a` wmahm ygu wgucl cabf tg sovf tmf a`igreotag`. Ny lfiouct, egst a`igreotag` as sovfl tg ygur hgeputfr morl lravf. Ai ygu wo`t tg egvf tmf a`igreotag` tg o`gtmfr hgeputfr, sovf at tg o rfegvoncf stgrodf lfvahf suhm os o icosm lravf.

\mfsf orf lfvahfs tmot stgrf a`igreotag` pfreo`f`tcy. \mfy orf ocsg b`gw` os Ouxacaory stgrodf lfvahfs gr Xfhg`lory stgrodf lfvahfs. \mfy a`hculf;o) \MF MO^L LAXB O iaxfl lfvahf igr stgra`d a`igreotag` watma` tmf hgeputfr systfe u`at. \mf lasb as `gt egvfoncf o`l as ocsg rfifrrfl tg os tmf H;S lravf. \mf oegu`t gi lasb spohf o hgeputfr mos lftfrea`fs tmf pgwfr gi o hgeputfr. At prgvalfs iost ohhfss b`gw` os ^o`lge ohhfss o`l mos madm-spffl stgrodf. n) ICGZZQ LAXBF\\F O` fxtfr`oc igre gi stgrodf usfl igr nohb up. A`igreotag` ho` nf lfcftfl o`l rfwrattf` o`l rf-sovfl. \mf stgrodf lfvahf as hgeeg` igr eahrghgeputfrs. \mf lasbs orf fatmfr Madm lf`saty gr lguncf lf`saty lasbs nfhousf loto as stgrfl egrf lf`sfcy/ hgepohtcy tmo` g` rfducor lf`saty lasbs. Hgeeg` sazf gi lasb as 8 ?/>a`hmfs. [email protected]\ODFX GI ICGZZQ LAXBF\\FX ?. \mfy orf hmfopfr tmo` Morl lasbs o`l HL-^GEX >. \mfy orf pgrtoncf mf`hf usfl tg tro`sifr loto gr a`igreotag` irge g`f hgeputfr tg o`gtmfr  8. \mfy giifr larfht ohhfss o`l tmfy orf iostfr tmo` eod`ftah topfs [email protected]\ODFX GI ICGZZQ LAXBF\\FX ?. \mfy orf prg`f tg varusfs >. \mfy orf laiiahuct tg mo`lcf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 8. <. 6. 9.

\mfy ho` fosacy nf hgrruptfl \mfy movf o rfcotavfcy smgrt caif spo` \mfy mgcl rfcotavfcy seocc oegu`ts gi loto \mfy orf `gt ocwoys ?::% rfcaoncf

HO^F [email protected] [email protected]@D GI O ICGZZQ LAXBF\\F ?. Lg`‑t put tmf lasbfttf `for o`y eod`ftah iafcl. >. Lg`‑t put tmf lasbfttf `for o`y fcfhtrg`ah egtgr. 8. Lg`‑t fxpgsf tmf lasbfttf tg larfht su`sma`f gr mfot. <. Xtgrf tmf lasbfttf a` o hggc lry lust-irff f`varg`ef`t. 6. Lg`‑t spacc caqual g`tg tmf lasbfttf. 9. Lg`‑t usf o`y lasbfttf wmahm mos mol caquals spaccfl g` at. 4. Lg`‑t nf`l gr igcl o lasbfttf. =. Lg`‑t stopcf confcs g`tg tmf lasbfttf. 1. Vsf o sgit pf`hac gr ifct-tap pf` wmf` wrata`d g` lasbfttf confcs, os tmf prfssurf gi o  noccpga`t eoy cfovf a`lf`totag`s g` tmf eod`ftah suriohf. ?:. Lg`‑t tguhm tmf eod`ftah suriohf (tmf ncohb pcostah cabf pcotf) gi tmf lasb, os ygur ia`dfrpra`ts eoy ma`lfr tmf lravf a` rfola`d irge o`l wrata`d tg tmf lasb . h) HO\^ALDF \OZF Loto as rfhgrlfl a` tmf igre gi eod`ftazfl spgts g` o` arg` gxalf hgota`d gi o pcostah topf. Dops orf usfl tg sfporotf a`lavaluoc loto rfhgrls. \mf topf as saeacor tg oulagtopfs. Ohhfss gi a`igreotag` irge tmf topf as a` sfquf`taoc igre o`l tmus scgw. l) HL-^GE (Hgepoht Lasb ^fol G`cy Efegry) Nfoes gi cosfr cadmt orf usfl tg wratf g` gptahoc lasbs ny eod`ftah efo`s. Oitfr wrata`d, tmf lasb ho` g`cy nf rfol irge o`l `gt wrattf` tg. Ohhfss tg a`igreotag` as larfht o`l vfry iost. f) TG^E (Tratf G`hf, ^fol Eo`y) TG^E Lasbs occgw eahrghgeputfrs watm tmf prgpfr lravf b`gw` os o HL ^fwratfrs (gr o nur`fr) tg rfhgrl gw` loto g` o nco`b HL. G`hf tmf rfhgrla`d as lg`f, tmf lasb ho` g`cy  nf rfol irge o`l ho``gt nf rfwrattf`. Frosoncf gptahoc lasbs orf ocsg ovoaconcf o`l orf b`gw` os FZ^GE. \mf eokgr olvo`todf gi gptahoc lasbs as tmfar stgrodf hopohaty. \mf a`igreotag` g` g`f gptahoc rfquarfs euctapcf icgppafs. i)

LYL (Ladatoc Yfrsotacf Lasbs) O igre gi gptahoc lasbs saeacor tg HL ^GEX nut mos euhm egrf stgrodf hopohatafs gi up tg 8.1DN. \mfy suppgrt oulag o`l valfg os wfcc os loto g` tmf soef lasb.

d) [AZ LAXBX \mfsf orf madm hopohaty rfegvoncf lasbfttfs. \mfy movf doa`fl i ovgr igr nohb-up  purpgsfs. Xgef zap lasbs usf eod`ftah tfhm`gcgdy o`l gtmfrs usf cosfr. \mfy movf o hopohaty gi ongut ?::EN.

Xtgrodf lfvahfs laiifr a` tfres gi hopohaty, hgst o`l ohhfss eftmgls. Igr o`y lfvahf tg nf usfl tmfrf as o `ffl igr tmf lfvahf lravf g` tmf hgeputfr f.d. O icgppy lasb lravf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Icosm efegry / sgcal stotf efegry Icosm efegry as o `g`-vgcotacf, sgcal stotf stgrodf lfvahf.(a.f. bffps ats loto watmgut pgwfr o`l mos `g egva`d ports).

Icosm efegry as a`hrfosa`dcy nfa`d usfl a` o walf ro`df gi lfvahfs. Xgef fxoepcfs a`hculf; Xeocc, cadmtwfadmt VXN efegry stahbs, ovoaconcf igr eo`y Dadonytfs.  Efegry horls igr ladatoc hoefros.  Eoa` a`tfr`oc stgrodf igr toncft hgeputfrs (XXL)  Ladatoc oulag pcoyfrs.  Egnacf pmg`fs.  Yalfg doef morlworf.   Icosm efegry giifrs vfry iost ohhfss tg loto o`l prgdroes. Mgwfvfr, rftrafva`d loto irge o` fxtfr`oc icosm efegry lfvahf suhm os o VXN stahb wgucl nf scgwfr tmo` o` a`tfr`oc morl lasb  nfhousf tmf spffl gi ohhfss as rfstrahtfl ny tmf VXN ca`b gr hg``fhtag`.  Tatm tmf lfvfcgpef`t gi toncft hgeputfrs, icosm efegry as usfl os tmf eoa` igre gi a`tfr`oc stgrodf nfhousf tmfrf as `g rgge igr o trolatag`oc morl lasb. \mfsf lasbs orf hoccfl XXL (sgcal stotf stgrodf). A` tmas hosf, ohhfss tg tmf loto stgrfl a` icosm efegry wgucl nf euhm iostfr tmo` irge o morl lasb nfhousf tmfrf orf `g egva`d ports a`vgcvfl.  Hurrf`tcy, tmf lgw` salf tg usa`d icosm efegry os tmf eoa` stgrodf eftmgl as tmot at mos o caeatfl `uenfr gi rfol/wratf hyhcfs wmahm caeats ats usfiuc caif spo`.  Icosm efegry, wmf` pohbodfl a` o "efegry horl", as vfry rfsacaf`t tg loeodf, u`cabf eo`y gtmfr stgrodf lfvahfs. At ho` watmsto`l fxtrfefs gi tfepfroturf, nfa`d aeefrsfl a` wotfr gr  nfa`d ohhalf`toccy lrgppfl.

Z^GZF^\AFX GI ICOXM EFEG^Q LFYAHFX Z^GZF^\Q

@G\FX

\ypf gi stgrodf

Xgcal stotf

Loto ohhfss

Larfht ohhfss

Hgst gi stgrodf

Egrf fxpf`savf pfr nytf gi stgrodf tmo` morl lasb, eod`ftah topf, HLs o`l LYLs

Hopohaty

> dadonytfs upworls.

Xpffl

Os o` fxtfr`oc stgrodf lfvahf, at as scgwfr tmo` o` a`tfr`oc morl lasb. At as iostfr tmo` eod`ftah topf, HLs o`l LYLs. Ai at as usfl os a`tfr`oc stgrodf, at tmf` nfhgefs iostfr tmo` o ` a`tfr`oc morl lasb.

Zgrtonacaty

Yfry pgrtoncf os at as lfsad`fl tg nf iattfl a`tg seocc fcfhtrg`ah lfvahfs.

Luronacaty

Yfry luroncf. ^fsasto`t tg prfssurf, tfepfroturf fxtrfefs o`l ohhalf`toc loeodf. At mos o caeatfl `uenfr gi rfol/wratf hyhcfs wmahm caeats ats usfiuc caif \mf port gi o VXN stahb wmahm as a`sfrtfl a`tg tmf VXN pgrt ho` nf s`oppfl gii gr loeodfl rf`lfra`d tmf lfvahf u`usoncf.

^fcaonacaty

Vsuoccy vfry rfcaoncf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX LAXB HO^F

?) Lg `gt fxpgsf tmfe tg su` gr o mgt f`varg`ef`t. >) Bffp tmfe owoy irge egasturf gr wotfr. 8) Bffp tmfe owoy irge eod`ftah iafcls a.f. Zmg`fs, tgps gi sgef eg`atgrs, eod`ftazfl atfes fth.. <) Lg `gt tguhm tmf ohtuoc topf. 6) Bffp tmfe owoy irge lust. 9) Lg `gt pcohf mfovy gnkfhts g` tmfe. 4) Tratf g` o icgppy lasb confc g`cy watm o ifct-tap pf`, gr wratf nfigrf stahba`d tmf confc =) Ovgal usa`d runnfr no`ls, popfr hcaps o`l frosfrs g` icgppy lasbs MO^LTO^F HO^F ?) Eobf surf tmfrf as f`gudm spohf igr tmf eohma`fs tg nrfotmf. (Irfsm oar as `fhfssory tg eobf tmf io` bffp tmf fcfhtrg`ahs hggc). >) Lg `gt ncghb oar vf`ts watm nggbs. 8) Bffp tmf hgeputfr lry. <) Mgusf tmf eohma`f a` o lust irff f`varg`ef`t f.d. ? X\ icggr horpftfl-rgge (Horpfts suhb lust) o`l, usf o vohuue hcfo`fr tg hcfo` tmf horpft. (Lust as tmf naddfst baccfr gi morl lravfs). 6) Lg `gt fxpgsf tmf eohma`f tg fxtrfef tfepfroturfs. 9) Zrgpfrcy smut lgw` tmf eohma`f nfigrf tur`-gii. 4) Zucc tmf pcud gut gi sghbft wmf` tmfrf as tmu`lfr o`l cadmt`a`d. =) Lg `gt egvf tmf systfe wmf` tmf hgeputfr as g`. \mf morl lravf ho` nf loeodfl. 1) Vsf gi VZX- V`a`tfrruptancf Zgwfr Xuppcy a` hosf gi pgwfr ioacurfs, ?:) Vsf gi Xurdf Zrgtfhtgrs odoa`st tgg madm vgctodfs.

\QZFX GI EFEG^Q HGEZV\F^ ‘  EFEG^Q

O efegry as kust cabf o mueo` nroa`. At as usfl tg stgrf loto o`l a`struhtag`s. Hgeputfr efegry as tmf stgrodf spohf a` hgeputfr wmfrf loto as tg nf prghfssfl o`l a`struhtag`s rfquarfl igr  prghfssa`d orf stgrfl. \mf efegry as lavalfl a`tg cordf `uenfr gi seocc ports hoccfl hfccs. Fohm cghotag` gr hfcc mos o u`aquf ollrfss wmahm vorafs irge zfrg tg efegry sazf ea`us g`f. Igr fxoepcf ai hgeputfr mos 9<596689 efegry cghotag`s. \mf ollrfss gi tmfsf cghotag`s vorafs irge : tg 96686. Efegry as praeoracy gi tmrff typfs   

Hohmf Efegry Zraeory Efegry/Eoa` Efegry Xfhg`lory Efegry

HOHMF EFEG^Q

Hohmf efegry as o vfry madm spffl sfeahg`luhtgr efegry wmahm ho` spffl up HZV. At ohts os o  nuiifr nftwff` tmf HZV o`l eoa` efegry. At as usfl tg mgcl tmgsf ports gi loto o`l prgdroe

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX wmahm orf egst irfquf`tcy usfl ny HZV. \mf ports gi loto o`l prgdroes orf tro`sifrrfl irge lasb tg hohmf efegry ny gpfrota`d systfe, irge wmfrf HZV ho` ohhfss tmfe. Olvo`todfs

\mf olvo`todfs gi hohmf efegry orf os igccgws; Hohmf efegry as iostfr tmo` eoa` efegry.  At hg`suefs cfss ohhfss taef os hgeporfl tg eoa` efegry.  At stgrfs tmf prgdroe tmot ho` nf fxfhutfl watma` o smgrt pfragl gi taef.  At stgrfs loto igr tfepgrory usf.  Lasolvo`todfs

\mf lasolvo`todfs gi hohmf efegry orf os igccgws; Hohmf efegry mos caeatfl hopohaty.  At as vfry fxpf`savf. 

Z^AEO^Q EFEG^Q ([email protected] EFEG^Q)

Zraeory efegry mgcls g`cy tmgsf loto o`l a`struhtag`s g` wmahm hgeputfr as hurrf`tcy wgrba`d. At mos caeatfl hopohaty o`l loto as cgst wmf` pgwfr as swathmfl gii. At as df`froccy eolf up gi sfeahg`luhtgr lfvahf. \mfsf efegrafs orf `gt os iost os rfdastfrs. \mf loto o`l a`struhtag` rfquarfl tg nf prghfssfl rfsalf a` eoa` efegry. At as lavalfl a`tg twg sunhotfdgrafs ^OE o`l ^GE.

Hmorohtfrastahs gi Eoa` Efegry     

\mfsf orf sfeahg`luhtgr efegrafs At as b`gw` os eoa` efegry. Vsuoccy vgcotacf efegry. Loto as cgst a` hosf pgwfr as swathmfl gii. At as wgrba`d efegry gi tmf hgeputfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  

Iostfr tmo` sfhg`lory efegrafs. O hgeputfr ho``gt ru` watmgut praeory efegry.

[email protected]^Q EFEG^Q

\mas typf gi efegry as ocsg b`gw` os fxtfr`oc efegry gr `g`-vgcotacf. At as scgwfr tmo` eoa` efegry. \mfsf orf usfl igr stgra`d loto/A`igreotag` pfreo`f`tcy. HZV larfhtcy lgfs `gt ohhfss tmfsf efegrafs a`stfol tmfy orf ohhfssfl vao a`put-gutput rguta`fs. Hg`tf`ts gi sfhg`lory efegrafs orf iarst tro`sifrrfl tg eoa` efegry, o`l tmf` HZV ho` ohhfss at. Igr fxoepcf ; lasb, HL-^GE, LYL fth. Hmorohtfrastah gi Xfhg`lory Efegry \mfsf orf eod`ftah o`l gptahoc efegrafs  At as b`gw` os nohbup efegry.  At as `g`-vgcotacf efegry.  Loto as pfreo`f`tcy stgrfl fvf` ai pgwfr as swathmfl gii.  At as usfl igr stgrodf gi loto a` o hgeputfr.  Hgeputfr eoy ru` watmgut sfhg`lory efegry.  Xcgwfr tmo` praeory efegrafs. 

^[email protected] OHHFXX EFEG^Q

^OE(^o`lge Ohhfss Efegry) as tmf a`tfr`oc efegry gi tmf HZV igr stgra`d loto, prgdroe o`l  prgdroe rfsuct. At as rfol/wratf efegry wmahm stgrfs loto u`tac tmf eohma`f as wgrba`d. Os sgg` os tmf eohma`f as swathmfl gii, loto as frosfl. Ohhfss taef a` ^OE as a`lfpf`lf`t gi tmf ollrfss tmot as, fohm stgrodf cghotag` a`salf tmf efegry as os fosy tg rfohm os gtmfr cghotag`s o`l tobfs tmf soef oegu`t gi taef. Loto a` tmf ^OE ho` nf ohhfssfl ro`lgecy nut at as vfry fxpf`savf. ^OE as vgcotacf, a.f. loto stgrfl a` at as cgst wmf` wf swathm gii tmf hgeputfr gr ai tmfrf as o  pgwfr ioacurf. Mf`hf o nohbup u`a`tfrruptancf pgwfr systfe(VZX) as gitf` usfl watm hgeputfrs. ^OE as seocc, ngtm a` tfres gi ats pmysahoc sazf o`l a` tmf oegu`t gi loto at ho` mgcl. ^OE as gi twg typfs  

Xtotah ^OE (X^OE) Ly`oeah ^OE (L^OE)

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Xtotah ^OE (X^OE)

\mf wgrl stotah a`lahotfs tmot tmf efegry rftoa`s ats hg`tf`ts os cg`d os pgwfr as nfa`d suppcafl. Mgwfvfr, loto as cgst wmf` tmf pgwfr dfts lgw` luf tg vgcotacf `oturf. X^OE hmaps usf o eotrax gi 9-tro`sastgrs o`l `g hopohatgrs. \ro`sastgrs lg `gt rfquarf pgwfr tg prfvf`t cfobodf, sg X^OE `ffl `gt movf tg nf rfirfsmfl g` o rfducor nosas. Nfhousf gi tmf fxtro spohf a` tmf eotrax, X^OE usfs egrf hmaps tmo` L^OE igr tmf soef oegu`t gi stgrodf spohf, tmus eoba`d tmf eo`uiohtura`d hgsts madmfr. Xg X^OE as usfl os hohmf efegry o`l mos vfry iost ohhfss. Hmorohtfrastah gi tmf Xtotah ^OE       

At mos cg`d caif \mfrf as `g `ffl tg rfirfsm Iostfr Vsfl os hohmf efegry Cordf sazf Fxpf`savf Madm pgwfr hg`sueptag`

Ly`oeah ^OE (L^OE)

L^OE, u`cabf X^OE, eust nf hg`ta`uoccy rfirfsmfl a` grlfr tg eoa`toa` tmf loto. \mas as lg`f  ny pcoha`d tmf efegry g` o rfirfsm harhuat tmot rfwratfs tmf loto sfvfroc mu`lrfl taefs pfr sfhg`l. L^OE as usfl igr egst systfe efegry nfhousf at as hmfop o`l seocc. Occ L^OEs orf eolf up gi efegry hfccs wmahm orf hgepgsfl gi g`f hopohatgr o`l g`f tro`sastgr.

Hmorohtfrastahs gi tmf Ly`oeah ^OE      

At mos smgrt loto caiftaef  @ffl tg nf rfirfsmfl hg`ta`uguscy Xcgwfr os hgeporfl tg X^OE Vsfl os ^OE Cfssfr a` sazf Cfss fxpf`savf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Cfss pgwfr hg`sueptag`

^FOL [email protected] EFEG^Q

^GE sto`ls igr ^fol G`cy Efegry. \mf efegry irge wmahm wf ho` g`cy rfol nut ho``gt wratf g` at. \mas typf gi efegry as `g`-vgcotacf. \mf a`igreotag` as stgrfl pfreo`f`tcy a` suhm efegrafs lura`d eo`uiohturf. O ^GE, stgrfs suhm a`struhtag`s tmot orf rfquarfl tg stort o hgeputfr. \mas gpfrotag` as rfifrrfl tg os nggtstrop. ^GE hmaps orf `gt g`cy usfl a` tmf hgeputfr  nut ocsg a` gtmfr fcfhtrg`ah atfes cabf wosma`d eohma`f o`l eahrgwovf gvf`.

Igccgwa`d orf tmf voragus typfs gi ^GE E^GE (Eosbfl ^GE) \mf vfry iarst ^GEs wfrf morl-warfl lfvahfs tmot hg`toa`fl o prf-prgdroeefl sft gi loto gr a`struhtag`s. \mfsf ba`l gi ^GEs orf b`gw` os eosbfl ^GEs wmahm orf a`fxpf`savf. Z^GE (Zrgdroeeoncf ^fol g`cy Efegry)

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Z^GE as rfol-g`cy efegry tmot ho` nf eglaiafl g`cy g`hf ny o usfr. \mf usfr nuys o nco`b Z^GE o`l f`tfrs tmf lfsarfl hg`tf`ts usa`d o Z^GE prgdroe. A`salf tmf Z^GE hmap tmfrf orf seocc iusfs wmahm orf nur`t gpf` lura`d prgdroeea`d. At ho` nf prgdroeefl g`cy g`hf o`l as `gt frosoncf. FZ^GE(Frosoncf o`l Zrgdroeeoncf ^fol G`cy Efegry) \mf FZ^GE ho` nf frosfl ny fxpgsa`d at tg uctro-vagcft cadmt igr o lurotag` gi up tg <: ea`utfs. Vsuoccy, o` FZ^GE frosfr ohmafvfs tmas iu`htag`. Lura`d prgdroeea`d, o` f cfhtrahoc hmordf as troppfl a` o` a`sucotfl dotf rfdag`. \mf hmordf as rftoa`fl igr egrf tmo` tf` yfors nfhousf tmf hmordf mos `g cfobodf potm. Igr frosa`d tmas hmordf, uctro-vagcft cadmt as possfl tmrgudm o quortz hrystoc wa`lgw(cal). \mas fxpgsurf tg uctro-vagcft cadmt lassapotfs tmf hmordf. Lura`d `greoc usf tmf quortz cal as sfocfl watm o stahbfr. FFZ^GE (Fcfhtrahoccy Frosoncf o`l Zrgdroeeoncf ^fol G`cy Efegry) \mf FFZ^GE as prgdroeefl o`l frosfl fcfhtrahoccy. At ho` nf frosfl o`l rfprgdroeefl ongut tf` tmguso`l taefs. Ngtm frosa`d o`l prgdroeea`d tobf ongut < tg ?: es (eacca sfhg`l). A` FFZ^GE, o`y cghotag` ho` nf sfcfhtavfcy frosfl o`l prgdroeefl. FFZ^GEs ho` nf frosfl g`f  nytf ot o taef, rotmfr tmo` frosa`d tmf f`tarf hmap. Mf`hf, tmf prghfss gi rf-prgdroeea`d as icfxancf nut scgw. Olvo`todfs gi ^GE

\mf olvo`todfs gi ^GE orf os igccgws;  @g`-vgcotacf a` `oturf  \mfsf ho``gt nf ohhalf`toccy hmo`dfl  Hmfopfr tmo` ^OEs  Fosy tg tfst  Egrf rfcaoncf tmo` ^OEs  \mfsf orf stotah o`l lg `gt rfquarf rfirfsma`d  Ats hg`tf`ts orf ocwoys b`gw` o`l ho` nf vfraiafl  HGEZV\F^ - EFEG^Q [email protected]\X

Efegry u`at as; \mf oegu`t gi loto tmot ho` nf stgrfl a` tmf stgrodf u`at.  \mot a` wmahm stgrodf hopohaty as fxprfssfl a` tfres gi Nytfs.  Igccgwa`d orf tmf eoa` efegry stgrodf u`ats; [email protected]

V`at

Lfshraptag`

?

Nat (Na`ory Ladat)

O na`ory ladat as cgdahoc : o`l ? rfprfsf`ta`d o possavf gr o` ohtavf stotf gi o hgepg`f`t a` o` fcfhtrah harhuat.

>

@anncf

O drgup gi < nats as hoccfl `anncf.

8

Nytf

O drgup gi = nats as hoccfl nytf. O nytf as tmf seoccfst u`at wmahm ho` rfprfsf`t o loto atfe gr o hmorohtfr.

Tgrl

O hgeputfr wgrl, cabf o nytf, as o drgup gi iaxfl `uenfr gi nats prghfssfl os o u`at wmahm vorafs irge hgeputfr tg hgeputfr nut as iaxfl igr fohm hgeputfr. \mf cf`dtm gi o hgeputfr wgrl as hoccfl wgrl-sazf gr wgrl cf`dtm o`l at eoy nf os seocc os =  nats gr eoy nf os cg`d os 19 nats. O hgeputfr stgrfs tmf a`igreotag` a` tmf igre gi hgeputfr wgrls.

<

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Ifw madmfr stgrodf u`ats orf igccgwa`d………..

[email protected]

V`at

Lfshraptag`

?

Bacgnytf (BN)

? BN 5 ?:>< Nytfs

>

Efdonytf (EN) ? EN 5 ?:>< BN

8

DadoNytf (DN)

? DN 5 ?:>< EN

<

\froNytf (\N

? \N 5 ?:>< DN

6

ZftoNytf (ZN)

? ZN 5 ?:>< \N

Laiifrf`taotf nftwff` ^o`lge Ohhfss Efegry (^OE) o`l ^fol G`cy Efegry (^GE) ^OE 

^GE

Xto`ls igr  ^o`lge-Ohhfss  Efegry



^OE as o rfol o`l wratf efegry



^OE as iostfr





Xto`ls igr  ^fol-G`cy Efegry  @greoccy ^GE as rfol g`cy efegry o`l at ho``gt nf gvfrwrattf`. Mgwfvfr, FZ^GEs ho` nf rfprgdroeefl



^GE as rfcotavfcy scgwfr tmo` ^OE



^GE as pfreo`f`t efegry. Loto a` ^GE wacc stoy os at as fvf` ai wf rfegvf tmf pgwfrsuppcy



\mfrf orf sfvfroc typfs gi ^GE2 Frosoncf ^GE, Zrgdroeeoncf ^GE, FZ^GE fth.



^GE usuoccy stgrfs a`struhtag`s tmot orf rfquarfl igr storta`d (nggta`d) tmf hgeputfr



^OE as o vgcotacf efegry. At efo`s tmot tmf loto a` ^OE wacc  nf cgst ai pgwfr suppcy as hut-gii



\mfrf orf eoa`cy twg typfs gi ^OE2 stotah ^OE  o`l Ly`oeah  ^OE 



^OE stgrfs occ tmf oppcahotag`s o`l loto wmf` tmf hgeputfr as up o`l ru``a`d



Zrahf gi ^OE as hgeporotavfcy madm



^GE hmaps orf hgeporotavfcy hmfopfr



^OE hmaps orf naddfr a` sazf



^GE hmaps orf seoccfr a` sazf



Hg`tf`t gi ^GE orf usuoccy iarst tro`sifrrfl tg ^OE o`l tmf` ohhfssfl ny prghfssgr. \mas as lg`f a` grlfr tg nf oncf tg ohhfss ^GE hg`tf`t ot o iostfr spffl.



Xtgrodf hopohaty gi ^GE a`stoccfl a` o hgeputfr as euhm cfssfr tmo` ^OE



Zrghfssgr ho` larfhtcy ohhfss tmf hg`tf`t gi ^OE



^OE as gitf` a`stoccfl watm cordf stgrodf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

@FHFXXO^Q [email protected]\[email protected] IG^ [email protected] ALFOC HGEZV\F^ ^GGE [email protected]^[email protected]@\. ?. Hcfo`ca`fss Rnggbs, eo`uocs `gt f`hgurodflU nfhousf tmfy nra`d lust & houdmt iarf fosacy. >. Oar hg`latag`frs, wmahm hg`trgc tmf rgge o`l lfmuealotfs at. 8. At smgucl nf lust irff2 lust as tmf naddfst –baccfr― gi mo rl lravfs. <.  @g horpfts, tmfy houdmt iarf egrf fosacy. 6. Qgu orf `gt occgwfl tg fot, segbf gr lra`b a` tmf hgeputfr rgge. 9.  @g eod`ftah eotfraoc smgucl nf a` tmf hgeputfr rgge. 4. \mf hgeputfr rgge smgucl nf cghotfl a` suhm o woy tmot hgeputfrs orf `gt fxpgsfl tg larfht su`cadmt gr mgt f`varg`ef`ts, usf hurtoa`s ai gtmfrwasf. =. \mf hgeputfr rgge smgucl nf iattfl watm nurdcor nors, ocore systfes, gr duorlfl >. Igrfad` eflao, suhm os icgppy lasbfttfs, icosm lasbs smgucl `gt nf occgwfl a` grlfr tg ea`aeazf varus sprfol. ?8. Ocwoys swathm gii eohma`fs ai `gt a` usf. ?<. Ovgal gvfrcgola`d harhuats. ?6. Occ honca`d o`l wara`d smgucl `gt nf fxpgsfl2 at smgucl nf hgvfrfl o`l smgucl `gt hrass hrgss tmf rgge. ?9. Cfovf f`gudm spohf nftwff` hgeputfrs o`l tmf woccs. ?4. Lg `gt usf hmocb tmf hgeputfr rgge , lry wapf eorbfrs orf f`hgurodfl.

Xfrvfr Hgeputfr ^gge ^fquarfef`ts Xftta`d up o sfrvfr rgge as o nad prgkfht. Osalf irge ossfenca`d occ tmf `fhfssory fcfhtrg`ahs, tmf rgge atsfci mos tg efft hfrtoa` rfquarfef`ts a` grlfr tg mgusf tmot fxpf`savf fquapef`t soifcy. Xftta`d up o wfcclfsad`fl sfrvfr rgge wacc mfcp tg prgtfht ngtm ygur pmysahoc a`vfstef`t o`l ygur hgepo`y's loto. \fepfroturf  Hgeputfr fquapef`t lgfs`'t lg wfcc ai at dfts tgg mgt. Gvfrmfota`d ho` sfraguscy loeodf lfcahotf hgepg`f`ts nfyg`l rfpoar. Qgur sfrvfr rgge smgucl nf oar hg`latag`fl o`l wat mgut ohhfss tg su`cadmt. Alfoccy, ygu wo`t tg bffp tmf oenaf`t tfepfroturf gi tmf rgge `g madmfr tmo` 4> lfdrffs Iomrf`mfat. F`varg`ef`toc \mrfots Lust ho` ocsg housf prgncfes igr hgeputfrs. Hcfo` ygur sfrvfr rgge g` o rfducor nosas. Tapf lgw`  fquapef`t watm o hcfo`, lry hcgtm, gr usf o hgeprfssfl oar ho`astfr tg ncgw lust gut gi tmf woy. A`stocc oar iactfrs tg bffp os euhm lust gut gi tmf rgge os pgssancf. \mgudm lust as fosy tg spgt, tmf naddfr tmrfot tg ygur hgeputfrs as ohtuoccy a`va sancf. Xtotah fcfhtrahaty ho` nf tmf f`l gi o hgeputfr. Coy lgw` o stotah pol a` irg`t gi o`y lggrs tg mfcp prfvf`t stotah lashmordf. Ollatag`occy, pcohf o sad` g` tmf lggr tg tfcc pfgpcf tmot `g eod`fts orf occgwfl watma` tmf sfrvfr rgge. Xtrg`d eod`fts ho` wrfob movgh g` hgeputfr fquapef`t.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Fepcgyff Ohhfss  Xfrvfr rgges orf iaccfl watm vocuoncf o`l fxpf`savf fquapef`t. Eo`y giiahfs hmggsf tg caeat sfrvfr rgge ohhfss g`cy tg A\ fepcgyffs. A`stocc o lggr cghb gr bfy pol tmot g`cy sfcfht stoii efenfrs movf ohhfss tg. Qgu eoy wo`t tg aepcfef`t o` f`try cgd, kust a` hosf fquapef`t nfda`s tg dg eassa`d.

Grdo`azotag`  Bffpa`d ygur sfrvfr rgge wfcc grdo`azfl wacc `gt g`cy mfcp ygu tg bffp at hcfo`, nut at wacc ocsg eobf caif euhm fosafr igr tmf A\ tfoe. Vsf sturly sfrvfr rohbs tg eoxaeazf ygur spohf. Bffp honcfs `fot o`l taly. Vsf zap tafs tg nu`lcf tmfe tgdftmfr wmf` opprgpraotf. Hcforcy confc occ fquapef`t os `fflfl. Iarf Xoifty  Fcfhtrahoc iarfs ho` pgsf o rfoc lo`dfr tg ygur stoii o`l ygur fquapef`t. A`stocc o hcfo` o df`t (wotfrirff) iarf supprfssag` systfe a` ygur sfrvfr rgge. A` egst pcohfs, sfrvfr rgges orf rfquarfl ny cow tg igccgw iarf hglf. Hg`toht ygur cghoc iarf lfportef`t tg ia`l gut ongut o`y rfquarfef`ts spfhaiah tg ygur orfo gr tg sftup o irff soifty a`spfhtag`.

Df`froc ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges \mf igccgwa`d as o cast gi assufs wmahm smgucl nf tobf` a`tg ohhgu`t wmf` occghota`d spohf igr AH\ A`stoccotag`s. ?. \mf sazfs gi tmf voragus typfs gi rgges orf lftfrea`fl g` tmf nosas gi tmf a`statutag`‑s spohf rfquarfef`ts igr a`stocca`d fssf`taoc fquapef`t suhm os `ft wgrb fcfhtrg`ahs, sfrvfrs, nohbup rgngts, tfcfpmg`f fxhmo`dfs, hggca`d systfes, fcfhtrahoc lastranutag` po`fcs, df`frah honca`d systfes, o`l sg g`. >. Occ AH\ rgges smgucl nf pco``fl igr o ea`aeue gi ?6 yfors‑ pgtf`taoc drgwtm, a.f. u`ghhupafl spohf smgucl nf sft osalf a` tmf AH\ rgges gr olkohf`t rgges g` tmf soef icggr pco`. A` ollatag`, sporf spohf smgucl nf prf-iattfl watm papfs igr iuturf rgge hggca`d/ahf wotfr u`ats. \mf rgges smgucl nf davf` o suatoncf, sfhurf cghotag` a` tmf nuacla`d hgepcfx, a.f.; o.

 n. h.

l.

f.

A` o nosfef`t (ongvf tmf drgu`lwotfr ca`f  ‘  icggla`d eust nf ovgalfl), g` o cgwfr drgu`l icggr gr a` o hf`troc orfo. Lroa`s watm `g`-rftur` vocvfs smocc nf iattfl a` nosfef`t rgges. Ta`lgws smgucl nf ovgalfl sa`hf tmfsf eoy prgvalf ohhfss tg a`trulfrs (octfr`otavfcy, wa`lgws eoy nf iattfl watm nuccft-prggi dcoss). \mf rgges smgucl nf cghotfl hcgsf tg tmf nuacla`d‑s eoa` hg`luat potms (vfrtahoc  honcf smoits watm rasfrs gr rohbs igr honcf rguta`d o`l mgrazg`toc honcf rohbs) hi. VIX ?:> –^fquarfef`ts igr Df`frah Honca`d Xystfes―. Xgcor mfota`d (tmrgudm rggis gr gutsalf woccs) smgucl nf ovgalfl os at eoy `fhfssatotf ollatag`oc hggca`d systfe hopohaty o`l madmfr gpfrotag`oc hgsts. Ahf wotfr eohma`fs g` rggis smgucl nf cghotfl a` smolfl orfos nfma`l ca it mgusfs ai pgssancf, tmfrfny rfluha`d tmf sgcor mfota`d gi tmf u`ats tmfesfcvfs os wfcc os mfot rolaotfl irge rggia`d ifct hcgsf tg hggco`t a`tobfs. Toccs, rggis o`l icggrs eust nf gi suiiahaf`tcy sgcal hg`struhtag` tg prfvf`t u`outmgrazfl ohhfss o`l tg nfor tmf rfquasatf cgols. ^gges rfquara`d madm cgol cfvfcs (up tg ?,6:: bd/e¾) smgucl nf cghotfl ot nosfef`t cfvfc, rotmfr tmo` g` uppfr icggrs wmahm wgucl a`vgcvf rfa`igrhfef`t gi tmf nuacla`d‑s cgol -nfora`d struhturf (o`l a`hrfosfl hgsts). @gtf tmot tmf rfquarfef`ts igr sgu`lprggia`d o`l iarf prgtfhtag` lg `gt outgeotahoccy efo`

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

i.

tmot o rgge wacc nf suiiahaf`tcy rgnust tg prfvf`t u`outmgrazfl ohhfss. Igr tmfsf purpgsfs, rfa`igrhfl hg`hrftf, rfa`igrhfl Cfho woccs gr o hgena`otag` gi pcywggl/pcostfrngorl o`l stffc smfft smgucl nf hg`salfrfl. i. Ai irff oar hggca`d as tg nf usfl tg hggc seocc rgges, tmgsf rgges smgucl nf cghotfl hcgsf tg gutsalf woccs tg prgvalf tmf saepcfst pgssancf ohhfss tg fxtfr`oc oar.

Fxtfr`oc oar smgucl ocsg nf fxtrohtfl irge tmf smoly salf gi tmf nuacla`d. (\mf pra`hapcfs gi irff oar hggca`d orf prfsf`tfl a` Iadurf ? –Zra`hapcfs igr irff oar hggca`d― a` VIX ?:= –Yf`tacotag` o`l Hggca`d ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges―. Irff hggca`d  rfifrs tg o systfe a` wmahm hgcl gutlggr oar, igr fxoepcf a` wa`tfr, portcy gr hgepcftfcy rfpcohfs hg eprfssgr- nosfl hggca`d, hi. VIX ?:= –Yf`taco tag` o`l Hggca`d ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges―. At smgucl nf `gtfl tmot irff oar hggca`d as `gt  hgepotancf watm tmf usf gi mypgxah oar vf`ta`d os o igre gi iarf prfvf`tag`. 8. Nfhousf gi io` `gasf irge gpfrota`d fquapef`t t mf rgges smgucl nf cghotfl ot o soif lasto`hf irge  pfreo`f`t wgrbpcohfs, hcossrgges, congrotgrafs, o`l sg g`. A` df`froc, tmf sgu`l cfvfc a` sfrvfr rgges eoy  nf madm o`l fxpfraf`hf smgws tmot a`tf`saty cfvfcs fxhffla`d 4: lN movf nff` rfhgrlfl. \mf eoxaeue sgu`l a`tf`saty tmrfsmgcl cfvfc igr hcossrgges as 8: lN. \mas efo`s tmot woccs onutta`d tg hcossrgges smgucl movf sgu`lprggia`d watm o` ottf`uotag` hgrrfspg`la`d tg 6: lN Zf`ftrotag`s igr honcf gr papf f`try orf `gt pfreattfl a` woccs watm o rfquarfef`t igr 6: lN sgu`lprggia`d. Xuppcy gi >8: Y pgwfr ny woy gi hg`hfocfl wara`d ho` nf prgncfeotahoc. Hfaca`ds a ` sfrvfr rgges smgucl ocsg nf iattfl watm sgu`l-onsgrna`d eotfraocs, prgvalfl tmot tmgsf eotfraocs sotasiy tmf rfquarfef`ts igr lust-prggia`d o`l ho` nf iattfl a` suhm o woy tmot tmfy lg `gt cggsf` ai o iarf fxta`duasma`d systfe as sft gii. <. AH\ rgges o`l hg`luat potms igr A\ honcfs smgucl nf cghotfl ot o soif lasto`hf irge a`stoccotag`s wmahm feat fcfhtrahoc iafcls (wotfr, mfota`d o`l so`atotag` egtgrs, tro`sigrefrs, cait egtgrs, cordf fcfhtrahoc lastranutag` drals, o`l sg g`). \mf tmrfsmgcl vocuf igr cgw irfquf`hy eod`ftah iafcls a` AH\ rgges as lftfrea`fl ny tmf rfquarfef`ts gi tmf FEH prgluht sto`lorls igr A\ fquapef`t (A\F) o`l as lfia`fl os ? O/e ≍ ?.>6γ\ a` [email protected] 66:><(HAXZ^ ><). ^ fifrf`hf smgucl ocsg nf eolf tg VIX ?:> –^fquarfef`ts igr Df`frah Honca`d Xystfes―. 6. Hgeputfr rgges eust, arrfspfhtavf gi sazf, `uenfr gi icggrs, o`l sg g`, nf hotfdgrazfl os Iarf Hcoss ?8. \mf iarf hcossaiahotag` as lftfr ea`fl g` tmf nosas gi tmf pgtf`taoc hg`sfquf`hfs gi o iarf a` tmf struhturf. \mf hg`sfquf`hfs lfpf`l g` tmf  nuacla`d‑s shgpf gi usf (rasb hcossaiahotag`), sazf o`l icggr pco`.  \mf iarf rfsasto`hf gi tmf fcfef`ts gi o nuacla`d as lftfrea`fl g` tmf nosas gi tmf nuacla`d‑s  iarf hcossaiahotag`. Hg`struhtag`oc fcfef`ts eoy movf o cgol-nfora`d gr sfporota`d iu`htag`, gr o hgena`otag` gi tmf twg. \mf iarf rfsasto`hf gi nuacla`d sfporota`d fcfef`ts as lfsad`otfl ny tmf cfttfrs ^, F gr A, o`l o iadurf spfhaiya`d iarf rfsasto`hf a` ea`utfs. \mf iarf rfsasto`hf gi struhturoc fcfef`ts watm cgol -nfora`d iu`htag` as lfsad`otfl  ny tmf cfttfr ^ o`l tmgsf watm sfporota`d iu`htag` ny tmf cfttfrs F o`l A. \mf cfttfr ^ sad`aiafs cgol -nfora`d hopohaty, F sad`aiafs a`tfdraty o`l A sad`aiafs a`sucotag`. O struhturoc fcfef`t wmahm g`cy mos o cgol-nfora`d iu`htag`, suhm os o hgcue` gr nfoe, eoy movf iarf rfsasto`hf hcossaiahotag` ^8:, wmacf o` fcfef`t watm g`cy o sfporota`d iu`htag` eoy nf hcossaiafl os FA8:. O struhturoc fcfef`t wmahm mos ngtm cgol -nfora`d o`l sfporota`d iu`htag` eoy nf hcossaiafl os ^FA8:. Occ struhturoc fcfef`ts wmahm onut g`tg o` a`statutag`‑s AH\ rgges smocc nf hg`struhtfl os o  sfporotf iarf hfcc o`l smocc ot occ taefs sotasiy tmf hurrf`t rfducotag`s pursuo`t tg tmf Zco``a`d o`l Nuacla`d Oht. o. \mf iarf rfsasto`hf gi cgol-nfora`d struhturoc fcfef`ts lfpf`ls g` t mfar iarf hcossaiahotag`; a. Iarf Hcoss ?; ^8: RN8:U aa. Iarf Hcoss >; ^9: RN9:U aaa. Iarf Hcoss 8; ^1: RO1:U, `g`-hgenustancf eotfraocs.  n. \mf iarf rfsasto`hf gi sfporota`d struhturoc fcfef`ts (icggrs, woccs o`l hfaca`ds) lfpf`ls g` tmfar iarf hcossaiahotag`; a. Iarf Hcoss ?; FA8: RN8:U aa. Iarf Hcoss >; FA9: RN9:U aaa. Iarf Hcoss 8; FA9: O>-s?-l: RO9:U, `g`-hgenustancf eotfraocs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

9. \mf ea`aeue hfaca`d mfadmt smocc nf >,9:: ee irge tmf uppfr suriohf gi o hgepcftfl icggr (grla`ory icggr gr roasfl icggr) tg tmf u`lfrsalf gi o`y hfaca`d -egu`tfl a`stoccotag`s (honcf rohbs, spra`bcfr mfols, cadmt iatta`ds, oar luhts, fth.). \mf g`cy fxhfptag` as igr warf rohbs igr pothm honcfs. \mfrf smocc nf ot cfost <:: ee hcforo`hf irge tmf tgps gi honcf rohbs tg tmf u`lfrsalf gi o`y hfaca`d-egu`tfl a`stoccotag`s. A`  prohtahf tmfrf eoy nf prgncfes iatta`d gut sfrvfr rgges watm o ea`aeue hfaca`d mfadmt gi >,9:: ee o`l tmf gvfrocc mfadmt eust nf ossfssfl nosfl g` tmf `uenfr gi rohbs, vf`tacotag` luhts o`l sg g`. Igr sfporotag` rfquarfef`ts nftwff` pgwfr suppcy honcfs o`l tfcfpmg`y/loto honcfs, rfifr tg VIX ?:> –^fquarfef`ts igr Df`frah Honca`d Xystfes―. 4. Lggrs smocc nf prgvalfl wmahm pfreat tmf a`stoccotag` gi fssf`taoc fquapef`t. \opf rgngts orf gitf` cordfr tmo` tmf igccgwa`d ea`aeue spfhaiahotag`s; o. Xfrvfr rgges; Lguncf lggr, ?>::Ô><:: ee (TÔM), watmgut sacc. \mf lfsad` gi tmf lggr o`l icggr eust occgw tmf tro`spgrt gi furg poccfts.  n. F^/\^; 1::Ô>?:: ee (NÔM) Lggrs a` sfporota`d struhturoc fcfef`ts eust nf gi tmf soef iarf hcossaiahotag` os tmf woccs, a.f.; o. Iarf Hcoss ?; FA> 8:-Xo RN8:U  n. Iarf Hcoss >; FA> 9:-Xo RN9:U h. Iarf Hcoss 8; FA> 9:-Xo ‘  `g`-hgenustancf RO9:U. Mylroucah lggr hcgsfrs orf rfhgeef`lfl nut g`cy gncadotgry a` stoarwfccs. =. \mf lfsad` gi tro`spgrt orfos (mfadmt o`l waltm gi lggrs, hgrralgrs o`l caits, strf`dtm gi icggrs, fth.) eust  nf suhm tmot fquapef`t ho` nf tro`spgrtfl nftwff` AH\ rgges usa`d furg poccfts o`l mo`l poccft truhbs. \mf mfadmt smocc nf opprgxaeotfcy >,<:: ee. 1. A` occ AH\ rgges, woccs, hfaca`ds, icggrs o`l icggrs nf`fotm roasfl icggrs smocc nf trfotfl watm o`ta-lust odf`ts o`l movf seggtm, wosmoncf suriohfs. Icggr hgvfra`ds smocc movf o`ta -stotah gr hg`luhtavf prgpfrtafs o`l smocc nf fortmfl tg prfvf`t tmf ohhueucotag` gi stotah hmordfs. \mf rfsasto`hf nftwff` o`y pga`t a` tmf icggr hgvfra`d o`l fortm smocc nf irge ? tg ?: EΡ, hi. @FB [email protected] 6:?4<-?;>::1.

?:. Occ AH\ rgges smocc nf iattfl watm dggl wgrb cadmta`d. Cadmt iatta`ds smocc nf a`stoccfl sg os tg accuea`otf tmf gutsalfs o`l a`salfs gi rohbs os wfcc os nftwff` rohbs. Xgef cadmt iatta`ds smgucl iu`htag` os fefrdf`hy cadmta`d a` tmf fvf`t gi ioacurf gi tmf `greoc pgwfr suppcy. ^fquarfef`ts igr cadmt a`tf`saty; o. Mgrazg`toc pco`f; 6::-=:: cux.  n. Yfrtahoc pco`f; >:: cux.

??. Tatm rfspfht tg FEH, occ honcf pf`ftrotag`s smocc nf caeatfl tg o seocc orfo gi o wocc. Xfporotag` rfquarfef`ts orf os spfhaiafl a` @FB [email protected] 6:?4<->, hi. VIX ?:> –^fquarfef`ts  igr Df`frah Honca`d Xystfes―. Fxtfr`oc o`l a`tfr`oc hg`luat potms (honcf rohbs) smocc nf  fcfhtrahoccy asgcotfl irge fohm gtmfr. (hi. VIX ?:4 –Zgwfr Xuppcy ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges―). ?>. A` AH\ rgges hcossaiafl os sfrvfr rgges, F^s o`l \^s, sfporotf hg`luat potms (rohbs) smocc nf hg`struhtfl igr fcfhtrahoc pgwfr suppcy, df`frah honca`d o`l pothm hgrls. Xfporotag` rfquarfef`ts orf os spfhaiafl a` @FB [email protected] 6:?4<->, hi. VIX ?:> –^fquarfef`ts igr Df`frah Honca`d Xystfes―. A` cordfr sfrvfr rgges at as gitf` sto`lorl prohtahf tg coy tfcfpmg`y/loto honcfs g` rohbs nf`fotm tmf hfaca`d o`l pgwfr honcfs g` rohbs nf`fotm tmf roasfl icggr (os tmas prgvalfs dggl sfporotag`). ^guta`d gi honcfs eust nf ossfssfl a` hg``fhtag` watm tmf tro`spgrt gi hggca`d oar o`l tmf rguta`d gi papfs tg tmf rgge hggca`d u`ats. At as aepgrto`t tmot a`stoccotag`s nf`fotm roasfl icggrs lg `gt ncghb tmf harhucotag` gi hggca`d oar.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

?8. ^oasfl icggrs orf rfhgeef`lfl a` cordfr sfrvfr rgges tg iohacatotf tmf lastranutag` gi hggca`d oar, fcfhtrahoc pgwfr, tfcfpmg`y/loto honcfs o`l wotfr igr rgge hg gca`d u`ats. \mf mfadmts gi icggrs orf lfsad`fl g` tmf nosas gi tmf rfquarfef`ts igr t mf suppcy gi oar, fcfhtrahoc honcfs o`l papfs. Xfporotag` rfquarfef`ts orf os spfhaiafl a` @FB [email protected] 6:?4<->, hi. VIX ?:> –^fquarfef`ts igr Df`frah Honca`d Xystfes―. \mf rfhgeef`lfl ea`aeue mfadmt as <::  ee (tmf ohtuoc mfadmt eust nf hochucotfl g` tmf nosas gi hggca`d rfquarfef`ts gr tmf harhucotag` gi hggca`d oar, hi. VIX ?:= –Yf`tacotag` o`l Hggca`d ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges―. Tmf` hg`struhta`d o roasfl icggr, tmf sun -icggr smgucl nf cgwfrfl sg tmot tmf roasfl icggr as ot tmf soef mfadmt os tmf icggrs a` olkohf`t rgges, suhm os hgrralgrs. ^oeps igr ohhfss smgucl nf ovgalfl os tmfsf ma`lfr tmf tro`spgrt gi fquapef`t g` furg poccfts usa`d o mo`l poccft truhb. ^oasfl icggrs smgucl nf lfsad`fl watm tmf `fhfssory quocaty tg watmsto`l tmf wfadmt gi fquapef`t wmahm as tg nf a`stoccfl gr tro`spgrtfl. A` aepgrto`t AH\ rgges tmf cgol eoy opprgohm ?,6:: bd/e¾. @greoccy, icggrs a` tfohma`d gr giiahf nuacla`ds orf lfsad`fl igr cgols gi 8:: bd/e¾. At smgucl nf `gtfl tmot at as pgssancf tg fstoncasm iuccy-iu`htag`oc hgeputfr rgges watmgut usa`d roasfl icggrs, a.f. ny usa`d hggca`d rohbs o`l hmoenfrs igr hgccfhta`d wore oar, hi. Iadurf 6.?: a` VIX ?:= –Yf`tacotag` o`l hggca`d rfquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges―. \mas eoy nf  portahucorcy oppcahoncf ai o trolatag`oc roasfl icggr ho``gt nf usfl nfhousf gi caeatfl hfaca`d mfadmt ot tmf cghotag`. ?<. Occ typfs gi wotfr pf`ftrotag` eust nf ovgalfl. Zrfssurazfl wotfr papfs prfsf`t tmf drfotfst rasb. \mf usf gi wotfr as g`cy pfreattfl a` hg``fhtag` watm hggca`d a`stoccotag`s. Icggr lroa`s eoy nf iattfl nut wacc prfsf`t o rasb gi icggla`d a` tmf fvf`t gi nohba`d up, o`l ai tmf V-nf`l lrafs gut. Ai lroa`s orf usfl, tmfy smocc nf iattfl watm `g`-rftur` vocvfs. Muealaty sf`sgrs smgucl nf a`stoccfl a` icggrs hcgsf tg hggca`d u`ats (tg lftfht o`y hg`lf`sotag` gr wotfr cfobodf) o`l `for o`y –igrnallf` tmrgudm papfs― o `l lroa`s. Muealaty sf`sgrs smgucl tro`seat sad`ocs tg tmf nuacla`d eo`odfef`t systfe. @gtf tmot cghoc iarf outmgratafs eoy rfquarf wotfr spra`bcfr a`stoccotag`s a` AH\ rgges ai tmfsf lg `gt hg`statutf sfporotf iarf hfccs gr orf `gt iattfl watm sgef gtmfr outgeotah iarf fxta`duasma`d systfe (at as fxpfhtfl tmot AH\ rgges wacc `greoccy nf cghbfl o`l `gt usfl ny tmf puncah). ?6. O`y tmrgudm-dga`d wotfr papfs o`l papfs sfrva`d hggca`d u`ats smgucl nf a`sucotfl tg prfvf`t hg`lf`sotag` o`l tmf rasb gi a`trgluha`d fxtra`sah fortm pgtf`taoc, hi. VIX ?:4 –Zgwfr Xuppcy ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges―. Ai fxtra`sah a`stoccotag`s ho``gt nf ovgalfl gr  a`sucotfl, tmfy smgucl movf tmf soef fortm pgtf`taoc os tmf rfeoa`a`d AH\ a`stoccotag`s. ?9. Occ gpfrota`d hgeputfr fquapef`t, lastranutag` `ftwgrbs o`l nohbng`f honcfs smocc nf a`stoccfl a` rohbs watm ohhfss irge tmf irg`t. \mf igccgwa`d rfhgeef`lotag`s oppcy tg rohbs; o. Hcforo`hf ot irg`t; ?6:: ee  n. Hcforo`hf ot nohb; ?::: ee h. ^ohb laef`sag`s a` sfrvfr rgges o`l saeacor rgges; =::Ô?::: ee (TÔL) l. ^ohb laef`sag`s a` F^, \^, noys o`l saeacor rgges; =::Ô=:: ee (TÔL). \mf oegu`t gi hcforo`hf as lahtotfl ny @FB [email protected] 6:?4< wmahm stotfs tmot tmf –s eoccfst hcforo`hf ot occ suriohfs g` rohbs o`l hona`fts wmfrf ohhfss as rfquarfl smocc nf ?.> e―. A`  seocc rgges (noys) at eoy nf opprgpraotf tg a`stocc rohbs odoa`st woccs. Nfigrf o lfhasag` as eolf g`f smgucl f`surf tmot occ a`stoccotag` o`l iuturf fxpo`sag` ho` nf horrafl gut ny ohhfss irge tmf irg`t gi tmf rohb. A` df`froc, tmf usf gi noys as `gt rfhgeef`lfl. Drfotfr lfptm eoy nf `fhfssory o`l at as tmfrfigrf aepgrto`t tg hmfhb tmf lfptm gi fquapef`t wmahm as tg nf a`stoccfl nfigrf sfcfhta`d rohbs. \mf usf gi gpf` rohbs os gppgsfl tg rohbs watm salfwoccs o`l lggrs (ot irg`t o`l nohb) eust nf ossfssfl ohhgrla`d tg `ffl, a.f. tmf typf gi fquapef`t tg nf a`stoccfl o`l tmf rfducotag` gi hggca`d oar harhucotag`. \mf lasto`hf nftwff` rohbs smgucl ocsg nf ossfssfl a` hg``fhtag` watm vf`tacotag` vao roasfl icggrs.  @gtf tmot =:: ee walf sfrvfr rohbs eoy prfsf`t o hmoccf`df watm rfdorl tg u`lfsaroncf wore oar icgwa`d irge tmf wore tg tmf hgcl salf gi tmf a`tfragr gi tmf rohbs (smgrt-harhuata`d tmf lfsarfl oar icgw). \mas oar

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX icgw ho` nf laiiahuct tg ncghb. A` o rohb gi 9:: ee waltm tmfrf as cfss rgge igr oar tg poss ocg`d tmf salf gi tmf sfrvfrs o`l tmf prgncfe gi u`lfsaroncf wore oa r as tmfrfigrf rfluhfl. ?4. Hggca`d u`ats o`l fcfhtrahoc lastranutag` po`fcs ho` nf a`stoccfl odoa`st woccs. \mfrf eust nf suiiahaf`t hcforo`hf tg f`oncf `greoc sfrvaha`d o`l tmf rfegvoc o`l a`sfrtag` gi lfifhtavf o`l `fw u`ats. Tatm rfdorl tg FEH tmf lasto`hf nftwff` fcfhtrahoc lastranutag` po`fc o`l ohtavf gr possavf AH\ fquapef`t smgucl nf ot cfost ?,::: ee. Ai a` lgunt, tmf FEH rfquarfef`ts gi tmf fquapef`t smgucl nf hmfhbfl. At as aepgrto`t tg eobf occgwo`hf igr iuturf fxpo`sag`s ny rfsfrva`d spohf igr `fw hggca`d u`ats, cordfr fcfhtrahoc lastranutag` drals o`l tmf coya`d gi hggca`d papfs o`l gutcfts. ?=. O cordf sfrvfr rgge eoy nf lavalfl a`tg seoccfr rgges tg ohmafvf nfttfr sfhuraty (hggca`d, iarf  prgtfhtag`, fth.). ?1. VZX u`ats usf vocvf-rfducotfl nottfrafs wmahm feat dosfs (mylrgdf` o`l gxydf`) wmf` tmf a`tfr`oc  prfssurf fxhffls o hfrtoa` cfvfc. Tmf` mylrgdf` o`l gxydf` assuf a`tg tmf nottfry rgge, o` fxpcgsavf eaxturf eoy orasf ai tmf mylrgdf` hg`hf`trotag` a` tmf oar fxhffls <% ny vgcuef. Nottfry rgges smocc nf vf`tacotfl sg tmot tmf mylrgdf` hg`hf`trotag` as ocwoys nfcgw tmas cfvfc. Nottfry rgges smocc nf lfsad`fl ohhgrla`d tg tmf rfquarfef`ts gi @FB [email protected] 6:>4>, –Xoifty rfquarfef`ts igr sfhg`lory nottfrafs o`l nottfry a`stoccotag`s ‘  Zort >; Xtotag`ory nottfrafs―. Hi. VIX ?:= –Yf`tacotag` o`l Hggca`d ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges―. \mf `greoc gpfrota`d tfepfroturf igr nottfrafs as >: ºH, hgeporfl watm hgeputfr fquapef`t wmahm rfquarfs >:->6ºH. O` a`hrfosf a` tfepfroturf gi ?:ºH mocvfs tmf c aiftaef gi o nottfry. O smorfl rgge igr  nottfrafs o`l hgeputfr fquapef`t wacc `gt nf fhg`geahoc gwa`d tg tmf `ffl igr a`hrfosfl hggca`d hopohaty. Egrfgvfr, o smorfl rgge wacc rfquarf vf`tacota g` wmahm wgucl nf u`iovguroncf watm rfdorl tg iarf fxta`duasma`d (mypgxah oar vf`ta`d o`l dos-nosfl fxta`duasma`d s ystfes hocc igr oartadmt rgges). A` cordfr  nottfry rgges tmf usf gi fxpcgsag`-prggi (F] rotfl) >8: Y fquapef`t smgucl nf hg`salfrfl. >:. G`cy outmgrazfl pfrsg``fc smocc movf ohhfss tg tmf voragus rgges. \roiiah a` o`l gut smgucl nf cgddfl. At as rfhgeef`lfl tg prgvalf o` ohhfss hg`trgc systfe wmahm sfrvfs occ tmf rgges. Xmgucl straht sfhuraty nf rfquarfl, tmf `ffl igr nurdcor ocore o`l valfg survfacco`hf systfes (a`salf o`l gutsalf tmf rgges) smgucl  nf hg`salfrfl. >?. AH\ rgges hg`toa`a`d ohtavf fquapef`t smocc `fvfr nf usfl os stgrfrgges. G`cy rgges lfsad`otfl os stgrfrgges smocc nf usfl igr stgra`d AH\ fquapef`t. A`icoeeoncf eotfraocs smgucl `gt nf stgrfl a` rgges onutta`d tg AH\ rgges. Outgeotah spra`bcfr systfes smgucl ocsg nf a`stoccfl a` olkohf`t rgges o`l ho` `greoccy nf port gi tmf nuacl a`d‑s spra`bcfr  systfe. >>. Occ AH\ rgges smgucl nf oartadmt, a.f. o`y vf`tacotag` eust nf iohacatotfl usa`d rfducotfl vf`tacotag` systfes. \mf usf gi outgeotah iarf fxta`duasma`d systfes lfeo`ls oartadmt rgges. Occ honcf pf`ftrotag`s smocc nf iarfprggifl usa`d opprgvfl prgluhts o`l tmf a`stoccot ag` smocc nf lghuef`tfl. Hi. VIX ?:= –Yf`tacotag` o`l Hggca`d ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges― o`l VIX ?:< –Iarf Zrfvf`tag` ^fquarfef`ts igr AH\ ^gges―. >8. Iarf fxta`duasmfr systfes wacc nf portahucorcy rfcfvo`t a` hosfs wmfrf possavf efosurfs orf u`sotasiohtgry, suhm os a` nuacla`ds watm madm iarf f`frdy, a` nuacla`ds watm smoits o`l hmo``fcs wmahm orf laiiahuct tg ohhfss o`l a` nuacla`ds watm cordf, `g`-sfhtag`ocazfl icggr spohfs. Igr fxoepcf, o spra`bcfr systfe as rfquarfl ai tmf cordfst drgss orfo gi `g`sfhtag`ocasfl icggr as drfotfr tmo` ?,=:: e¾ (g` hg`latag` tmot iarf ocores orf a`stoccfl). O spra`bcfr systfe as ocsg rfquarfl ai o` gpf` iarf hfcc fxtf`ls gvfr tmrff icggr cfvfcs o`l tmf hgena`fl drgss orfo as drfotfr tmo` =:: e¾. Cordf nuacla`ds orf gitf` fquappfl watm spra`bcfrs nfhousf tmas prgvalfs drfotfr icfxanacat y watm rfdorl tg tmf icggr pco`. A` rgges gr orfos wmahm orf `gt suatfl tg tmf usf gi spra`bcfr systfes, gtmfr typfs gi fxta`duasma`d systfes eust nf usfl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

LO\O XFHV^A\Q/Z^G\FH\[email protected] 

^fifrs tg bffpa`d loto soif irge voragus mozorls gr lo`dfrs cabf `oturoc mozorls, lfcanfrotf hgrruptag` gr lfstruhtag` gi sgitworf & morlworf ny eocahagus gr tfrrgrast ohts, accfdoc ohhfss tg loto ny mohbfrs Rpfgpcf wmg nrfob a`tg tmf systfeU & ohhalf`toc lfstruhtag` gi loto ny morlworf gr sgitworf ioacurf Rgpfrotgr frrgrU.

EFOXV^FX \G [email protected]^F LO\O XFHV^A\Q ?. Loto F`hryptag`/Lfhryptag`-  Loto as hglfl nfigrf tro`seassag` gvfr o [email protected] & lfhryptfl g`cy ai ygu movf tmf bfy & hglf tg lfhrypt tmf loto g` tmf rfhfava`d f`l. \mf prghfss gi tro`sigrea`d o efssodf a` grla`ory co`duodf a.f. pcoa` tfxt tg prgluhf wmot as hoccfl hapmfr tfxt  wmahm as tmf` sf`l ocg`d o hgeeu`ahotag` ca`f/ca`b. \mf rfhfava`d hgeputfr usfs o`gtmfr tro`sigreotag` tg lfhglf tmf efssodf. Lfhryptag`  \mf prghfss gi hg`vfrta`d f`hryptfl hg`tf`t nohb a`tg ats grada`oc igre, gitf` tmf  prghfss gi hg`vfrta`d hapmfr tfxt tg pcoa`tfxt. Lfhryptag` as tmf gppgsatf gi f`hryptag`. F`hryptag` O`y prghflurf usfl a` hryptgdropmy tg hg`vfrt pcoa`tfxt a`tg hapmfr tfxt a` grlfr  tg prfvf`t o`yg`f fxhfpt tmf a`tf`lfl rfhapaf`t irge rfola`d tmot loto. \mfrf orf eo`y typfs gi loto f`hryptag`, o`l tmfy orf tmf nosas gi `ftwgrb sfhuraty. Hgeeg` typfs a`hculf Loto F`hryptag` Xto`lorl o`l puncah-bfy f`hryptag`. Hapmfr tfxt Loto tmot mos nff` tro`sigrefl ny f`hryptag` sg tmot ats sfeo`tah a`igreotag`  hg`tf`t (af, ats efo`a`d) as `g cg`dfr a`tfccadancf gr larfhtcy ovoaconcf. >. Iarfwocc O iarfwocc as o sgitworf prgdroe lfsad`fl tg prfvf`t u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg o ZH  gr `ftwgrb tmrgudm o hg``fhtag` tg tmf A`tfr`ft. At wgrbs ny eg`atgra`d occ loto sf`t tg o`l irge tmf ZH o`l hgepora`d tmf loto watm o sft gi usfr-lfia`fl sfhuraty hratfrao. O`y loto tmot lgfs `gt efft tmot hratfrao as ncghbfl. Iarfwoccs ocsg  prghfss f`hryptfl loto. \mfy vfraiy tmf vocalaty gi tmf usfr. Vsfr wgucl rfquarf ohhfss tg tmf iarfwocc nfigrf tmfy ho` tro`seat loto. Cotfst iarfwoccs ocsg movf tmf onacaty tg lftfht varus sgitworf a` pohbfts gi loto tmot as sf`t tmrgudm tmf `ftwgrb. Iarfwoccs lasoccgw loto tro`seassag` ai at lftfhts stroa`s gi varus g` tmf loto nfa`d tro`seattfl. 8) Vsfr`oefs & Zosswgrls  Zosswgrls rfstraht g`cy outmgrazfl pfrsg``fc/usfrs tg movf ohhfss tg tmf lo to gr hgeputfr rgges RhorlsU. Zosswgrls nra`d a` o` ospfht gi ohhgu`tonacaty, ai o iacf as lfcftfl, tmf pfrsg` watm tmf posswgrl wacc nf rfpgrtfl os tmf hucprat tmrgudm cgdda`d. Zosswgrls ho` nf igrdgttf`. Talfcy usfl ny hgepo`afs tg prgtfht tmfar fquapef`t & loto

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX <) Outmgrazfl f`try tg hgeputfr a`stoccotag`s Egst a`stoccotag`s movf horl rfolfrs, vgahf rfhgd`atag` systfes gr bfypols g ` tmf  lggrs tmot prgmanat f`try tg u`outmgrazfl pfrsg``fc. 6) Nohba`d-up iacfs g` fxtfr`oc lasbs pfraglahoccy. 9) Bffpa`d nohbup hgpafs gi iacfs a` o laiifrf`t cghotag` o`l eoba`d ongut 8 df`frotag`s gi nohbup. 4) Xova`d wgrb irfquf`tcy =) Ovgala`d varusfs. 1) ^fstrahta`d ohhfss tg tmf hgeputfr rgge. Ohhfss hgucl nf g`cy tmrgudm hglfs, vgahf rfhgd`atag` fth. ?:) A`stocca`d iarf ocores. ??) Ca`a`d hgeputfr rgges watm iarf rfsasto`t eotfraoc. ?>) Zcoha`d tmf hgeputfr rgge a` uppfr icggrs gi o nuacla`d tg ovgal nurdcorafs. ?8) Mova`d o sfhuraty duorl >< mgurs o loy. Xueeory - Bffpa`d loto sfhurf

Efosurfs tmot ho` nf tobf` tg bffp loto soif a`hculf; 

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Eoba`d rfducor nohb-ups gi iacfs. (Nohb up hgpafs smgucl nf stgrfl soifcy a` iarfprggi soifs gr a` o`gtmfr nuacla`d.) Zrgtfhta`d ygursfci odoa`st varusfs ny ru``a`d o`ta-varus sgitworf . Vsa`d o systfe gi posswgrls sg tmot ohhfss tg loto as rfstrahtfl. Xoif stgrodf gi aepgrto`t iacfs stgrfl g` rfegvoncf lasbs - fd cghbfl owoy a` o iarfprggi o`l wotfrprggi soif. Occgwa`d g`cy outmgrazfl stoii a`tg hfrtoa` hgeputfr orfos, f d ny hg`trgcca`d f`try tg tmfsf orfos ny efo`s gi AL horls gr eod`ftah swapf horls. Ocwoys cgdda`d gii gr tur`a`d tfrea`ocs gii o`l ai pgssancf cghba`d tmfe. Ovgala`d ohhalf`toccy lfcftag` gi iacfs ny wratf-prgtfhta`d lasbs. Vsa`d loto f`hryptag` tfhm`aqufs tg hglf loto sg tmot at eobfs `g opporf`t sf`sf

NOHB VZ 

Hgpya`d gr sova`d loto tg o laiifrf`t cghotag`. G`f ho` rfstgrf tmf nohbup hgpy ai loto as cgst gr loeodfl.  \g hrfotf o hgpy gi o l asb‑s hg`tf`ts g` o`gtmfr cghotag` igr soif bffpa` d. Xa`hf morl lravfs orf `gt a`ioccancf, at as rfhgeef`lfl tmot ygu nohbup ats hg`tf`ts rfducorcy. LAXOX\F^ [email protected]@[email protected]  Eo`y hgepo`afs movf hgeprfmf`savf fefrdf`hy pco`s sg tmot fvf` oitfr suiifra`d o sfvfrf;  Ngen  Iarf loeodf  @oturoc lasostfr , tmf hgepo`y ho` nf up o`l ru``a`d watma` o loy gr twg.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

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O lasostfr rfhgvfry sfrvahf/prgdroeef prgvalfs igr fxoepcf  Giiahf spohf  Hgeputfr iohacatafs  Zmg`fs  Lfsbs,  ot o` fefrdf`hy NOHBVZ satf.

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O hgepcftfcy up tg lotf hgpy gi tmf hgepo`y Lotonosf eoy nf pfreo`f`tcy eoa`toa`fl ot tmas satf watm occ tro`sohtag`s nfa`d tro`seattfl tg tmas rfegtf satf uplota`d tmf lotonosf, hgpya`d fth. f` surf rfhgvfry a`  \mf loto smgucl nf nohbfl up/stgrfl tg g`f gr egrf eflao tg f`surf hosf gi lasostfr.  \mf nohb up prghflurfs o`l eflao smgucl nf tfstfl pfraglahoccy tg ossfss tmfar fiifhtavf`fss. Lasostfr pco` \mf lghuef`tfl pgcahafs o`l prghflurfs a`tf`lfl tg fatmfr prfvf`t loeodf,  ea`aeazf loeodf, gr rfhgvfr irge loeodf tg rfhgrl eotfraocs. Lasostfr rfhgvfry pco` \mf lghuef`t tmot lfia`fs tmf rfsgurhfs, ohtag`s, tosbs o`l loto rfquarfl tg  eo`odf tmf nusa`fss rfhgvfry prghfss a` tmf fvf`t gi o nusa`fss a`tfrruptag`. \mf  pco` as lfsad`fl tg ossast a` rfstgra`d tmf tmf nusa`fss prghfss watma` tmf stotfl lasostfr rfhgvfry dgocs. Zort gi o` gvfrocc hg`ta`df`hy pco`. \mf pco` igr o prghfss p rghfss wmfrfny o` f`tfrprasf  wgucl rfstgrf o`y cgss gi loto a` tmf fvf`t gi iarf, vo`locase, `oturoc lasostfr, gr systfe ioacurf. EOKG^ \M^FO\X \G [email protected]^EO\[email protected] XQX\FEX/HGEZV\F^X Bfy tmrfots tg loto sfhuraty Loto ho` nf cgst gr loeodfl lura`d o systfe hrosm - fspfhaoccy g`f oiifhta`d tmf  morl lasb. Loto ho` nfhgef hgrrupt os o rfsuct gi ioucty lasbs gr lasb lravfs, gr pgwfr  ioacurfs. l fcfta`d gr gvfrwrata`d iacfs.  Loto ho` nf cgst ny ohhalf`toccy lfcfta`d Loto ho` nf cgst gr nfhgef hgrruptfl ny hgeputfr varusfs .  Loto ho` nf mohbfl a`tg ny u`outmgrazfl usfrs o`l lfcftfl gr octfrfl.  Loto ho` nf lfstrgyfl ny tfrrgrast ohtavatafs, wor, ngens o`l iarf.  Loto ho` nf lfcftfl gr octfrfl ny u`pcfoso`t fepcgyffs wasma`d tg eobf eg`fy  gr sffb rfvf`df g` tmfar fepcgyfrs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Fxpcoa` 6 eokgr tmrfots tg a`igreotag` systfes2 igr fohm tmrfot lfshranf ats aepoht o`l prfvf`totavf efosurf ygu wgucl olgpt tg prfvf`t at. R?6U. \M^FO\ Morlworf ioacurf

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Fcfhtrahoc ioucts

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Xgitworf ioacurfs

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AEZOH\ Qgu orf drgu`lfl Qgu ho``gt ohhfss tmf systfe Loto as a`hgrrfhtcy/ a`hgepcftfcy prghfssfl

Cgss gi loto Lasb hrusmfs Loeodf tg morlworf Gpfrotag`s orf drgu`lfl

[email protected]\^GC    

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@oturoc lasostfrs/ pmysahoc tmrfots Yarusfs

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Onsgcutf lfstruhtag`

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Lfcftag` & hgrruptag` gi iacfs ^figreotta`d gi lghuef`ts Xystfe eoy ioac tg wgrb

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Mohbfrs, Hgeputfr hraef

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Xfhuraty as nrfohmfl Xfhuraty as nypossfl Lfstruhtag` gi iacfs Loto as stgcf`

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Movf sporfs a` tmf worfmgusf. Lg rfducor sfrvaha`d Movf o lasostfr pco` ^u` morlworf laod`gstahs irfquf`tcy Movf sto`lny df`frotgrs A`stocc VZX Ru`a`tfrruptfl pgwfr suppcyU A`stocc Xurdf supprfssgrs/ prgtfhtgrs Nuy sgitworf irge rfputoncf vf`lgrs. Lg rfducor nohb ups Xgitworf laod`gstahs ^fcghotf nohbups tg gtmfr orfos irff irge lasostfrs A`stocc o rfcaoncf o`ta-varus sgitworf  @fvfr lgw`cgol u`b`gw` f-eoac ottohmef`ts Xho` u`b`gw` lasbfttfs Hmo`df posswgrls rfducorcy Fepcgy o sfhuraty duorl A`stocc o iarfwocc Zrfvf`t u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg hgeputfr iohacatafs.

Tor o`l \frrgrast ohtavaty Mueo` frrgr

Os usf gi a`tfr`ft o`l rfcotfl tfcfhgeeu`ahotag`s tfhm`gcgdafs o`l systfes mos nfhgef  pfrvosavf ,usf gi tmfsf `ftwgrbs `gw hrfotfs o `fw vuc`fronacaty igr grdo`azotag`s gr hgepo`afs .\mfsf `ftwgrbs ho` nf a`iactrotfl gr sunvfrtfl sunv frtfl o `uenfr gi woys .Os o rfsuct ,grdo`azotag`s gr hgepo`afs wacc iohfl tmrfots tmot oiifht o`l vuc`froncf tg a`igreotag` systfe sfhuraty . \mrfots tg a`igreotag` systfe ho` hgef irge o vorafty v orafty gi pcohfs a`salf o`l fxtfr`oc tg o` grdo`azotag`s gr hgepo`afs .A` grlfr tg sfhurf systfe o`l a`igreotag` ,fohm hgepo`y gr grdo`azotag` smgucl o`ocyzf tmf typfs gi tmrfots tmot wacc nf iohfl o`l mgw tmf tmrfots oiifht a`igreotag` systfe sfhuraty .Fxoepcfs gi tmrfots suhm os u`outmgrazfl ohhfss (mohbfr o`l hrohbfr ) ,hgeputfr varusfs ,tmfit ,songtodf ,vo`locase o`l ohhalf`ts

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

V`outmgrazfl Ohhfss (Mohbfr o`l Hrohbfr)

Hgeputfr Yarusfs

\mfit

Xongtodf

Yo`locase

Ohhalf`ts

G`f gi tmf egst hgeeg` sfhuraty rasbs a` rfcotag` tg hgeputfrazfl a`igreotag` systfes as tmf lo`dfr gi u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg hg`ialf`taoc loto .\mf eoa` hg`hfr` hgefs irge u`wo`tfl a`trulfrs, gr mohbfrs, wmg usf tmf cotfst tfhm`gcgdy o`l tmfar t mfar sbaccs tg nrfob a`tg suppgsflcy sfhurf hgeputfrs gr tg lasoncf tmfe .O pfrsg` wmg doa`s ohhfss tg a`igreotag` systfe igr eocahagus rfosg` as gitf` tfrefl gi hrohbfr rotmfr tmo` o mohbfr. Hgeputfr varus as o ba`l gi `osty sgitworf wrattf` lfcanfrotfcy tg f`tfr o hgeputfr watmgut tmf usfr‑s pfreassag` gr b`gwcfldf ,watm o` onacaty tg lupcahotf atsfci ,tmus hg`ta`ua`d tg sprfol .Xgef varusfs lg cattcf nut lupcahotf gtmfrs ho` housf sfvfrf more gr olvfrsfcy oiifht prgdroe o`l  pfrigreo`hf gi tmf systfe .Yarus prgdroe eoy stacc housf hrosmfs o`l o`l loto cgss .A` eo`y hosfs ,tmf loeodfs lo eodfs housfl ny hgeputfr varus eadmt nf ohhalf`toc ,orasa`d efrfcy os tmf rfsuct gi pggr prgdroeea`d .\ypf gi varusfs ,igr fxoepcf ,wgres o`l \rgko` mgrsfs . \mf cgss gi aepgrto`t morlworf, sgitworf gr loto ho` movf sad`aiaho`t fiifhts g` o` grdo`azotag`‑s fiifhtavf`fss .\mfit ho` nf lavalfl a`tg tmrff  nosah hotfdgrafs; pmysahoc tmfit, loto tmfit, o`l alf`taty tmfit.

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Tatm rfdorl tg a`igreotag` systfes , loeodf eoy nf g` purpgsf gr ohhalf`toc o`l horrafl gut o` a`lavaluoc nosas gr os o` oht gi a`lustraoc songtodf .A`salfrs movf b`gwcfldf tmot prgvalf tmfe watm hoponacaty tg housf eoxaeue a`tfrruptag` tg o` odf`hy n y songtoda`d a`igreotag` systfes .Fxoepcfs a`hculf lfstrgya`d morlworf o`l a`irostruhturf ,hmo`da`d loto ,f`tfra`d a`hgrrfht loto ,lfcfta`d sgitworf ,pco`ta`d cgdah  ngens ,lfcfta`d loto ,pco`ta`d o varus . Lfcanfrotf loeodf housf tg morlworf, sgitworf o`l loto as hg `salfrfl o sfragus tmrfot tg a`igreotag` systfe sfhuraty . \mf tmrfot irge vo`locase cafs a` tmf ioht tmot tmf grdo`azotag` as tfepgroracy lf`afl ohhfss tg sgefg`f gi ats rfsgurhfs .Fvf` rfcotavfcy ea`gr loeodf tg ports gi o systfe ho` movf o sad`aiaho`t fiifht g` tmf grdo`azotag` os o wmgcf. Eokgr gi loeodf housfl tg a`igreotag` systfes gr hgrpgrotf loto orasfs os o rfsuct gi mueo` frrgr .Ohhalf`toc easusf gr loeodf wacc nf oiifhtfl gvfr taef ny tmf ottatulf o`l laspgsatag` gi tmf stoii a` ollatag` tg tmf f`varg`ef`t .Mueo` frrgrs movf o drfotfr aepoht g` a` igreotag` systfe sfhuraty tmo` lg eo`eolf tmrfots housfl ny purpgsfiuc ottohbs .N ut egst ohhalf`ts tmot orf sfragus tmrfots tg tmf sfhuraty gi a`igreotag` systfes ho` nf eatadotfl.

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reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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  

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Xpggia`d o`l X`aiia`d Lf`aoc gi Xfrvahf Ottohbs (LGX)

Tgres \rgko` mgrsfs

Zmysahoc \mfit Loto \mfit Alf`taty \mfit A`lavaluoc Xongtodf A`lustraoc Xongtodf V`a`tf`tag`oc Xongtodf

A`ohhurotf loto f`try Ottfepts tg horry gut tosbs nfyg`l tmf onacaty gi tmf fepcgyff

=:

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

\M^FO\ ?. Eocworf; >. Hgeputfr varus; 8. ^gduf sfhuraty sgitworf; <. \rgko` mgrsf;

6. Eocahagus spyworf;

9. Hgeputfr wgre; 4. Ngt`ft;

=. Xpoe;

1. Zmasma`d;

?:. ^ggtbat;

Eocworf as smgrt igr –eocahagus sgitworf.― Tabapflao lfshranfs eocworf os o tfre usfl tg efo` o –vorafty gi igres gi mgstacf, a`trusavf, gr o``gya`d sgitworf gr prgdroe hglf.― Eocworf hgucl nf hgeputfr varusfs, wgres, \rgko` mgrsfs,  “ occ lasmg`fst spyworf, o`l eocahagus rggtbats “  occ gi wmahm orf lfia`fl nfcgw. O hgeputfr varus as o seocc pafhf gi sgitworf tmot ho` sprfol irge g`f a`ifhtfl hgeputfr tg o`gtmfr. \mf varus hgucl hgrrupt, stfoc, gr lfcftf loto g` ygur hgeputfr  fvf` frosa`d fvfrytma`d g` ygur morl lravf. O varus hgucl ocsg usf gtmfr  “ fvf`  prgdroes cabf ygur feoac prgdroe tg sprfol atsfci tg gtm fr hgeputfrs. Movf ygu fvfr sff` o pgp-up wa`lgw tmot olvfrtasfs o sfhuraty uplotf gr ocfrt7 At oppfors cfdataeotf o`l osbs ygu tg hcahb g` o ca`b tg a`stocc tmf –uplotf― gr –rfegvf― u`wo`tfl eocahagus sgitworf tmot at mos opporf`tcy lftfhtfl. \mas hgucl nf rgduf sfhuraty sgitworf lfsad`fl tg curf pfgpcf a`tg hcahba`d o`l lgw`cgola`d eocahagus sgitworf. Eahrgsgit mos o usfiuc wfnpodf tmot lfshranfs rgduf sfhuraty sgitworf o`l mgw ygu ho` prgtfht ygursfci. Vsfrs ho` a`ifht tmfar hgeputfrs watm \rgko` mgrsf sgitworf saepcy ny lgw`cgola`d o` oppcahotag` tmfy tmgudmt wos cfdataeotf nut wos a` ioht eocahagus. G`hf a`salf ygur hgeputfr, o \rgko` mgrsf ho` lg o`ytma`d irge rfhgrl ygur  posswgrls ny cgdda`d bfystrgbfs (b`gw` os o bfystrgbf o bfystrgbf cgddfr) tg cgddfr) tg makohba`d ygur makohba`d ygur wfnhoe tg wothm o`l rfhgrl ygur fvfry egvf. \rgko` mgrsfs, hgeeg`cy rfifrrfl tg os \rgko`, orf prgdroes. \mfy eosqufrolf os `greoc, soif oppcahotag`s, nut tmfar eassag` as tg occgw o mohbfr rfegtf ohhfss tg ygur hgeputfr. A` tur`, tmf a`ifhtfl hgeputfr ho` nf usfl os port gi o lf`aoc gi sfrvahf ottohb o`l loto tmfit ho` ghhur. O portahucorcy `osty \rgko` as o bfystrgbf cgddfr tmo` ho` nf usfl tg hopturf posswgrls, hrflat horl `uenfrs o`l gtmfr sf`satavf a`igreotag`.

Eocahagus spyworf as usfl tg lfshranf tmf \rgko` oppcahotag` tmot wos hrfotfl ny hynfrhraea`ocs tg spy g` tmfar vahtaes. O` fxoepcf wgucl nf bfycgddfr sgitworf tmot rfhgrls o vahtae‑s fvfry bfystrgbf g` mas gr mfr bfyngorl. \mf rfhgrlfl a`igreotag` as pfraglahoccy sf`t nohb tg tmf grada`ota`d hynfrhraea`oc gvfr tmf A`tfr`ft. Bfycgdda`d sgitworf as walfcy ovoaconcf o`l as eorbftfl tg porf`ts gr nusa`fssfs tmot wo`t tg eg`atgr tmfar bals‑ gr fepcgyffs‑ A`tfr`ft usodf. Xpyworf usuoccy a`volfs hgeputfrs tmrgudm sgitworf lgw`cgols. Xmorfworf o`l irffworf lgw`cgols, a` ollatag` tg  pffr-tg-pffr iacf smora`d orf typah oc a`ifhtag` pga`ts. Cabf \rgko`s, spyworf ho` pacifr sf`satavf a` igreotag`, nut orf gitf` usfl os olvfrtasa`d tggcs os wfcc. \mf a`tf`t as tg dotmfr o usfr's a`igreotag` ny eg`atgra`d A`tfr`ft ohtavaty o`l tro`seatta`d tmot tg o` ottohbfr. O hgeputfr wgre as o sgitworf prgdroe tmot ho` hgpy atsfci irge g`f hgeputfr tg o`gtmfr, watmgut mueo` a`tfrohtag`. Tgres ho` rfpcahotf a` drfot vgcuef o`l watm drfot spffl. O wgre as o spfhaiah typf gi varus. V`cabf o typahoc varus, at's dgoc as`'t tg octfr systfe iacfs, nut tg rfpcahotf sg eo`y taefs tmot at hg`suefs morl lasb spohf gr efegry. Tgre vahtaes wacc `gtahf tmfar hgeputfrs ru``a`d scgwfr gr hrosma`d. O ngt`ft as o drgup gi hgeputfrs hg``fhtfl tg tmf A`tfr`ft tmot movf nff` hgeprgeasfl ny o mohbfr usa`d o hgeputfr varus gr \rgko` mgrsf. O` a`lavaluoc hgeputfr a` tmf drgup as b`gw` os o –zgenaf–hgeputfr. \mf ngt`ft as u`lfr tmf hgeeo`l gi o –ngt mfrlfr― gr o –ngt eostfr,― usuoccy tg pfrigre `fioragus ohtavatafs. \mas hgucl a`hculf lastranuta`d spoe tg tmf feoac hg`toht ollrfssfs g` fohm zgenaf hgeputfr, igr fxoepcf. Ai tmf ngt`ft as suiiahaf`tcy nad a` `uenfr, at hgucl nf usfl tg ohhfss o tordftfl wfnsatf saeucto`fguscy a` wmot‑s b`gw` os o l f`aoc -gisfrvahf (LgX) ottohb. \mf dgoc gi o LgX ottohb as tg nra`d lgw` o wfn sfrvfr ny gvfrcgola`d at watm ohhfss rfqufsts. Zgpucor wfnsatfs suhm os Dggdcf o`l  \wattfr  \wattfr movf nff` vahtaes gi LgX ottohbs.

Xpoe a` tmf sfhuraty hg`tfxt as praeoracy usfl tg lfshranf feoac lfshranf feoac spoe “ u`wo`tfl u`wo`tfl efssodfs a` ygur feoac a`ngx. Xpoe, gr fcfhtrg`ah ku`b eoac, as o `uaso`hf os at ho` hcuttfr ygur eoacngx os wfcc os pgtf`taoccy tobf up spohf g` ygur eoac sfrvfr. V`wo`tfl ku`b eoac olvfrtasa`d atfes ygu lg`‑t horf igr as morecfss, rfcotavfcy spfoba`d. Mgwfvfr, spoe efssodfs ho` hg`toa` ca`bs tmot wmf` hcahbfl g` hgucl dg tg o wfnsatf tmot a`stoccs eocahagus sgitworf g`tg ygur hgeputfr. Zmasma`d shoes orf iroulucf`t ottfepts ny hynfrhraea`ocs tg gntoa` pravotf a`igreotag`. Zmasma`d shoes gitf` oppfor a` tmf duasf gi feoac efssodfs lfsad`fl tg oppfor os tmgudm tmfy orf irge cfdataeotf sgurhfs. Igr fxoepcf, tmf efssodf wgucl try tg curf ygu a`tg dava`d ygur pfrsg`oc a`igreotag` ny prftf`la`d tmot ygur no`b gr feoac sfrvahf prgvalfr as uplota`d ats wfnsatf o`l tmot ygu eust hcahb g` tmf ca`b a` tmf feoac tg vfraiy ygur ohhgu`t a`igreotag` o`l posswgrl lftoacs. Ohhgrla`d tg \fhm\ordft, o rggtbat as o hgccfhtag` gi tggcs tmot orf usfl tg gntoa` olea`astrotgr-cfvfc ohhfss tg o hgeputfr gr o `ftwgrb gi hgeputfrs. O rggtbat hgucl nf a`stoccfl g` ygur hgeputfr ny o hynfrhraea`oc fxpcgata`d o vuc`fronacaty gr sfhuraty mgcf a` o cfdataeotf oppcahotag` g` ygur ZH o`l eoy hg`toa` spyworf tmot eg`atgrs o`l rfhgrls bfystrgbfs. ^ggtbats orf sgef gi tmf egst laiiahuct tg lftfht. \mfy orf ohtavotfl wmf` ygur systfe nggts up -- nfigrf o`ta-varus sgitworf as stortfl. ^ggtbats occgw tmf a`stoccotag` gi iacfs o`l ohhgu`ts, gr tmf purpgsfs gi a`tfrhfpta`d sf`satavf a`igreotag`.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Lfia`atag`s gi hgeputfr onusf  g` tmf Tfn; 

\mf wacciuc gr `fdcadf`t u`outmgrazfl ohtavaty tmot oiifhts tmf ovoaconacaty, hg`ialf`taocaty, gr a`tfdraty gi hgeputfr rfsgurhfs. Hgeputfr onusf a`hculfs iroul, fenfzzcfef`t, tmfit, eocahagus loeodf, u`outmgrazfl usf, lf`aoc gi sfrvahf, o`l easopprgpraotag`

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Lfia`atag`s gi mohba`d  g` tmf Tfn; 

V`outmgrazfl usf, gr ottfepts tg harhuevf`t gr nyposs n yposs tmf sfhuraty efhmo`ases gi o` a`igreotag` systfe gr `ftwgrb. Mohba`d efo`s accfdoccy ohhfssa`d gtmfr  pfgpcf's hgeputfr systfes igr lfstrgya`d, lasrupta`d gr horrya`d horrya`d gut accfdoc ohtavatafs g` tmf `ftwgrb gr hgeputfr systfes.

LO\O [email protected]\FD^A\Q/^FCAONACA\Q 

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^fifrs tg tmf hgrrfht`fss [email protected] \mf ohhurohy gi g i loto oitfr nfa`d tro`seattfl gr  prghfssfl Loto a` tmf hgeputfr systfe eoy nfhgef a`hgrrfht, hgrruptfl gr gi pggr quocaty a` eo`y laiifrf`t woys & ot o`y stodf lura`d loto prghfssa`d.

 Hg`sfquf`hfs gi systfe ioacurf;  Cgss gi nusa`fss luf lgw`taef  Lfcoys  Oar troiiah hg`trgc systfe hgucl

wfcc movf hotostrgpmah rfsucts

HGEZV\F^ H^AEF/I^OVL 

Hgeputfr hraefs orf hraea`oc ohtavatafs, wmahm a`vgcvf tmf usf gi a`igreotag` tfhm`gcgdy tg doa` o` accfdoc gr o` u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg o hgeputfr systfe watm a`tf`t gi loeoda`d, lfcfta`d gr octfra`d hgeputfr loto. Hgeputfr hraefs ocsg a`hculf tmf ohtavatafs suhm os fcfhtrg`ah irouls, easusf gi lfvahfs, al f`taty tmfit o`l loto os wfcc os systfe s ystfe a`tfrifrf`hf. Hgeputfr hraefs eoy `gt `fhfssoracy a`vgcvf loeodf tg pmysahoc pm ysahoc prgpfrty. \mfy rotmfr a`hculf tmf eo`apucotag` gi hg`ialf`taoc loto o`l hratahoc a`igreotag`. Hgeputfr hraefs a`vgcvf ohtavatafs gi sgitworf tmfit, wmfrfa` tmf pravohy gi tmf usfrs as moepfrfl. moepf rfl. \mfsf hraea`oc ohtavatafs a`vgcvf tmf nrfohm gi mueo` o`l a`igreotag` pravohy, os ocsg tmf tmfit o`l accfdoc octfrotag` gi systfe hratahoc a`igreotag`. \mf laiifrf`t typfs gi hgeputfr hraefs movf `fhfssatotfl tmf a`trgluhtag` o`l usf gi `fwfr o`l egrf fiifhtavf sfhuraty efosurfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

 Hgeputfr Iroul/Hraef  Hraea`oc ohtag`s ohhgepcasmfl

tmrgudm tmf usf gi hgeputfr systfes, fspfhaoccy watm tmf a`tf`t tg lfiroul, lfstrgy, loeodf, gr eobf u`outmgrazfl usf gi hgeputfr rfsgurhfs.  F.d. aeprgpfr tro`sifr gi iu`ls irge g`f ohhgu`t tg o`gtmfr

o)  n) h) l) f) i) d) m) a)  k) b) c) e) `)

\QZFX GI HGEZV\F^ H^AEF/I^OVL A`tfccfhtuoc Hraef ‘  hrohba`d a`tg o hgeputfr systfe igr tmf purpgsf gi tro`sifrra`d gr gntoa`a`d iu`ls as o typahoc f.d. Lfstruhtag` gi prgpfrty ‘  lfstrgya`d o hgeputfr prgpfrty \mfit ‘  Xgitworf parohy wmahm as u`outmgrazfl hgpya`d gi sgitworf. Morlworf & sgitworf nfa`d tobf` owoy watmgut tmf b`gwcfldf/hg`sf`t gi ats gw`frs. Iroul ohmafvfl ny tmf eo`apucotag` gi hgeputfr rfhgrls. * Xpoeea`d wmfrfvfr gutcowfl hgepcftfcy gr wmfrf rfducotag`s hg`trgcca`d at orf vagcotfl. * Lfcanfrotf harhuevf`tag` gi hgeputfrsfhuraty systfes. * V`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg gr eglaiahotag` gi prgdroes (sff sgitworf hrohba`d o`l mohba`d) & loto. * A`tfccfhtuoc prgpfrty tmfit, a`hcula`d sgitworf parohy. * A`lustraoc fspag`odf ny efo`s gi ohhfss tg gr tmfit gi hgeputfr eotfraocs. * Alf`taty tmfit wmfrf tmas as ohhgepcasmfl ny usf gi iroulucf`t hgeputfr tro`sohtag`s. * Trata`d gr sprfola`d hgeputfrvarusfs gr wgres. * Xocoea scaha`d as tmf prohtahf gi stfoca`d eg`f y rfpfotflcy a` fxtrfefcy seocc quo`tatafs. *[email protected]`aoc-gi-sfrvahf ottohb, wmfrf hgepo`y wfnsatfs orf icgglfl watm sfrvahf rfqufsts o`l tmfar wfnsatf as gvfrcgolfl o`l fatmfr scgwfl gr hrosmfs hgepcftfcy. * Eoba`d o`l ladatoccy lastranuta`d hmacl pgr`gdropmy

\ypfs gi Hgeputfr Hraef Mohba`d;  \mf ohtavaty gi nrfoba`d a`tg o hgeputfr systfe tg doa` o` u`outmgrazfl ohhfss as b`gw` os mohba`d. \mf oht gi lfifota`d tmf sfhuraty hoponacatafs gi o hgeputfr systfe a` grlfr tg gntoa` o` accfdoc ohhfss tg tmf a`igreotag` stgrfl g` tmf hgeputfr systfe as hoccfl mohba`d. \mf u`outmgrazfl rfvfcotag` gi posswgrls watm a`tf`t tg doa` o` u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg tmf pravotf hgeeu`ahotag` gi o` grdo`azotag` gi o usfr as g`f gi tmf walfcy b`gw` hgeputfr hraefs. O`gtmfr madmcy lo`dfrgus hgeputfr hraef as tmf mohba`d gi AZ ollrfssfs a` grlfr tg tro`soht watm o iocsf alf`taty, tmus rfeoa`a`d o`g`yegus wmacf horrya`d gut tmf hraea`oc ohtavatafs. Zmasma`d;  Zmasma`d as tmf oht gi ottfepta`d tg ohquarf sf`satavf a`igreotag` cabf usfr`oefs, posswgrls o`l hrflat horl lftoacs ny lasduasa`d os o trustwgrtmy sgurhf. Zmasma`d as horrafl gut tmrgudm feoacs gr ny cura`d tmf usfrs tg f`tfr pfrsg`oc a`igreotag` tmrgudm iobf wfnsatfs. Hraea`ocs gitf` usf wfnsatfs tmot movf o cggb o`l iffc gi sgef  pgpucor wfnsatf, wmahm eobfs tmf usfrs iffc soif tg f`tfr tmfar lftoacs tmfrf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Hgeputfr Yarusfs;  Hgeputfr varusfs orf hgeputfr prgdroes tmot ho` rfpcahotf tmfesfcvfs o`l more tmf hgeputfr systfes g` o `ftwgrb watmgut tmf b`gwcfldf gi tmf systfe usfrs. Yarusfs sprfol tg gtmfr hgeputfrs tmrgudm `ftwgrb iacf systfe, tmrgudm tmf `ftwgrb, A`tfr`ft gr ny tmf efo`s gi rfegvoncf lfvahfs cabf VXN lravfs o`l HLs. Hgeputfr varusfs orf oitfr occ, igres gi eocahagus hglfs wrattf` watm o` oae tg more o hgeputfr systfe o`l lfstrgy a`igreotag`. Trata`d hgeputfr varusfs as o hraea`oc ohtavaty os varus a`ifhtag`s ho` hrosm hgeputfr systfes, tmfrfny lfstrgya`d drfot oegu`ts gi hratahoc loto. Hynfrstocba`d;  \mf usf gi hgeeu`ahotag` tfhm`gcgdy, eoa`cy tmf A`tfr`ft, tg tgrturf gtmfr a`lavaluocs as b`gw` os hynfrstocba`d. Iocsf ohhusotag`s, tro`seassag` gi tmrfots o`l loeodf tg loto o`l fquapef`t iocc u`lfr tmf hcoss gi hynfrstocba`d ohtavatafs. Hynfrstocbfrs gitf` tordft tmf usfrs ny efo`s gi hmot rgges, g`ca`f igrues o`l sghaoc `ftwgrba`d wfnsatfs tg dotmfr usfr a`igreotag` o`l moross tmf usfrs g` tmf nosas gi tmf a`igreotag` dotmfrfl. Gnshf`f feoacs, onusavf pmg`f hoccs o`l gtmfr suhm sfragus fiifhts gi hynfrstocba`d movf eolf at o typf gi hgeputfr hraef. Alf`taty \mfit;  \mas as g`f gi tmf egst sfragus irouls os at a`vgcvfs stfoca`d eg`fy o`l gntoa`a`d gtmfr nf`fiats tmrgudm tmf usf gi o iocsf alf`taty. At as tmf oht gi prftf`la`d tg nf sgefg`f fcsf ny usa`d sgefg`f fcsf's alf`taty os g`f's gw`. Ia`o`haoc alf`taty tmfit a`vgcvfs tmf usf gi o iocsf alf`taty tg gntoa` dggls o`l sfrvahfs o`l o hgeefrhaoc alf`taty tmfit as tmf usa`d gi sgefg`f fcsf‑s nusa`fss `oef gr hrflat horl lftoacs igr hgeefrhaoc  purpgsfs. Alf`taty hcg`a`d as tmf usf gi o`gtmfr usfr's a`igreotag` tg pgsf os o iocsf usfr. Accfdoc eadrotag`, tfrrgrase o`l ncohbeoac orf gitf` eolf pgssancf ny efo`s gi alf`taty tmfit.

\mf laiifrf`t typfs gi hgeputfr hraefs a`vgcvf o` accfdoc fxpcgatotag` gi tmf hgeputfr o`l hgeeu`ahotag` tfhm`gcgdy igr hraea`oc ohtavatafs. Tmacf t mf olvo`ha`d tfhm`gcgdy mos sfrvfl os o ngg` tg eo`ba`l, tmf lfstruhtavfcy larfhtfl mueo` a`tfccfhts orf occ sft tg tur` tfhm`gcgdy a`tg o hursf. Mgwfvfr, hraefs orf surf tg f`l, os at as trutm tmot ocwoys trauepms!

?. A`tfccfhtuoc hraef ‘  hrohba`d a`tg o hgeputfr systfe watm tmf sgcf oae gi tro`sifrra`d gr stfoca`d iu`ls, f.d. Xocoea scaha`d wmahm as tmf ohtavaty gi gntoa`a`d gr stfoca`d eg`fy rfpfotflcy a` fxtrfefcy seocc quo`tatafs gvfr o pfragl gi taef >. Lfstruhtag` gi prgpfrty 8. Xgitworf parohy <. Lfcanfrotf harhuevf`tag` gi hgeputfr sfhuraty systfes gr u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg gr eglaiahotag` gi hgeputfr prgdroes o`l loto2 a.f. mohba`d wmahm ottfepts tg  nyposs tmf sfhuraty efhmo`ase gi o hgeputfr systfe gr `ftwgrb 6. \mfit gi hgeputfr morlworf o`l sgitworf gr toba`d owoy sgitworf watmgut tmf gw`fr‑s hg`sf`t 9. Eoba`d o`l lastranuta`d pgr`gdropmy

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

EFOXV^FX \G [email protected]\F^ G^ HGENO\ HGEZV\F^ H^AEF R HGEZV\F^ XFHV^A\QU  Horfiuc vftta`d gi fepcgyffs  Xfporotag` gi lutafs  Vsf gi posswgrls  Xfhuraty eo`odfr sgitworf-tg eg`atgr ottfepts tg ohhfss tmf systfe wmftmfr suhhfssiuc gr `gt.  Fluhota`d stoii  Zrfvf`tag` gi u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg tmf hgeputfr gpfrotag`s rgge  Loto F`hryptag`/Lfhryptag`

?. Fstoncasm strg`d posswgrls Aepcfef`ta`d strg`d posswgrls as tmf fosafst tma`d ygu ho` lg tg strf`dtmf` ygur sfhuraty. Hcgutafr smorfs mas tap igr hroita`d o morl-tg-hrohb posswgrl; usf o hgena`otag` gi hopatoc o`l cgwfr-hosf cfttfrs, `uenfrs o`l syengcs o`l eobf at = tg ?> hmorohtfrs cg`d. Qgu smgucl lfia`atfcy ovgal usa`d; o`y pfrsg`oc loto (suhm os ygur  nartmlotf), hgeeg` wgrls spfccfl nohbworls o`l sfquf`hfs gi hmorohtfrs gr `uenfrs, gr tmgsf tmot orf hcgsf tgdftmfr g` tmf bfyngorl. Vsf tmfar  hg`vf`af`t posswgrl hmfhbfr tg sff mgw strg`d ygurs as. Os igr mgw gitf` ygu smgucl hmo`df ygur posswgrl, Hcgutafr soys tmot tmf a`lustry sto`lorl as "fvfry 1: loys," nut lg`'t mfsatotf tg lg at egrf irfquf`tcy ai ygur loto as madmcy-sf`satavf. O`gtmfr bfy; eobf surf fvfry a`lavaluoc mos tmfar gw` usfr`oef o`l posswgrl igr o`y cgda` systfe, irge lfsbtgps tg ygur HEX. "@fvfr kust usf g`f smorfl  posswgrl," soys Hcgutafr. O`l ia`occy, "@fvfr wratf at lgw`!" mf olls. >. Zut up o strg`d iarfwocc A` grlfr tg movf o prgpfrcy prgtfhtfl `ftwgrb, "iarfwoccs orf o eust," Hcgutafr soys. O iarfwocc prgtfhts ygur `ftwgrb ny hg`trgcca`d a`tfr`ft troiiah hgea`d a`tg o`l icgwa`d gut gi ygur nusa`fss. \mfy'rf prftty sto`lorl ohrgss tmf ngorl -- Hcgutafr rfhgeef`ls o`y gi tmf eokgr nro`ls. 8. A`stocc o`tavarus prgtfhtag` O`tavarus o`l o`ta-eocworf sgitworf orf fssf`taocs a` ygur orsf`oc gi g`ca`f sfhuraty wfopg`s, os wfcc.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

<.

6.

9.

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1.

"\mfy'rf tmf cost ca`f gi lfif`sf" smgucl o` u`wo`tfl ottohb dft tmrgudm tg ygur `ftwgrb, Hcgutafr fxpcoa`s. Vplotf ygur prgdroes rfducorcy Eoba`d surf ygur hgeputfr as "prgpfrcy pothmfl o`l uplotfl" as o `fhfssory stfp tgworls nfa`d iuccy prgtfhtfl2 tmfrf's cattcf pga`t a` a`stocca`d occ tmas drfot sgitworf ai ygu'rf `gt dga`d tg eoa`toa` at radmt. "Qgur sfhuraty oppcahotag`s orf g`cy os dggl os tmfar egst rfhf`t uplotf," Tothma`sba fxpcoa`s. "Tmacf oppcahotag`s orf `gt ?:: pfrhf`t iggc-prggi, at as aepgrto`t tg rfducorcy uplotf tmfsf tggcs tg mfcp b ffp ygur usfrs soif." Irfquf`tcy uplota`d ygur prgdroes bffps ygu up-tg-lotf g` o`y rfhf`t assufs gr mgcfs tmot prgdroeefrs movf iaxfl. Xfhurf ygur coptgps Nfhousf gi tmfar pgrtoncf `oturf, coptgps orf ot o madmfr rasb gi nfa`d cgst gr stgcf` tmo` ovfrodf hgepo`y lfsbtgps. At's aepgrto`t tg tobf sgef fxtro stfps tg eobf hfrtoa` ygur sf`satavf loto as prgtfhtfl. F`hryptag` sgitworf hmo`dfs tmf woy a`igreotag` cggbs g` tmf morllravf sg tmot, watmgut tmf hgrrfht posswgrl, at ho`'t nf rfol. Xfhurf ygur egnacf pmg`fs Hcgutafr pga`ts gut tmot seortpmg`fs mgcl sg euhm loto tmfsf loys tmot ygu smgucl hg`salfr tmfe ocegst os vocuoncf os hgepo`y hgeputfrs -- o`l tmfy'rf euhm egrf fosacy cgst gr stgcf`. Os suhm, sfhura`d tmfe as o`gtmfr eust. \mf eust-movfs igr egnacf pmg`fs; F`hryptag` sgitworf  Zosswgrl-prgtfhtag` (Hcgutafr ocsg suddfsts f`onca`d o spfhaiah "cghb-gut"   pfragl, wmfrfa` oitfr o smgrt oegu`t gi taef `gt nfa`d usfl, tmf pmg`f cghbs atsfci) ^fegtf wapa`d f`oncfl  Nohbup rfducorcy Xhmfluca`d rfducor nohbups tg o` fxtfr`oc morl lravf, gr a` tmf hcgul, as o poa`cfss woy tg f`surf tmot occ ygur loto as stgrfl soifcy. \mf df`froc rucf gi tmuen igr nohbups; sfrvfrs smgucl movf o hgepcftf nohbup wffbcy, o`l a`hrfef`toc nohbups fvfry `admt2 pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs smgucl ocsg nf  nohbfl up hgepcftfcy fvfry wffb, nut ygu ho` lg a`hrfef`toc nohbups fvfry ifw loys ai ygu cabf ("mgwfvfr cg`d ygu hgucl cavf watmgut ygur loto," Hcgutafr fxpcoa`s). Dftta`d ygur loto hgeprgeasfl as o poa`iuc fxpfraf`hf -- mova`d at occ nohbfl up sg ygu lg`'t hgepcftfcy cgsf at wacc eobf at euhm cfss sg. Nf horfiuc watm f-eoac, AE o`l suria`d tmf Tfn At's `gt u`hgeeg` igr o u`suspfhta`d fepcgyff tg hcahb g` o ca`b gr lgw`cgol o` ottohmef`t tmot tmfy nfcafvf as morecfss -- g`cy tg lashgvfr tmfy'vf nff` a`ifhtfl watm o `osty varus, gr wgrsf. Fluhotf ygur fepcgyffs \fohma`d ygur fepcgyffs ongut soif g`ca`f monats o`l prgohtavf lfif`sf as hruhaoc.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX "Fluhota`d tmfe ongut wmot tmfy orf lga`d o`l wmy at as lo`dfrgus as o egrf fiifhtavf strotfdy tmo` fxpfhta`d ygur A\ sfhuraty stoii tg hg`sto`tc y rfoht tg f`l usfr s‑ nol lfhasag`s," Tothma`sba soys. At's `gt fosy; "G`f gi tmf egst laiiahuct tma`ds tg lg as prgtfht f`l usfrs odoa`st tmfesfcvfs," mf olls. Nut uctaeotfcy, prfvf`tag` as tmf nfst opprgohm tg mo`lca`d ygur loto sfhuraty. Eobf surf ygur fepcgyffs u`lfrsto`l mgw aepgrto`t ygur hgepo`y's loto as, o`l occ tmf efosurfs tmfy ho` tobf tg prgtfht at. ?:. Loto f`hryptag` F`hryptag` shroencfs loto, o`l as usfl tg prgtfht a`igreotag` tmot as nfa`d mfcl g` o hgeputfr, stgrfl g` fxtfr`oc eflao suhm os LYLs gr tro`seattfl gvfr o `ftwgrb. ??. A`trusag` lftfhtag` \mfsf prgluhts eg`atgr systfe o`l `ftwgrb ohtavaty tg spgt pgtf`taoc sfhuraty  nrfohmfs. Ai o lftfhtag` systfe suspfhts o` ottohb, at ho` df`frotf o` ocore, suhm os o` feoac ocfrt, nosfl upg` tmf typf gi ohtavaty at mos alf`taiafl.

HGEZV\F^ YA^VX Tmot as at7  O` fxfhutoncf hgeputfr prgdroe wrattf` a`tf`tag`occy tg octfr tmf woy o hgeputfr gpfrotfs watmgut pfreassag`, tg lg more tg tmf hgeputfr. \ypfs gi Hgeputfr Yarusfs  Eohrg Yarusfs ‘  orf prgdroeefl os eohrgs o`l fenfllfl a`tg o iacf gr lghuef`t o`l wmf` tmf lghuef`t as gpf`fl tmf varus as ohtavotfl. O eohrg as o cast gi hgeeo`ls gr ohtag`s tmot orf igu`l u`lfr bfy `oefs gi mfola`ds. Eohrg varusfs typahoccy a`ifht dcgnoc sftta`ds iacfs suhm os Tgrl tfepcotfs sg tmot sunsfquf`tcy flatfl lghuef`ts orf hg`toea`otfl watm tmf a`ifhtavf eohrgs  Nggt Xfhtgr Yarusfs ‘  O varus wmahm ottohmfs atsfci tg tmf iarst port gi tmf morl lasb tmot as rfol ny tmf hgeputfr upg` nggtup. \mfsf orf `greoccy sprfol ny icgppy lasbs. \mfy g`cy oiifht tmf hgeputfr‑s nggt sfhtgr suhm tmot tmf `fxt taef ygu try tg stort tmf hgeputfr at ioacs tg nggt  \aef Ngen ‘  as lfsad`fl tg housf loeodf tg o hgeputfr ot o spfhaiafl lotf o`l taef, f.d. Iraloy ?8tm, Eorhm 9tm  Cgdah Ngen ‘  hmfhbs igr portahucor hg`latag`s gr stotfs gi tmf systfe wmahm wmf` sotasiafl traddfrs tmf pfrpftrotag` gi o` u`outmgrazfl o`l usuoccy lfstruhtavf oht. At cafs lgreo`t igr egst gi tmf taef o`l as traddfrfl ny o` fvf`t  Efegry rfsalf`t varus ‘ rfsalfs a` o hgeputfr‑s vgcotacf efegry (^OE).  Zgcyegrpmah varusfs ‘  o varus tmot `gt g`cy rfpcahotfs atsfci ny hrfota`d euctapcf iacfs gi atsfci, nut at ocsg ats ladatoc sad`oturf fvfry taef at rfpcahotfs. \mas eobfs at laiiahuct igr cfss sgpmastahotfl o`tavarus sgitworf tg lftfht

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX   

Zrgdroe varusfs  f.d. hosholf, poheo` ?6:=, gvfrralf. Nggt varusfs  f.d. posto, pf`todg`, Eahmfco`dfcg A`tfr`ft Yarusfs  f.d. \rgko` mgrsf, Xtfoctm

[email protected]\[email protected]>.  O varus as o hgeputfr  prgdroe lfsad`fl tg f`tfr ygur hgeputfr  o`l toepfr watm ygur  iacfs watmgut ygur b`gwcfldf. G`hf tmf prgdroe hg`toa`a`d tmf varus as gpf`, tmf ohtavotfl varus ho` `gt g`cy a`ifht gtmfr prgdroes o`l lghuef`ts g` ygur hgeputfr   , at ho` lupcahotf o`l tro`seat atsfci tg gtmfr hgeputfrs tmot orf hg``fhtfl tg ygurs, kust cabf o pmysahoc varus ho` egvf irge g`f mueo` mgst tg o`gtmfr.

Yarusfsnfdo` a` tmf cotf ?1=:s os pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs o`l fcfhtrg`ah nuccfta` ngorls  nfhoef egrf hgeeg`. Nohb tmf`, gpfrota`d systfes, wgrl prghfssa`d prgdroes o`l gtmfr prgdroes wfrf stgrfl g` icgppy lasbs. Mallf` Yarusfswfrf prgdroeefl g`tg tmfsf lasbs2 os tmf lasbs wfrf tro`sifrrfl irge pfrsg` tg pfrsg`, tmf varus sprfol. TMG H^FO\FX YA^VXFX7 Tmfrf lg Yarusfs hgef irge7 Fvfry varus as hrfotfl ny o` outmgr watm o laiifrf`t egtavf “   nut occ varus nuaclfrs iffc tmfar ohtag`s orf kustaiafl. Igr sgef, o baccfr varus as tmf uctaeotf tfhm`ahoc hmoccf`df, cabf hcaena`d o egu`toa`. Igr gtmfrs, hrfota`d Yarusfs as o igre gi sfci-fxprfssag`. Xgef lasdru`tcfl fepcgyffs, hg`suefrs gr hatazf`s tur` tg varus nuacla`d os rfvf`df igr pfrhfavfl a`kustahfs. O`l tmgudm at‑s o iradmtf`a`d tmgu dmt, sgef Yarusfsorf nuact o`l oaefl ny cfdataeotf (nut lasrfputoncf) nusa`fssfs tg wfobf` hgepftatgrs. Gtmfr varus outmgrs wo`t tg eobf tmfar eorb a` A`tfr`ft mastgry2 tmfsf wratfrs dft o tmracc gut gi sffa`d tmfar varus housf loeodf f`gudm tg ottroht `fws mfolca`fs ngtm g`ca`f o`l g` tmf fvf`a`d `fws.

Tmot Yarusfs Lg7 /Xad`s & syeptges gi o` a`ifhtfl hgeputfr.  ^fluhfl efegry gr lasb spohf  Iacfs orf gvfrwrattf` gr loeodfl  Morl lravf eoy nf frosfl  Loto as eglaiafl /hgrruptfl.  Hmo`df iacfs & lotf stoep  Lravf cadmts nca`b watmgut rfosg`  Cg`dfr taefs orf fxpfraf`hfl wmf` cgola`d prgdroes  Xcgwfr systfe gpfrotag`.        

Lfcftag` gi loto iacfs \mf hgeputfr hgepcftfcy ioacs tg wgrb Frosurf gr lfcftag` gi fxfhutoncf iacfs Igreotta`d gi tmf morl lasbs Iacca`d up gi lasb spohf Zrgdroes sullf`cy tobf cg`dfr tg cgol. \mf sazf gi o prgdroe hmo`dfs. \mf lasb ru`s gut gi irff spohf wmf` at sffes tg movf pcf`ty.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX          

\mf HMBLXB hgeeo`l lgfs `gt smgw tmf hgrrfht oegu`t gi nytfs ovoaconcf. Nat frrgrs irfquf`tcy ghhur wmacf ru``a`d Ta`lgws. \mf lasb lravf as ohtavf wmf` at smgucl `gt nf. \mf morl lravf as a`ohhfssancf wmf` nggta`d irge o icgppy lravf. V`rfhgd`azfl iacfs oppfor. Iacf `oefs hmo`df. \mf bfyngorl eobfs o hcahba`d `gasf. \mf shrff` nfhgefs lastgrtfl. \fxt g` shrff` lgfs u`usuoc tma`ds. HEGX sftta`ds, OV\GF]FH.NO\, gr [email protected] iacfs hmo`df u`fxpfhtflcy (Xyeo`tfh). O cordf port gi lftfhtag` as o`ta-varus sgitworf. Cabf o lghtgr, o`ta-varus sgitworf gitf` usfs tmf ongvf castfl syeptges tg alf`taiy o`l frolahotf o` a`ifhtag`.

Tmot orf tmf syeptges gi o` a`ifhtfl hgeputfr7 At‑s `gt ocwoys fosy tg tfcc ai ygur hgeputfr mos nf f` hgeprgeasfl. Egrf tmo` fvfr  nfigrf, tmf outmgrs gi varusfs, wgres, \rgko`s o`l spyworf orf dga`d tg drfot cf`dtms tg malf tmfar hglf o`l hg`hfoc wmot tmfar prgdroes orf lga`d g` o` a`ifhtfl hgeputfr. \mot‑s wmy at‑s fssf`taoc tg igccgw tmf olvahf davf` a` tmas dualf; a` portahucor, a`stocc A`tfr`ft sfhuraty sgitworf, eobf surf ygu oppcy sfhuraty pothmfs tg ygur gpfrota`d systfe o`l oppcahotag`s o`l nohbup ygur loto rfducorcy. At‑s vfry laiiahuct tg prgvalf o cast gi hmorohtfrastah syeptges gi o hgeprgeasfl hgeputfr  nfhousf tmf soef syeptges ho` ocsg nf housfl ny morlworf o`l/gr sgitworf prgncfes. Mfrf orf kust o ifw fxoepcfs;     

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Qgur hgeputfr nfmovfs stro`dfcy, a.f. a` o woy tmot ygu movf`‑t sff` nfigrf. Qgu sff u`fxpfhtfl efssodfs gr aeodfs. Qgu mfor u`fxpfhtfl sgu`ls, pcoyfl ot ro`lge. Zrgdroes stort u`fxpfhtflcy. Qgur pfrsg`oc iarfwocc tfccs ygu tmot o` oppcahotag` mos trafl tg hg``fht tg tmf A`tfr`ft (o`l at‑s `gt o prgdroe tmot ygu ro`). Qgur iraf`ls tfcc ygu tmot tmfy movf rfhfavfl f-eoac efssodfs irge ygur ollrfss o`l ygu movf`‑t sf`t tmfe o`ytma`d. Qgur hgeputfr ”irffzfs‑ irfquf`tcy, gr prgdroes stort ru``a`d scgwcy. Qgu dft cgts gi systfe frrgr efssodfs. \mf gpfrota`d systfe wacc `gt cgol wmf` ygu stort ygur hgeputfr. Qgu `gtahf tmot iacfs gr igclfrs movf nff` lfcftfl gr hmo`dfl. Qgu `gtahf morl lasb ohhfss (smgw` ny g`f gi tmf seocc icosma`d cadmts) wmf` ygu‑rf `gt oworf gi o`y prgdroes ru``a`d. Qgur wfn nrgwsfr nfmovfs frrotahoccy, f.d. ygu ho`‑t hcgsf o nrgwsfr wa`lgw.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Mgw hgeputfrs orf a`ifhtfl watm Yarusfs7  Vsf gi a`ifhtfl icgppy lasbfttfs g` u`a`ifhtfl hgeputfrs. Icgppy lasbs gr gtmfr eflao tmot usfrs ho` fxhmo`df.  Lgw`cgola`d u`b`gw` iacfs, wmf` ygur hgeputfr as hg``fhtfl tg tmf A`tfr`ft.  Gpf`a`d o` F-eoac ottohmef`t. Feoac ottohmef`ts.  Ohhfpta`d u`b`gw` prgdroe a`stoccotag`s irge tmf a`tfr`ft  Vsf gi `ftwgrb iacfs/larfht hg``fhtag`/tmrgudm `ftwgrbs.  Xgitworf parohy Rnuya`d sgitworf irge u`outmgrazfl odf`tsU. Zarotfl sgitworf.  Nggta`d o ZH irge o` a`ifhtfl eflaue.  Fxfhuta`d o` a`ifhtfl prgdroe.  Gpf`a`d o` a`ifhtfl iacf.  Xmorfworf.  Yarusfs eoy nf sf`t ny gpf`a`d feoac ottohmef`ts,  hcahba`d g` spoe,  vasata`d hgrrupt wfnsatfs o`l ca`bs g`ca`f, Gpf`a`d sprfolsmffts gr fvf` tmf grada`oc eftmgl   “ a`ifhtfl lasbs.  Nut tmf A`tfr`ft as `gw tmf supfrmadmwoy igr varus tro`seassag`.  Xmora`d gi stgrodf eflao  \mrgudm f-eoac ottohmef`ts   @ftwgrbs ‘  ai ygur hgeputfr as hg``fhtfl tg o mgef `ftwgrb gr ai ygur wgrb hgeputfr as port gi `ftwgrb, ygu eoy ia`l ygursfci watm o` a`ifhtag` tmrgudm `g iouct gi ygur gw`. \mfrf as`‑t euhm ygu ho` lg tg stgp tmfsf ba`ls gi a`ifhtag`s, smgrt gi mova`d ygur `ftwgrb olea`astrotgr f`surf tmot fvfryg`f‑s o`tavarus sgitworf as up tg lotf sg tmot tmf a`vola`d nud ho` nf rfegvfl os quahbcy os  pgssancf. A`tfr`ft lgw`cgols a`hcula`d sgitworf parohy   ^gduf Tfnsatfs.  At as lfprfssa`d tg b`gw tmot ygu eoy nfhgef a`ifhtfl watm spyworf gr o varus ny lga`d `gtma`d egrf tmo` saepcy vasata`d o wfnsatf, nut at astruf. Eo`y oluct wfnsatfs, doenca`d wfnsatfs o`l gtmfr cfss tmo` trustwgrtmy wfnsatfs wacc ottfept tg outgeotahoccy ohhfss ygur hgeputfr wmf` ygu vasat tmfe. \mfy gitf` a`stocc olworf nuds tmot wacc housf o icurry gi pgp ups tg oppfor g` ygur shrff`. \mas olworf wacc gitf` occgw igr gtmfr prgdroes watm fvf` egrf `fioragus purpgsfs tg nf a`stoccfl o`l nfigrf ygu b`gw at, ygur hgeputfr wacc nf swoepfl. \g stgp tmfsf rgduf wfnsatfs, olkust tmf sftta`ds g` ygur o`tavarus sgitworf o`l iarfwocc sg tmot `g gutsalf hg``fhtag`s ho` nf eolf o`l `g  prgdroes ho` nf a`stoccfl watmgut ygur fxprfss pfreassag`.

HMO^OH\F^AX\AHX o`l O\\^ANV\FX GI HGEZV\F^ YA^VXFX \mf lfeg`strotfl hmorohtfrastahs gi hgeputfr varusfs a`hculf sfvfroc rfeorboncf atfes, a`hcula`d sazf, vfrsotacaty, prgpodotag`, fiifhtavf`fss, iu`htag`ocaty, o`l pfrsastf`hf. ?) Xazf.\mf sazfs gi tmf prgdroe hglf rfquarfl igr hgeputfr varusfs mos nff` lfeg`strotfl tg nf surprasa`dcy seocc. \mas mos iohacatotfl tmf onacaty gi tmfsf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  prgdroes tg ottohm tmfesfcvfs tg gtmfr oppcahotag`s o`l fshopf `gtahf igr cg`d pfragls gi taef. >) Yfrsotacaty.hgeputfr varusfs movf oppforfl watm tmf onacaty tg df`frahoccy ottohb o walf vorafty gi oppcahotag`s. Eo`y lg `gt fvf` rfquarf a`igreotag` ongut tmf  prgdroe tmfy orf a`ifhta`d. 8)  Zrgpodotag`. G`hf o hgeputfr varus mos a`ifhtfl o prgdroe, wmacf tmas prgdroe as ru``a`d, tmf varus as oncf tg sprfol tg gtmfr prgdroes o`l iacfs ohhfssancf tg tmf hgeputfr systfe. \mf onacaty tg prgpodotf as fssf`taoc tg o varus prgdroe. <)  Fiifhtavf`fss. Eo`y gi tmfhgeputfr varusfs tmot movf rfhfavfl walfsprfol puncahaty movf mol ior-rfohma`d o`l hotostrgpmah fiifhts g` tmfar vahtaes. \mfsf movf a`hculfl tgtoc cgss gi loto, prgdroes, o`l fvf` tmf gpfrota`d systfes. 6)  Iu`htag`ocaty. O walf vorafty gi iu`htag`s mos nff` lfeg`strotfl a` varus prgdroes. Xgef varus prgdroes efrfcy sprfol tmfesfcvfs tg oppcahotag`s watmgut gtmfrwasf ottohba`d loto iacfs, prgdroe iu`htag`s, gr gpfrota`d systfes ohtavatafs. Gtmfr varus  prgdroes orf prgdroeefl tg loeodf gr lfcftf iacfs o`l systfes. \mf fiifhtavf`fss gi tmfsf prgdroes as f`mo`hfl tmrgudm tmf usf gi sfvfroc pmosfs gi gpfrotag`, a` wmahm tmf varus prgpodotfs tmrgudm o systfe gr cafs lgreo`t u`tac traddfrfl ny o spfhaiafl fvf`t. \mas occgws tmf varus prgdroe a`hrfosfl taef tg sprfol nfigrf tmf vahtae systfe's usfr nfhgefs oworf gi ats prfsf`hf. 9)  Zfrsastf`hf. Fvf` oitfr tmf varus prgdroe mos nff` lftfhtfl, rfhgvfry gi loto,  prgdroes, o`l fvf` systfe gpfrotag` mos nff` laiiahuct o`l taef hg`suea`d. A` eo`y hosfs, fspfhaoccy a` `ftwgrbfl gpfrotag`s, frolahotag` gi varusfs mos nff` hgepcahotfl  ny tmf onacaty gi tmf varus prgdroe tg rfpfotflcy sprfol o`l rfghhur tmrgudm tmf `ftwgrbfl systfe irge o sa`dcf a`ifhtfl hgpy. Ottranutfs gi hgeputfr varusfs Outg rfpcahota`d Rsfci rfpcahota`dU. g Ottohmfs atsfci tg o prgdroe gr iacf g g At a`ifhts os at trovfcs ^fprgluhfs atsfci g Lastranutf atsfci g g Hgpafs atsfci g Lupcahotf hgpafs gi atsfci At sprfols g At as sgitworf g g At ho` lfstrgy At malfs g LFX\^VH\AYF FIIFH\X GI HGEZV\F^ YA^VXFX Housf loeodf tg loto g Fxtroht loto irge eohma`fs igr spya`d gr tmfit g

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX g g g g g g

Xcgw eohma`f pfrigreo`hf Hgrrupt loto Loeodf sgitworf, morlworf o`l iacfs Loeodf tmf hgeputfr ny loeoda`d prgdroes ^figreotta`d gi tmf morl lasb Lfcftag` gi iacfs

\gp ?6 [email protected]\AYA^VX \GGCX/ZOHBODFX/XGI\TO^F

?6. FXF\ @GL8> O`tavarus = ?<. Tfnrggt A`tfr`ft Xfhuraty Zcus >:?6 ?8. Zo`lo Dcgnoc Zrgtfhtag` >:?6 ?>. D-Loto A`tfr`ft Xfhuraty >:?6 ??. EhOiff CavfXoif >:?6 ?:. OYD Irff O`tavarus >:?9 1. Ovost Irff O`tavarus >:?6 =. Zo`lo Irff O`tavarus >:?9 4. _amgg 89: \gtoc Xfhuraty >:?9 9. \rf`l Eahrg A`tfr`ft Xfhuraty >:?6 6. NatLfif`lfr O`tavarus Irff Flatag` >:?9 <. Ovaro Irff O`tavarus >:?6 8. Bospfrsby \gtoc Xfhuraty >:?6 >. Natlfif`lfr A`tfr`ft Xfhuraty >:?6 ?. Xyeo`tfh @grtg` Xfhuraty watm Nohbup

[email protected]@F^ ‘  fxoea`f fvfry iacf g` o spfhaiah lasb lravf, cggba`d/sforhma`d igr b`gw` varus –sad`oturfs―. O –sad`oturf ― as o stra`d gi sgitworf hglf tmot alf`taiafs o varus prgdroe. Fvfry varus mos o u`aquf sad`oturf EFOXV^FX/IOHACA\AFX  Z^GYALFL NQ [email protected] [email protected]\AYA^VX ZOHBODF.

?. >. 8. <. 6. 9.

Xho``a`d ‘  sforhma`d igr varusfs Hcfo`a`d  gi tmf systfe (rfegvoc gi varusfs) ^forro`dfef`t gi hgrruptfl loto. ^fpoara`d  gi hgrruptfl loto iacfs. _uoro`ta`f ‘  sfporotag` gi a`ifhtfl iacfs irge u`a`ifhtfl iacfs. Zrfvf`tag`  a`hculfs hrfota`d usfr oworf`fss, aepcfef`ta`d mydaf`f rucfs, usa`d lasb outmgrazotag` sgitworf, gr prgvala`d asgcotfl 'quoro`ta`f' ZHs. 4. Lftfhtag`  a`vgcvfs tmf usf gi o`ta-varus sgitworf tg lftfht, rfpgrt o`l (sgeftaefs) lasa`ifht varusfs.. =. Hg`toa`ef`t  a`vgcvfs alf`taiya`d o`l asgcota`d tmf a`ifhtfl atfes.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 1. ^fhgvfry  a`vgcvfs lasa`ifhta`d gr rfegva`d a`ifhtfl atfes, o`l rfhgvfra`d gr rfpcoha`d hgrruptfl loto.

Z^FHOV\[email protected]/XOIF\Q DVALFX [email protected]\ YA^VXFX  A`stocc o rfcaoncf o`tavaroc pohbodf  Ovgal Xgitworf parohy tmus nuy sgitworf irge outmgrazfl lfocfrs.   @fvfr lgw`cgol u`b`gw` iacfs irge tmf a`tfr`ft  Nggt tmf systfe irge varus irff lasbs  Vsa`d wratf prgtfht  tons g` icgppy lasbs  Xho` fvfry icgppy lasbfttf igr varusfs nfigrf usf. V`b`gw` icgppy lasbfttfs smgucl `gt nf usfl  Ovgal usa`d igrfad` stgrodf eflao  Vsf df`ua`f sgitworf  Ovgal gpf`a`d f-eoacs irge suspahagus gr u`b`gw` sgurhfs  Tratf prgtfht lasbs  A`stocc o`tavarus sgitworf, f.d. Ovaro, Fsft @gl8>, OYD, @grtg`, Lr. Xgcgeg`‑s \ggcbat 

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A`stocc o rfcaoncf o`ta varus prgdroe  ‘  Irge tmf iarst egef`t ygu tur` ygur hgeputfr g`, ygu smgucl movf o trustfl o`ta varus prgdroe ny ygur salf. Fvf` ai ygu movf o eohma`f tmot as`‑t mggbfl up tg tmf A`tfr`ft, o rfcaoncf o`ta varus prgdroe as o cgw hgst o`l hgeeg` sf`sf ollatag` tg o`y eohma`f. \mfrf orf fvf` irff o`ta varus prgdroes ygu ho` lgw`cgol tmot wgrb ocegst os wfcc os a`lustry dao`ts cabf @grtg` o`l EhOiff. A`stocc o`ta-spyworf o`l o`ta-eocworf prgdroes ‘  Os dggl os tmf nfst o`ta varus  prgdroes orf, tmfy sgeftaefs `ffl o cattcf nat gi mfcp. \mo`biuccy, eo`y gi tmf tgp o`taspyworf prgdroes orf hgepcftfcy irff. Xpyngt Xforhm o`l Lfstrgy o`l HHcfo`fr orf kust twg irff prgdroes tmot ho` mfcp prfvf`t hgeputfr varusfs irge lga`d o`y loeodf g` ygur eohma`f. Os mfcpiuc os tmfsf prgdroes orf, mgwfvfr, ygu eust uplotf tmfe o`l ru` tmfe g` o rfducor nosas igr tmfe tg lg o`y dggl. Ovgal suspahagus wfnsatfs  ‘  O dggl varus prgtfhtag` prgdroe wacc ocfrt ygu wmf` ygu vasat o wfnsatf tmot ottfepts tg a`stocc gr ru` o prgdroe g` ygur hgeputfr. Eo`y cfss tmo` rfputoncf oluct wfnsatfs lg tmas, sg ai ygu dft o wor`a`d, lg`‑t dg nohb, ygu eoy f`l up watm o nud ygu ho`‑t dft ral gi. @fvfr Gpf` Feoac Ottohmef`ts Tatmgut Xho``a`d \mfe Iarst  ‘  \mf egst hgeeg` woy varusfs orf sprfol tmrgudmgut tmf A`tfr`ft as stacc vao feoac. Xgef ottohmef`ts, cabf  pahturfs, `gw laspcoy a` feoacs o`l lg`‑t rfquarf o` ottohmef`t tg nf eo`uoccy gpf`fl,  nut gtmfr lghuef`ts lg. Eobf surf ygu usf o` feoac hcaf`t tmot sho`s occ feoac ottohmef`ts nfigrf ygu orf occgwfl tg gpf` tmfe. \mas wacc mfcp prfvf`t hgeputfr varusfs irge dftta`d o iggtmgcl g` ygur eohma`f. Xft up Outgeotah Xho`s ‘  Eo`y gi tmf tgp o`ta varus prgdroes, os wfcc os tmf nfst o`taspyworf prgdroes, `gw movf sftta`ds tmot wacc cft tmfe outgeotahoccy ru` lura`d lgw` taefs gr a` tmf eallcf gi tmf `admt. Gi hgursf, ygur hgeputfr eust nf g` igr tmas tg moppf`, nut mova`d loacy sho`s ru` wmf` `gtma`d fcsf as dga`d g` as o drfot woy tg  prfvf`t fvf` tmf cotfst hgeputfr varusfs irge stahba`d orgu`l tgg cg`d.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Tothm Qgur Lgw`cgols ‘  Zort gi tmf iu` gi tmf A`tfr`ft as lgw`cgola`d eusah, egvafs o`l gtmfr atfes. Mgwfvfr, sa`hf tmfsf lgw`cgols orf sg eossavf, at ho` nf fosy tg s`fob o varus ocg`d igr tmf ralf. G`cy lgw`cgol tmfsf iacfs irge trustfl satfs tmot ygu ho` hgu`t g`, gr, ot tmf vfry cfost, sho` tmfe nfigrf ygu gpf` tmfe. Vplotfs, Vplotfs, Vplotfs ‘  \mfrf as o rfosg` wmy Ta`lgws mos o ifoturf hoccfl Hratahoc Vplotfs. \mfrf as o` f`tarf nro`hm gi Eahrgsgit lflahotfl tg stoya`d g`f stfp omfol gi tmf mohbfrs gut tmfrf sg wmf` tmfy eo`odf tg iax o pgssancf sfhuraty cggpmgcf, ygu `ffl tg lgw`cgol tmf pothm radmt owoy. Mfcp Eahrgsgit mfcp ygu prfvf`t hgeputfr varusfs irge housa`d tgg euhm trguncf. B`gw Tmot \g Cggb Igr ‘  Fvf` ai ygu orf kust o hosuoc hgeputfr usfr, ygu smgucl movf o` alfo gi mgw ygur eohma`f gpfrotfs, wmot `greoc pgp up wa`lgws cggb cabf o`l wmot pgpucor varusfs orf gut tmfrf, tmot woy, wmf` ygur hgeputfr nfda`s fxmanata`d tfcc tocf sad`s, ygu‑cc b`gw. Qgu ho` mfcp prfvf`t hgeputfr varusfs ny stoya`d uplotfl o`l fluhotfl. Xtoy Owoy Irge Hrohbfl Xgitworf  ‘  At as sg sfhrft tmot ygu ho` lgw`cgol accfdoc, hrohbfl vfrsag`s gi sgef prgdroes g`ca`f. Os tfepta`d os at eoy nf, tmfsf iacfs orf ocegst ocwoys a`ifstfl watm olvo`hfl o`l laiiahuct tg lftfht nuds. Zcoy at soif o`l dft ygur sgitworf irge tmf sgurhf. A`stocc o Iarfwocc ‘  O iarfwocc as o prgdroe tmot shrff`s a`hgea`d A`tfr`ft o`l ` ftwgrb troiiah. Ocg`d watm ygur varus prgdroe, at ho` mfcp prfvf`t u` outmgrazfl ohhfss tg ygur hgeputfr. Nf prfporfl tg Cghb Lgw` ‘  Ai ygu mfor gi o varus tmot as sprfola`d cabf wacliarf tmrgudm tmf A`tfr`ft, eobf o` fxtro fiigrt tg n f horfiuc. Lg`‑t gpf` o`y suspahagus feoacs gr ohhfpt o`y lgw`cgols igr o wffb gr twg u`tac ygur varus prgtfhtag` prgdroe mos nff` uplotfl o`l ygu orf, g`hf odoa`, soif.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

HGEZV\F^ [email protected]     

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(o) Eohma`f Co`duodf O hgeputfr co`duodf eolf up gi na`ory ladats (:s o`l ?s) \mf egst iu`loef`toc woy tg prgdroe o hgeputfr, usa`d a`struhtag`s eolf up f`tarfcy gi stra`ds gi :so`l ?s. \mf co`duodf as ior irge F`dcasm o`l o`y eotmfeotahoc `gtotag`. Eohma`f co`duodf as `gt pgrtoncf o`l as eohma`f lfpf`lf`t efo`a`d at ho``gt nf egvfl irge g`f eohma`f tg tmf gtmfr. Frrgrs orf vfry laiiahuct tg rfegvf o`l prgdroes orf laiiahuct tg wratf usa`d eohma`f co`duodf. (n) Cgw Cfvfc Co`duodf Cgw cfvfc efo`s tmf co`duodf ho` nfttfr hgeeu`ahotf watm tmf systfe. CCC orf hcgsfr tg eohma`f hglf \mfy usf e`feg`ahs a.f. OLL tg oll XVN tg suntroht fth Fosafr igr o prgdroeefr tg wratf o prgdroe a` CCC tmo` eohma`f co`duodf. Zrgdroes movf tg nf tro`scotfl irge sgurhf hglf a`tg eohma`f co`duodf (h) Madm Cfvfc Co`duodf O prgdroeea`d co`duodf tmot utacazfs eohrga`struhtag`s o`l stotfef`ts tmot hcgsfcy rfsfencfs mueo` co`duodf gr eotmfeotahoc `gtotag` tg lfshranf tmf prgncfe tg nf sgcvfl gr tmf prghflurf tg nf usfl. Zrgdroes orf euhm fosafr tg wratf / rfol nfhousf tmf orf `fxt F`dcasm RF`dcasm cabf stotfef`tsU. O prgdroeea`d co`duodf wmfrf fohm a`struhtag` hgrrfspg`ls tg sfvfroc eohma`f hglf a`struhtag`s. O hgepacfr gr a`tfrprftfr eust tro`scotf a`struhtag`s a` tmas co`duodf nfigrf tmfy ho` nf prghfssfl.

EOHMA[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]\ODFX 

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O vfry pgwfriuc co`duodf  @g tro`scotag` as `fflfl

CGT CFYFC [email protected] [email protected]\ODFX Fosafr tg usf tmo` eohma`f co`duodf 

MADM CFYFC [email protected] [email protected]\ODFX At as o pgrtoncf co`duodf  Zrgdroes orf euhm fosafr tg rfol/  wratf hgz at‑s hcgsf tg F`dcasm co`duodf. Zrgdroes orf prgncfe graf`tfl. 

[email protected]\ODFX Euhm morlfr tg hglf igr prgdroeefrs   nfhousf at‑s o sfrafs gi ?s & :s.  @gt pgrtoncf  Eohma`f Lfpf`lf`t  Frrgrs orf laiiahuct tg rfegvf 

[email protected]\ODFX Eohma`f lfpf`lf`t  Morlfr tg hglf tmo` MCC   @gt pgrtoncf 

[email protected]\ODFX Xcgwfr a` fxfhutag`  Zrgdroes tf`l tg nf wgrly mf`hf  tmfy tobf cg`d tg hgepacf. ^fquarfs egrf efegry. 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Frrgrs orf rfegvfl nfigrf tro`scotag` tg Eohma`f hglf Rlura`d hgepaca`dU.

[email protected] \^[email protected]\G^ Z^GD^OEX 

O \ro`scotgr as o prgdroe tmot tro`scotfs o sgurhf prgdroe/hglf a`tg o` fquavocf`t gnkfht hglf Reohma`f hglfU nfigrf tmf prgdroe as fxfhutfl ny tmf hgeputfr. Hgepacfr   \ro`scotfs o hgepcftf prgdroe wrattf` a` MCC a`tg eohma`f hglf nfigrf at as fxfhutfl.  Zrgluhfs o tro`scotfl lghuef`t.  F.d. HGNGC hgepacfr. Ossfencfr   \ro`scotfs o sgurhf prgdroe wrattf` a` ossfency co`duodf a`tg eohma`f hglf. A`tfrprftfr   O hgeputfr prgdroe tmot tro`scotfs g`f stotfef`t ot o taef Rsgurhf hglfU o`l df`frotfs tmf eohma`f hglf igr tmot stotfef`t g`cy & fxfhutfs at tmfrf & tmfrf nfigrf egva`d tg tmf `fxt ca`f/stotfef`t.  A`tfrprftfr tro`scotfs ca`f pfr ca`f o`l lgfs `gt prgluhf o tro`scotfl lghuef`t.  F.d. Zoshoc A`tfrprftfr, NOXAH A`tfrprftfr.

Hgeporf & hg`trost A`tfrprftfr & Hgepacfr ?) Hgepacfr- iost fxfhutag` gi prgdroe. >) A`tfrprftfr- Xcgwfl lgw` fxfhutag` gi prgdroe. 8) Hgepacfr- hgepacfr taef gvfrmfol. <) A`tfrprftfr- @g hgepacfr taef gvfrmfol 6) Hgepacfr- Xto`locg`f fxfhutoncfs 9) A`tfrprftfr- Lfpf`lf`hy g` a`tfrprftfr 4) Hgepacfr- Hgepacfr as hgepcfx Rtaef, spohfU =) A`tfrprftfr- ^fcotavf saepcahaty gi a`tfrprftfr Cast tmf olvo`todfs & lasolvo`todfs gi a`tfrprftfrs & hgepacfrs. ?. O hgepacfl prgdroe wacc ocwoys ru` iostfr tmo` o` a`tfrprftfl g`f >. Gnkfht hglf df`frotfl ny hgepacfrs eoy nf sovfl g` lasb & ru` os eo`y taefs os rfquarfl watmgut nfa`d hgepacfl. 8. O hgepacfr davfs egrf mfcpiuc frrgr efssodfs. <. Hgepacfr davfs tmf ca`f `uenfr wmfrf tmf frrgr mos ghhurrfl. 6. O` a`tfrprftfr wacc ia`l tmf frrgr ot tmf iarst a`sto`hf wmfrfos tmf hgepacfr wacc cast occ frrgrs oitfr hgepaca`d. 9. O hgepacfr wacc hmfhb tmf sy`tox gi tmf f`tarf prgdroe wmfrfos tmf a`tfrprftfr g`cy hmfhbs tmf sy`tox gi stotfef`ts tmot orf fxfhutfl lura`d tmot portahucor ru` gi o prgdroe. 4. A`tfrprftfrs orf vfry hg`vf`af`t igr prgdroe lfvfcgpef`t, sa`hf eoba`d eglaiahotag`s lgfs `gt efo` tmf wmgcf prgdroe mos tg nf rfcgolfl & rfhgepacfl wmahm tobfs hg`salfroncf taef. =. A`tfrprftfr as hmfopfr tmo` hgepacfr & as saepcfr tg usf 1. Eo`y a`tfrprftfrs wacc occgw o prgdroe tg ru` up tg o pga`t wmfrf o` frrgr ghhurs, cft tmf  prgdroeefr iax tmf frrgr & tmf` hg`ta`uf tg ru` tmf prgdroe irge tmot pga`t. ?:. Tatm o` a`tfrprftfr lfnudda`d as fosafr sa`hf tmf hglf as fxfhutfl ca`f ny ca`f. ??. Ca`f ny ca`f a`tfrprftotag` ho` nf scgw ?>. A`tfrprftfr ho` tfst ygur hglf os ygu wratf at

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ?8. Tatm o` A`tfrprftfr tmfrf as `g `ffl tg hrfotf gnkfht hglf & ca`b prgdroes.

Co`duodf Zrghfssgrs o`l \ro`scotgr Zrgdroes \mfsf orf prgdroes tmot orf usfl tg hg`vfrt madm o`l cgw cfvfc co`duodf prgdroes a`tg  eohma`f hglf, a.f. a`tg o igre larfhtcy u`lfrstggl ny tmf hgeputfr. \mfrf orf tmrff eoa` typfs gi tro`scotgr prgdroes; • Mueo` prgdroeefrs wratf prgdroes a` o co`duodf tmot as fosy tg u`lfrsto`l igr tmfe • \mfy usf co`duodf tro`scotgrs tg hg`vfrt tmot prgdroe a`tg eohma`f co`duodf  ‘  o co`duodf tmot as fosy tg u`lfrsto`l igr tmf prghfssgr

\ro`scotag` prghfss Xgurhf hglf (Mueo` rfoloncf)

Gnkfht hglf (Eohma`f rfoloncf)

o) Ossfencfrs \mfy tro`scotf prgdroes wrattf` a` ossfency co`duodf a`tg eohma`f hglf n) A`tfrprftfrs Hg`vfrt MCC prgdroes a`tg eohma`f ny tro`scota`d g`f prgdroe stotfef`t ot o taef nfigrf at ho` nf fxfhutfl. @g gnkfht hglf as stgrfl, f.d. _NOXAH A`tfrprftfr tro`scotfs tmf MCC prgdroe g`f stotfef`t ot taef. At rfols o sa`dcf stotfef`t, tro`scotfs at a`tg eohma`f co`duodf o`l possfs tmot eohma`f co`duodf hglf tg tmf prghfssgr o`l tmf` tro`scotfs tmf `fxt stotfef`t, o`l sg g` … h) Hgepacfrs Cabf a`tfrprftfrs tmfy ocsg tro`scotf MCC prgdroes a`tg eohma`f hglf. \mfy mgwfvfr laiifr irge a`tfrprftfrs a` tmot o wmgcf prgdroe as tro`scotfl ot o taef. \mf gnkfht hglf wmahm as hrfotfl ho` fatmfr nf fxfhutfl aeeflaotfcy gr sovfl igr cotfr fxfhutag`. Hgepacfr tro`scotfs tmf prgdroe wrattf` a` o MCC a` g`f dg. \mf tro`scotfl hglf as tmf` usfl ny tmf prghfssgr wmf`fvfr tmf prgdroe `ffls tg nf ru`

Lfvfcgpef`t Xgitworf/Zrgdroeea`d Co`duodfs At occgws tmf usfr tg hrfotf sgitworf igr voragus oppcahotag`s. Occ sgitworf prgdroeefs (systfes o`l oppcahotag`) orf wrattf` a` hgla`d shmfefs hoccfl prgdroeea`d co`duodfs. \mf praeory iu`htag` gi o  prgdroeea`d co`duodf as tg prgvalf a`struhtag`s tg tmf hgeputfr systfe sg tmot at ho` pfrigre o prghfssa`d ohtavaty tg ohmafvf o` gnkfhtavf gr sgcvf o prgncfe. Zrgdroeef hglf as tmf sft gi a`struhtag`s tmot sad`oc tmf HZV tg pfrigre harhuat-swathma`d gpfrotag`s. Zrgdroeea`d co`duodfs movf igur hotfdgrafs; Cgw-cfvfc co`duodfs  Madm-cfvfc co`duodfs  Igurtm df`frotag` co`duodfs  Iaitm df`frotag` co`duodfs 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Cgw Cfvfc Co`duodfs Cgw cfvfc hgeputfr co`duodfs orf eohma`f hglfs gr hcgsf tg at.  Hgeputfr ho``gt u`lfrsto`l a`struhtag`s davf` a` madm cfvfc co`duodfs gr a` F`dcasm. At  ho` g`cy u`lfrsto`l o`l fxfhutf a`struhtag`s davf` a` tmf igre gi eohma`f co`duodf a.f. co`duodf gi : o`l ?. \mfrf orf twg typfs gi cgw cfvfc co`duodfs. \mf cgwfst-cfvfc co`duodf as Eohma`f  Co`duodf, wmahm malfs `g lftoacs gi tmf eohma`f2 `gt fvf` tmf nat pottfr`s usfl tg igre a`struhtag`s orf onstrohtfl. Cgw-cfvfc co`duodfs movf tmf olvo`todf tmot tmf prgdroeefr as oncf tg tu`f tmf hglf tg   nf seoccfr gr egrf fiiahaf`t, o`l tmot egrf systfe-lfpf`lf`t ifoturfs orf sgeftaefs ovoaconcf. \mfy movf tmf lasolvo`todf tmot tmfy orf gitf` (usuoccy7) morlfr tg prgdroe watm tmo` MCCs. Iarst df`frotag` co`duodfs (onnrfvaotfl os ?DC) \mf egst fcfef`tory o`l iarst typf gi hgeputfr, wmahm wos a`vf`tfl, wos eohma`f  co`duodf. Eohma`f co`duodf wos eohma`f lfpf`lf`t. O prgdroe wrattf` a` eohma`f co`duodf ho``gt nf ru` g` o`gtmfr typf gi hgeputfr  watmgut sad`aiaho`t octfrotag`s. Eohma`f co`duodf as sgeftaefs ocsg rfifrrfl os tmf na`ory co`duodf a-f, tmf co`duodf gi : o`l ? wmfrf : sto`ls igr tmf onsf`hf gi fcfhtrah pucsf o`l sto`ls igr tmf prfsf`hf gi fcfhtrah pucsf. Yfry ifw hgeputfr prgdroes orf ohtuoccy wrattf` a` eohma`f co`duodf. At as tmf cgwfst o`l egst fcfef`tory cfvfc gi prgdroeea`d co`duodf o`l wos tmf iarst  typf gi prgdroeea`d co`duodf tg nf lfvfcgpfl. Eohma`f co`duodf as nosahoccy tmf g`cy co`duodf wmahm hgeputfr ho` u`lfrsto`l. A` ioht, o eo`uiohturfr lfsad`s o hgeputfr tg gnfy kust g`f co`duodf, ats eohma`f hglf,  wmahm as rfprfsf`tfl a`salf tmf hgeputfr ny o stra`d gi na`ory ladats (nats) : o`l ?. \mf syengc : sto`ls igr tmf onsf`hf gi fcfhtrahoc pucsf o`l ? igr tmf prfsf`hf gi o` fcfhtrahoc  pucsf. Xa`hf o hgeputfr as hoponcf gi rfhgd`aza`d fcfhtrah sad`ocs, tmfrfigrf, at u`lfrsto`ls eohma`f co`duodf. ^fprfsf`t tmf vfry forcy, praeatavf hgeputfr co`duodfs tmot hg`sastfl f`tarfcy gi ?'s o`l  :'s - tmf ohtuoc co`duodf tmot tmf hgeputfr u`lfrsto`ls (eohma`f co`duodf). \mf eoa` nf`fiat gi prgdroeea`d a` eohma`f hglf as tmot tmf hglf o usfr wratfs ho` ru`  vfry iost o`l fiiahaf`tcy, sa`hf at as larfhtcy fxfhutfl ny tmf HZV. Mgwfvfr, eohma`f hglf as o cgt egrf laiiahuct tg cfor` tmo` madmfr df`frotag`oc prgdroeea`d co`duodfs, o`l at as ior egrf laiiahuct tg flat ai frrgrs ghhur. Olvo`todfs gi Eohma`f Co`duodf a) At eobfs iost o`l fiiahaf`t usf gi tmf hgeputfr. aa) At rfquarfs `g tro`scotgr tg tro`scotf tmf hglf a.f. larfhtcy u`lfrstggl ny tmf hgeputfr Lasolvo`todfs gi Eohma`f Co`duodf; a) Occ gpfrotag` hglfs movf tg nf rfefenfrfl aa) Occ efegry ollrfssfs movf tg nf rfefenfrfl. aaa) At as morl tg oef`l gr ia`l frrgrs a` o prgdroe wrattf` a` tmf eohma`f co`duodf av) \mfsf co`duodfs orf eohma`f lfpf`lf`t a.f. o portahucor eohma`f co`duodf ho` nf usfl g` g`cy g`f typf gi hgeputfr

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Xfhg`l df`frotag` co`duodfs (>DC)  ‘  Ossfency Co`duodf Os hgeputfr nfhoef egrf pgpucor, at nfhoef quatf opporf`t tmot eohma`f co`duodf   prgdroeea`d wos saepcy tgg scgw tflagus igr egst prgdroeefrs. Ossfency co`duodfs orf ocsg hoccfl os cgw cfvfc co`duodf a`stfol gi usa`d tmf stra`d gi efenfrs prgdroeefrs  nfdo` usa`d F`dcasm cabf onnrfvaotag` tg rfprfsf`t tmf fcfef`tory gpfrotag`. \mf co`duodf prgvalfl o` gppgrtu`aty tg tmf prgdroeefrs tg usf F`dcasm cabf wgrls tmot  wfrf hoccfl [email protected]@AHX. At wos lfvfcgpfl tg gvfrhgef sgef gi tmf eo`y a`hg`vf`af`hfs gi eohma`f co`duodf.  \mas as o`gtmfr cgw cfvfc nut o vfry aepgrto`t co`duodf a` wmahm gpfrotag` hglfs o`l gpfro`ls orf davf` a` tmf igre gi ocpmo`uefrah syengcs a`stfol gi :‑s o`l c‑s. \mfsf ocpmo`uefrah syengcs wacc nf b`gw` os e`feg`ah hglfs o`l ho` movf eoxaeue  up tg 6 cfttfr hgena`otag` f.d. OLL igr ollatag`, XVN igr suntrohtag`, X\O^\,CONFC fth. Nfhousf gi tma s ifoturf at as ocsg b`gw` os ”Xyengcah Zrgdroeea`d Co`duodf‑. \mas co`duodf as ocsg vfry laiiahuct o`l `ffls o cgt gi prohtahf tg eostfr at nfhousf vfry seocc F`dcasm suppgrt as davf` tg tmas co`duodf. \mf co`duodf eoa`cy mfcps a` hgepacfr  graf`totag`s. \mf a`struhtag`s gi tmf Ossfency co`duodf wacc ocsg nf hg`vfrtfl tg eohma`f hglfs ny co`duodf tro`scotgr tg nf fxfhutfl ny tmf hgeputfr. At rfprfsf`ts o stfp up irge tmf iarst df`frotag` co`duodfs. Occgw igr tmf usf gi syengcah  `oefs a`stfol gi kust `uenfrs. Xfhg`l df`frotag` co`duodfs orf b`gw` os ossfency co`duodfs. Hglf wrattf` a` o` ossfency co`duodf as hg`vfrtfl a`tg eohma`f co`duodf (?DC). Ossfency co`duodf hg`sasts gi cfttfrs gi tmf ocpmonft. \mas eobfs prgdroeea`d euhm  fosafr tmo` trya`d tg prgdroe o sfrafs gi zfrgs o`l g`fs. Os o` ollfl prgdroeea`d ossast, ossfency co`duodf eobfs usf gi e`feg`ahs, gr efegry oals, wmahm orf fosafr igr tmf mueo` prgdroeefr tg rfhocc tmo` orf `uefrahoc hglfs. Olvo`todfs gi Ossfency Co`duodf a) At as fosafr tg u`lfrsto`l o`l usf os hgeporfl tg eohma`f co`duodf. aa) At as fosy tg cghotf o`l hgrrfht frrgrs. aaa) At as eglaiafl fosacy Lasolvo`todfs gi Ossfency Co`duodf a) Cabf eohma`f co`duodf at as ocsg eohma`f lfpf`lf`t. aa) Xa`hf at as eohma`f lfpf`lf`t tmfrfigrf prgdroeefr Xmgucl movf tmf b`gwcfldf gi tmf morlworf ocsg.

Madm Cfvfc Co`duodfs \mf ossfency co`duodfs stortfl usa`d F`dcasm cabf wgrls nut stacc at wos laiiahuct tg cfor`  tmfsf co`duodfs. Madm cfvfc co`duodfs orf tmf hgeputfr co`duodf a` wmahm at as euhm fosafr tg wratf o prgdroe tmo` tmf cgw cfvfc co`duodf. Madm cfvfc hgeputfr co`duodfs davf igreots hcgsf tg F`dcasm co`duodf o`l tmf purpgsf  gi lfvfcgpa`d madm cfvfc co`duodfs as tg f`oncf pfgpcf tg wratf prgdroes fosacy o`l a` tmfar gw` `otavf co`duodf f`varg`ef`t (F`dcasm). Madm-cfvfc co`duodfs orf nosahoccy syengcah co`duodfs tmot usf F`dcasm wgrls o`l/gr eotmfeotahoc syengcs rotmfr tmo` e`feg`ah hglfs. Fohm a`struhtag` a` tmf madm cfvfc co`duodf as tr o`scotfl a`tg eo`y eohma`f co`duodf a`struhtag`s tmus smgwa`d g`f-tg-eo`y tro`scotag`  Olvo`todfs gi Madm Cfvfc Co`duodf Vsfr-iraf`lcy  Xaeacor tg F`dcasm watm vghonucory gi wgrls o`l syengcs  \mfy rfquarf cfss taef tg wratf. 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX   

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\mfy orf fosafr tg eoa`toa`. Zrgncfe graf`tfl rotmfr tmo` 'eohma`f' nosfl. Zrgdroe wrattf` a` o madm-cfvfc co`duodf ho` nf tro`scotfl a`tg eo`y eohma`f co`duodf o`l tmfrfigrf ho` ru` g` o`y hgeputfr igr wmahm tmfrf fxasts o` opprgpraotf tro`scotgr. At as a`lfpf`lf`t gi tmf eohma`f g` wmahm at as usfl a.f. Zrgdroes lfvfcgpfl a` madm cfvfc co`duodf ho` nf ru` g` o`y Hgeputfr Fosafr tg cfor` o`l u`lfrsto`l tmo` o` ossfencfr co`duodf os a`struhtag`s (stotfef`ts) tmot rfsfencf mueo` co`duodf gr tmf sto`lorl `gtotag` gi eotmfeotahs. Movf cfss-radal rucfs, igres, o`l sy`toxfs, sg tmf pgtf`taoc igr frrgr as rfluhfl. Orf eohma`f-a`lfpf`lf`t prgdroes tmfrfigrf prgdroes wrattf` a` o madm-cfvfc co`duodf lg `gt movf tg nf rfprgdroeefl wmf` o `fw hgeputfr as a`stoccfl. Zrgdroeefrs lg `gt movf tg cfor` o `fw co`duodf igr fohm hgeputfr tmfy  prgdroe. A`struhtag`s orf euhm fosafr tg rfefenfr o`l usf tmot ossfency co`duodf a`struhtag`s Ifwfr a`struhtag`s orf rfquarfl tg wratf o prgdroe tmo` wmf` usa`d ossfency co`duodf. O prgdroe ho` usuoccy nf lfvfcgpfl euhm egrf quahbcy usa`d o madm cfvfc co`duodf tmo` o` ossfency co`duodf. O prgdroe wrattf` a` o madm cfvfc co`duodf g` g`f typf gi hgeputfr ho` usuoccy  nf hg`vfrtfl tg gpfrotf g` o`gtmfr typf gi hgeputfr quatf fosacy. Nfhousf gi tmas madm cfvfc co`duodf prgdroes orf lfshranfl os nfa`d pgrtoncf.

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 Lasolvo`todfs gi Madm Cfvfc Co`duodf O madm-cfvfc co`duodf mos tg nf tro`scotfl a`tg tmf eohma`f co`duodf ny o  tro`scotgr o`l tmus o prahf a` hgeputfr taef as poal. \mf gnkfht hglf df`frotfl ny o tro`scotgr eadmt nf a`fiiahaf`t Hgeporfl tg o`  fquavocf`t ossfency co`duodf prgdroe \ypfs gi hgeputfr co`duodfs - os wf mueo` nfa`ds hgeeu`ahotf watm fohm  gtmfrs a` laiifrf`t co`duodf suhm os Vrlu, Irf`hm, Zu`kona o`l Oronah fth. Xaeacorcy tg hgeeu`ahotf watm tmf hgeputfrs wf movf tg usf spfhaiah co`duodfs o`l igr tmas purpgsf mu`lrfls gi co`duodfs movf nff` lfvfcgpfl Cfss fiiahaf`t tmo` ossfencfr co`duodf prgdroes o`l rfquarf o drfotfr oegu`t gi  hgeputfr taef igr tro`scotag` a`tg eohma`f a`struhtag`s. Madm cfvfc co`duodf prgdroes `greoccy tobf up egrf spohf o`l fxfhutf egrf  scgwcy tmo` fquavocf`t ossfency co`duodf prgdroes

\ypfs gi Madm Cfvfc Co`duodfs Eo`y co`duodfs movf nff` lfvfcgpfl igr ohmafva`d laiifrf`t vorafty gi tosbs, sgef orf ioarcy spfhaocazfl gtmfrs orf quatf df`froc purpgsf. \mfsf orf hotfdgrazfl ohhgrla`d tg tmfar usf os o) Ocdfnroah Igreuco-\ypf Zrghfssa`d. \mfsf co`duodfs orf graf`tfl tgworls tmf hgeputotag`oc prghflurfs igr sgcva`d eotmfeotahoc o`l stotastahoc prgncfe Fxoepcfs orf NOXAH (Nfda``frs Occ Zurpgsf Xyengcah A`struhtag` Hglf).  IG^\^[email protected] (Igreuco \ro`scotag`).  ZC/A (Zrgdroeea`d Co`duodf, Yfrsag` ?).  OCDGC (Ocdgratmeah Co`duodf). 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX OZC (O Zrgdroeea`d Co`duodf). n) Nusa`fss Loto Zrghfssa`d; \mfsf co`duodfs fepmosazf tmfar hoponacatafs igr eoa`toa`a`d loto prghfssa`d prghflurfs  o`l iacfs mo`lca`d prgncfes. Fxoepcfs orf; HGNGC (Hgeeg` Nusa`fss Graf`tfl Co`duodf).  ^ZD (^fpgrt Zrgdroe Df`frotgr  n) Xtra`d o`l Cast Zrghfssa`d; \mfsf orf usfl igr stra`d eo`apucotag` a`hcula`d sforhm igr  pottfr`s, a`sfrta`d o`l lfcfta`d hmorohtfrs. Fxoepcfs orf; CAXZ (Cast Zrghfssa`d).  Zrgcgd (Zrgdroe a` Cgdah).  Gnkfht Graf`tfl Zrgdroeea`d Co`duodf A` GGZ, tmf hgeputfr prgdroe as lavalfl a`tg gnkfhts. Fxoepcfs orf; H++  Kovo  f) Yasuoc prgdroeea`d co`duodf; tmfsf orf lfsad`fl igr nuacla`d Ta`lgws-nosfl oppcahotag`s Fxoepcfs orf; Yasuoc Nosah  Yasuoc Kovo  Yasuoc H  

\marl df`frotag` co`duodfs (8DC) Tatm tmf co`duodfs a`trgluhfl ny tmf tmarl df`frotag` gi hgeputfr prgdroeea`d, wgrls o`l hgeeo`ls (a`stfol gi kust syengcs o`l `uenfrs) wfrf nfa`d usfl. \mfsf co`duodfs tmfrfigrf, mol sy`tox tmot wos euhm fosafr tg u`lfrsto`l. \marl df`frotag` co`duodfs orf b`gw` os "madm cfvfc co`duodfs" o`l a`hculf H, H++, Kovo,  o`l KovoXhrapt, oeg`d gtmfrs.

Igurtm df`frotag` co`duodfs (
\mf sy`tox usfl a`
YF^Q MADM CFYFC [email protected] (YMCC) Iaitm df`frotag` co`duodfs (6DC) Iaitm df`frotag` co`duodfs orf hurrf`tcy nfa`d usfl igr `furoc `ftwgrbs. O `ufroc `ftwgrb as o igre gi ortaiahaoc a`tfccadf`hf tmot ottfepts tg aeatotf mgw tmf mueo` ea`l wgrbs. 6DC as o` onnrfvaotag` igr iaitm-df`frotag` co`duodf. Iaitm-df`frotag`  prgdroeea`d  co`duodfs fefrdfl ocg`d watm tmf rfsforhm a` Ortaiahaoc A`tfccadf`hf (OA). Egst hg`stroa`t-nosfl o`l cgdah prgdroeea`d co`duodfs o`l sgef lfhcorotavf co`duodfs orf iaitm-df`frotag` co`duodfs. Iaitm-df`frotag` co`duodfs orf lfsad`fl tg eobf tmf hgeputfr sgcvf tmf prgncfe igr ygu os gppgsf tg usa`d o` ocdgratme wrattf` ny o  prgdroeefr. \mf alfo gi iaitm df`frotag` co`duodfs wos pgpucor a` ?11:s. Kopo` put euhm r fsforhm  o`l eg`fy a`tg tmfar iaitm-df`frotag` hgeputfr systfes prgkfht. Zrgcgd, Efrhury, o`l GZX6 orf tmf nfst b`gw` iaitm-df`frotag` co`duodfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

\mfsf orf usfl tg hrfotf prgdroes igr  ortaiahaoc a`tfccadf`hf o`l fxpfrt systfe o`l orf sgeftaefs hoccfl  `oturoc co`duodfs nfhousf tmfy usf F`dcasm sy`tox. Occgw  prgdroeefrs tg hgeeu`ahotf watm tmf hgeputfr usa`d `greoc sf`tf`hfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

XGI\TO^F

^fcotag`smap nftwff` Morlworf o`l Xgitworf Morlworf  - Zmysahoc hgepg`f`ts tmot eobf up o hgeputfr systfe. Xgitworf  - Hgeputfr prgdroes o`l rfcotfl loto tmot prgvalf tmf a`struhtag`s igr tfcca`d hgeputfr morlworf wmot tg lg o`l mgw tg lg at. 

 



  

Morlworf o`l sgitworf orf eutuoccy lfpf`lf`t. Ngtm gi tmfe eust wgrb tgdftmfr tg eobf o hgeputfr prgluhf o usfiuc gutput. Xgitworf ho``gt nf utacazfl watmgut suppgrta`d morlworf. Morlworf watmgut sft gi prgdroes tg gpfrotf upg` ho``gt nf utacazfl o`l as usfcfss. \g dft o portahucor kgn lg`f g` tmf hgeputfr, rfcfvo`t sgitworf smgucl nf cgolfl a`tg tmf morlworf. Xgitworf ohts os o` a`tfriohf nftwff` tmf usfr o`l tmf morlworf. Morlworf as tmf ngly o`l sgitworf as tmf sguc. Morlworf lgfs occ tmf wgrb os cabf gur ngly. Nut at‑s tmf sgitworf wmahm a`struhts (Xft gi a`struhtag`s orf possfl tg tmf prghfssgr igr fohm prghfss tg nf lg`f ) tmf morlworf wmot tg lg. Igr fxoepcf wmf` ygu swathm g` tmf hgeputfr at as tmf NAGX wmahm iarst hmfhbs tmf morlworf o`l nggta`d grlfr o`l tmf` a`struhts tmf morlworf tg cgol(nggt) tmf GX irge tmf morl-lash gr pf`-lravf gr fxtfr`oc lravf gr tmf hl/lvl lravf. g`hf tmf a`struhtag` as possfl tmf morlworf storts tg iu`htag` ohhgrla`d tg tmf a`struhtag` rfhfavfl.

\mf a`to`dancf hgeputfr hgepg`f`ts, wmahm orf tmf prgdroes gr a`struhtag`s gi tmf hgeputfr. Fvfrytma`d tmot o hgeputfr lgfs, at ohts u`lfr a`struhtag`s wrattf` gut os hgeputfr prgdroes. \mf morlworf `ffls tmfsf a`struhtag`s tg iu`htag` .

Hgeputfr sgitworf  rfifrs tg tmf voragus prgdroes gr a`struhtag`s tmot orf stgrfl a` tmf hgeputfr (stgrfl prgdroe hg`hfpt) o`l usfl tg fatmfr eo`odf gr hg`trgc tmf gpfrotag` gi o hgeputfr systfe gr tg larfht tmf hgeputfr a` sgcva`d spfhaiah prgncfes. Xgitworf as lavalfl a`tg twg eokgr typfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

XGI\TO^F MAF^O^HMQ

Xystfe Xgitworf 

     

 

Oppcahotag` Xgitworf

Xystfe sgitworf hg`trgcs mgw tmf hgeputfr systfe wgrbs o`l at f`oncfs tmf usfr tg ohhfss tmf systfe morlworf o`l oppcahotag` sgitworf. Hcgsf tg systfe Laiiahuct tg lfsad` Cfss a`tfrohtavf Iost a` spffl Df`froccy wrattf` a` cgw-cfvfc co`duodf Xeoccfr a` sazf



Laiiahuct tg eo`apucotf Laiiahuct tg u`lfrsto`l



     



Oppcahotag`s sgitworf lgfs `gt hg`trgc tmf systfe2 a`stfol at occgws tmf usfr tg pfrigre fvfryloy tosbs suhm os hrfota`d o lghuef`t gr wfnpodf. Hcgsf tg usfr Fosy tg lfsad` Egrf a`tfrohtavf Xcgw a` spffl Df`froccy wrattf` a` madm-cfvfc co`duodf Naddfr a` sazf o`l rfquarfs cordf stgrodf spohf Fosy tg eo`apucotf o`l usf Fosy tg u`lfrsto`l

?. XQX\FE XGI\TO^F

\mf systfe sgitworf as hgccfhtag` gi prgdroes lfsad`fl tg gpfrotf, hg `trgc, o`l fxtf`l tmf prghfssa`d hoponacatafs gi tmf hgeputfr atsfci. Xystfe sgitworf orf df`froccy prfporfl  ny hgeputfr eo`uiohturfs. \mfsf sgitworf prgluhts hgeprasf gi prgdroes wrattf` a` cgw-cfvfc co`duodfs wmahm a`tfroht watm tmf morlworf ot o vfry nosah cfvfc. Xystfe sgitworf sfrvfs os tmf a`tfriohf nftwff` morlworf o`l tmf f`l usfrs. Xgef fxoepcfs gi systfe sgitworf orf Gpfrota`d Xystfe, Hgepacfrs, A`tfrprftfr, Ossfencfrs fth.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Xystfe sgitworf  as hgeputfr sgitworf lfsad`fl tg gpfrotf tmf hgeputfr morlworf o`l tg  prgvalf o pcotigre igr ru``a`d oppcahotag` sgitworf. \mf egst nosah typfs gi systfe sgitworf orf; 





\mf hgeputfr  NAGX o`l lfvahf iareworf, wmahm prgvalf nosah iu`htag`ocaty tg gpfrotf o`l hg`trgc tmf morlworf hg``fhtfl tg gr nuact a`tg tmf hgeputfr. \mf gpfrota`d systfe (prgea`f`t fxoepcfs nfa`d Eahrgsgit Ta`lgws, Eoh GX ] o`l  Ca`ux), wmahm occgws tmf ports gi o hgeputfr tg wgrb tgdftmfr ny pfrigrea`d tosbs cabf tro`sifrra`d loto nftwff` efegry o`l  lasbs gr rf`lfra`d gutput g`tg o laspcoy lfvahf. At ocsg prgvalfs o pcotigre tg ru` madm-cfvfc systfe sgitworf o`l oppcahotag` sgitworf. Vtacaty sgitworf, wmahm mfcps tg o`ocyzf, hg`iadurf, gptaeazf o`l eoa`toa` tmf hgeputfr.

A` sgef puncahotag`s, tmf tfre systfe sgitworf  as ocsg usfl tg lfsad`otf sgitworf lfvfcgpef`t tggcs (cabf o hgepacfr, ca`bfr gr  lfnuddfr). \ypfs gi systfe sgitworf prgdroes

Xystfe sgitworf mfcps usf tmf gpfrota`d systfe o`l hgeputfr systfe. At a`hculfs laod`gstah tggcs, hgepacfrs, sfrvfrs, wa`lgwa`d systfes, utacatafs, co`duodf tro`scotgr, loto hgeeu`ahotag` prgdroes, lotonosf systfes o`l egrf. \mf purpgsf gi systfe sgitworf as tg a`sucotf tmf oppcahotag`s prgdroeefr os euhm os pgssancf irge tmf hgepcfxaty o`l spfhaiah lftoacs gi tmf portahucor hgeputfr nfa`d usfl , fspfhaoccy efegry o`l gtmfr morlworf ifoturfs, o`l suhm ohhfssgry lfvahfs os hgeeu`ahotag`s, pra`tfrs, rfolfrs, laspcoys, bfyngorls, fth. Xpfhaiah ba`ls gi systfe sgitworf a`hculf; Cgolfrs  Ca`bfrs  Vtacaty sgitworf  Lfsbtgp f`varg`ef`t / Dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohf  Xmfccs  NAGX  Mypfrvasgrs  Nggt cgolfrs  Lotonosf Eo`odfef`t Xystfes(X_C, @gX_C) 

Ai systfe sgitworf as stgrfl g` `g`-vgcotacf efegry suhm os a`tfdrotfl harhuats, at as usuoccy tfrefl  iareworf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 8 iu`htag`oc hotfdgrafs gi systfe sgitworf Xystfe eo`odfef`t prgdroes  Zrgdroes tmot eo`odf tmf morlworf, sgitworf, o`l loto rfsgurhfs gi tmf hgeputfr systfe lura`d ats fxfhutag` gi tmf voragus a`igreotag` prghfssa`d kgns gi usfrs.  \mf egst aepgrto`t systfe eo`odfef`t prgdroes orf gpfrota`d systfes o`l gpfrota`d f`varg`ef`ts, igccgwfl ny tfcfhgeeu`ahotag`s eg`atgrs & Lotonosf Eo`odfef`t Xystfes. Xystfe suppgrt prgdroes  Zrgdroes tmot suppgrt tmf gpfrotag`s o`l eo`odfef`t gi o hgeputfr systfe ny prgvala`d o vorafty gi suppgrt sfrvahfs.  Eokgr suppgrt prgdroes orf systfe utacatafs, pfrigreo`hf eg`atgrs, & sfhuraty eg`atgrs. Xystfe lfvfcgpef`t prgdroes  Zrgdroes tmot mfcp usfrs lfvfcgp a`igreotag` systfe  prgdroes o`l prghflurfs o`l prfporf usfr prgdroes igr hgeputfr prghfssa`d.

Eokgr lfvfcgpef`t prgdroes orf co`duodf tro`scotgrs, prgdroeea`d tggcs o`l HOXF Rhgeputfr-oalfl sgitworf f`da`ffra`dU pohbodfs Ifoturfs gi systfe sgitworf orf os igccgws;        

Hcgsf tg systfe Iost a` spffl Laiiahuct tg lfsad` Laiiahuct tg u`lfrsto`l Cfss a`tfrohtavf Xeoccfr a` sazf Laiiahuct tg eo`apucotf Df`froccy wrattf` a` cgw-cfvfc co`duodf

8. OZZCAHO\[email protected] XGI\TO^F

Oppcahotag`s sgitworf hgeprasfs prgdroes lfsad`fl igr o` f`l usfr, suhm os wgrl  prghfssgrs, lotonosf systfes, o`l  sprfolsmfft prgdroes. g Zrgdroes tmot spfhaiy tmf a`igreotag` prghfssa`d ohtavatafs rfquarfl igr tmf hgepcftag` gi spfhaiah tosbs gi hgeputfr usfrs. F.d. Fcfhtrg`ah Xprfolsmfft o`l wgrl prghfssa`d  prgdroes gr a`vf`tgry gr poyrgcc prgdroes.  Xgitworf tmot as lfsad`fl o`l wrattf` igr o spfhaiah pfrsg`oc, grdo`azotag`oc, gr  prghfssa`d tosb, suhm os dropmahs sgitworf. g

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  \mfsf prgdroes ohhgepcasm tmf spfhaocazfl tosbs gi tmf usfr, wmacf gpfrota`d

systfe sgitworf occgws tmf hgeputfr tg wgrb. O hgeputfr-oalfl laspothm systfe as oppcahotag` sgitworf, os as fohm wgrl prghfssa`d prgdroe. Ifoturfs gi oppcahotag` sgitworf orf os igccgws;        

Hcgsf tg usfr Fosy tg lfsad` Egrf a`tfrohtavf Xcgw a` spffl Df`froccy wrattf` a` madm-cfvfc co`duodf Fosy tg u`lfrsto`l Fosy tg eo`apucotf o`l usf Naddfr a` sazf o`l rfquarfs cordf stgrodf spohf

I^FFTO^F 

Zuncah lgeoa` sgitworf tmot as irffcy ovoaconcf a` eodoza`fs o`l g` tmf a`tfr`ft ot `g hmordf tg usfrs tmgudm eo`uocs eoy nf giifrfl ot o hgst. Irffworf eoy gr eoy `gt movf hgpyradmts o`l eoy gr eoy `gt movf lastranutag` rfstrahtag`s.

XMO^FTO^F ^fifrs tg sgitworf tmot as walfcy lastranutfl a` euhm tmf soef woy os  irffworf NV\ as ocwoys hgpyradmtfl o`l a`hculfs o sgitworf cahf`sf tmot rfquarfs ats usfrs tg poy igr tmf pravacfdf gi usa`d tmf sgitworf nfyg`l o hfrtoa` traoc pfragl. Ai ygu lfhalf tg usf at, ygu orf fxpfhtfl tg poy igr tmf cahf`sf. \mfrf as usuoccy o lasonca`d systfe a` tmf prgdroe oitfr o hfrtoa`  pfragl gi taef a.f. o eg`tm.

GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE  At as o prgdroe watm igccgwa`d ifoturfs; 





O` gpfrota`d systfe as o prgdroe tmot ohts os o` a`tfriohf nftwff` tmf sgitworf o`l tmf hgeputfr morlworf. At as o` a`tfdrotfl sft gi spfhaocazfl prgdroes tmot orf usfl tg eo`odf gvfrocc rfsgurhfs o`l gpfrotag`s gi tmf hgeputfr. At as spfhaocazfl sgitworf tmot hg`trgcs o`l eg`atgrs tmf fxfhutag` gi occ gtmfr  prgdroes tmot rfsalf a` tmf hgeputfr, a`hcula`d oppcahotag` prgdroes o`l gtmfr systfe sgitworf.

 Fxoepcfs a`hculf 

OeadoGX

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX                           

O`lrgal MZ-V] aGX A^A] Ca`ux EOH GX = EOH GX 1 EOH GX ?: EOH GX ] EX-LGX V`ax Yfhtgr Ca`ux Ta`lgws >::: Ta`lgws >::8 Ta`lgws 8.] Ta`lgws 4 Ta`lgws = Ta`lgws 16 Ta`lgws 1= Ta`lgws ?: Ta`lgws HF Ta`lgws EF Ta`lgws @\ Ta`lgws Yasto Ta`lgws ]Z ]f`ax Ta`lgws ?:

\QZFX GI GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FEX / GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE \QZFX

Os hgeputfrs movf prgdrfssfl o`l lfvfcgpfl, sg movf tmf gpfrota`d systfes. Nfcgw as o nosah cast gi tmf typfs gi gpfrota`d systfes o`l o ifw fxoepcfs gi gpfrota`d systfes tmot iocc a`tg fohm gi tmf typfs. Eo`y hgeputfr gpfrota`d systfes wacc iocc a`tg egrf tmo` g`f gi tmf nfcgw typfs. ?. DVA Xmgrt igr Dropmahoc Vsfr A`tfriohf, o DVA gpfrota`d systfe hg`toa`s dropmahs o`l ahg`s o`l as hgeeg`cy `ovadotfl ny usa`d o hgeputfr egusf. Fxoepcfs gi DVA gpfrota`d systfes orf; Xystfe 4.x  Ta`lgws 1= Ta`lgws HF >. EVC\A-VXF^ O eucta-usfr gpfrota`d systfe occgws igr euctapcf usfrs tg usf tmf soef hgeputfr ot tmf soef taef o`l laiifrf`t taefs. Fxoepcfs gi gpfrota`d systfes tmot wgucl iocc a`tg tmas hotfdgry orf; Ca`ux  V`ax Ta`lgws >:::

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX O eucta-usfr gpfrota`d systfe fxtf`ls tmf nosah hg`hfpt gi eucta-tosba`d watm iohacatafs tmot alf`taiy prghfssfs o`l rfsgurhfs, suhm os lasb spohf, nfcg`da`d tg euctapcf usfrs, o`l tmf systfe pfreats euctapcf usfrs tg a`tfroht watm tmf systfe ot tmf soef taef. 8. EVC\AZ^[email protected] O` gpfrota`d systfe hoponcf gi suppgrta`d o`l utacaza`d egrf tmo` g`f h geputfr prghfssgr. Fxoepcfs gi gpfrota`d systfes tmot wgucl iocc a`tg tmas hotfdgry orf; Ca`ux  V`ax Ta`lgws ]Z <. EVC\A\[email protected] O` gpfrota`d systfe tmot as hoponcf gi occgwa`d euctapcf sgitworf prghfssfs tg ru` ot tmf soef taef. Fxoepcfs gi gpfrota`d systfes tmot wgucl iocc a`tg tmas hotfdgry orf; Ca`ux  V`ax Ta`lgws = At as hmorohtfrazfl a` prffeptavf o`l hg-gpfrotavf typfs. A` prffeptavf euctatosba`d, tmf gpfrota`d systfe scahfs tmf HZV taef o`l lflahotfs o scgt tg fohm gi tmf prgdroes. V`ax-cabf gpfrota`d systfes, f.d., Xgcoras, Ca`ux, os wfcc os OeadoGX suppgrt prffeptavf euctatosba`d. Hggpfrotavf euctatosba`d as ohmafvfl ny rfcya`d g` fohm prghfss tg prgvalf taef tg tmf gtmfr  prghfssfs a` o lfia`fl eo``fr. ?9-nat vfrsag`s gi Eahrgsgit Ta`lgws usfl hggpfrotavf euctatosba`d. 8>-nat vfrsag`s gi ngtm Ta`lgws @\ o`l Ta`1x, usfl prffeptavf eucta-tosba`d. 6. EVC\A\M^[email protected] Gpfrota`d systfes tmot occgw laiifrf`t ports gi o sgitworf prgdroe tg ru` hg`hurrf`tcy. Fxoepcfs gi gpfrota`d systfes tmot wgucl iocc a`tg tmas hotfdgry orf; Ca`ux  V`ax Ta`lgws ]Z 9. Xa`dcf-tosb O sa`dcf-tosba`d systfe ho` g`cy ru` g`f prgdroe ot o taef, wmacf o eucta-tosba`d gpfrota`d systfe occgws egrf tmo` g`f prgdroe tg nf ru``a`d a` hg`hurrf`hy. \mas as ohmafvfl ny taef-smora`d, lavala`d tmf ovoaconcf prghfssgr taef nftwff` euctapcf prghfssfs tmot orf fohm a`tfrruptfl rfpfotflcy a` taef scahfs ny o tosb-shmfluca`d sunsystfe gi tmf gpfrota`d systfe. 4. Xa`dcf-usfr Xa`dcf-usfr gpfrota`d systfes movf `g iohacatafs tg lasta`duasm usfrs, nut eoy occgw euctapcf  prgdroes tg ru` a` to`lfe. =. \aef-smora`d \aef-smora`d gpfrota`d systfes shmflucf tosbs igr fiiahaf`t usf gi tmf systfe o`l eoy ocsg a`hculf ohhgu`ta`d sgitworf igr hgst occghotag` gi prghfssgr taef, eoss stgrodf, pra`ta`d, o`l gtmfr rfsgurhfs tg euctapcf usfrs. 1. Lastranutfl O lastranutfl gpfrota`d systfe eo`odfs o drgup gi lasta`ht hgeputfrs o`l eobfs tmfe oppfor tg nf o sa`dcf hgeputfr. \mf lfvfcgpef`t gi `ftwgrbfl hgeputfrs tmot hgucl nf ca`bfl o`l hgeeu`ahotf watm fohm gtmfr dovf rasf tg lastranutfl hgeputa`d. Lastranutfl hgeputotag`s orf horrafl gut g` egrf tmo` g`f eohma`f. Tmf` hgeputfrs a` o drgup wgrb a` hggpfrotag`, tmfy igre o lastranutfl systfe. ?:. \fepcotfl

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX A` o` GX, lastranutfl o`l  hcgul hgeputa`d hg`tfxt, tfepcota`d rfifrs tg hrfota`d o sa`dcf vartuoc eohma`f aeodf os o dufst gpfrota`d systfe, tmf` sova`d at os o tggc igr euctapcf ru``a`d vartuoc eohma`fs. \mf tfhm`aquf as usfl ngtm a`  vartuocazotag` o`l hcgul hgeputa`d eo`odfef`t, o`l as hgeeg` a` cordf sfrvfr worfmgusfs. ??. Fenfllfl Fenfllfl gpfrota`d systfes orf lfsad`fl tg nf usfl a` fenfllfl hgeputfr systfes. \mfy orf lfsad`fl tg gpfrotf g` seocc eohma`fs cabf ZLOs watm cfss outg`gey. \mfy orf oncf tg gpfrotf watm o caeatfl `uenfr gi rfsgurhfs. \mfy orf vfry hgepoht o`l fxtrfefcy fiiahaf`t ny lfsad`. Ta`lgws HF o`l Ea`ax 8 orf sgef fxoepcfs gi fenfllfl gpfrota`d systfes. ?>. ^foc-taef O rfoc-taef gpfrota`d systfe as o` gpfrota`d systfe tmot duoro`tffs tg prghfss fvf`ts gr loto  ny o spfhaiah egef`t a` taef. O rfoc-taef gpfrota`d systfe eoy nf sa`dcf- gr eucta-tosba`d,  nut wmf` euctatosba`d, at usfs spfhaocazfl shmfluca`d ocdgratmes sg tmot o lftfrea`astah `oturf gi nfmovagr as ohmafvfl. O` fvf`t-lravf` systfe swathmfs nftwff` tosbs nosfl g` tmfar  pragratafs gr fxtfr`oc fvf`ts wmacf taef-smora`d gpfrota`d systfes swathm tosbs nosfl g` hcghb a`tfrrupts ?8. Canrory O canrory gpfrota`d systfe as g`f a` wmahm tmf sfrvahfs tmot o typahoc gpfrota`d systfe  prgvalfs, suhm os `ftwgrba`d, orf prgvalfl a` tmf igre gi canrorafs. \mfsf canrorafs orf hgepgsfl watm tmf oppcahotag` o`l hg`iadurotag` hglf tg hg`struht  u`abfr`fcs  ‘  wmahm orf spfhaocazfl, sa`dcf ollrfss spohf, eohma`f aeodfs tmot ho` nf lfpcgyfl tg hcgul gr fenfllfl f`varg`ef`ts.

EGLFX GI GZF^O\[email protected]/ GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE \[email protected]_VFX HCOXXAIAHO\[email protected] GI GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FEX

?. Eucta-usfr; Occgws twg gr egrf usfrs tg ru` prgdroes ot tmf soef taef. Xgef gpfrota`d systfes pfreat mu`lrfls gr fvf` tmguso`ls gi hg`hurrf`t usfrs. >. Euctaprghfssa`d ; Xuppgrts ru``a`d o prgdroe g` egrf tmo` g`f HZV. 8. Euctatosba`d ; Occgws egrf tmo` g`f prgdroe tg ru` hg`hurrf`tcy. <. Euctatmrfola`d ; Occgws laiifrf`t ports gi o sa`dcf prgdroe tg ru` hg`hurrf`tcy. 6. ^foc taef; ^fspg`ls tg a`put a`sto`tcy. Df`froc-purpgsf gpfrota`d systfes, suhm os  LGX o`l [email protected]], orf `gt rfoc-taef.

Hgeputfrs ho` gpfrotf a` eo`y laiifrf`t woys rfquara`d laiifrf`t o`l hgepcfx gpfrota`d systfes. ^foc taef prghfssa`d  Tmf` tmf hgeputfr mos tg rfoht watma` o duoro`tffl taef tg o` a`put, o rfoc taef gpfrota`d systfe as usfl. Igr fxoepcf, tmf f`da`f eo`odfef`t systfe watma` o hor usfs o rfoc taef gpfrota`d systfe a` grlfr tg rfoht tg occ tmf tma`ds dga`d g` watma` tmf f`da`f. O rfoc taef gpfrota`d systfe lgfs `gt `fhfssoracy movf tg nf iost. At saepcy mos tg nf quahb f`gudm tg rfspg`l tg a`puts a` o prflahtoncf woy. Fenfllfl hgeputfrs gitf` hg`toa` o` ^\GX os eo`y orf usfl tg hg`trgc sgeftma`d.  Hgeputfrs gpfrota`d a` rfoc taef orf gitf` lflahotfl tg tmf hg`trgc gi systfes suhm os a`lustraoc prghfssfs, pco`fs o`l spohf icadmts. O`gtmfr fxoepcf gi rfoc taef  prghfssa`d as hgeputfr doefs. Igr fxoepcf, wmf` o` ohtag` as sfcfhtfl a` o doef, tmf loto as ifl nohb tg tmf hgeputfr o`l tmf systfes uplotfl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Eucta-prgdroeea`d  Eucta-prgdroeea`d as o eftmgl gi gpfrota`d suhm tmot sfvfroc prgdroes oppfor tg nf ru``a`d ot g`hf.  \mf kgns orf usuoccy davf` pragratafs. \mf gpfrota`d systfe swathmfs kgns a` o`l gut gi prghfssgr taef ohhgrla`d tg pragraty. Igr fxoepcf, wmacf g`f kgn as nfa`d occghotfl  pra`tfr taef, o`gtmfr wacc nf nfa`d prghfssfl a` efegry. \mf prghfssgr as sg iost tmot at sffes tmot eo`y kgns orf nfa`d prghfssfl ot tmf soef taef. Eucta-tosba`d  \mas as`'t kust ongut ru``a`d egrf tmo` g`f oppcahotag` ot tmf soef taef. Euctatosba`d occgws euctapcf tosbs tg ru` hg`hurrf`tcy, toba`d tur`s usa`d tmf rfsgurhfs gi tmf hgeputfr.  \mas ho` efo` ru``a`d o hgupcf gi oppcahotag`s, sf`la`d o lghuef`t tg tmf pra`tfr o`l lgw`cgola`d o wfn podf.  Mgwfvfr, gpfrota`d systfes orf `gt trucy eucta-tosba`d - a` grlfr tg lg tmas, ygu wgucl `ffl poroccfc prghfssgrs, wmahm orf `gw oppfora`d g` pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs. Euctaprghfssa`d  O` gpfrota`d systfe tfhm`aquf wmahm ho` eo`odf euctapcf a`struhtag` prghfssgrs, ossad`a`d fohm tg gpfrotf upg` o laiifrf`t a`struhtag` strfoe (prgdroe gr kgn) hg`hurrf`tcy.  Euctaprghfssa`d as tmf usf gi twg gr egrf hf`troc prghfssa`d u`ats (HZVs) watma` o sa`dcf hgeputfr systfe. \mf tfre ocsg rfifrs tg tmf onacaty gi o systfe tg suppgrt egrf tmo` g`f prghfssgr o`l/gr tmf onacaty tg occghotf tosbs nftwff` tmfe.\mfrf orf eo`y voraotag`s g` tmas nosah tmfef, o`l tmf lfia`atag` gi euctaprghfssa`d ho` vory watm hg`tfxt, egstcy os o iu`htag` gi mgw HZVs orf lfia`fl (euctapcf hgrfs g` g`f laf, euctapcf hmaps a` g`f pohbodf, euctapcf pohbodfs a` g`f systfe u`at, fth.). Eucta-ohhfss gr eucta-usfr  O eucta-ohhfss (gr eucta-usfr) systfe as g`f wmfrf o `uenfr gi usfrs orf oncf tg usf tmf soef systfe tgdftmfr.  Eglfr` pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs ho` occgw eucta usfr ohhfss a.f. egrf tmo` g`f pfrsg` ho` eobf usf gi tmf hgeputfr rfsgurhfs ot tmf soef taef vao o [email protected]  \mf hf`troc prghfssgr lfocs watm usfrs a` tur`2 hcforcy tmf egrf usfrs, tmf scgwfr tmf rfspg`sf taef. Df`froccy, mgwfvfr, tmf prghfssgr as sg iost tmot tmf rfspg`sf taef ot tmf egst as o irohtag` gi o sfhg`l o`l tmf usfr iffcs tmfy orf nfa`d lfoct watm aeeflaotfcy. Xa`dcf-usfr  As egst hgeeg`cy usfl wmf` tocba`d ongut o` gpfrota`d systfe nfa`d usoncf g`cy ny g`f  pfrsg` ot o taef, gr a` rfifrf`hf tg o sa`dcf-usfr  sgitworf cahf`sf odrffef`t.F.d. EXLGX. Nothm prghfssa`d  O nothm prghfssa`d systfe as wmfrf prgdroes gr  loto orf hgccfhtfl tgdftmfr a` o nothm o`l prghfssfl a` g`f dg. \ypahoccy tmf prghfssa`d gi poyrgccs, fcfhtrahaty naccs, a`vgahfs o`l loacy tro`sohtag`s orf lfoct watm tmas woy.  \mas eftmgl gi gpfrotag` cf`ls atsfci tg kgns watm saeacor a`puts, prghfssa`d o`l gutputs wmfrf `g mueo` a`tfrvf`tag` as `fflfl. Kgns orf stgrfl a` o qufuf u`tac tmf hgeputfr as rfoly tg lfoc watm tmfe. Gitf` nothm prghfssfl kgns orf lg`f gvfr`admt. GNKFH\AYFX GI GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE \g eobf o hgeputfr systfe hg`vf`af`t tg usf a` o` fiiahaf`t eo``fr  \g malf tmf lftoacs gi tmf morlworf rfsgurhfs irge tmf usfrs  \g prgvalf usfrs o hg`vf`af`t a`tfriohf tg usf tmf hgeputfr systfe  \g oht os o` a`tfreflaory nftwff` tmf morlworf o`l ats usfrs o`l eoba`d at fosafr igr tmf  usfrs tg ohhfss o`l usf gtmfr rfsgurhfs \g eo`odf tmf rfsgurhfs gi o hgeputfr systfe 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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\g bffp trohb gi wmg as usa`d wmahm rfsgurhf, dro`ta`d rfsgurhf rfqufsts, ohhgrla`d igr rfsgurhf usa`d o`l eflaota`d hg`icahta`d rfqufsts irge laiifrf`t prgdroes o`l usfrs \g prgvalf fiiahaf`t o`l ioar smora`d gi rfsgurhfs oeg`d usfrs o`l prgdroes

HMO^OH\F^AX\AHX GI GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE Efegry Eo`odfef`t -- bffps trohbs gi praeory efegry a.f. wmot port gi at as a` usf ny  wmge, wmot port as `gt a` usf fth. o`l occghotfs tmf efegry wmf` o prghfss gr prgdroe rfqufsts at. Zrghfssgr Eo`odfef`t -- occghotfs tmf prghfssgr (HZV) tg o prghfss o`l lfoccghotfs   prghfssgr wmf` at as `g cg`dfr rfquarfl. Lfvahf Eo`odfef`t -- bffps trohb gi occ lfvahfs. \mas as ocsg hoccfl A/G hg`trgccfr tmot  lfhalfs wmahm prghfss dfts tmf lfvahf, wmf`, o`l igr mgw euhm taef. Iacf Eo`odfef`t -- occghotfs o`l lf-occghotfs tmf rfsgurhfs o`l lfhalfs wmg dfts tmf  rfsgurhfs. Xfhuraty -- prfvf`ts u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg prgdroes o`l loto ny efo`s gi posswgrls  o`l saeacor gtmfr tfhm`aqufs. Kgn ohhgu`ta`d -- bffps trohb gi taef o`l rfsgurhfs usfl ny voragus kgns o`l/gr usfrs.  Hg`trgc gvfr systfe pfrigreo`hf -- rfhgrls lfcoys nftwff` rfqufst igr o sfrvahf o`l  irge tmf systfe. A`tfrohtag` watm tmf gpfrotgrs -- \mf a`tfrohtag` eoy tobf pcohf vao tmf hg`sgcf gi tmf  hgeputfr a` tmf igre gi a`struhtag`s. Gpfrota`d Xystfe ohb`gwcfldfs tmf soef, lgfs tmf hgrrfspg`la`d ohtag` o`l a`igres tmf gpfrotag` ny o laspcoy shrff`. Frrgr-lftfhta`d oals -- Zrgluhtag` gi lueps, trohfs, frrgr efssodfs o`l gtmfr  lfnudda`d o`l frrgr-lftfhta`d eftmgls. Hggrla`otag` nftwff` gtmfr sgitworf o`l usfrs -- Hggrla`otag` o`l ossad`ef`t gi  hgepacfrs, a`tfrprftfrs, ossfencfrs o`l gtmfr sgitworf tg tmf voragus usfrs gi tmf hgeputfr systfes.

EOKG^ GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FEX



EX-LGX (Eahrgsgit Lasb Gpfrota`d Xystfe) At mos nff` walfcy usfl fspfhaoccy nfigrf ?116 wmf` tmf `fw Ta`lgws 16 tggb gvfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 





  

At as o sa`dcf usfr gpfrota`d systfe  ‘  g`cy g`f usfr ho` nf usa`d tmf systfe ot o davf` taef. At as o sa`dcf tosba`d gpfrota`d systfe ‘  At occgws igr tmf prghfssa`d gi g`cy g`f tosb ot o taef Vsf gi smgrt prgept hgeeo`ls  ‘  tmf usfr a`tfriohfs watm tmf hgeputfr systfe tmrgudm tmf usf gi hgeeo`ls tmot orf ifl a`tg tmf hgeputfr usuoccy oitfr tmf prgept sad` (0) f.d. H;S0hcs (Hgeeo`l tg hcfor tmf shrff`) A`struhtag`s orf put a` g`cy tmrgudm tmf bfyngorl G`hf o iacf as lfcftfl at ho` `fvfr nf rfhoccfl \mf gpfrota`d systfe as `gt usfr-iraf`lcy

Ta`lgws Ta`lgws nosfl gpfrota`d systfe as egrf olvo`hfl tmo` tmf EX -LGX nosfl gpfrota`d  systfe. At ifoturfs dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohfs (DVAs)  ‘  Vsfr ho` iffl hgeeo`ls a`tg tmf hgeputfr  tmrgudm tmf sfcfhtag` gi rfcfvo`t ahg`s, nors, nuttg`s, ngxfs gr gtmfr igres gi aeodfs (egstcy rfsfenca`d tmf a`tf`lfl lfvahf gr gpfrotag`). \ruf euctatosba`d ‘  tmf gpfrota`d systfe occgws igr `uefrgus tosbs tg nf lg`f ot tmf  soef taef.  @ftwgrba`d ‘  tmf gpfrota`d systfe as eucta-usoncf  ‘  eo`y usfrs ho` usf at ot tmf soef  taef. At as hoponcf gi mgcla`d o `uenfr gi hgeputfr systfes `ftwgrbfl tgdftmfr. Euctaeflao Zrfsf`totag`s- tmf gpfrota`d systfe occgws igr tmf prfsf`totag` gi  a`igreotag` a` o vorafty gi eflao a`hcula`d tfxt, dropmah laspcoys, vgahf o`l gtmfr oulag,  pmgtgdropms o`l valfg. Yartuoc Efegry ‘  At occgws igr tmf usf gi stgrodf lfvahfs os fxtf`sag` gi tmf eoa`  efegry tmus dava`d tmf oppforo`hf gi o cordfr eoa` efegry tmo` ohtuoccy fxasts. Lfcftfl iacfs dg tg tmf rfhyhcf na`  Eobfs usf gi fosafr a`put eftmgls, f.d. egusf, kgystahb  Ta`lgws gpfrota`d systfe mos EX-LGX gptag`  Fxoepcfs gi Ta`lgws Gpfrota`d Xystfes pohbodfs, Ta`lgws @\ (`fw tfhm`gcgdy) o`l  Ta`lgws 16. A` hgeputfr tfres, o wa`lgw as g`f sfhtag` gi o hgeputfr‑s euctapcf sfhtag` laspcoy  shrff` tmot ho` movf o laiifrf`t laspcoy. GX/>  



At as hoccfl tmf Gpfrota`d Xystfe /> At as o` gpfrota`d systfe lfvfcgpfl ny ANE o`l wos a`trgluhfl a` ?11< watm tmf GX/> Torp vfrsag` os tmf cotfst g`f. At prgvalfs dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohfs (DVAs), euctatosba`d, vartuoc efegry o`l tfcfhgeeu`ahotag`s.

[email protected]]   



Grada`occy lfvfcgpfl ny O\&\ nut `gw nfa`d giifrfl ny eo`y gtmfr vf`lgrs. At as o euctatosba`d, eucta-usfr o`l `ft-wgrb eo`oda`d gpfrota`d systfe Nfhousf gi ats pgrtonacaty, at ho` nf usfl g` eoa`iroefs, ealro`df hgeputfrs o`l eahrghgeputfrs. At as o pgpucor hmgahf igr `ftwgrb sfrvfrs.

\mf Eoha`tgsm Xystfe/Eoh GX

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  

At as o` gpfrota`d systfe igr Oppcf irge Eoha`tgsm eahrghgeputfrs At as o pgpucor DVA os wfcc os euctatosba`d o`l vartuoc efegry gpfrota`d systfe.

\ypfs /F]OEZCFX gi gpfrota`d systfes \mfrf orf sfvfroc typfs gi gpfrota`d systfe, lfia`fl ohhgrla`d tg wmftmfr tmfy ho` saeucto`fguscy eo`odf a`igreotag` efosura`d  ?9 nats, 8> nats, 9< nats gr egrf. GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE

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NGG\[email protected] (ocsg b`gw` os "nggta`d up") as o nggtstroppa`d prghfss tmot storts gpfrota`d systfes wmf` tmf usfr tur`s g` o hgeputfr systfe. O nggt sfquf`hf  as tmf a`ataoc sft gi gpfrotag`s tmot tmf hgeputfr pfrigres wmf` pgwfr as swathmfl g`. \mf nggtcgolfr typahoccy cgols tmf eoa` gpfrota`d systfe igr tmf hgeputfr.

IOH\G^X [email protected] XMGVCL [email protected]^ [email protected]  Eoba`d hgeporasg`s gi tmf eahrghgeputfr gpfrota`d systfes ovoaconcf a` tmf grdo`azotag`  Eoba`d eahrghgeputfr gpfrota`d systfe ohquasatag` lfhasag`.  As tmf GX o sa`dcf gr euctatosba`d gpfrota`d systfe7  Eo`y

eahrghgeputfr GX orf sa`dcf tosba`d, efo`a`d tmfy occgw g`cy g`f pfrsg` tg ru` g`f prgdroe ot o taef. Euctatosba`d o`l eucta-usfr GX pfreat egrf tmo` g` f prgdroe tg ru` o`l egrf tmo` g`f pfrsg` tg usf tmf systfe ot g`f taef. Euctatosba`d GX eoy occgw o usfr tg rfhfavf o iox efssodf ot tmf soef taef g`f as sforhma`d o lotonosf.  As at o tosb swathma`d gpfrota`d systfe7  O tosb swathma`d GX cfts g`f cgol egrf tmo` g`f prgdroe ot o taef o`l occgws swathma`d nftwff` tmf prgdroes. \mf tosb tmot g`f as wgrba`d watm as tmf igrfdrgu`l tosb o`l tmf suspf`lfl tosbs orf nohbdrgu`l tosbs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  Tmot utacatafs orf ovoaconcf watm tmf GX7  Xgef

gi tmf egst hgeeg`cy usfl utacatafs g` eahrghgeputfr GX orf lfcftf, hgpy hg`tf`ts gi g`f lasbfttf tg o`gtmfr, igreot o lasbfttf, lfcftf iacfs stgrfl a` o lasbfttf, o`l hgeprfss loto.  As tmf GX morlworf lfpf`lf`t7  O` GX eoy nf caeatfl tg ru``a`d g` spfhaiah morlworf gr eoy movf vfrsag`s tmot occgw at tg ru` g` laiifrf`t typfs gi hgeputfr systfes.  Tmot usfr a`tfriohf as giifrfl ny tmf gpfrota`d systfe7  Dropmahoc Vsfr A`tfriohf o`l Hgeeo`l Lravf` Vsfr A`tfriohf orf fxoepcfs gi usfr a`tfriohfs. Xff A`tfriohf sfhtag`.

^GCFX (iu`htag`s) GI \MF GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE ‘ sff hmorohtfrastahs ongvf

\mf gpfrota`d systfe mos voragus rgcfs; ?.

[email protected]@\ GI \MF Z^GHFXXG^;

\mf gpfrota`d systfe as rfspg`sancf igr eo`oda`d occghotag` gi tmf prghfssgr nftwff` tmf laiifrf`t prgdroes usa`d o shmfluca`d ocdgratme. \mf typf gi shmflucfr as tgtoccy lfpf`lf`t g` tmf gpfrota`d systfe, ohhgrla`d tg tmf lfsarfl gnkfhtavf. \mf GX as rfspg`sancf igr eo`oda`d tmf occghotag` gi prghfssgr taef tg tmf laiifrf`t  prgdroes tmot wacc nf usa`d tmf hgeputfr. \mf prghfssgr ho` g`cy fxfhutf g`f a`struhtag` ot o taef o`l a` o eucta-usfr systfe, hg`icahts orf ngu`l tg orasf wmf` sfvfroc usfr prgdroes rfqufst usodf gi tmf prghfssgr ot tmf soef taef. \mf GX tmfrfigrf occghotfs prghfssgr taef tg occ usfrs fatmfr a` o rgu`l rgna` iosmag` gr usa`d o systfe gi pragratafs. >.

[email protected]@\ GI \MF ^[email protected] OHHFXX EFEG^Q;

\mf gpfrota`d systfe as rfspg`sancf igr eo`oda`d tmf efegry spohf occghotfl tg fohm oppcahotag` o`l, wmfrf rfcfvo`t, tg fohm usfr. Ai tmfrf as a`suiiahaf`t pmysahoc efegry, tmf gpfrota`d systfe ho` hrfotf o efegry zg`f g` tmf morl lravf, b`gw` os "vartuoc efegry". \mf vartuoc efegry cfts ygu ru` oppcahotag`s rfquara`d egrf efegry tmo` tmfrf as ovoaconcf ^OE g` tmf systfe. Mgwfvfr, tmas efegry as o drfot lfoc scgwfr. \mf GX as rfspg`sancf igr eo`oda`d tmf efegry spohf occghotfl tg fohm oppcahotag`. Ai tmfrf as a`suiiahaf`t pmysahoc efegry tmf GX ho` hrfotf o efegry zg`f g` tmf morl lravf b`gw` os vartuoc efegry wmahm cfts ygu ru` oppcahotag`s rfquara`d egrf efegry tmo` as ovoaconcf g` tmf systfe. \mf gpfrota`d systfe as rfspg`sancf igr tmf igccgwa`d ohtavatafs a` hg``fhtag`s watm efegry eo`odfef`t. Bffp trohb gi wmahm ports gi efegry orf hurrf`tcy nfa`d usfl o`l ny wmge. Lfhalf wmahm prghfssfs tg cgol wmf` efegry spohf nfhgefs ovoaconcf. Occghotf o`l lfoccghotf efegry spohf os `fflfl 8.

[email protected]@\ GI [email protected]\/GV\ZV\;

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX \mf gpfrota`d systfe occgws u`aiahotag` o`l hg`trgc gi ohhfss gi prgdroeefs tg eotfraoc rfsgurhfs vao lravfrs (ocsg b`gw` os pfrapmfroc olea`astrotgrs gr a`put/gutput olea`astrotgrs). <.

[email protected]@\ GI F]FHV\[email protected] GI OZZCAHO\[email protected];

\mf gpfrota`d systfe as rfspg`sancf igr seggtm fxfhutag` gi oppcahotag`s ny occghota`d tmf rfsgurhfs rfquarfl igr tmfe tg gpfrotf. \mas efo`s o` oppcahotag` tmot as `gt rfspg`la`d hgrrfhtcy ho` nf "baccfl". 6.

[email protected]@\ GI OV\MG^AXO\[email protected];

\mf gpfrota`d systfe as rfspg`sancf igr sfhuraty rfcota`d tg fxfhutag` gi prgdroeefs  ny duoro`tffa`d tmot tmf rfsgurhfs orf usfl g`cy ny prgdroes o`l usfrs watm tmf rfcfvo`toutmgrazotag`s. 9.

IACF [email protected]@\;

\mf gpfrota`d systfe eo`odfs rfola`d o`l wrata`d a` tmf  iacf systfe o`l tmf usfr o`l oppcahotag` iacf ohhfss outmgrazotag`s. \mf GX eo`odfs rfola`d irge o`l wrata`d tg iacfs o`l ocsg hg`trgcs tmf hrfotag`, eo`apucotag` o`l ohhfss tg iacfs. \mf gpfrota`d systfe as rfspg`sancf igr tmf igccgwa`d ohtavatafs a` hg``fhtag`s watm iacf eo`odfef`t;  Iacf hrfotag` o`l lfcftag`  Larfhtgry hrfotag` o`l lfcftag`  Xuppgrt gi praeatavfs igr eo`apucota`d iacfs o`l larfhtgrafs  Eoppa`d iacfs g`tg sfhg`lory stgrodf  Iacf nohbup g` stoncf (`g`vgcotacf) stgrodf eflao

4.

[email protected]^EO\[email protected] [email protected]@\; \mf gpfrota`d systfe prgvalfs o hfrtoa` `uenfr gi a`lahotgrs tmot ho` nf usfl tg laod`gsf tmf hgrrfht gpfrotag` gi tmf eohma`f.

=.

F^^G^ LF\FH\[email protected]

1.

\mf GX as rfspg`sancf igr lftfhta`d o`l o`y morlworf gr sgitworf eociu`htag`a`d o`l rfpgrta`d tmfe tg tmf usfr  VXF^/XQX\FE [email protected]\F^IOHF \mf GX ohts os o` a`tfriohf nftwff` tmf hgeputfr o`l tmf usfr, mala`d occ tmf hgepcfxatafs gi tmf hgeputfr irge tmf usfr o`l eoba`d tmf hgeputfr egrf usfr iraf`lcy

?:.

Z^FZO^O\[email protected] GI O XQX\FE CGD

\mf GX hgepacfs o rfpgrt g` tmf fvf`ts tmot tobf pcohf a` o hgeputfr irge tmf taef o usfr cgds g` tg o hgeputfr, wmot mf/smf lgfs up tg tmf taef mf/smf cgds gii

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Ollatag`oc Iu`htag`s gi tmf gpfrota`d systfe;  Hg`trgcs o`l hggrla`otfs tmf hgeputfr systfe  Xhmfluca`d o`l cgola`d gi kgns tg prgvalf hg`ta`ugus prghfssa`d. Xg tmot `g  ports gi tmf hgeputfr systfe orf alcf igr o`y sad`aiaho`t pfragl gi taef.  At as o pcotigre igr oppcahotag` prgdroes  Zrgvalfs usfr a`tfriohf  Ohts os o` a`tfriohf nftwff` morlworf o`l oppcahotag` prgdroes  Zrgvalfs frrgr hgrrfhtag`oc rguta`fs  Hg`trgc gvfr sfcfhtag` o`l gpfrotag` gi a`put-gutput lfvahfs & iacf mo`lca`d.  ^fhgrls lftoacs gi prghfssa`d igr hg`trgc o`ocysas  Iacf eo`odfef`t, hg`trgc tmf hrfotag`, lfcftag`, sova`d o`l ohhfss gi iacfs  Efegry eo`odfef`t, occghotfs efegry tg voragus kgns gr tosbs  Euctaprgdroeea`d, euctaprghfssa`d, euctatosba`d, taefsmora`d, mgusfbffpa`d & mo`lca`d frrgrs.  ^fsgurhf eo`odfef`t eo`odfs prghfssgr taef, efegry spohf, lasb spohf o`l  pfrapmfroc lfvahfs.  ^fpgrts frrgrs wmf` tmfy ghhur.  \osb eo`odfef`t . Eo`odf tmf ohhgepcasmef`t gi tmf hgeputa`d tosbs gi f`l usfrs. At eoy a`vgcvf euctatosba`d hoponacaty wmfrf sfvfroc hgeputa`d tosbs ho` ghhur ot tmf soef taef.  Ea`aeazfs tmf oegu`t gi mueo` a`tfrvf`tag` rfquarfl lura`d prghfssa`d.

HGEZV\F^ [email protected]\F^IOHF 

As port gi tmf gpfrota`d systfe tmot occgws ygu tg hgeeu`ahotf watm at gr tmf hgeputfr sg tmot ygu ho` cgol prgdroes, ohhfss iacfs, o`l ohhgepcasm gtmfr tosbs7  Tmf` o pfrsg` a`tfrohts watm o hgeputfr mf usfs o Vsfr A`tfriohf, wmahm ho` nf o shrff`, bfyngorl, egusf, sho``frs gr gtmfr a`put lfvahfs. \mf a`tfrohtag` nftwff` tmf hgeputfr o`l tmf usfr gr tmf hg`trgc gi tmf icgw gi  loto nftwff` o hgeputfr o`l ats pfrapmfrocs. 

Nosahoccy tmf a`tfriohf ho` nf  Hgeeo`l lravf`- a`hculf gpfrota`d systfes o`l lotonosf co`duodfs tmot prgvalf usfrs watm icosmfs gi tfxt o`l a` wmahm usfrs wgucl df`froccy typf a` tmfar hgeeo`l tg pfrigre o` ohtag`.  Ef`u lravf`  DVA- pga`t o`l hcahb  TAEZ a`tfriohf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ?. Hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohfs (EX-LGX NOXFL GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE) 



O hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf occgws tmf usfr tg a`tfroht watm tmf hgeputfr ny typa`d a` hgeeo`ls. \mf hgeputfr laspcoys o prgept, tmf usfr bfys a` tmf hgeeo`l o`l prfssfs f`tfr gr rftur`. O [email protected]@F [email protected]\F^IOHF (HCA)  as o efhmo`ase igr a`tfrohta`d watm o hgeputfr  gpfrota`d systfe gr  sgitworf ny typa`d hgeeo`ls tg pfrigre spfhaiah tosbs. \mas tfxt-g`cy a`tfriohf hg`trosts watm tmf usf gi o egusf pga`tfr watm o dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohf (DVA) tg hcahb g` gptag`s, gr ef`us g` o tfxt usfr a`tfriohf (\VA) tg sfcfht gptag`s.

Ifoturfs gi o hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf a`hculf ;

A` tmf forcy loys gi pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs, occ ZHs usfl hgeeo`l-ca`f a`tfriohfs. Hgeeo`ls - usuoccy onnrfvaotfl - eust nf typfl hgrrfhtcy o`l a` tmf radmt grlfr  gr tmf hgeeo`l wacc `gt wgrb. Fxpfraf`hfl usfrs wmg b`gw tmf hgeeo`ls ho` wgrb vfry quahbcy watmgut  mova`d tg ia`l tmfar woy orgu`l ef`us. O` olvo`todf gi hgeeo`l lravf` prgdroes as tmot tmfy lg `gt `ffl tmf efegry  o`l prghfssa`d pgwfr gi tmf cotfst hgeputfr o`l wacc gitf` ru` g` cgwfr spfh eohma`fs. Hgeeo`l lravf` prgdroes lg `gt `ffl tg ru` a` Ta`lgws.  O hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf ho` ru` eo`y prgdroes, igr fxoepcf o nothm iacf hgucl  cou`hm moci o lgzf` prgdroes tg lg ats tosb. O` a`fxpfraf`hfl usfr ho` sgeftaefs ia`l o hgeeo`l lravf` prgdroe laiiahuct  tg usf nfhousf gi tmf `uenfr gi hgeeo`ls tmot movf tg nf cfor`t. O` fxoepcf gi o hgeeg` hgeeo`l-lravf` a`tfriohf as EX-LGX, tmf grada`oc gpfrota`d systfe igr occ Eahrgsgit-hgepotancf ZHs. \mf EX-LGX hgeeo`l tg laspcoy occ iacfs g` lravf o wgucl nf; lar h;S.

>. Dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohfs ([email protected] NOXFL GZF^O\[email protected] XQX\FE)  

Dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohf  as sgeftaefs smgrtf`fl tg DVA. \mf usfr hmggsfs o` gptag` usuoccy ny pga`ta`d o egusf ot o` ahg` rfprfsf`ta`d tmot gptag`. O D^OZMAHOC VXF^ [email protected]\F^IOHF  (DVA) as o typf gi  usfr a`tfriohf atfe tmot occgws pfgpcf tg a`tfroht watm prgdroes a` egrf woys tmo` typa`d suhm os hgeputfrs2 mo`l-mfcl lfvahfs suhm os EZ8 Zcoyfrs, Zgrtoncf Eflao Zcoyfrs gr Doea`d lfvahfs2 mgusfmgcl oppcao`hfs o`l giiahf fquapef`t

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX watm aeodfs rotmfr tmo` tfxt hgeeo`ls. O DVA  giifrs dropmahoc ahg`s, o`l vasuoc a`lahotgrs, os gppgsfl tg tfxt-nosfl a`tfriohfs, typfl hgeeo`l confcs gr tfxt `ovadotag` tg iuccy rfprfsf`t tmf a`igreotag` o`l ohtag`s ovoaconcf tg o usfr.

Ifoturfs gi DVAs a`hculf; \mfy orf euhm fosafr tg usf igr nfda``frs.  \mfy f`oncf ygu tg fosacy fxhmo`df a`igreotag` nftwff` sgitworf usa`d hut o`l   postf gr 'lrod o`l lrgp'. \mfy usf ocgt gi efegry o`l prghfssa`d pgwfr. At ho` nf scgwfr tg usf tmo` o  HCA ai ygu orf o` fxpfrt usfr. \mfy ho` nf arratota`d tg fxpfraf`hfl usfrs wmf` saepcf tosbs rfquarf o `uenfr gi  gpfrotag`s.

Tmf` lashussa`d usfr a`tfriohfs, at as aepgrto`t tg `gtf tmot Ta`lgws ]Z, GX/] o`l Ca`ux orf occ dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohfs . O dggl usfr a`tfriohf  smgucl; Nf ottrohtavf o`l pcfosa`d tg tmf fyf Occgw tmf usfr tg try gut laiifrf`t gptag`s fosacy  Nf fosy tg usf  Vsf suatoncf hgcgurs igr bfy orfos  Vsf wgrls tmot orf fosy tg u`lfrsto`l oaefl ot tmf typf gi usfr  Movf g`ca`f mfcp  At ocsg smgucl hg`salfr tmf `ffls gi tmf usfrs. Igr fxoepcf, ygu`d hmaclrf` orf cabfcy tg  prfifr pahturfs tg wgrls o`l pfgpcf watm lasonacatafs eoy nf`fiat irge portahucor a`put gr gutput lfvahfs 

8. TAEZ a`tfriohf 



Ta`lgws, Ahg`s, Ef`us o`l Zga`tfr - o eftmgl ny wmahm o usfr ho` a`tfroht watm o hgeputfr watmgut mova`d tg cfor` cgts gi spfhaoc wgrls - at prgvalfs o euhm egrf a`tuatavf 'vafw' gi tmf hgeputfr o`l ats iohacatafs tmo` `g` -TAEZ gpfrota`d systfes prgvalf "Ta`lgws, /aeodfs/, Ef`us o`l Zga`tfr", gr "Ta`lgws, /aeodfs/, Egusf o`l Zucc-lgw` ef`us" \mas as o dropmahoc a`tfriohf wmahm eobfs ohhfss tg hgeputfrs euhm egrf stroadmtigrworl o`l a`tuatavf tmo` tmf eoa` octfr`otavf, tmf hgeeo`l-

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ca`f a`tfriohf. \mf TAEZ a`tfriohf mos nff` usfl g` Oppcf Eoha`tgsm hgeputfrs sa`hf tmfy wfrf a`vf`tfl, o`l orf hgea`d a`tg usf g` ZHs tmrgudm Eahrgsgit Ta`lgws o`l g` V`ax o`l gtmfr wgrbstotag`s tmrgudm tmf ] Ta`lgw systfe. <. Ef`u lravf` a`tfriohfs

\mf usfr as giifrfl o saepcf ef`u irge wmahm tg hmggsf o` gptag`. G`f ef`u gitf` cfols tg o iurtmfr ef`u. Zort gi tmf shrff` eoy movf o` a`struhtag` igccgwfl ny o `uenfrfl cast gi gptag`s tg hmggsf irge;

O iucc shrff` ef`u  tobfs up egst gi tmf shrff`. O ef`u nor as tmf sft gi gptag`s ot tmf tgp gi tmf shrff`. Tmf` o` gptag` as hmgsf` o pucc lgw` ef`u eoy nf giifrfl. Ifoturfs gi ef`u lravf` a`tfriohfs a`hculf; \mfy orf fosy tg usf os tmf usfr lgfs `gt movf tg rfefenfr sfts gi hgeeo`ls.  \mfy orf usfr iraf`lcy - ygu ho` gitf` dufss ygur woy orgu`l tmf gptag`s.  \mfy ho` nf arratota`d ai tmfrf orf tgg eo` y cfvfcs gi ef`us tg egvf orgu`l - watm  o hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf ygu ho` dg tg tmf gptag` rfquarfl aeeflaotfcy. VXF^ [email protected]\F^IOHF  





O usfr a`tfriohf as port gi tmf systfes sgitworf. Zfgpcf `ffl o woy gi a`tfrohta`d watm eohma`fs suhm os hgeputfrs, `gtfnggbs, egnacf  pmg`fs, hosm eohma`fs (O\Es) fth. O usfr a`tfriohf as tmf sgitworf tmot f`oncfs o usfr tg prgvalf a`struhtag`s tg, a`tfroht watm o`l hg`trgc o hgeputfr gr lfvahf f.d. o egnacf pmg`f. \mf usfr a`tfriohf as gitf` port gi tmf gpfrota`d systfe .

O usfr a`tfriohf as o pga`t gi a`tfrohtag` nftwff` o hgeputfr o`l mueo`s2 at a`hculfs o`y `uenfr gi eglocatafs gi a`tfrohtag` (suhm os dropmahs, sgu`l, pgsatag`, egvfef`t...) wmfrf loto as tro`sifrrfl nftwff` tmf usfr o`l tmf hgeputfr systfe.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

EX LGX YX [email protected] \GZAH

[email protected] [email protected] (HCA) gr LGX

DVA gr Ta`lgws GX

Fosf

Luf tg o madmfr lfdrff gi efegrazotag` o`l ioeacaoraty `fflfl igr gpfrotag` o`l `ovadotag`, `fw usfrs ia`l gpfrota`d o hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf egrf laiiahuct tmo` o DVA.

Hg`trgc

Vsfrs movf egrf hg`trgc gvfr ngtm tmf iacf o`l Octmgudm o DVA giifrs oepcf ohhfss tg tmf gpfrota`d systfes a` o hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf. Igr iacf o`l gpfrota`d systfe, olvo`hfl tosbs fxoepcf, usfrs ho` hgpy o spfhaiah iacf irge g`f eoy stacc `ffl tg utacazf tmf hgeeo`l ca`f. cghotag` tg o`gtmfr watm o g`f-ca`f hgeeo`l.

Octmgudm eo`y hgeeo`l ca`f f`varg`ef`ts orf hoponcf gi euctatosba`d, tmfy lg `gt giifr tmf soef Euctatosba`d fosf o`l onacaty tg vafw euctapcf tma`ds ot g`hf g` g`f shrff`.

Nfhousf o DVA as euhm egrf vasuoccy a`tuatavf, `fw usfrs ocegst ocwoys pahb up tmas a`tfriohf iostfr tmo` o HCA.

DVA usfrs movf wa`lgws tmot f`oncf o usfr tg vafw, hg`trgc, eo`apucotf, o`l tgddcf tmrgudm euctapcf prgdroes o`l igclfrs ot soef taef.

Hgeeo`l ca`f usfrs g`cy `ffl tg utacazf tmfar bfyngorls tg `ovadotf tmf a`tfriohf. Ollatag`occy, tmfy gitf` g`cy `ffl tg fxfhutf o ifw ca`fs tg  pfrigre o tosb.

Vsa`d ngtm o egusf o`l bfyngorl tg `ovadotf o`l hg`trgc ygur gpfrota`d gr iacf systfe as dga`d tg nf euhm scgwfr tmo` sgefg`f wmg as wgrba`d a` o hgeeo`l ca`f.

^fsgurhfs

O hgeputfr tmot as g`cy usa`d tmf hgeeo`l ca`f tobfs o cgt cfss gi tmf hgeputfr's systfe rfsgurhfs tmo` o DVA.

O DVA rfquarfs egrf systfe rfsgurhfs  nfhousf gi tmf fcfef`ts tmot rfq uarf cgola`d, suhm os ahg`s o`l ig`ts. Yalfg, egusf, o`l gtmfr  lravfrs `ffl tg nf cgolfl, toba`d up ollatag`oc systfe rfsgurhfs.

Xhrapta`d

Octmgudm O DVA f`oncfs o usfr tg hrfotf O hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf f`oncfs o usfr tg shrapt o smgrthuts, tosbs, gr gtmfr saeacor ohtag`s, at sfquf`hf gi hgeeo`ls tg pfrigre o tosb gr fxfhutf lgfs`'t fvf` hgef hcgsf a` hgeporasg` tg o prgdroe. wmot as ovoaconcf tmrgudm o hgeeo`l ca`f.

^fegtf ohhfss

Tmf` ohhfssa`d o`gtmfr hgeputfr gr lfvahf gvfr o Octmgudm rfegtf dropmahoc ohhfss as pgssancf. `ftwgrb, o usfr ho` g`cy eo`apucotf tmf lfvahf gr  @gt occ hgeputfrs o`l `ftwgrb fquapef`t ats iacfs watm o hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf. mos tmas onacaty.

Lavfrsaty

Oitfr ygu'vf cfor`fl mgw tg `ovadotf o`l usf o hgeeo`l ca`f, at's `gt dga`d tg hmo`df os euhm os o `fw DVA. Octmgudm `fw hgeeo`ls eoy nf a`trgluhfl, tmf grada`oc hgeeo`ls ocwoys rfeoa` tmf soef.

Fohm DVA mos o laiifrf`t lfsad` o`l struhturf wmf` at hgefs tg pfrigrea`d laiifrf`t tosbs. Fvf` laiifrf`t atfrotag`s gi tmf soef DVA, suhm os Ta`lgws, ho` movf mu`lrfls gi laiifrf`t hmo`dfs nftwff` fohm vfrsag`.

Xtroa`

\mf hgeeo`l ca`f occgws tmf usfr tg bffp tmfar mo`ls g` tmf bfyngorl, ocegst `fvfr tguhma`d tmf egusf. Egva`d nohb o`l igrtm nftwff` o bfyngorl o`l egusf ho` housf ollatag`oc stroa` o`l eoy mfcp hg`tranutf tg Horpoc \u``fc Xy`lrgef.

Octmgudm smgrthut bfys ho` mfcp rfluhf tmf oegu`t gi taefs ygu movf egvf irge tmf bfyngorl tg tmf egusf, ygu wacc stacc nf egva`d euhm egrf nftwff` lfvahfs a` o DVA.

Xpffl

 @gtf; Octmgudm at oppfors tmot usa`d tmf hgeeo`l ca`f wa`s tmas hgeporasg`, at as nf`fiahaoc igr usfr b`gw mgw ngtm eftmgls wgrb os tmfy fxhfc a` laiifrf`t orfos.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

OZZCAHO\[email protected] ZOHBODFX/XGI\TO^F 

Orf prgdroes tmot orf gr wfrf lfvfcgpfl tg sgcvf spfhaiah usfr prgncfes7  Xgitworf oppcahotag` pohbodfs ho` nf hustge nuact gr tmfy ho` nf ngudmt gii tmf smfci.  Oppcahotag` sgitworf hg`sasts gi prgdroes lfsad`fl tg pfrigre spfhaiah tosbs igr usfrs. Oppcahotag` sgitworf ho` nf usfl os o prgluhtavaty/nusa`fss tggc2 tg ossast watm dropmahs o`l euctaeflao prgkfhts2 tg suppgrt mgef, pfrsg`oc, o` l fluhotag`oc ohtavatafs2 o`l tg iohacatotf hgeeu`ahotag`s. Xpfhaiah oppcahotag` sgitworf prgluhts, hoccfl sgitworf pohbodfs , orf ovoaconcf irge sgitworf vf`lgrs. Octmgudm oppcahotag` sgitworf ocsg as ovoaconcf os smorfworf, irffworf, o`l puncah-lgeoa` sgitworf, tmfsf usuoccy movf ifwfr hoponacatafs tmo` rftoac sgitworf pohbodfs. \ypahoc sgitworf oppcahotag`s tmot ygu eadmt usf orf;   

Tgrl prghfssgrs, igr fxoepcf, Eahrgsgit Tgrl gr tmf irff Gpf` Giiahf Tratfr Xprfolsmfft sgitworf, igr fxoepcf, Eahrgsgit Fxhfc gr Gpf` Giiahf Hoch Dropmahs sgitworf, igr fxoepcf, Eahrgsgit Zoa`t, Olgnf Zmgtgsmgp, Hgrfc Zoa`t smgp Zrg  Tfn lfsad` sgitworf, igr fxoepcf, Olgnf Lrfoewfovfr

Tmot as tmf laiifrf`hf nftwff` systfes sgitworf o`l oppcahotag`s sgitworf7

Xystfe sgitworf hg`trgcs mgw tmf hgeputfr systfe wgrbs o`l at f`oncfs tmf usfr tg ohhfss tmf systfe morlworf o`l oppcahotag` sgitworf. Oppcahotag`s sgitworf lgfs `gt hg`trgc tmf systfe2 a`stfol at occgws tmf usfr tg pfrigre fvfryloy tosbs suhm os hrfota`d o lghuef`t gr wfnpodf.

#

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OZZCAHO\[email protected] XGI\TO^F Tgrl prghfssa`d sgitworf

LFXH^AZ\[email protected] 





O wgrl prghfssgr as usfl tg prgluhf lghuef`ts suhm os cfttfrs, efegs o`l rfpgrts. \mf cotfst vfrsag`s gi wgrl prghfssa`d sgitworf hg`toa` eo`y ifoturfs o`l ho` ocsg nf usfl igr "lfsbtgp puncasma`d" tg hrfotf `fwscfttfrs,  nrghmurfs, nusa`fss horls, sad`s o`l egrf. \mf cotfst wgrl prghfssa`d sgitworf wacc occgw ygu tg fosacy typf a`tg hgcue`s, oll pahturfs o`l hmorts tg ygur podf, hrfotf hustge ngrlfrs, o`l fxpfraef`t watm o vorafty gi typfiohfs (ig`ts) a` o walf ro`df gi sazfs. Qgu ho` fvf` hgena`f laiifrf`t ig`ts g` tmf soef podf. Tgrl prghfssa`d sgitworf giifrs eo`y fxhata`d igreotta`d o`l flata`d ifoturfs tg eobf ygur wgrb fosafr. Qgu ho` fosacy hmfhb t mf spfcca`d gi o wgrl gr tmf f`tarf lghuef`t. \mf nuact a` tmfsourus wacc mfcp ygu ia`l o` octfr`otf wgrl tg usf. Ncghbs gi tfxt ho` nf fosacy egvfl, hgpafl gr frosfl. Vsf tmas ba`l gi tggc tg hrfotf wgrbsmffts, typf cfttfrs, typf popfrs, fth., f.d. EX Tgrl, TgrlZfrifht,....

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F]OEZCFX 



Es wgrl, Tgrl  pfrifht, Tgrl stor, Es wgrbs wgrl  prghfssgr ,TgrlZrg

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX >

Xprfolsmfft sgitworf







8

Lotonosf Eo`odfef`t Xgitworf





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Zoyrgcc



6

Ohhgu`ta`d

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9

Zrfsf`totag` dropmahs sgitworf



O sprfolsmfft as usfl tg eo`odf, o`ocyzf o`l prfsf`t `uefrah a`igreotag`. Xgef hgeeg` usfs gi sprfolsmfft sgitworf orf ia`o`haoc rfpgrts, pfrsg`oc ia`o`hfs o`l nusa`fss ia`o`hfs. Xprfolsmfft prgdroes ho` ocsg hrfotf o hmort irge tmf `uefrah loto. \mf wgrba`d shrff` as coal gut a` rgws o`l hgcue`s, euhm cabf o cfldfr. \mf a`igreotag` as typfl a`tg o "hfcc." O hfcc as tmf a`tfrsfhtag` gi o rgw o`l o hgcue`. \mf hfcc ho` hg`toa` o `uenfr, o wgrl gr pmrosf (df`froccy usfl tg alf`taiy wmot tmf `uenfr rfprfsf`ts, suhm os o hgcue` gr rgw mfola`d), gr o eotm iu`htag` gr igreuco. Xprfolsmffts occgw ygu tg usf saepcf eotm fxprfssag`s suhm os oll, suntroht, euctapcy gr lavalf, gr olvo`hfl eotm suhm os tmf typf gi hochucotag`s pfrigrefl ny orhmatfhts, f`da`ffrs, fhg`geasts o`l shaf`tasts. Xprfolsmffts ocsg movf o spfhaoc drgup gi nuact-a` igreucos, hoccfl iu`htag`s tmot cft ygu pfrigre hochucotag`s watmgut mova`d tg typf cg`d, hgepcfx igreucos. Iu`htag`s orf drgupfl a`tg hotfdgrafs, suhm os ia`o`haoc, stotastahoc, f`da`ffra`d, cgdahoc, eotm o`l tradg`geftry, lotonosf o`l cast eo`odfef`t, lotf o`l taef, o`l a`igreotag`. Occgws usfr tg prfporf rfpgrts nosfl g` loto igu`l a` laiifrf`t rfhgrls. LNEX as o` aepgrto`t eo`odfraoc lfhasag` suppgrt tggc igr eo`odfrs ot occ cfvfcs gi tmf grdo`azotag`. O lotonosf as o` grdo`asfl stgrf gi a`igreotag`, igr fxoepcf o` ollrfss nggb, cast gi fepcgyffs, ca st gi stulf`ts, hustgefrs gr atfes gi ossfts. Lotonosf pohbodf as usfl t g stgrf rfhgrls. Loto ho` nf sgrtfl gr iactfrfl igr sfporotf vafwa`d. Ocsg Hochucotag`s o`l hgeporasg`s  nftwff` loto atfes ho` nf lg`f. Zgpucor lotonosf pohbodfs orf; Eahrgsgit Fxhfc, cgtus Opprgohm, Zorolgx, lNosf AY, Loto Fosf. Vsf tmas sgitworf tg stgrf loto suhm os ollrfss, efenfrsmap o`l gtmfr tfxt a`igreotag`. O lotonosf ho` nf usfl tg fosacy sgrt o`l grdo`azf rfhgrls Zoyrgcc sgitworf as tfhm`gcgdy tmot oaes tg strfoeca`f o`l outgeotf tmf  prghfss gi poya`d o hgepo`y's fepcgyffs.O poyrgcc systfe hochucotfs tmf oegu`t ygu gwf ygur fepcgyffs nosfl g` iohtgrs suhm os tmf taef tmfy wgrbfl, tmfar mgurcy wodfs gr socorafs, o`l wmftmfr tmfy tgg b vohotag` gr mgcaloy taef lura`d tmf poy pfragl. \mf systfe olkusts drgss poy ny hochucota`d o`l suntrohta`d toxfs o`l gtmfr watmmgcla`d oegu`ts. Ohhgu`ta`d sgitworf lfshranfs o typf gi  oppcahotag` sgitworf tmot rfhgrls o`l prghfssfs ohhgu`ta`d tro`sohtag`s watma` iu`htag`oc eglucfs suhm os ohhgu`ts poyoncf, ohhgu`ts rfhfavoncf, poyrgcc, o`l  traoc noco`hf. At iu`htag`s os o` ohhgu`ta`d a`igreotag` systfe. At eoy nf lfvfcgpfl a`mgusf ny tmf grdo`azotag` usa`d at, eoy nf purhmosfl irge o tmarl porty, gr eoy nf o hgena`otag` gi o tmarl-porty oppcahotag` sgitworf pohbodf watm cghoc eglaiahotag`s. Ohhgu`ta`d sgitworf eoy nf g`-ca`f nosfl, ohhfssfl o`ywmfrf ot o`ytaef watm o`y lfvahf wmahm as A`tfr`ft f`oncfl, gr eoy nf lfsbtgp nosfl. At vorafs drfotcy a` ats hgepcfxaty o`l hgs Cfts usfrs gr eo`odfrs prfporf scalfs hg`toa`a`d hmorts, tfxt o`l aeodfs. Zrfsf`totag` dropmahs sgitworf usuoccy prgvalfs canrorafs gi hcap ort aeodfs tmot ho` nf hut o`l postfl a`tg o scalf tg eobf tmf scalf egrf ottrohtavf o`l a`igreotavf. \mfsf orf oppcahotag`s lfsad`fl sgcfcy igr lfsad`a`d dropms o`l tfxt hmorts/pgstfrs o`l gitf` usfl tg prgluhf scalfs igr usf g` gvfrmfol  prgkfhtgrs, gr prfsf`totag`s g` hgeputfr-prgkfhtgrs. \mfy ho` ocsg prgluhf voragus typfs gi hmorts. Fxoepcfs gi dropmahs pohbodfs orf; Eahrgsgit ZgwfrZga`t, Cgtus Irffco`hf, Morvorl Dropmahs o`l Hgrfc Lrow, MypfrXtulag, Icosm, Larfhtgr.

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  

Es Fxhfc, _uottrg Zrg, Cgtus ?->-8



Es Ohhfss, LnosfAY, Grohcf



Zoy pcus , Zoy wfcc



Zostfc, \ftro >::: f.d. Zostfc, \urngHosm, _uahbNggbs



Es ZgwfrZga`t, Cgtus irffco`hf dropms

?>8

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

4

Lfsbtgp Zuncasma`d



Vsf tmas sgitworf tg hrfotf eucta eflao stohbs gi horls/shrff`s tmot ho` fiifhtavfcy prfsf`t o cfssg` gr o socfs pathm. \ mf usfr gitf` hcahbs g` nuttg`s tg olvo`hf tg tmf `fxt shrff` a` o sfquf`hf



Vsf tmas sgitworf tg eobf sad`s, no``frs, drffta`d horls, accustrotavf wgrbsmffts, `fwscfttfrs, fth Lfsbtgp Zuncasma`d (L\Z) oppcahotag`s davf usfrs pgwfriuc o`l vfrsotacf  podf lfsad` hoponacatafs. \mf usfr ho` a`hgrpgrotf tfxt o`l dropmahs g` vfry fxoht podf coyguts. \mfsf oppcahotag`s prgluhf eodoza`fs, hotocgdufs, a`vatotag` horls, nusa`fss horls o`l gtmfr sgpmastahotfl lghuef`ts. At ca `bs up wfcc watm gtmfr oppcahotag`s os tmf usfr ho` aepgrt tfxt o`l dropmahs irge tmf gtmfr oppcahotag`s. Fxoepcfs gi L\Z pohbodfs orf; Eahrgsgit Zuncasmfr, ZodfEobfr, Yf`turo o`l Iroef eobfr.



Es  puncasmfr, Oclus

A`tfr`ft Nrgwsfrs  \mas sgitworf occgws g`f tg suri tmf Tfn. Gitf` tmfy ho` rfol feoac o`l hrfotf Tfn podfs tgg, f.d. @ftshopf @ova dotgr (gr @ftshopf Hgeeu`ahotgr), EX A`tfr`ft Fxpcgrfr, OGC Nrgwsfr.... Feoac prgdroes  \mfsf prgdroes sf`l o`l rfhfavf feoac, f.d. @ftshopf Efssf`dfr (port gi @ftshopf Hgeeu`ahotgr), EX Gutcggb Fxprfss, EX G utcggb, Fulgro, OGC nrgwsfr (mos feoac nuact a`).... Dropmahs Zrgdroes (paxfc-nosfl)  \mas sgitworf occgws g`f tg tguhm up pmgtgdropms o`l hrfotf dropmahs irge shrothm, f.d Olgnf Zmgtgsmgp, Zoa`t Xmgp Zrg, EX Zoa`t (hgefs irff g` Ta`lgws ZH's), Zoa`tfr, ....  \mas sgitworf occgws twg hgeputfrs watm eglfes tg hgeeu`ahotf tmrgudm oulag, valfg, o`l/gr hmot-nosfl efo`s, f.d. EX @ftEffta`d, OGC A`sto`t Efssf`dfr, A^H, AH_, HV-XffEf, ...



A`tfr`ft fxpcgrfr  @ftshopf



=

Euctaeflao

1

Hgeeu`ahotag`

?:

Lfsad`







Es Gutcggb, Es Fxhmo`df OutgHOL, HOE f.d. OutgHol, Hgrfc Lrow

Laiifrf`t Hgeeg` typfs gi Oppcahotag`s \mfrf ho` nf mudf `uenfrs gi oppcahotag`s ovoaconcf tgloy o`l tmfsf oppcahotag`s orf hcossaiafl a`tg tmf igccgwa`d eokgr typfs. ?. >. 8. <.

Zrgluhtavaty Xgitworfs Hgccongrotavf Xgitworfs Vtacaty Xgitworfs Xpfhaocazfl Xgitworfs

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Zrgluhtavaty Xgitworf \mfsf sgitworfs orf usfl tg lg spfhaoc prgluhtavf tosbs igr usfrs suhm os wrata`d lghuef`ts, eo`oda`d pfrsg`oc a`igreotag`, dava`d prfsf`totag`s, stgra`d loto, o`l sf`la`d f-eoac. \mf igccgwa`d \oncf smgws laiifrf`t ba`ls gi prgluhtavaty sgitworfs, tmfar purpgsfs o`l tmfar fxoepcfs.

\oncf; Laiifrf`t typfs gi Zrgluhtavaty sgitworf‑s

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?>6

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Hgccongrotavf Xgitworfs Hgccongrotavf sgitworfs mfcp pfgpcf hgeeu`ahotf o`l wgrb watm g`f o`gtmfr, o`l at mfcps hgeputfrs smorf a`igreotag`. \mf igccgwa`d toncf casts tmf hgccongrotag` sgitworf typfs, tmfar purpgsf o`l fxoepcfs.

\oncf; Laiifrf`t typfs gi Hgccongrotavf Xgitworfs

Vtacaty Xgitworf Vtacaty sgitworfs orf nosahoccy `gt a` tmf Oppcahotag`s hotfdgry nfhousf tmfsf lg`‑t lg o`ytma`d larfhtcy igr tmf usfrs usa`d hgeputfrs. A`stfol, utacatafs mfcp bffp tmf hgeputfr ru``a`d seggtmcy o`l mfcp eo`odf o`l lastranutf iacfs. \mf igccgwa`d toncf smgws laiifrf`t typfs gi utacaty sgitworfs, tmfar purpgsfs o`l fxoepcfs.

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?>9

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

\oncf; Laiifrf`t Vtacaty Xgitworfs

Xpfhaocazfl Xgitworfs \mfsf oppcahotag`s orf lfsad`fl tg lg spfhaiah tosbs igr spfhaiah pfgpcfs. \mfsf ho` a`hculf sgitworf igr pfgpcf a` prgifssag`s suhm os hgeputfr-oalfl lfsad` (HOL), eflaha`f, shaf`hf, o`l ia`o`hf, os wfcc os doefs o`l f`tfrtoa`ef`t oppcahotag`s. \mf igccgwa`d \oncf smgws laiifrf`t ba`ls gi spfhaocazfl sgitworfs, tmfar purpgsfs o`l tmfar fxoepcfs.

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?>4

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

\oncf; Laiifrf`t typfs gi Xpfhaocazfl sgitworfs

\mas wos occ ongut tmf oppcahotag` pcotigres o`l oppcahotag` typfs o`l tmfar usfs watm fxoepcfs. A mgpf tmot ygu movf f`kgyfl tmf rfola`d.

Olvo`todfs gi usa`d o wgrl prghfssgr (f.d. EX Tgrl) rotmfr tmo` o eo`uoc typfwratfr  Onacaty tg hgrrfht eastobfs  Onacaty tg vafw lghuef`ts g` shrff` nfigrf pra`ta`d  Onacaty tg a`hgrpgrotf laodroes  Onacaty tg egvf ports gi tfxt tg gtmfr sfhtag`s gi tmf lghuef`t.  Onacaty tg sovf gr stgrf lghuef`ts igr iuturf rfifrf`hf gr usf.  Onacaty tg octfr gr hmo`df lghuef`t coygut.  Onacaty tg pra`t o cgt gi hgpafs R `g rftypa`dU  Onacaty tg a`sfrt toncfs

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX      

Onacaty tg igreot lghuef`t Rig`t, porodropms, nuccfts fthU Xpfcca`d o`l droeeor hmfhbfr Aepgrt iacfs Eoac efrdf TQXATQD hoponacaty Hrfotag` gi tfepcotfs Outgeotah hrfotag` gi a`lfx o`l toncf gi hg`tf`ts o) Fxpcoa` wmot as efo`t ny tmf tfre ”wgrl prghfssa`d pohbodf‑. 

As o prgdroe gr sft gi prgdroes usfl tg f`tfr, flat, igreot, stgrf o`l  pra`t lghuef`ts. O lghuef`t eoy nf o`ytma`d irge o sa`dcf efeg tg o hgepcftf nggb.  O` oppcahotag` pohbodf tmot a`vgcvfs tmf usf gi hgeputfrs tg eo`apucotf tfxt loto a` grlfr tg prgluhf giiahf hgeeu`ahotag`s a` tmf igre gi lghuef`ts.  O`y gi eo`y pgpucor oppcahotag` prgdroes lfsad`fl igr hgepgsa`d, rfvasa`d, pra`ta`d, o`l iaca`d wrattf` lghuef`ts.  Tgrl Zrghfssa`d as  tmf fiiahaf`t o`l fiifhtavf prgluhtag` gi wrattf` hgeeu`ahotag`s ot tmf cgwfst pgssancf hgst tmrgudm tmf hgena`fl usf gi systfes eo`odfef`t prghflurfs, outgeotfl tfhm`gcgdy, o`l ohhgepcasmfl pfrsg``fc. \mf fquapef`t usfl a` wgrl prghfssa`d oppcahotag`s a`hculfs nut as `gt caeatfl tg tmf igccgwa`d; lahtotag` o`l tro`shraptag` fquapef`t, outgeotah rfpftatavf typfwratfrs, vasuoc laspcoy tfxt flata`d typfwratfrs, bfyngorl tfrea`ocs, fth. n) Davf o`y > fxoepcfs gi o wgrl prghfssa`d pohbodf‑.  Es Tgrl  Tgrl Xtor  Tgrl Zfrifht  Es Tgrbs Tgrl h) ?) >) 8) <) 6) 9)

Nraficy lfshranf o`y 6 aepgrto`t ifoturfs gi o wgrl prghfssgr. Xpfcca`d o`l droeeor hmfhbfr Aepgrt iacfs Eoac efrdf TQXATQD hoponacaty Hrfotag` gi tfepcotfs Outgeotah hrfotag` gi a`lfx o`l toncf gi hg`tf`ts

l) Cast o`y ?: iohacatafs tmot sprfolsmffts giifr. ?. Igreot hfccs, rgws o`l hgcue`s, spfhaiya`d igr fxoepcf, tmf ocad`ef`t gi tfxt, `uenfr gi lfhaeoc pga`ts, mfadmt o`l waltm gi o hfcc. >. Hgpy hfcc hg`tf`ts tg gtmfr cghotag`s 8. Lftfrea`f tmf fiifht gi sfvfroc laiifrf`t mypgtmftahoc hmo`dfs gi loto <. A`sfrt, egvf gr lfcftf rgws o`l hgcue`s

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Vsf iu`htag`s suhm os XVE, OYF^ODF, EO], [email protected] a` igreucof Hrfotf o saepcf lotonosf o`l sgrt gr qufry tmf loto tg prgluhf o rfpgrt Tratf eohrgs tg outgeotf hgeeg` prghflurfs Hrfotf tfepcotfs a.f. sprfolsmffts watm igreots o`l igreucof ocrfoly f`tfrfl, a`tg wmahm `fw iadurfs eoy nf a`sfrtfl. 1. Hrfotf eucta-laef`sag`oc sprfolsmffts usa`d sfvfroc smffts, o`l hgpy loto irge g`f smfft tg o`gtmfr ?:. Hrfotf eo`y laiifrf`t typfs gi hmorts o`l dropms

Hratfrao igr Xfcfhta`d Oppcahotag`s Xgitworf;          

Ohhurohy - at eust nf irff irge frrgrs Icfxanacaty ‘  at eust nf oncf tg olopt tg hmo`da`d f`varg`ef`t. Hgepotanacaty - at eust nf hgepotancf watm ovoaconcf morlworf o`l sgitworf ^fhf`hy - at eust nf hurrf`t Hgst - at eust movf rfosg`oncf hgst Grada`ocaty - At eust nf grada`oc Xuppgrt - hg`salfr hg`ta`ufl suppgrt irge tmf suppcafr. Fosf gi usf - at eust nf usfr iraf`lcy. Zfrigreo`hf - at eust movf fiiahaf`hy a` ngtm rfspg`sf taef o`l ru` taef. Efegry rfquarfef`ts

IOH\G^X \G [email protected]^ [email protected] [email protected] OZZCAHO\[email protected] XGI\TO^F ?. Hgst. \mas a`hculfs tmf grada`oc hgst gi tmf pohbodf, tfhm`ahoc suppgrt, o`l updrolfs. >. Zgrtonacaty, ho` at nf a`stoccfl g` g`f typf gi morlworf gr o vorafty 8. ^fcfvo`hf gi tmf sgitworf tg tmf tosb ot mo`l. <. Hgepotanacaty watm fxasta`d morlworf & sgitworf. Tacc tmf pohbodf ru` g` fxasta`d morlworf7 Ho` iacfs nf fosacy tro`sifrrfl irge fxasta`d systfes watmgut rf-bfya`d7 Ho` iacfs hrfotfl a` tmf pohbodf nf fxpgrtfl tg gtmfr systfes a` usf a` tmf hgepo`y7 6. At smgucl nf g` o eflao hgepotancf watm ygur hgeputfr a.f. ai ygu purhmosf sgitworf g` HL eflao ygur hgeputfr smgucl movf hgepoht lasb lravf. 9. Xgpmastahotag`,  saepcf prgdroes orf usuoccy fosy tg cfor`, hgst cfss o`l orf opprgpraotf igr tmgsf wmg usf tmf sgitworf a`irfquf`tcy. 4. Xmgucl a`hculf f`gudm lghuef`totag`  suhm os a`stoccotag` a`struhtag`s, systfe rfquarfef`ts f.d. Zf`taue <, rfifrf`hf eo`uoc, rfdastrotag` a`igreotag`, suppcafr lftoacs o`l usfr eo`uoc. =. Xto`lorl sgitworf, wmahm as wfcc suppgrtfl cghoccy a.f. usfl n y egst pfgpcf a` tmot orfo 1. As tmf oppcahotag` updrolfoncf o`l lgfs at suppgrt iuturf updrolfs. ?:. Fosa`fss gi a`stoccotag` ??. \fhm`ahoc suppgrt. As suppgrt ovoaconcf7 As at vfry hgstcy7 Gitf`, tfhm`ahoc suppgrt hg`troht ho` oll 6:% gr egrf tg tmf prahf gi o pohbodf, nut watmgut at `g suppgrt ot occ wacc nf davf` ny tmf eo`uiohturfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ?>. Fosy gi cfor`a`d.  Orf tutgraocs suppcafl7 Orf nggbs g` tmf sgitworf ovoaconcf a`  nggbsmgps7 Orf troa`a`d hgursfs ovoaconcf7 ?8. Fosy gi usf o`l usfr- iraf`lca`fss. As at fosy tg usf, igr fxoepcf usa`d pucc lgw` ef`us, ahg`s, mfcpiuc frrgr efssodfs wmf` ygu lg sgeftma`d wrg`d7 ?<. As tmf oppcahotag` irge o rfputoncf suppcafr  f.d. Eahrgsgit. ?6. Lg ygu movf f`gudm rfsgurhfsg` ygur ZH tg a`stocc at  f.d. at eoy rfquarf >69EN ^OE, =:DN MLL. Efegry rfquarfef`ts2 sgitworf pohbodfs vory a` tmf oegu`t gi efegry tmfy rfquarf. Tacc tmf systfe rfquarf fxpf`laturf g` egrf  pgwfriuc morlworf7 ?9. Lgfs tmf vfrsag` gi tmf prgluht tmot A oe hg`salfra`d ru` g` ey  pfrsg`ochgeputfr systfe7 As at hgepotancf watm ey pcotigre (ZH, Eoha`tgsm, Xu`, o`l sg g`)7 watm tmf prghfssgr usfl a` ey hgeputfr (<=9, Zf`taue,  Egtgrgco 9:<:, ZgwfrZH, o`l sg g`)7 o`l watm tmf gpfrota`d systfe tmot A oe ru``a`d (LGX, Ta`lgws, @f]\ Xtfp, [email protected]])7 ?4. As tmf prgluht hgepotancf watm gtmfr prgdroes, suhm os fxtf`sag`s o`l lfvahf lravfrs, tmot A movf g` ey pfrsg`ochgeputfr systfe7 ?=. Lgfs tmf prgluht lg occ tmot A wo`t at tg lg7 As at saepcf f`gudm tg usf aeeflaotfcy nut pgwfriuc f`gudm tg prgvalf tmf hoponacatafs tmot A wacc wo`t os ey ioeacaoraty watm tmf prgdroe a`hrfosfs7 ?1. As tmf prgluht o` up-tg-lotf, hurrf`t vfrsag` gr rfcfosf7 >:. Lgfs tmf prgluht movf o hcfor, stfp-ny-stfp tutgraoc7 As tmf prgluht fosy tg cfor`7 >?. As tmf prgluht ohhgepo`afl ny hcfor, fosy-tg-igccgw a`struhtag`s, gr lghuef`totag`7 >>. Lgfs tmf eo`uiohturfr prgvalf tfhm`ahoc ossasto`hf7 As o tgcc-irff tfhm`ahoc ossasto`hf `uenfr a`hculfl a` tmf sgitworf lghuef`totag`7 Lgfs tmf eo`uiohturfr movf o nuccfta` ngorl gr A`tfr`ft ollrfss igr tfhm`ahoc ossasto`hf qufstag`s7 Lgfs tmf eo`uiohturfr hmordf igr tfhm`ahoc ossasto`hf7 igr prgluht rfvasag`s gr updrolfs7 >8. Ho` A ia`l a`struhtag`, gr troa`a`d, a` tmf usf gi tmf prgluht7 ><. As tmf prgluht irge o rfspfhtfl, wfcc b`gw` eo`uiohturfr7 >6. Lgfs tmf prgdroe movf o`y b`gw` prgncfes, gr  nuds, o`l wacc tmfsf oiifht ey usf gi tmf prgdroe7 >9. Lgfs tmf prgluht hgef watm o worro`ty, o`l wmot orf tmf hg`latag`s gi tmot worro`ty7 >4. Lgfs tmf prgluht hgst egrf gr cfss tmo` hgeporoncf prgluhts g` tmf eorbft7 Nf`fiats gi oppcahotag` sgitworf tg tmf usfr.  A`stoccotag` smgucl nf fosy, quahb o`l smgucl nf prgvalfl ny tmf vf`lgr/suppcafr.  Dggl lghuef`totag` as usuoccy prgvalfl watm tmf oppcahotag` igr rfifrf`hf  purpgsfs.  G`satf ossasto`hf irge tmf suppcafr gr vf`lgr  Zrgvasag` gi hmfopfr iuturf updrolfs upg` ohquasatag` gi o` oppcahotag`  prgvalfl ygu movf hgepcftfl tmf rfdastrotag` a`igreotag`.  Yocuf igr eg`fy

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Oppcahotag`s sgitworf hgefs a` laiifrf`t 'icovgrs' - gr typfs; 

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Vtacaty prgdroes  - tmfsf ho` nf port gi o` gpfrota`d systfe , nut orf ocsg ovoaconcf igr sfporotf purhmosf. Fxoepcfs a`hculf varus hmfhbfrs, lasb lfirodef`tfrs, nohb up utacatafs o`l lasb hmfhbfr sgitworf. Df`frah  - df`froc purpgsf sgitworf tmot as `gt wrattf` igr o`y portahucor typf gi  nusa`fss. Fxoepcfs gi tmas a`hculf wgrl prghfssgrs o`l sprfolsmffts . A`tfdrotfl  - o hgccfhtag` gi sgitworf tmot mos o hgeeg` sft gi hgeeo`ls/ahg`s. Vsuoccy tmfy a`hculf wgrl prghfssgrs, sprfolsmffts o`l dropmahs sgitworf, n ut tmfy ho` hg`toa` lotonosfs os wfcc. \mfy tf`l tg nf hmfopfr tmo` purhmosa`d fohm oppcahotag` sfporotfcy. Xpfhaiah  - sgitworf wrattf` igr o lfia`fl purpgsf. Ohhgu`to`hy sgitworf as o dggl fxoepcf gi tmas, o`l ho` nf ngudmt ny o`yg`f. Nfspgbf  - ocsg b`gw` os 'toacgr eolf'. O hgepo`y eoy `ffl o portahucor pafhf gi sgitworf tmot at ho``gt purhmosf nfhousf at lgfs `gt fxast yft - gr at lgfs `gt cabf wmot as ovoaconcf. \mf hgepo`y ho` hgeeassag` tmf sgitworf tg nf spfhaoccy wrattf` igr tmfe. \mas tf`ls tg nf fxpf`savf.

XGV^HFX GI OZZCAHO\[email protected] XGI\TO^F ?.

Irffworf  Irffworf as tmf typf gi irffcy ovoaconcf sgitworf wmgsf lfvfcgpfr lfhalfs tg lastranutf at igr irff. A` hg`trost tg tmf gpf` sgurhf sgitworf, tmf sgurhf hglf a` tmas hosf as `gt ovoacon cf igr eglaiahotag`s o`l iurtmfr lfvfcgpef`t. Ocsg, at smgucl nf `gtfl tmot tmf lastranutag` gi tmf sgitworf eoy ocsg nf rfstrahtfl ny ats lf vfcgpfr, gitf` occgwa`d usfrs tg lg w`cgol at irge mas satf g`cy. Eo`y irff tg lgw`cgol oppcahotag`s orf ovoaconcf g` tmf A`tfr`ft. At as ocwoys wasf tg rfol tmf cahf`sf nfigrf lgw`cgola`d tmf sgitworf. Eo`y pfgpcf tf`l tg u`b`gwa`dcy smorf suhm oppcahotag`s watm gtmfr pfgpcf, watmgut rfocaza`d tmot tmas eoy ohtuoccy nf accfdoc.

>.

Gpf` sgurhf sgitworf As hgeputfr sgitworf watm ats sgurhf hglf eolf ovoaconcf watm o cahf`sf a` wmahm tmf hgpyradmt  mgclfr prgvalfs tmf radmts tg stuly, hmo`df, o`l lastranutf tmf sgitworf tg o`yg`f o`l igr o`y  purpgsf. Xmorfworf  Xmorfworf as vfry laiifrf`t irge tmfsf gtmfr igres gi irff sgitworf o`l tg sg ef fxtf`t ocsg o eas`gefr. \mf outmgrs gi smorfworf eoa`toa` tmfar iucc a`tfccfhtuoc radmt gvfr smorfworf. \mf g`cy laiifrf`hf nftwff` smorfworf o`l gtmfr hgeefrhaoccy ovoaconcf sgitworf as t mot a` tmas hosf tmf sgitworf as ovoaconcf igr irffcy igr traoc igr o caeatfl `uenfr gi loys, gr o caeatfl `uenfr gi taefs. Oitfr tmf fxpary gi tmf ”irff‑ pfragl, tmf usfrs gi smorfworf orf rfquarfl tg poy igr at. Xgurhf hglf o`l hgccongrotag` hgeeu`atafs wmahm fxast orgu`l gpf` sgurhf prgkfhts lg `gt fxast a` tmas hosf.

8.

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6.

Gii-tmf ‘ smfci/df`frah gr Hgeefrhaoc Xgitworf  \mas as sgitworf tmot ho` nf purhmosfl, irge o sgitworf hgepo`y tmot lfvfcgps prgdroes o`l sfccs tmfe tgg eo`y hgeputfr usfrs o`l grdo`azotag`s. Oppcahotag`s suhm os ia`o`haoc ohhgu`ta`d,  nusa`fss dropmahs o`l poy rgcc eoy nf ngudmt. g \mfsf orf ngudmt irge o vf`lgr  A`-mgusf/Hustge eolf/\oacgr Eolf/Nfspgbf sgitworf  Hustgeazfl sgitworf as sgitworf lfsad`fl orgu`l o hgepo`y gr gtmfr gr do`azotag`'s prghfssfs tg eobf tmgsf prghfssfs egrf fiiahaf`t.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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df`frah U, wmahm opprgohmfs prgncfes a` o At as lasta`ht irge eorbft sgitworf R hgeefrhaoc gr df`frah df`froc woy sg tmot tmf prgluht ho` nf sgcl tg egrf tmo` g`f hustgefr. Mos nff` wrattf` ny tmf vf`l gr gr spfhaiahoccy igr o usfr‑s `ffls. Ocsg b`gw` os a` -mgusf pohbodfs, toacgr-eolf pohbodfs.

Gutsgurha`d \mas a`vgcvfs hg`trohta`d gut sgitworf lfvfcgpef`t tg o sgitworf mgusf - nfttfr b`gw` b`g w` os gutsgurha`d, fspfhaoccy wmfrf gii-tmf-smfci pohbodfs orf `gt ovoaconcf.  Olvo`todfs Xgitworf mgusfs fepcgy prgifssag`ocs o`l tmas eoy nf`fiat tmf grdo`asotag` g \ro`sifr gi sbaccs tg tmf fxasta`d prgifssag`ocs a` o` grdo`asotag` g Grdo`asotag` ho` dft suppgrt irge tmf hg`trohtgr. g  Lasolvo`todfs \mfrf hgucl nf nrfohm gi hg`ialf`taocaty. g Hg`trohtgr eoy dg no`brupt o`l hfosf trola`d cfova`d tmf usfr watm `g suppgrt. g Hg`trohtgr eadmt `gt movf suiiahaf`t fxpfraf`hf gr u`lfrsto`la`d gi t mf prgncfe2 tmus tmf g sgcutag` eadmt `gt nf sotasiohtgry. g At tobfs taef igr t mf hg`trohtgr tg u`lfrsto`l tmf usfr's nusa`fss o`l gpfrotag`s, wmahm eobfs tmf opprgohm fxpf`savf.

HCOXXAIAHO\[email protected] GI XGI\TO^F OZZCAHO\[email protected] ?. Hgeefrhaoc / df`frah Zohbodfs/ Gii  sgitworf Zohbodfs/ Gii tmf smfci  sgitworf  Hgeefrhaoc sgitworf as hgeputfr sgitworf sgcl igr prgiat2 suhm sgitworf rfprfsf`tfl, u`tac rfhf`tcy, tmf vost eokgraty gi occ sgitworf usfl. \mfsf orf ngudmt irge o vf`lgr.  Ocsg b`gw` os gii tmf smfci pohbodfs pohbo dfs f.d. EX Giiahf, Zostfc.  Ocsg b`gw` os wgrb f`mo`hfef`t oppcahotag`s   Df`frah gr Gii tmf smfci  sgitworf mos tmf olvo`todf gi hgst fiifhtavf`fss luf tg cordfr eorbft & tmf onacaty tg a`hgrpgrotf ovoaconcf tfhm`gcgdy a` tmf smgrtfst pgssancf taef.

g g g g g

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\mfsf a`hrfosf tmf prgluhtavaty & fiiahaf`hy a` tmf wgrb pcohf a.f. Tgrl Zrghfssa`d pohbodfs Xprfolsmfft pohbodfs Lotonosf /A`igreotag` rftrafvoc Zohbodfs Dropmahs pohbodfs Loto hgeeu`ahotag`s Xgitworf

Gii-tmf  ‘ smfci/df`frah smfci/df`frah gr Hgeefrhaoc Xgitworf \mas as sgitworf tmot ho` nf purhmosfl, irge o sgitworf hgepo`y tmot lfvfcgps  prgdroes o`l sfccs tmfe tg eo`y hgeputfr usfrs o`l grdo`azotag`s. Oppcahotag`s suhm os ia`o`haoc ohhgu`ta`d, nusa`fss dropmahs o`l poy rgcc eoy nf ngudmt.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Olvo`todfs g

g

g g g g g g

g

g

g g

g

g

Hmfopfr - tmf sgitworf hgepo`y as oncf tg sprfol tmf sgitworf lfvfcgpef`t hgst gvfr o cordf `uenfr gi hustgefrs, mf`hf rfluha`d tmf hgst o`y g`f hustgefr eust poy.

Cfss rasby - tmf sgitworf as a` fxastf`hf, mf`hf ygu ho` o`ocysf tmf ifoturfs o`l pfrigreo`hf gi tmf pohbodf. \mf prgdroe as o wfcc-trafl o`l tfstfl prgluht watm ifw frrgrs. Cfss taef - Gii-tmf -smfci sgitworf as gitf` a`stoccfl quahbcy o`l fosacy. \mf pohbodf as wfcc lghuef`tfl \mf pohbodfs rfquarf cattcf eoa`tf`o`hf \mfrf as hg`ta`ufl suppgrt irge tmf suppcafr tmrgudm updrolfs. up drolfs. At as hmfopfr tmo` hustge-wrattf` sgitworf. \mf lfvfcgpef`t hgsts gi tmf  pohbodf eoy nf eaccag`s gi pgu`ls, nut tmf hustgefr eoy nf oncf tg nuy at igr o ifw mu`lrfl pgu`ls, sa`hf socfs orf eolf tg tmguso`ls gi gtmfr hustgefrs. At as aeeflaotfcy ovoaconcf o`l ocrfoly tmgrgudmcy tfstfl sg as u`cabfcy tg movf eokgr nuds a` at Lghuef`totag` as usuoccy ovoaconcf a` tmf igre gi rfifrf`hf eo`uocs, usfr dualfs o`l tutgraocs \roa`a`d hgursfs eoy nf ovoaconcf igre tmarl porty troa`frs. \fhm`ahoc suppgrt as usuoccy ovoaconcf irge tmf eo`uiohturfrs vao o Tfn satf gr tfcfpmg`f ca`f Rot o prahfU. Gtmfr usfrs gi tmf pohbodf ho` nf hg`suctfl os tg ats suatonacaty nfigrf  purhmosf. Vpdrolfs orf usuoccy ovoaconcf fvfry yfor gr twg Lasolvo`todfs \mf pohbodf eoy `gt lg fxohtcy wmot ygu wo`t at tg lg2 g g At eoy `gt ru` g` tmf iare‑s fxasta`d morlworf g

g

g

g

At eoy `gt a`tfriohf watm gtmfr sgitworf ocrfoly a` usf a` tmf grdo`azotag`. \mf grdo`azotag` eadmt `ffl tg poy igr tmf ifoturfs tmot orf `gt rfquarfl o`l `fvfr usfl.

\mf pohbodf eoy nf igr df`froc `ffls o`l tmfrfigrf `gt alfoc igr tmf usfr. \mf usfr mos `g larfht hg`trgc gvfr tmf pohbodf,

>. Mgefeolf / Hustgeazfl pohbodfs/ \oacgr-eolf Xgitworf hgepo` y gr gtmfr  Hustgeazfl sgitworf as sgitworf lfsad`fl orgu`l o hgepo`y grdo`azotag`'s prghfssfs tg eobf tmgsf prghfssfs egrf fiiahaf`t.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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At as lasta`ht irge eorbft sgitworf R hgeefrhaoc  hgeefrhaoc gr df`frah df`frahU, wmahm opprgohmfs prgncfes a` o df`froc woy sg tmot tmf prgluht ho` nf sgcl tg egrf tmo` g`f hustgefr.  Mos nff` wrattf` ny tmf vf`lgr spfhaiahoccy igr o usfr‑s `ffls. Ocsg b`gw` os a`-mgusf pohbodfs, toacgr-eolf pohbodfs.  F.d. egst poyrgcc pohbodfs, nacca`d sgitworf, prgluht lfsad` oppcahotag`s  As tmot oppcahotag` tmot mos nff` wrattf` igr o spf haiah usfr‑s `ffls ny o sgitworf vf`lgr7  At as `g`-sto`lorl sgitworf. A`-mgusf/Hustge eolf/\oacgr Eolf/Nfspgbf sgitworf \mas opprgohm rfquarfs o lfvfcgpef`t tfoe irge watma` tmf grdo`asotag`. \mf tfoe as usuoccy hgeprasfl gi prgdroeefrs o`l o`ocysts. \mf tfoe efenfrs smgucl nf gi madm hocanrf, madmcy troa`fl o`l rfcaoncf.  Olvo`todfs  Olvo`todfs A`tfr`oc prgifssag`ocs u`lfrsto`l gpfrotag`s nfttfr o`l tmfrfigrf ho` g  prgluhf o` ohhurotf sgcutag`. \mf Xgitworf usuoccy effts usfr rfquarfef`ts. g Eo`odfef`t orf a` tgtoc hg`trgc gi tmf lfvfcgpef`t prghfss g g Egrf icfxanacaty - tmfrf as egrf icfxanacaty a` eoba`d eglaiahotag`s. Zrgncfe spfhaiahaty - a`-mgusf lfvfcgpfl sgitworf ho` davf o` g grdo`asotag` sgitworf prgdroeefs tmot orf fosacy toacgrfl tg o u`aquf  prgncfe gr tosb.  Lasolvo`todfs  Lasolvo`todfs  \aef o`l hgsts gi lfvfcgpa`d tmf prgdroe eoy nf drfotfr tmo` gtmfr

gptag`s   

A`-mgusf stoii eoy cohb tmf fxpfrtasf `fflfl igr tmf prgkfht ^fcaonacaty gi tmf rfsucto`t sgitworf as madmcy qufstag`oncf. A` sgef hosfs tmf lfvfcgpfrs eoy eo y ottfept tg doa` iroulucf`tcy irge tmf systfe

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Lasolvo`todfs ?. Nfa`d hustgeazfl, tmf `g`-sto`lorl sgitworf eoy `gt nf usfl ny o`y gtmfr grdo`azotag`. >. At mos mudf suppgrt hgsts oitfr aepcfef`totag`. 8. Lfpf`lf`hy sy`lrgef watm tmf suppcafr. \mfrf as mfovy rfcao`hf g` tmf lfvfcgpfrs gi tmf sgitworf igr ats hg`ta`ufl fxastf`hf & eoa`tf`o`hf <. Iuturf suppgrt eoy nf laiiahuct ai tmf suppcya`d hgepo`y hg epo`y dgfs u`lfr, smuts lgw`, gr caqualotf gr ai ats lfvfcgpef`t stoii cfovfs. 6. Eoy `gt nf updrolfoncf o`l eoy `gt ru` ai egvfl tg o `fw morlworf pcotigre. 9. Qgu orf tafl tg o suppcafr gi wmahm ygu eoy `gt nf wacca`d tg movf o eoa`tf`o`hf hg`troht watm. 4. Trattf` gr Hustge-nuact  sgitworf pfrigres o lfia`fl iu`htag` o`l as fxpf`savf fx pf`savf tg nuacl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX =. Hustge nuact as fxpf`savf tg eoa`toa` 1. Hustge nuact sgitworf mos rfluhfl caifspo` luf tg madm spffl gi tfhm`gcgdahoc olvo`hfef`t a` tmf iafcl gi hgeputfrs.

V\ACA\Q XGI\TO^F Vtacaty sgitworf  (ocsg b`gw` os sfrvahf prgdroe , sfrvahf rguta`f , tggc, gr utacaty rguta`f ) as hgeputfr as hgeputfr sgitworf lfsad`fl tg mfcp eo`odf o`l tu`f tmf hgeputfr tmf hgeputfr morlworf, gpfrota`d morlworf, gpfrota`d systfe gr  oppcahotag`  oppcahotag` sgitworf ny sgitworf ny pfrigrea`d o sa`dcf tosb gr o seocc ro`df gi tosbs. Xgef utacaty sgitworf mos nff` a`tfdrotfl a`tg egst eokgr gpfrota`d s ystfes. Fxoepcfs Lasb stgrodf utacatafs 

lftfht hgeputfr iacfs wmgsf hg`tf`ts orf nrgbf` Lasb lfirodef`tfrs ho` lftfht hgeputfr ohrgss sfvfroc cghotag`s g` tmf morl tmf morl lasb, o`l lasb, o`l egvf tmf irodef`ts tg g`f cghotag` tg a`hrfosf fiiahaf`hy. Lasb hmfhbfrs ho` sho` tmf hg`tf`ts gi g i o morl lasb tg ia`l iacfs gr orfos g tmot orf hgrruptfl a` sgef woy, wo y, gr wfrf `gt hgrrfhtcy sovfl, o`l fcaea`otf tmfe igr o egrf fiiahaf`tcy gpfrota`d morl lravf. Lasb hcfo`frs ho` ia`l iacfs tmot orf u``fhfssory tg hgeputfr gpfrotag`, gr g tobf up hg`salfroncf oegu`ts gi spohf. Lasb hcfo`fr mfcps tmf usfr tmf usfr tg lfhalf wmot tg lfcftf tg lfcftf wmf` tmfar morl lasb as iucc. Lasb spohf o`ocyzfrs igr tmf vasuocazotag` gi lasb spohf usodf ny n y dftta`d g tmf sazf igr fohm igclfr (a`hcula`d sunigclfrs) & iacfs a` igclfr gr l ravf. smgwa`d tmf lastranutag` gi tmf usfl spohf. l ravf a`tg euctapcf cgdahoc g Lasb portatag`frs ho` lavalf o` a`lavaluoc lravf lravfs, fohm watm ats gw` iacfsystfe wmahm ho` nf egu`tfl ny tmf gpfrota`d systfe o`l trfotfl os o` a`lavaluoc lravf. l ravf. g Nohbup utacatafs ho` eobf o hgpy gi occ a`igreotag` stgrfl g` o lasb, o`l rfstgrf fatmfr tmf f`tarf lasb (f.d. a` o` fvf`t gi  lasb  lasb ioacurf) gr ioacurf) gr sfcfhtfl iacfs (f.d. a` o` fvf`t gi ohhalf`toc o hhalf`toc lfcftag`). tro`sporf`tcy hgeprfss/u`hgeprfss u`hgeprfss tmf g Lasb hgeprfssag` utacatafs ho` tro`sporf`tcy hgeprfss/ hg`tf`ts gi o lasb, a`hrfosa`d tmf hopohaty gi tmf lasb. Iacf eo`odfrs  prgvalf o hg`vf`af`t eftmgl gi pfrigrea`d rguta`f loto g eo`odfef`t tosbs, suhm os lfcfta`d, rf`oea`d, hotocgda`d, u`hotocgda`d, egva`d, hgpya`d, efrda`d, df`frota`d o`l eglaiya`d loto sfts. Orhmavf utacatafs gutput o strfoe gr o sa`dcf iacf wmf` prgvalfl watm o g larfhtgry gr o sft gi iacfs. Orhmavf utacatafs, u`cabf orhmavf suatfs, usuoccy lg `gt a`hculf hgeprfssag` gr f`hryptag` hoponacatafs. Xgef orhmavf utacatafs eoy fvf` movf o sfporotf u`-orhmavf u` -orhmavf utacaty igr tmf rfvfrsf gpfrotag`. Xystfe prgiacfrs  prgvalf lftoacfl a`igreotag` ongut tmf sgitworf a`stoccfl o`l morlworf ottohmfl tg tmf hgeputfr. O`ta-varus utacatafs sho` igr hgeputfr varusfs. \fxt o`l Mfx Flatgrs  larfhtcy eglaiy tmf tfxt gr loto gi o iacf. \mfsf iacfs hgucl  nf loto gr o` ohtuoc prgdroe. g

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Loto hgeprfssag` utacatafs gutput o smgrtfr strfoe gr o seoccfr iacf wmf`  prgvalfl watm o strfoe gr iacf. Hryptgdropmah utacatafs f`hrypt o`l lfhrypt strfoes o`l iacfs. Cou`hmfr oppcahotag`s  prgvalf o hg`vf`af`t ohhfss pga`t igr oppcahotag` sgitworf. ^fdastry hcfo`frs hcfo` o`l gptaeazf tmf Ta`lgws tmf Ta`lgws rfdastry ny rfdastry ny rfegva`d gcl rfdastry bfys tmot orf `g cg`dfr a` usf. @ftwgrb eo`odfrs hmfhb tmf hgeputfr's `ftwgrb, cgd fvf`ts o`l hmfhb loto tro`sifr. Hgeeo`l ca`f a`tfriohf (HCA) o`l Dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohf (DVA) Occgws tmf usfr tg hg`toht o`l eobf hmo`dfs tg tmf gpfrota`d systfe.

[email protected]\FD^O\FL XGI\TO^F  A`tfdrotfl sgitworf  as

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sgitworf igr  pfrsg`oc  pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs tmot hgena`fs tmf egst hgeeg`cy usfl iu`htag`s gi eo`y prgluhtavaty sgitworf prgdroes a`tg g`f oppcahotag`. \mf a`tfdrotfl sgitworf df`rf mos nff` cordfcy co rdfcy gvfrsmolgwfl ny iuccy iu`htag`oc giiahf suatfs, egst suatfs, egst `gtoncy Eahrgsgit `gtoncy Eahrgsgit Giiahf, nut Giiahf, nut ot g`f taef wos hg`salfrfl tmf "baccfr oppcahotag`" typf rfspg`sancf igr tmf rasf o`l lgea`o`hf lg ea`o`hf gi tmf ANE tmf ANE ZH a` tmf lfsbtgp nusa`fss hgeputa`d wgrcl. A` tmf forcy loys gi tmf ZH Z H nfigrf DVAs nfigrf DVAs nfhoef  nfhoef hgeeg`, usfr a`tfriohfs wfrf tfxt-g`cy o`l wfrf gpfrotfl egstcy ny iu`htag` ny iu`htag` bfy o`l  eglaiafr  eglaiafr bfy sfquf`hfs. Fvfry prgdroe usfl o laiifrf`t sft gi bfystrgbfs, bf ystrgbfs, eoba`d at laiiahuct igr o usfr tg eostfr egrf tmo` g`f gr twg prgdroes. p rgdroes. Zrgdroes wfrf cgolfl irge icgppy irge icgppy lasb, eoba`d at vfry scgw o`l a`hg`vf`af`t tg swathm nftwff` prgdroes o`l laiiahuct gr aepgssancf tg fxhmo`df loto nftwff` tmfe (tg tro`sifr tmf rfsucts irge o sprfolsmfft tg o wgrl prghfssgr lghuef`t igr fxoepcf). fx oepcf). A` rfspg`sf tg tmfsf caeatotag`s, vf`lgrs hrfotfl euctaiu`htag` "a`tfdrotfl" pohbodfs, fcaea`ota`d tmf `ffl tg swathm nftwff` prgdroes o`l prfsf`ta`d tmf usfr watm o egrf hg`sastf`t a`tfriohf. \mf pgtf`taoc igr drfotfr fosf-gi-usf eolf a`tfdrotfl sgitworf ottrohtavf tg mgef eorbfts os wfcc os nusa`fss, o`l pohbodfs suhm os tmf grada`oc OppcfTgrbs grada`oc OppcfTgrbs igr tmf Oppcf tmf Oppcf AA o`l  Ko`f  Ko`f igr tmf Hgeeglgrf tmf Hgeeglgrf ?>= wfrf lfvfcgpfl a` tmf ?1=:s tg ru` g` egst pgpucor  mgef  mgef hgeputfrs gi tmf loy. Hg`tfxt ENO wos o` forcy fxoepcf gi tmf df`rf, o`l ifoturfl  sprfolsmfft,  sprfolsmfft, lotonosf, hmortlotonosf, hmort-eoba`d, eoba`d, wgrl  wgrl prghfssa`d o`l  tfrea`oc  tfrea`oc feucotag` iu`htag`s. Mgwfvfr, nfhousf at wos wrattf` a` Zoshoc a` Zoshoc igr pgrtonacaty, at ro` scgwcy g` tmf rfcotavfcy u`lfrpgwfrfl systfes gi tmf loy. Cgtus loy. Cgtus ?->-8, wmahm ?->-8, wmahm igccgwfl at, mol ifwfr iu`htag`s nut wos wrattf` a` ossfencfr, prgvala`d at watm o spffl ol vo`todf tmot occgwfl at tg nfhgef tmf prflgea`o`t nusa`fss oppcahotag` igr pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs. hgeputfrs.R>U

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

\mf a`tfdrotfl sgitworf eorbft gi tgloy as fxfepcaiafl ny f`try-cfvfc prgdroes suhm os Eahrgsgit Tgrbs wmahm orf gitf` nu`lcfl watm pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs os "stortfr" prgluhtavaty suatfs.

XGI\TO^F XVA\FX/[email protected] XGI\TO^F 

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O sgitworf suatf gr oppcahotag` suatf as o hgccfhtag` gi hgeputfr prgdroes, usuoccy oppcahotag` sgitworf o`l prgdroeea`d sgitworf gi rfcotfl iu`htag`ocaty, gitf` smora`d o egrf-gr-cfss hgeeg` usfr a`tfriohf o`l sgef onacaty tg seggtmc y fxhmo`df loto watm fohm gtmfr. Xgeftaefs sgitworf eobfrs a`trgluhf "suatfs" tmot orf cattcf egrf tmo` rfpohbodfl vfrsag`s gi gclfr prgdroes giifrfl ot o cgwfr prahf. \mf sgcutag` eadmt nf "sgitworf suatfs" gr "nu`lcfl sgitworf." O "suatf" as o hgccfhtag` gi tmf iucc-ifoturfl vfrsag`s gi fohm sgitworf oppcahotag` - wgrl  prghfssa`d, sprfolsmfft, lotonosf eo`odfef`t, dropmahs, hgeeu`ahotag`s o`l sgeftaefs grdo`azfrs. \mfsf oppcahotag`s orf irge tmf soef sgitworf eo`uiohturfr o`l orf pohbodfl tgdftmfr a` o cordf ngx o`l sgcl ot prahfs tmot orf euhm cgwfr tmo` ai tmfy wfrf  purhmosfl a`lavaluoccy - usuoccy cfss tmo` moci gi tmf grada`oc hgccfhtavf prahf! \mf sgitworf oppcahotag`s hg`toa`fl a` o suatf gr nu`lcf orf tmf soef oppcahotag`s o  prgifssag`oc usfr eadmt purhmosf a`lavaluoccy. @g hgr`frs movf nff` hut, o`l ollatag`oc ifoturfs eoy movf nff` ollfl suhm os o "hgeeg` a`tfriohf" tmot occgws o`y gi tmf prgdroes tg nf ohhfssfl irge tmf soef "eoa` ef`u," o hg`sastf`t shrff` coygut usfl ny fohm gi tmf prgdroes, o`l tmf onacaty tg fosacy fxhmo`df loto irge g`f prgdroe tg o`gtmfr.

[email protected]\FD^O\FL XGI\TO^F/[email protected] XGI\TO^F / XGI\TO^F XVA\F  XGI\TO^F tmot hg`toa`s sfvfroc oppcahotag`s rgccfl a`tg g`f. A`tfdrotfl

sgitworf usuoccy a`hculfs wgrl prghfssa`d, sprfolsmfft, lotonosf, dropmahs o`l hgeeu`ahotag` hoponacatafs. \wg pgpucor A`tfdrotfl sgitworf pohbodfs orf Eahrgsgit Tgrbs o`l HcorasTgrbs;  A` a`tfdrotfl sgitworf , ygu wacc nf oncf tg wgrb g` o sprfolsmfft tg pfrigre hochucotag`s, stgrf ollrfssfs o`l pmg`f `uenfrs a` o lotonosf o`l nf oncf tg ca`b a`igreotag` irge tmf sprfolsmfft & tmf lotonosf wmf` ygu wgrb watm tmf wgrl  prghfssgr a` tmf a`tfdrotfl pohbodf.  Gnkfht Ca`ba`d Fenflla`d RGCFU as o sto`lorl tmot, Occgws oppcahotag`s tg nf ca`bfl tgdftmfr.  GCF-LN occgws oppcahotag`s tg aepgrt vartuoccy o`y igre gi loto a`tg tmf lotonosf. A`tfdrotfl sgitworf O drgup gi oppcahotag`s lfsad`fl tg wgrb tgdftmfr o`l smorf loto fosacy.  Xgitworf tmot hgena`fs tmf ifoturfs gi sfvfroc laiifrf`t oppcahotag`s a` o sa`dcf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  prgdroe (f.d. wgrl prghfssa`d, lotonosf, sprfolsmfft, dropmahs, o`l hgeeu`ahotag`s).. Olvo`todfs gi a`tfdrotfl oppcahotag`s  Fosy tg usf  Df`froccy hgsts euhm cfss  ^fquarf gr `ffls cfss ^OE  Onacaty tg poss loto irge g`f eglucf tg o`gtmfr.  \obfs up euhm cfss morl lasb spohf  Nfttfr grdo`azotag` gi a`igreotag`. Loto as stgrfl a` tmf lotonosf, hochucotag`s a` o` fcfhtrg`ah sprfolsmfft & aeodfs a` o dropmahoc oppcahotag` pohbodf \mf olvo`todfs gi nu`lcfl sgitworf suatfs orf  Cgw hgst hgeporfl tg nuya`d fohm oppcahotag` sfporotfcy 

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Gptag` tg a`stocc occ gi tmf prgdroes ot tmf soef taef gr g`cy tmf prgdroes ygu wo`t tg usf Hg`sastf`t a`tfriohf irge g`f oppcahotag` tg o`gtmfr \mf onacaty tg smorf a`igreotag` nftwff` oppcahotag`s Iuturf updrolfs ho` uplotf fohm oppcahotag` occ ot tmf soef taef Alfoc igr pfrsg`oc usf, prgifssag`oc usf, cordf gr seocc nusa`fss Fohm oppcahotag` as tmf iucc-ifoturfl vfrsag`

\mf lasolvo`todfs orf Madm a`ataoc hgst  

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Occ oppcahotag`s orf irge tmf soef eo`uiohturfr - ygu eadmt prfifr o wgrl  prghfssgr irge g`f hgepo`y, o sprfolsmfft irge o laiifrf`t eo`uiohturfr, fth. Eoy nf purhmosa`d egrf sgitworf tmo` ygu ohtuoccy `ffl A`stoccotag` gi tmf f`tarf suatf gi oppcahotag`s tobfs up o cordf oegu`t gi stgrodf spohf g` ygur a`tfr`oc morl lasb Xfvfroc cordf eo`uocs tg stuly ai ygu pco` tg eostfr fohm oppcahotag`, gr tmf  pohbodf eadmt `gt a`hculf pra`tfl eo`uocs a` grlfr tg bffp tmf hgst cgw

Lasolvo`todfs  Caeatfl pgrtonacaty. \mf soef oppcahotag`s eust fxast g` fvfr y hgeputfr tmot ygu wasm tg gpf` tmf lghuef`t.  Giifr ifwfr ifoturfs o`l cfss vfrsotacaty tmo` sto`l ocg`f vfrsag`s gr sgitworf.  Iu`htag`oc caeatotag`. Ats radal ygu ho``gt hmo`df at tg suat ygur spfhaiah `ffls.

F]OEZCFX GI [email protected]\FD^O\FL XGI\TO^F Eahrgsgit Giiahf 14  Eahrgsgit Tgrbs  Hcoras Tgrbs   Cgtus XeortXuatf 14

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Eahrgsgit Giiahf >::8,>::4,>:?: & >:?8

[email protected] XGV^HF XGI\TO^F 

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Gpf` sgurhf as o typf gi sgitworf wmahm as irffcy ovoaconcf o`l ats sgurhf hglf as ovoaconcf igr iurtmfr lfvfcgpef`t, eglaiahotag`. Df`froccy occ gpf` sgurhf sgitworf movf o hgeeu`aty gi lfvfcgpfrs wmg prgvalf suppgrt, lghuef`totag` o`l fvf` na`ory vfrsag`s gi tmf sgitworf tg pfgpcf wmg eoy nf a`tfrfstfl a` at. \mfsf ollatag`oc sfrvahfs, tmgudm, eoy `gt nf irff eg`ftoracy. \mfrf orf sfvfroc g`dga`d gpf` sgurhf sgitworf prgkfhts. \mf gpf` sgurhf `oturf gi tmfsf prgkfhts efo`s tmot tmfrf wacc nf sfvfroc pfgpcf wgrba`d g` eglaiya`d o`l aeprgva`d tmf sgitworf irge orgu`l tmf wgrcl. Xgef suhm fxoepcfs a`hculf tmf Tfn nrgwsfr Egzacco Iarfigx, hg`tf`t eo`odfef`t sgitworf cabf Lrupoc, Kggeco fth.

XGI\TO^F HGZQ^ADM\

\mf Hgpyradmt, Lfsad`s o`l Zotf`ts Oht Hgpyradmt as o cfdoc hg`hfpt, dava`d tmf hrfotgr gi o` grada`oc wgrb fxhcusavf radmts tg hg`trgc ats lastranutag` igr o hfrtoa` taef pfragl. Hgpya`d hgeputfr sgitworf as tmfrfigrf o nrfohm gi hgpyradmt o`l o hraea`oc giif`hf. \mf Oht hgvfrs stfoca`d sgitworf, usa`d accfdoccy hgpafl sgitworf o`l eo`uocs, o` l ru``a`d  purhmosfl sgitworf g` egrf eohma`fs tmo` tmf cahf`sf occgws. \mf cfdoc pf`octafs igr nrfoba`d tmf hgp yradmt cow a`hculf u`caeatfl ia`fs o`l up tg twg yfors a` prasg`. Occ tmf sgitworf tmot ygu usf smgucl nf iuccy cahf`sfl. Tmf` ygu purhmosf sgitworf ygu usuoccy orf cahf`sfl tg usf at g` kust g`f hgeputfr. At as accfdoc tg eobf hgpafs gi tmf sgitworf tg usf g` gtmfr hgeputfrs, fvf` ai tmfy orf ygur gw`. Xgitworf cahf`hfs ho` nf;  

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Xa`dcf usfr - cahf`sfl igr a`stoccotag` g` g`f hgeputfr Eucta-usfr - tmf cahf`sf occgws ygu tg a`stocc tmf sgitworf g` o `oefl `uenfr gi hgeputfrs Xatf-cahf`hf - tmf cahf`hf cfts ygu a`stocc tmf sgitworf g`tg o` u`caeatfl `uenfr gi hgeputfrs, os cg`d os tmfy orf g` g`f lasta`ht satf suhm os o shmggc

Xgitworf prgtfhtag`

Xgitworf hgepo`afs try tg prfvf`t accfdoc hgpya`d gi tmfar lasbs usa`d tmf igccgwa`d eftmgls;

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Hgpy prgtfhtag`  - tmf lasb (gr HL-^ge) eoy nf igreottfl a` o spfhaoc woy sg at ho``gt fosacy nf hgpafl. ^fstrahta`d tmf `uenfr gi a`stoccotag`s  - fohm a`stoccotag` as rfhgrlfl g` o` a`stoccotag` lasb o`l g`cy o hfrtoa` `uenfr orf occgwfl. O rfdastrotag` bfy  - o u`aquf sfrafs gi cfttfrs o`l `uenfrs tmot as osbfl igr wmf` ru``a`d tmf prgdroe. \mf sgitworf wacc `gt ru` ai tmf rfdastrotag` bfy as `gt typfl a` hgrrfhtcy o`l g`ca`f euctapcoyfr doefs wacc `gt tg ru` ai o`gtmfr usfr as g`ca`f wmg mos usfl tmf soef bfy. O pmg`f gr A`tfr`ft ohtavotag` hglf  - tmas rfquarfs tmf usfr tg hocc o `uenfr gr dg g`ca`f tg rfdastfr tmf prgluht. \mfy tmf` rfhfavf o u`aquf hgeputfr-spfhaiah sfraoc `uenfr. F`hryptag`  - loto ho` nf shroencfl up o`l ho``gt nf rfol watmgut tmf hgrrfht sgitworf. O Lg`dcf - o pafhf gi morlworf tmot eust nf pcuddfl a`tg tmf hgeputfr tg ru` tmf sgitworf. Fohm g`f hg`toa`s o u`aquf fcfhtrg`ah sfraoc `uenfr o`l os tmfy orf fxpf`savf tg prgluhf tmfy orf egstcy usfl tg prgtfht madm-f`l sgitworf pohbodfs. Lftoacs gi tmf usfr orf nuact a`tg tmf sgitworf - wmf` tmf sgitworf as ru` at laspcoys tmf grada`oc usfrs `oef. \mas lgfs `gt prfvf`t tmf hgpya`d nut at eobfs as gnvagus tmot tmf hgpy as accfdoc. O Bfyiacf - o seocc iacf watm o u`aquf hglf tmot as pcohfl a` tmf soef larfhtgry os tmf prgdroe. Ai tmf hglf as `gt vocal tmf` tmf sgitworf wacc `gt ru`.

XGI\TO^F ZA^OHQ   

V`outmgrazfl hgpya`d gi sgitworf. V`outmgrazfl usf gr rfprgluhtag` gi hgpyradmtfl potf`tfl eotfraoc. u`outmgrazfl hgpya`d gi sgitworf  \mf prgluhtag` gi accfdoc hgpafs gi sgitworf.  Ny ior, tmf naddfst cfdoc prgncfe oiifhta`d tmf hgeputfr a`lustry tgloy as sgitworf parohy, wmahm as tmf accfdoc hgpya`d gr usf gi prgdroes. Zarohy as o mudf  prgncfe eoa`cy nfhousf at as sg fosy tg lg. A` egst hosfs, at as `g egrf laiiahuct tg stfoc o prgdroe tmo` at as tg topf o eusah HL tmot ygu movf ngrrgwfl irge o iraf`l. Xgitworf parotfs davf up tmf radmt tg rfhfavf updrolfs o`l tfhm`ahoc suppgrt, nut tmfy doa` tmf usf gi tmf prgdroe watmgut poya`d igr at. Aepcahotag`s gi Xgitworf parohy  Cgss gi nusa`fss tg sgitworf hgepo`afs.  Cohb gi tfhm`ahoc suppgrt, `g hg``fhtag` watm suppcafr updrolfs.  Xgitworf a`hgepotanacaty, eoy rfquarf o bfy, wmahm ygu eadmt `gt movf, os o rfsuct ygu ho`‑t a`stocc at.  Yarus Xprfol  Cowsuats igr hgpyradmt, wmahm eoy nf vfry hgstcy a` tfres gi rfputotag` o`l eg`fy.  Zarohy mores occ sgitworf puncasmfrs , ^fdorlcfss gi tmfar sazf. Xgitworf  puncasmfrs spf`l yfors lfvfcgpa`d sgitworf igr tmf puncah tg usf. O pgrtag` gi fvfry lgccor spf`t a` purhmosa`d grada`oc sgitworf as hmo``fcfl nohb a`tg rfsforhm o`l lfvfcgpef`t sg tmot nfttfr, egrf olvo`hfl sgitworf prgluhts

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ho` nf prgluhfl. Tmf` ygu purhmosf parotfl sgitworf, ygur eg`fy dgfs larfhtcy a`tg tmf pghbfts gi sgitworf parotfs a`stfol.  Xgitworf parohy ocsg mores tmf cghoc o`l `otag`oc fhg`geafs . Ifwfr cfdataeotf sgitworf socfs rfsuct a` cgst tox rfvf`uf o`l lfhrfosfl fepcgyef`t. Xgitworf parohy drfotcy ma`lfrs tmf lfvfcgpef`t gi cghoc sgitworf hgeeu`atafs. Ai sgitworf puncasmfrs ho``gt sfcc tmfar prgluhts a` tmf cfdataeotf eorbft, tmfy movf `g a`hf`tavf tg hg`ta`uf lfvfcgpa`d  prgdroes. Eo`y sgitworf puncasmfrs saepcy wg`‑t f`tfr eorbfts wmfrf tmf  parohy rotfs orf tgg madm, nfhousf tmfy wacc `gt nf oncf tg rfhgvfr tmfar lfvfcgpef`t hgsts.  Xgitworf parohy mores fvfryg`f a` tmf sgitworf hgeeu`aty a`hcula`d ygu, tmf f`l usfr. Mgw7 ?) Zarohy rfsucts a` madmfr prahfs igr lucy cahf`sfl usfrs, >) Zarohy rfluhfs cfvfcs gi suppgrt, o`l 8) Lfcoys a` tmf iu`la`d o`l lfvfcgpef`t gi `fw prgluhts, housa`d tmf gvfrocc sfcfhtag` o`l quocaty gi sgitworf tg suiifr. \MF LAIIF^[email protected]\ \QZFX GI XGI\TO^F ZA^OHQ \mfrf orf iavf nosah igres gi sgitworf parohy, o`l occ orf loeoda`d ngtm tg tmf sgitworf  puncasmfr o`l tg ygu, tmf f`l usfr. \mf iavf nosah typfs gi parohy orf;  Xgit caita`d . \mas igre gi parohy ghhurs wmf` fxtro hgpafs gi o prgdroe orf eolf watma` o` grdo`azotag` igr fepcgyffs tg usf. At ocsg a`hculfs "Lasb swoppa`d" oeg`d iraf`ls o`l ossghaotfs.  Morl-Lasb Cgola`d.  Xgef hgeputfr lfocfrs cgol u`outmgrazfl hgpafs gi sgitworf g`tg tmf morl lasbs gi tmf hgeputfrs tmfy giifr igr socf, os o` a`hf`tavf igr o` f`l usfr tg purhmosf o hgeputfr irge tmot portahucor lfocfr. Hgu`tfrifata`d.  \mas as tmf accfdoc lupcahotag` o`l socf gi hgpyradmtfl sgitworf, gitf`  a` o igre lfsad`fl tg eobf tmf prgluht oppfor cfdataeotf. Xgitworf hgu`tfrifata`d ho`  nf vfry sgpmastahotfl, a`hcula`d sad`aiaho`t fiigrts tg rfpcahotf pohboda`d, cgdgs, o`l o`ta-hgu`tfrifata`d tfhm`aqufs suhm os mgcgdroes. At ho` ocsg nf u`sgpmastahotfl, hg`sasta`d gi a`ifragr gr mo`l-wrattf` confcs, watm lasbs igclfl a`tg o pcostah nod o`l sgcl g` strfft hgr`frs. O rfhf`t trf`l a` hgu`tfrifata`d as tmf fefrdf`hf gi hgepacotag` HL-^GEs, wmfrf `uefrgus u`outmgrazfl sgitworf puncasmfrs‑ prgdroes oppfor g` g`f HL-^GE. A` o`y igre, sgitworf hgu`tfrifata`d as vfry loeoda`d tg  ngtm tmf sgitworf lfvfcgpfr o`l cfdataeotf f`l usfrs. G`ca`f.  \mas igre gi parohy ghhurs wmf` hgpyradmtfl sgitworf as lgw`cgolfl tg  usfrs hg``fhtfl tmrgudm o eglfe tg o` fcfhtrg`ah nuccfta` ngorl gr tmf A`tfr`ft watmgut tmf fxprfss pfreassag` gi tmf hgpyradmt gw`fr. \mas smgucl `gt nf hg`iusfl watm smora`d puncah lgeoa` sgitworf gr prgvala`d –smorfworf.― Xmorfworf as sgitworf tmot eoy gr eoy `gt nf hgpyradmtfl nut as df`froccy giifrfl igr cattcf gr `g hmordf ny tmf outmgr igr `forcy u`rfstrahtfl usf, a`hcula`d hgpya`d gr smora`d watm gtmfrs. Eahrgsgit lastranutfs prgegtag`oc prgluhts, irff sgitworf, uplotfs, gr f`mo`hfef`ts gvfr nuccfta` ngorls gr g`ca`f sfrvahfs, wmahm eoy gr eoy `gt nf cahf`sfl igr usf sgcfcy watm cahf`sfl Eahrgsgit prgluhts. Qgu smgucl hmfhb tmf FVCO ohhgepo`ya`d tmf prgluht tg lftfrea`f mgw at ho` nf usfl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Cahf`sf Easusf.  \mas igre gi parohy ghhurs wmf` hgpyradmtfl sgitworf as lastranutfl gutsalf tmf rfstrahtfl cfdataeotf hmo``fcs at wos lfsad`fl igr gr tmf prgluht as usfl a` woys `gt occgwfl a` tmf cahf`sf odrffef`t. Fxoepcfs gi cahf`sf easusf a`hculf; (?) Oholfeah prgluht easusf \mas igre gi cahf`sf easusf ghhurs wmf` o prgluht tmot as eo`uiohturfl, cahf`sfl, o`l spfhaiahoccy eorbfl igr lastranutag` tg fluhotag`oc a`statutag`s o`l stulf`ts ot rfluhfl prahfs as lavfrtfl a`tg `greoc hgeefrhaoc hmo``fcs gi lastranutag`. \ypahoccy tmas prgluht wacc hg`toa` o stahbfr a`lahota`d tmot at as oholfeah prgluht o`l igr usf g`cy ny fluhotag`oc a`statutag`s. (>) @gt igr ^fsocf (@I^) prgluht easusf . Odoa`, tmas igre gi cahf`sf easusf ghhurs wmf` o prgluht tmot mos nff` hcforcy eorbfl "@gt igr ^fsocf," o`l as typahoccy lastranutfl os o prgegtag`oc gr soepcf prgluht o`l as `gt cahf`sfl igr `greoc hgeefrhaoc lastranutag` o`l usf, as lavfrtfl a`tg `greoc hgeefrhaoc hmo``fcs gi lastranutag`. (8) Grada`oc fquapef`t eo`uiohturfr (GFE) sto`l-ocg`f prgluht.  \mas igre gi cahf`sf easusf ghhurs wmf` GFE vfrsag` sgitworf mos nff` u`nu`lcfl irge ats lfsad`otfl hgeputfr systfe o`l lastranutfl os o sfporotf, –sto`l-ocg`f―  prgluht. Eahrgsgit‑s odrffef`t watm hgeputfr eo`uiohturfrs prgmanats tmfe irge lastranuta`d Eahrgsgit prgluhts a` tmas iosmag`, a.f. watmgut ohhgepo`ya`d hgeputfr morlworf. Eahrgsgit prgluhts g` tmf rftoac smfci smgucl `fvfr a`hculf o ca`f g` tmf irg`t hgvfr gi tmf Vsfr‑s Dualf tmot stotfs, –Igr Lastranutag` G`cy Tatm @fw Hgeputfr Morlworf.― (8) –Eahrgsgit Fosy Iuciaccef`t― (EFI) prgluht easusf . \mas igre gi cahf`sf easusf ghhurs wmf` o –Eahrgsgit Fosy Iuciaccef`t― (EFI) prgluht as lavfrtfl a`tg `greoc hgeefrhaoc hmo``fcs gi lastranutag`. \mf EFI prgluht eo y nf lastranutfl g`cy tg f`l usfrs wmg movf o Xfcfht gr Gpf` (EGCZ) cahf`sf o`l wmg grlfr tmf prgluht a` ohhgrlo`hf watm tmfar cahf`sf tfres. \mf EFI  prgluht mos o stahbfr g` tmf kfwfc hosf alf`taiya`d tmf prgluht os –Eahrgsgit Fosy Iuciaccef`t.― (<) Ygcuef cahf`sa`d easusf.  Ygcuef Cahf`sa`d f`oncfs grdo`azotag`s tg ohquarf tmf radmts tg hgpy o`l usf spfhaiah Eahrgsgit sgitworf prgluhts watm odrffef`ts toacgrfl tg tmf `uenfr gi prgluhts `fflfl ot tmf portahucor grdo`azotag`. \mfsf vgcuef prgdroes giifr o nrgol ro`df gi prgluhts o`l cahf`sa`d gptag`s o`l rfluhf olea`astrotavf gvfrmfol o`l sgitworf eo`odfef`t hgsts. Eahrgsgit giifrs twg typfs gi vgcuef cahf`sf; o. Xfcfht prgvalfs sova`ds igr eflaue o`l cordf grdo`azotag`s watm sad`aiaho`t vgcuef rfquarfef`ts tmrgudm igrfhosta`d sgitworf `ffls gvfr o twg-yfor  pfragl.  n. Gpf` prgvalfs sova`ds igr seocc o`l eflaue grdo`azotag`s igr cahf`sfs gi os ifw os >: u`ats gi o portahucor sgitworf prgluht, watm o saepcf grlfra`d  prghfss. Easusf u`lfr vgcuef cahf`sa`d ghhurs wmf` grdo`azotag` hgpafs sgitworf  purhmosfl tmrgudm tmf vgcuef prgdroe g` egrf hgeputfrs tmo` spfhaiafl a` tmfar

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX cahf`sf odrffef`t. Gtmfr vagcotag`s ghhur wmf` o` grdo`azotag` occgws hg`hurrf`t usf gi sgitworf prgluhts (wmahm hurrf`tcy as giifrfl g`cy os o` gptag` u`lfr tmf Xfcfht o`l Gpf` prgdroes) watmgut tmf purhmosf gi tmf gptag` tmot occgws igr tmas hg`hurrf`t usf. Vsfr cahf`sfs smgw usfrs radmts tg usf pafhfs gi sgitworf.

[email protected]\^GLVH\[email protected] \G LO\ONOXF XQX\FEX O LO\ONOXF  as o smorfl o`l a`tfdrotfl hgccfhtag` gi cgdahoccy rfcotfl rfhgrls gr iacfs hg`sgcalotfl a`tg o hgeeg` pggc tmot prgvalfs loto igr g`f gr egrf usfs.  

As o hgccfhtag` gi iacfs7 O` grdo`azfl hgccfhtag` gi a`tfrrfcotfl iacfs.  As o hgccfhtag` gi rfcotfl iacfs tmot prgvalfs o woy gi ia`la`d a`igreotag` quahbcy o`l fosacy irge o hmgsf` rfifrf`hf pga`t7  As o` a`tfdrotfl hgccfhtag` gi cgdahoccy rfcotfl rfhgrls gr iacfs7  O lotonosf hg`sgcalotfs rfhgrls prfvaguscy stgrfl a` sfporotf iacfs a`tg o hgeeg`  pggc gi loto rfhgrls tmot prgvalfs loto igr eo`y oppcahotag`s.  Fxoepcfs  gi

lotonosfs orf EX Ohhfss, EX Tgrbs Lotonosf, o`l LNosfAY,

Grohcf, X_C

Nuacla`d Ncghbs gi o Lotonosf Xystfe

NA\  NQ\F  IAFCL  ^FHG^L  IACF  LO\ONOXF   

O nytf as ocsg b`gw` os o hmorohtfr O iafcl as ocsg b`gw` os o wgrl O iacf as ocsg hoccfl o toncf gr rfcotag`

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Iacf- As o hgccfhtag` gi rfcotfl rfhgrls. ^fhgrl- As o hgccfhtag` gi iafcls. At as o hgccfhtag` gi iafcls orro`dfl a` o  prflfia`fl grlfr. Iafcl- As o hgccfhtag` gi sa`dcf atfes. At as o` aepcfef`totag` gi tmf loto ottranutf. At as tmf seoccfst u`at gi loto tg nf stgrfl a` o lotonosf. Zraeory bfy- As o iafcl wmgsf vocuf alf`taiafs g`f & g`cy g`f rfhgrl a` o iacf. Xfhg`lory bfy- O` octfr`otavf a`lfx igr alf`taiya`d o` f`taty. Ats vocuf ho` alf`taiy sa`dcf f`taty ghhurrf`hfs gi occ f`taty ghhurrf`hfs. O sunsft gi occ f`taty ghhurrf`hfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  

Igrfad` bfy- Orf pga`tfrs gr ca`bs tg ghhurrf`hfs gi o laiifrf`t iacf. O igrfad` bfy a` g`f iacf eust nf o praeory bfy a` o`gtmfr iacf. Lfshraptgrs- Orf o`y gtmfr iafcls tmot lfshranf nusa`fss f`tatafs.

\rolatag`oc/Hg`vf`tag`oc/Icot Iaca`d Xystfes 

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\mas as prgdroeea`d watm iacfs. Fohm usfr lfia`fs o`l aepcfef`ts tmf iacfs `fflfl igr o spfhaiah oppcahotag` sg tmot fohm oppcahotag` mos ats gw` sfporotf sfporo tf loto iacfs o`l sgitworf prgdroes Octmgudm ngtm usfrs wacc nf a`tfrfstfl a` tmf soef loto, fohm eoa`toa`s sfporotf iacfs o`l prgdroes tg eo`apucotf tmfsf iacfs o`l tmas rfsucts a` loto rflu`lo`hy o`l o cgt gtmfr prgncfes ossghaotfl watm at.

Olvo`todfs gi tmf Lotonosf Opprgohm  Hg`trgc gvfr loto rflu`lo`hy A`hrfosfl loto hg`sastf`hy/^fluhfl loto hg`iusag`  A`hrfosfl loto a`tfdraty ‘  hg`hfr`fl  hg`hfr`fl watm vocalaty o`l ohhurohy gi loto  ^fluhtag` a` wostodf gi stgrodf spohf  Zrgdroe/Loto a`lfpf`lf`hf  A`hrfosfl prgluhtavaty gi oppcahotag` lfvfcgpef`t   Aeprgvfl loto sfhuraty Loto smora`d 

Lasolvo`todfs  Lotonosf systfes orf hgepcfx, laiiahuct o`l taef hg`suea`d tg lfsad` lf sad`  \mfrf as drfotfr aepoht gi ioacurf  Fxtf`savf hg`vfrsag` hgsts a`vgcvfl A`ataoc troa`a`d as rfquarfl igr occ usfrs  Hg`hurrf`hf prgncfes - wmfrf egrf tmo` g`f usfr ohhfss o`l ottfept tg uplotf  tmf soef rfhgrl ot tmf soef taef - tmfrf as iacf flat cghba`d tg prfvf`t tmas.  Gw`frsmap prgncfes - sgeftaefs sgef a`lavaluocs tf`l tg gw` tmf loto l oto o`l tmus rfiusf ohhfss ny gtmfr a`lavaluocs gr lfportef`ts a` tmf grdo`asotag`.  ^fsgurhfs prgncfe - watm lotonosf fxtro rfsgurhfs orf `fflfl `f flfl f.d. egrf wgrbstotag`s o`l gtmfr lfvahfs. Xunsto`taoc morlworf o`l sgitworf stortup hgsts orf a`vgcvfl Xfhuraty prgncfes - tmfrf as a`hrfosfl fxpgsurf tg u`outmgrasfl u `outmgrasfl f`try a`tg tmf loto. Mgwfvfr, tmas hgucl nf rfluhfl ny tmf usf gi rfducorcy hmo`dfl posswgrls o`l ny  pmysahoccy lf`ya`d ohhfss tg u`outmgrasfl usfrs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

LO\ONOXF \F^[email protected]  F`taty  - o rfoc wgrcl gnkfht gr fvf`t gr o`ytma`d tmot as hoponcf gi a`lfpf`lf`hf fxastf`hf o`l ongut wmahm wf ho` hgccfht a`igreotag` f.d. pfrsg`, nuacla`d, tro`sohtag`, fcfhtag` Ottranutf ‘  Ottranutf  ‘  o  o hmorohtfrastah gr prgpfrty gi o` f`taty f.d. `oef   Zraeory bfy ‘  bfy ‘  o`  o` ottranutf tmot u`aqufcy alf`taiafs o` f`taty gr rfhgrl. O iafcl tmot u`aqufcy alf`taiafs o rfhgrl a` o toncf. A` o stulf`ts toncf, igr a`sto`hf, o bfy bf y  nuact irge cost `oef + iarst `oef eadmt `gt davf ygu o u`aquf alf`taiafr (twg gr egrf Ko`f Lgfs a` tmf shmggc, igr fxoepcf). \g u`aqufcy alf`taiy fohm stulf`t, ygu eadmt oll o spfhaoc Xtulf`t AL iafcl tg nf usfl os tmf praeory bfy.  Igrfad` bfy  - O bfy usfl a` g`f toncf tg rfprfsf`t tmf vocuf gi o praeory bfy a` o rfcotfl toncf. Tmacf praeory bfys eust hg`toa` u`aquf vocufs, igrfad` bfys eoy movf lupcahotfs. Igr a`sto`hf, ai wf usf stulf`t AL os tmf praeory bfy a` o Xtulf`ts toncf (fohm stulf`t mos o u`aquf AL), wf hgucl usf stulf`t AL os o igrfad` bfy a` o Hgursfs toncf; os fohm stulf`t eoy lg egrf tmo` g`f hgursf, tmf stulf`t AL iafcl a` tmf Hgursfs toncf (gitf` smgrtf`fl tg Hgursfs.stulf`t H gursfs.stulf`t AL) wacc mgcl lupcahotf vocufs.  @greocazotag` - \mf prghfss gi struhtura`d loto tg ea`aeasf lupcahotag` o`l a`hg`sastf`hafs. \mf prghfss usuoccy a`vgcvfs nrfoba`d lgw` o sa`dcf toncf a`tg twg gr egrf toncfs o`l lfia`a`d rfcotag`smaps nftwff` tmgsf toncfs. \mf prghfss gi nrfoba`d up o toncf a`tg euctapcf toncfs, fohm gi wmahm mos o sa`dcf tmfef, tmfrfny rfluha`d loto rflu`lo`hy2 >) \mf tfhm`aquf tmot rfluhfs gr fcaea`otfs tmf  pgssanacaty tmot o lotonosf as sunkfht tg eglaiahotag` o`geocafs  _ufry - O vafw gi ygur loto smgwa`d a`igreotag` irge g`f gr egrf toncfs. Igr fxoepcf, ygu hgucl qufry o Xtulf`ts lotonosf osba`d "Xmgw ef tmf iarst o`l cost `oefs gi tmf stulf`ts wmg tobf ngtm mastgry o`l dfgdropmy o`l movf Ocahf Mfr`o`lfz os tmfar olvasgr". Xuhm o qufry laspcoys a`igreotag` irge tmf Xtulf`ts toncf (iarst`oef, cost`oef), Hgursfs toncf (hgursf lfshraptag`) o`l Olvasgr toncf (olvasgr `oef), usa`d tmf bfys (stulf`t AL, hgursf AL, olvasgr AL) tg ia`l eothma`d a`igreotag`. Catfroccy, o qufstag` ygu osb ongut loto a` tmf lotonosf a` tmf igre gi o hgeeo`l, wrattf` a` o qufry co`duodf, lfia`a`d sgrt grlfr o`l sfcfhtag`, tmot as usfl tg df`frotf o` ol mgh cast gi rfhgrls2 >) \mf gutput sunsft gi loto prgluhfl a` rfspg`sf tg o qufry.  X_C - Xtruhturfl _ufry Co`duodf (prg`gu`hfl sfqufc gr fss-qufuf-fcc). O hgeputfr co`duodf lfsad`fl tg grdo`azf o`l saepcaiy tmf prghfss gi dftta`d a`igreotag` gut gi o lotonosf a` o usoncf igre, o`l ocsg usfl tg rfgrdo`azf rfgrdo`az f loto watma` lotonosfs.  ^fcotag`  - O sa`dcf stgrf gi rfcotfl a`igreotag`. O toncf hg`sasts gi rfhgrls, o`l fohm rfhgrl as eolf up gi o `uenfr gi iafcls. Qgu ho` tma`b gi tmf pmg`f nggb os o toncf; At hg`toa`s o rfhgrl igr fohm tfcfpmg`f sunshranfr, o`l fohm sunshranfr‑s lftoacs orf hg`toa`fl a` tmrff iafcls ‘  `oef,  `oef, ollrfss o`l tfcfpmg`f.  LNEX - Lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfe. O prgdroe wmahm cfts ygu eo`odf a`igreotag` a` lotonosfs. Eahrgsgit Ohhfss as o LNEX, octmgudm tmf tfre as gitf` smgrtf`fl tg ”lotonosf‑. Xg, tmf soef tfre as u sfl tg oppcy tg tmf prgdroe ygu usf tg grdo`azf ygur loto o`l tmf ohtuoc loto struhturf ygu hrfotf watm tmot prgdroe.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Lgeoa` - O hgccfhtag` gr ro`df gi occ tmf pgssancf vocufs o iafcl ho` hg`toa`. Octmgudm o iafcl‑s lgeoa` as typahoccy ia`atf, at eoy nf a`ia`atf os wfcc. Lfravfl ottranutf - Xy`g`yegus watm hgeputfl ottranutf,  igr wmahm tmf vocuf as hochucotfl irge tmgsf hg`toa`fl a` gtmfr iafcls. Vsuoccy, hgeputfl iafcls‑ vocufs orf hochucotfl irge gtmfr iafcls‑ vocufs tmot ghhur a` tmf soef rfhgrl Eftoloto  - Loto ongut loto o`l tmf loto‑s struhturf watma` o lotonosf. \fhm`ahoc eftoloto rficfhts tmf lfshraptag` gi tmf struhturf, hg`tf`t, bf ys, o`l a`lfxfs gi loto o`l tmfar sgurhf gi grada`, g rada`, wmacf nusa`fss eftoloto rficfhts lfia`atag`s ongut efosurfs (iohts) usa`d hochucotag`s l fia`fs g`ca`f GCOZ - (G`ca`f O`ocytahoc Zrghfssa`d)\mf GCOZ Hgu`hac lfia`fs o`ocytahoc prghfssa`d os, "O hotfdgry gi sgitworf tfhm`gcgdy tmot f`oncfs o`ocysas, eo`odfrs o`l fxfhutavfs tg doa` a`sadmt a`tg loto tmrgudm iost, hg`sastf`t, a`tfrohtavf ohhfss tg walf vorafty gi pgssancf vafws gi a`igreotag` tmot movf nff` tro`sigrefl irge row loto tg rficfht tmf rfoc laef`sag`ocaty gi tmf f`tfrprasf os u`lfrstggl ny tmf usfr." ^fhgrl - Xy`g`yegus watm rgw o`l tupcf. O` a`sto`hf gi loto a` o toncf, o rfhgrl as o hgccfhtag` gi occ tmf iohts rfcotfl tg g`f g `f pmysahoc gr hg`hfptuoc f`taty 2 gitf` rfifrra`d tg o sa`dcf gnkfht gr pfrsg`, usuoccy rfprfsf`tfl os o rgw gi loto a` o toncf, o`l sgeftaefs rfifrrfl tg os o tupcf a` sgef, portahucorcy gclfr, lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfes. Xhmfeo - \mf lotonosf‑s eftoloto -- tmf struhturf gi o` f`tarf lotonosf, wmahm spfhaiafs, oeg`d gtmfr tma`ds, tmf toncfs, tmfar iafcls, o`l tmfar lgeoa`s. A` sgef lotonosf systfes, tmf ca`ba`d gr kga` iafcls orf ocsg spfhaiafl os p ort gi tmf shmfeo >) \mf lfshraptag` gi o sa`dcf toncf. Ocsg hoccfl o Cgdahoc Xhmfeo Xhmfeo.  o bfy igrefl ny kga`a`d twg gr egrf ottranutfs Hg`hotf`otfl bfy ‘  bfy  ‘  o ^fcotag`smap o ca`b gr ossghaotag` nftwff` o`y o` y twg f`tatafs a` o lotonosf F^L - O` f`taty-rfcotag`smap (F^) laodroe as o spfhaocazfl dropmah tmot accustrotfs tmf a`tfrrfcotag`smaps nftwff` f`tatafs a` o lotonosf. F^ laodroes gitf` usf syengcs tg rfprfsf`t tmrff laiifrf`t typfs gi a`igreotag`. Ngxfs orf hgeeg`c y usfl tg rfprfsf`t f`tatafs. Laoeg`ls orf `greoccy usfl tg rfprfsf`t rfcotag`smaps o`l gvocs orf usfl tg rfprfsf`t ottranutfs.

\QZFX GI LO\ONOXF ^FCO\[email protected] G`f-tg-G`f g Fxohtcy g`f rfhgrl a` g`f toncf as rfcotfl ny o hgeeg` ca`ba`d iafcl tg fxohtcy g`f rfhgrl a` o`gtmfr toncf, aepcya`d tmot fohm vocuf gi tmf ca`ba`d iafcl oppfors `g egrf tmo` g`hf a` fohm gi tmf toncfs. Ngtm toncfs ho` movf g`c y g`f rfhgrl g` fatmfr salf gi tmf rfcotag`smap. Fohm praeory bfy vocuf rfcotfs tg g`cy g`f (gr `g) rfhgrl a` tmf rfcotfl toncf. \mfy'rf cabf spgusfs “ ygu ygu eoy gr eoy `gt nf eorrafl, nut ai ygu orf, ngtm ygu o`l ygur spgusf movf g`cy g`f spgusf. Egst g`f-tg-g`f rfcotag`smaps orf igrhfl ny nusa`fss rucfs o`l lg`'t icgw `oturoccy irge tmf loto. A` tmf onsf`hf gi suhm o rucf, ygu ho` usuoccy hgena`f ngtm toncfs a`tg g`f toncf watmgut nrfoba`d o`y `greocazotag` rucfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

G`f-tg-Eo`y Fxohtcy g`f rfhgrl a` g`f toncf as rfcotfl ny o hgeeg` ca`ba`d iafcl tg g`f gr egrf g rfhgrls a` o`gtmfr toncf, aepcya`d tmot fohm vocuf gi tmf ca`ba`d iafcl as u`aquf a` tmf iarst toncf, nut `gt `fhfssoracy sg a` tmf sfhg`l. \mf praeory bfy toncf hg`toa`s g`cy g`f rfhgrl tmot rfcotfs tg `g`f, g`f, gr eo`y rfhgrls a` tmf rfcotfl toncf. \mas rfcotag`smap as saeacor tg tmf g`f nftwff` ygu o`l o porf`t. Qgu movf g`cy g`f egtmfr, nut ygur egtmfr eoy movf sfvfroc hmaclrf`. Eo`y-tg-Eo`y G`f gr egrf rfhgrls a` g`f toncf eoy nf rfcotfl tg g`f gr egrf rfhgrls a` o  sfhg`l toncf ny o hgeeg` vocuf gr ca`ba`d (kga`) iafcl. \mas aepcafs tmot fohm vocuf gi tmf ca`ba`d iafcl eoy oppfor o`y `uenfr gi taefs a` fatmfr gr ngtm toncfs. Fohm rfhgrl a` ngtm toncfs ho` rfcotf tg o`y `uenfr gi rfhgrls (gr `g rfhgrls) a` tmf gtmfr toncf. Igr a`sto`hf, ai ygu movf sfvfroc sanca`ds, sg lg ygur sanca`ds (movf eo`y sanca`ds). Eo`y-tg-eo`y rfcotag`smaps rfquarf o tmarl toncf, b`g w` os o` ossghaotf gr ca`ba`d toncf, nfhousf rfcotag`oc systfes ho`'t larfhtcy ohhgeeglotf tmf rfcotag`smap.

\mf Lotonosf Olea`astrotgr \mas as o pfrsg` rfspg`sancf igr pco``a`d, lfsad`a`d o`l eoa`toa`a`d tmf grdo`asotag`'s lotonosf. \mas pfrsg` rfcotfs tg tmf eo`odfef`t, systfe o`ocysts, prgdroeefrs o`l gtmfr stobfmgclfrs a` tmf grdo`asotag`. Mf `ffls tg movf olfquotf eo`odfraoc o`l tfhm`ahoc onacatafs tg suat tmf kgn. Mf tmfrfigrf eust movf o sgu`l b`gwcfldf gi tmf struhturf gi tmf tm f lotonosf o`l tmf LNEX. ^fspg`sanacatafs gi tmf Lotonosf Olea`astrotgr (LNO)    

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F`surfs tmot tmf lotonosf effts tmf `ffls gi tmf grdo`asotag`. F`surfs iohacatafs igr tmf rfhgvfry gi loto F`surfs tmf iu`htag`a`d gi rfpgrt df`frotag` systfes igre tmf LNEX \mf LNO as ocsg rfspg`sancf igr tmf lghuef`totag` gi tmf LNEX tmrgudm tmf lfsad`a`d o`l ovoaca`d gi tmf loto lahtag`ory o`l eo`uocs igr tmf usfrs dava`d suhm larfhtag` os tmf df`froc usf gi tmf lotonosf, ohhfss tg a`igreotag`, lfcftag` gi rfhgrls irge tmf systfe o`l tmf df`froc vocalotag` o`l vfraiahotag` gi loto. \mf lfsad` gi tmf lotonosf Oitfr tmf a`ataoc lfsad`, tmf LNO eust eg`atgr tmf pfrigreo`hf gi tmf lotonosf, o`l ai prgncfes suriohf (suhm os o portahucor po rtahucor rfpgrt toba`d o` u`ohhfptoncy cg`d taef tg prgluhf), opprgpraotf hmo`dfs eust nf eolf tg tmf lotonosf struhturf. Bffpa`d usfrs a`igrefl gi hmo`dfs a` tmf lotonosf l otonosf struhturf tmot wacc oiifht tmfe2 igr fxoepcf, ai tmf sazf gr igreot gi o portahucor iafcl as octfrfl gr ollatag`oc iafcls ollfl Eoa`tf`o`hf gi tmf loto lahtag`ory igr tmf lotonosf, o`l rfspg`sanacaty igr fstoncasma`d hg`vf`tag`s igr `oea`d toncfs, hgcue`s, a`lfxfs & sg g`.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Aepcfef`ta`d ohhfss pravacfdfs igr occ usfrs gi tmf lotonosf2 tmot as, spfhaiya`d wmahm atfes ho` nf ohhfssfl o`l / gr hmo`dfl ny fohm usfr. Occghota`d posswgrls tg fohm usfr. Zrgvala`d troa`a`d tg usfrs a` mgw tg ohhfss o`l usf tmf lotonosf. Eo`odf tmf grdo`azotag`s -loto rfsgurhfs  -lotonosf pco`s  -lfsad`  -gpfrotag`s  -troa`a`d   -usfr suppgrt  -sfhuraty & Eoa`tf`o`hf Eoa`toa` loto hg`sastf`hy o`l sfhuraty Opprgvf ohhfss tg loto stgrfl Opprgvf ohhfss prghflurfs ONACA\Q tg lfcftf, oll, eglaiy ‘ fxasta`d fxasta`d loto eust nf tadmtcy hg`trgccfl.

Lotonosf Eo`odfef`t Xystfe (LNEX) \mf LNEX as o` oppcahotag` prgdroe tmot prgvalfs o` a`tfriohf nftwff` tmf gpfrota`d systfe o`l tmf usfr a` grlfr tg eobf ohhfss tg tmf loto os saepcf os pgssancf. pg ssancf. At mos sfvfroc gtmfr iu`htag`s  os wfcc, o`l tmfsf orf lfshranfl nfcgw.

?. Loto stgrodf, rftrafvoc o`l uplotf . \mf LNEX eust occgw usfrs tg stgrf rftrafvf o`l uplotf a`igreotag` os fosacy os pgssancf, watmgut m ova`d tg nf oworf gi tmf a`tfr`oc struhturf gi tmf lotonosf. >. Hrfotag` o`l eoa`tf`o`hf gi tmf loto lahtag`ory 8. Eo`oda`d tmf iohacatafs igr smora`d tmf lotonosf . \mf LNEX mos tg f`surf tmot  prgncfes lg `gt orasf wmf` twg pfgpcf saeucto`fguscy ohhfss o rfhgrl o`l try tg uplotf at <. Nohb up o`l rfhgvfry . \mf LNEX eust prgvalf tmf onacaty tg rfhgvfr tmf lotonosf a` tmf fvf`t gi systfe ioacurf. 6. Xfhuraty. \mf LNEX eust mo`lcf posswgrl occghotag` o`l hmfhba`d, o`l tmf ”vafw‑ gi tmf lotonosf tmot o davf` usfr as occgwfl. \mf loto lahtag`ory \mf loto lahtag`ory as o ”lotonosf ongut on gut tmf lotonosf‑. O loto lahtag`ory , os lfia`fl a` tmf ANE Lahtag`ory Lahtag`ory gi Hgeputa`d Hgeputa`d, as o "hf`trocazfl rfpgsatgry gi a`igreotag` ongut loto suhm os efo`a`d, rfcotag`smaps tg gtmfr loto, grada`, usodf, o`l igreot." igreot."R?U \mf tfre eoy movf g`f gi sfvfroc hcgsfcy rfcotfl efo`a`ds pfrtoa`a`d tg lotonosfs tg lotonosfs o`l  lotonosf  lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfes (LNEX); o lghuef`t lfshrana`d o lotonosf gr hgccfhtag` gi lotonosfs  o` a`tfdroc hgepg`f`t a`tfdroc hgepg`f`t gi o LNEX tmot as rfquarfl tg lftfrea`f ats struhturf  o pafhf gi  eallcfworf  eallcfworf tmot fxtf`ls gr suppco`ts tmf `otavf loto lahtag`ory gi o  LNEX

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

At wacc hg`toa` a`igreotag` suhm os; ?. Tmot toncfs o`l hgcue`s orf a`hculfl a` tmf prfsf`t struhturf7 >. \mf `oefs gi tmf hurrf`t toncfs o`l hgcue`s 8. \mf hmorohtfrastahs gi fohm atfe gi loto, suhm os ats cf`dtm o`l loto typf2 <. O`y rfstrahtag`s g` tmf vocuf gi hfrtoa` hgcue`s 6. \mf efo`a`d gi o`y loto iafcls tmot orf `gt sfci-fvalf`t2 igr fxoepcf, o iafcl suhm os ”hgursf typf‑2 9. \mf rfcotag`smaps nftwff` atfes gi loto 4. Tmahm prgdroes ohhfss wmahm atfes gi loto, o`l wmftmfr tmfy efrfcy rfol tmf loto gr hmo`df at7 Olvo`todfs o`l o`y lasolvo`todfs gi lotonosfs # ?

[email protected]\ODFX Xuppgrts loto smora`d

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F`surfs a`hrfosfl loto sfhuraty

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F`surfs loto a`lfpf`lf`hf

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Loto a`tfdraty as duoro`tffl . \mf iu`htag`s a` tmf LNEX ho` nf usfl tg f`igrhf tmf a`tfdraty rucfs watm ea`aeue prgdroeea`d a` tmf oppcahotag` prgdroes.

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^fluhfs gr ea`aeazfs loto rflu`lo`hy

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Hg`sastf`hf gi loto as f`surfl

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Xuppgrt loto a`tfdrotag`. Xa`hf rfcotfl loto as stgrfl a` g`f sa`dcf lotonosf, f`igrha`d loto a`tfdraty as euhm fosafr ^fcotfl loto ho` nf smorfl ohrgss prgdroes sa`hf tmf loto as stgrfl a` o hf`trocazfl eo``fr F`igrha`d gi sto`lorls a` tmf grdo`azotag` o`l struhturf gi loto iacfs as rfquarfl o`l ocsg fosy a` o Lotonosf Xystfe, sa`hf at as g`f sa`dcf sft gi prgdroes, wmahm as ocwoys a`tfrohta`d watm loto iacfs \mf oppcahotag` prgdroeefr `ffl `gt nuacl tmf iu`htag`s igr mo`lca`d assufs cabf hg`hurrf`t ohhfss, sfhuraty, loto a`tfdraty, fth. \mf  prgdroeefr g`cy `ffls tg aepcfef`t tmf oppcahotag` nusa`fss rucfs. \mas nra`ds a` oppcahotag` lfvfcgpef`t fosf.

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[email protected]\ODFX Caeatotag`s gi lotonosfs orasf irge a`hrfosfl tfhm`gcgdahoc hgepcfxaty Lfvfcgpa`d o cordf lotonosf o`l a`stocca`d o LNEX ho` nf laiiahuct o`l fxpf`savf. Egrf morlworf hoponacaty as rfquarfl, sa`hf stgrodf rfquarfef`ts igr tmf grdo`azotag` gi loto, gvfrmfol hg`trgc loto, o`l tmf LNEX as drfotfr Zrgncfes gi loto a`hg`sastf`hy ho` orasf ai o lastranutfl lotonosf opprgohm as usfl.

Cg`dfr prghfssa`d taefs eoy rfsuct irge madm vgcuef tro`sohtag` prghfssa`d oppcahotag`s sa`hf fxtro coyfr sgitworf Rtmf LNEXU fxasts  nftwff` oppcahotag` prgdroes o`l tmf Gpfrota`d systfe. Xfhuraty o`l a`tfdraty gi loto orf eokgr hg`hfr`s. Hf`trocazfl lotonosfs orf vuc`froncf tg frrgrs, iroul o`l ioacurfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX _* Caeatotag`s gi iacf Zrghfssa`d Xystfes tmot tmf LNE systfe ollrfss a. aa. aaa.

 Loto lupcahotag` - Xoef ba`l gi a`igreotag` as stgrfl a` sfvfroc iacfs  Cohb gi Loto a`tfdrotag` ‘  A`lfpf`lf`t iacfs eobf at laiiahuct tg prgvalf f`l usfrs watm a`ig igr ol-mgh rfqufsts tmot rfquarf ohhfssa`d loto stgrfl a` laiifrf`t iacfs  Loto lfpf`lf`hf ‘  A` o iacf prghfssa`d systfe, tmf grdo`azotag` gi iacfs, tmfar pmysahoc cghotag` g` stgrodf morlworf o`l oppcahotag` sgitworf usfl tg ohhfss tmgsf iacfs lfpf`l g` fohm gtmfr. Hmo`dfs a` igreot o`l struhturf g loto o`l rfhgrls a` iacf rfquarf hmo`dfs tg occ tmf  prgdroes

_* wmot as o LNEX (Loto nosf Eo`odfef`t Xystfe) As o hgccfhtag` gi sgitworf prgdroes tmot; a. Xtgrfs loto , a` o u`aigre o`l hg`sastf`t woy aa. Grdo`azfs tmf loto, a`tg rfhgrls a` o u`aigre o`l hg`sastf`t woy aaa. Occgws ohhfss tg tmf loto, a` o u`aigre o`l hg`sastf`t woy 

O hgccfhtag` gi sgitworf prgdroes tmot stgrfs grdo`azfs o`l occgws ohhfss tg tmf loto a` o u`aigre o`l hg`sastf`t woy  As o hgccfhtag` gi prgdroes tmot f`oncfs usfrs tg hrfotf o`l eoa`toa` o lotonosf7  O df`froc purpgsf sgitworf systfe tmot iohacatotfs tmf prghfss gi lfia`a`d hg`struhta`d o`l eo`apucota`d lotonosfs igr voragus oppcahotag`s. Lotonosf F`varg`ef`t a. Lotonosf aa. Lotonosf usfrs aaa. LNE Xystfe av. Loto Lahtag`ory v. Lotonosf Olea`astrotgr va. Vsfr/systfe a`tfriohf Lotonosf Vsfrs a. Hosuoc usfrs aa.  @oçvf usfrs ‘  poroeftrah usfrs aaa. Xgpmastahotfl f`l usfrs

A. Ghhosag`occy usf at, o`l ai tmfy lg o MCC suhm os O_C eoy nf usfl. AA. \mgsf wmg usf Xto`lorl qufrafs o`l uplotfs g`cy f.d. no`b hosmafrs, loto f`try hcfrbs‑ f.t.h. AAA. B`gw tmf wmgcf ro`df gi iohacatafs g` o lotonosf f`varg`ef`t. _ o. Fxpcoa` tmf 8 Eokgr lasolvo`todfs gi o iacf systfe (9) n. Davf o`l fxpcoa` o`y 4 iu`htag`s gi o LNEXystfe [email protected]\[email protected] GI O Lotonosf Eo`odfef`t XQX\FE ?. Xtgrodf, ^ftrafvoc &Vplotf >. Hotocgduf 8. Cgdahoc tro`sohtag`s <. Hg`hurrf`hy hg`trgc 6. ^fhgvfry 9. Xfhuraty 4. Hgeeu`ahotag`s

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX =. A`tfdraty 1. Loto A`lfpf`lf`hf ?:. Vtacatafs ?. Xtgrodf, ^ftrafvoc &Vplotf - Occgws usfrs watm tmf onacaty tg stgrf, rftrafvf o`l uplotf loto a` tmf lotonosf. >. Hotocgduf - Occgws o hotocgduf a` wmahm lfshraptag`s gi loto atfes orf stgrfl o`l wmahm as ohhfssancf tg usfrs 8. Cgdahoc \ro`sohtag`s - Occgws o efhmo`ase wmahm wacc f`surf tmot fatmfr occ gi tmf uplotfs hgrrfspg`la`d tg o davf` tro`sohtag` orf eolf gr `gt eolf. .f.d. ONG^\ ‘  ^GCCNOHB gr u`lg occ tmf hmo`dfs HGEEA\- \ro`sohtag` dg`f tmru o`l as ocrfoly a` tmf lotonosf. <. Hg`hurrf`hy Hg`trgc - Occgws o efhmo`ase tg f`surf tmot tmf lotonosf as uplotfl hgrrfhtcy wmf` euctapcf usfrs orf uplota`d tmf lotonosf hg`hurrf`tcy [email protected] G^ LFOLCGHB satuotag`s eust nf ovgalfl 6. ^fhgvfry - Occgws o efhmo`ase igr rfhgvfra`d tmf lotonosf a` tmf fvf`t tmot tmf lotonosf as loeodfl a` o`y woy. O nfigrf / oitfr aeodf as usuoccy hrfotfl 9. Xfhuraty - Occgws o efhmo`ase tg f`surf tmot g`cy outmgrazfl usfrs ho` ohhfss tmf lotonosf. - Outmgrazotag`s, f`hryptag` ifoturfs o`l caeatfl vafws ho` nf usfl os sfhuraty  prgvasag`s 4. Hgeeu`ahotag` - Eust nf hoponcf gi a`tfdrota`d watm hgeeu`ahotag`s sgitworf g` tmf lotonosf f`varg`ef`t g` o eucta-usfr f`varg`ef`t. =. A`tfdraty - Occgws o efhmo`ase tg f`surf tmot ngtm tmf loto a` tmf lotonosf o`l hmo`dfs tg tmf loto igccgw hfrtoa` rucfs. 1. Loto A`lfpf`lf`hf - (Mos iohacatafs tg) suppgrt tmf a`lfpf`lf`hf gi prgdroes irge tmf ohtuoc struhturf gi tmf lotonosf. ?:. Vtacatafs - Zrgvalf o sft gi utacaty sfrvahfs f.d. gptaeazfl [email protected]@\X GI O LNEX ?. Loto lahtag`ory/larfhtgry >. Loto co`duodf 8. Oppcahotag` lfvfcgpef`t tggcs <. Xfhuraty sgitworf 6. ^fpgrt wratfrs 9. _ufry co`duodf 4. Tfn sfrvfr sgitworf =. \fcfprghfssa`d eg`atgrs 1. Orhmava`d, nohbup o`l ^fhgvfry systfes

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ?. LO\O LAH\[email protected]^Q/ LA^FH\G^Q Hg`toa`s tmf `oefs o`l lfshraptag`s gi fvfry loto fcfef`t a` tmf  lotonosf. Ocsg hg`toa`s lfshraptag`s gi mgw loto fcfef`ts rfcotf tg g`f o `gtmfr.  F`surfs tmot loto as stgrfl a` o u`aigre o`l hg`sastf`t eo``fr mf`hf  rfluha`d rflu`lo`hy. >. LO\O [email protected]

Loto lfshraptag` co`duodf (LLC) lfshranfs tmf hmorohtfrastahs gi loto fcfef`ts. LLC rfquarfs tmf oppcahotag` prgdroe tg usf sto`lorlazfl hgeeo`ls tg rftrafvf o`l   prghfss loto irge o lotonosf. Loto eo`apucotag` co`duodf (LEC) hg`sasts gi hgeeo`ls suhm os [email protected], DF\, [email protected]^\  8. OZZCAHO\[email protected] [email protected]\ \GGCX O prgdroe lfsad`fl tg mfcp prgdroeefrs lfvfcgp oppcahotag` prgdroes tmot usf tmf  lotonosf f.d. HOXF \GGCX <. XFHV^A\Q XGI\TO^F Zrgvalfs o vorafty gi tggcs tg smafcl lotonosf irge u`outmgrazfl ohhfss o`l irge varusfs  6. ^FZG^\ T^A\F^X Occgws prgdroeefrs, edrs o`l gtmfrs tg lfsad` gut put rfpgrts.  9. _VF^Q [email protected] O sft gi hgeeo`ls usfl praeoracy igr ohhfssa`d loto irge o lotonosf.  Qgu ho` osb ol-mgh qufstag`s gi tmf lotonosf a`tfrohtavfcy watmgut tmf oal gi   prgdroeefrs. Fxoepcfs X_C, @C_, _NF. Xtruhturfl _ufry co`duodf, @oturoc co`duodf _ufrafs o`l  _ufry ny Fxoepcf. 4. TFN XF^YF^ XGI\TO^F \ur`s tmf hgeputfr systfe mgusa`d lotonosf a`tg o wfn sfrvfr o`l f`oncfs usfrs watm  wfn hg``fhtag` tg ohhfss loto irge wmfrfvfr tmfy orf cghotfl. Ocsg hg`vfrt loto a`tg o igreot tmot as rfoloncf ny sto`lorl nrgwsfrs.  =. \FCFZ^[email protected] [email protected]\G^X O sgitworf pohbodf tmot eo`odfs hgeeu`ahotag` nftwff` tmf lotonosf o`l rfegtf  tfrea`ocs. 1. O^[email protected], NOHB VZ [email protected] ^FHGYF^Q XQX\FEX Zrgvalfs tmf lotonosf eo`odfr watm tggcs tg eobf hgpafs gi tmf lotonosf.  ^fstort/ ^fhgvfry systfes orf tggcs usfl tg rfstort tmf lotonosf o`l tg rfhgvfr cgst loto a`  tmf fvf`t gi o ioacurf. 

GNKFH\AYFX [email protected] [email protected]\X GI LO\ONOXF OZZ^GOHM

?. Loto rflu`lo`hy as rfluhfl  ‘ rfluhfs tmf lupcahotag` gi loto. >. Loto a`hg`sastf`hf ovgalfl. 8. Xmora`d gi loto as prgegtfl  ‘ sa`hf loto as stgrfl a` hf`trocazfl. <. Xto`lorls orf f`igrhfl, tmru tmf loto lahtag`ory /hotocgduf 6. Nosf gi oppcahotag` lfvfcgpef`t /eoa`tf`o`hf as ovoaconcf 9. V`aigre sfhuraty/ pravohy /a`tfdraty hg`trgc s orf oppcahoncf tg drgup gi usfrs 4. XFHV^A\Q ‘  Zosswgrls, ohhfss hg`trgcs Z^AYOHQ - Outmgrazfl usfrs [email protected]\FD^A\Q ‘  Ohhurotf loto =. A`tfdrotag` gi loto as ohmafvfl - sa`hf loto as stgrfl a` g`f ln

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 1. Loto a`lfpf`lf`hf as ohmafvfl/ gnsfrvfl - at as tmf aeeu`aty gi oppcahotag`s tg hmo`dfs a` stgrodf struhturf o`l ohhfss strotfdy. ?:. Loto ohhfssanacaty o`l rfspg`savf`fss. ??. Xtruhturfl _ufry Co`duodf f.d. sfcfht `oef irge hustgefr wmfrf tgw` 5 Mororf― ^AXB \G LO\ONOXF OZZ^GOHM ?.  @fw, spfhaocazfl pfrsg`oc >. Nohbup ‘  aepgrto`t LNEX iu`htag` (^fhgvfry) 8. Xmorfl loto  ‘  hg`icaht o`l hg`hurrf`hy hg`trgc <. \fhm`gcgdahoc hgepcfxaty 6. Fxpf`savf tg lfvfcgp o cordf lotonosf o`l a`stocca`d o LNEX ho` nf laiiahuct. 9. Egrf morlworf hoponacaty as rfquarfl  ‘  stgrodf rfquarfef`ts gvfrmfol hg`trgc loto o`l tmf LNEX rfquarfl egrf efegry 4. Zrgncfes gi a`hg`sastf`hf ho` orasf ai o lastranutfl loto opprgohm as usfl. =. Cg`dfr prghfssa`d taef eoy rfsuct irge madm vgcuef tro`sohtag` prghfssa`d oppcahotag`s. 1. Xfhuraty o`l a`tfdraty orf eokgr hg`hfr`s. ?:. Hf`trocazfl lotonosf orf vuc`froncf tg frrgrs iroul o`l ioacurfs .

LO\ONOXF EGLFCX G^ \QZFX GI LO\ONOXFX a) aa) aaa) av)

Mafrorhmahoc lotonosf eglfc  @ftwgrb lotonosf eglfc ^fcotag`oc lotonosf eglfc Gnkfht-graf`tfl lotonosf eglfc

Mafrorhmahoc Lotonosf Eglfc 

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At rfsfencfs o` a`vfrtfl trff struhturf, grdo`gdroe gr ioeacy trff. At rficfhts g`f-tg-g`f (?;?) gr g`f-tg-eo`y (?;E) rfcotag`smaps g`cy oeg`d tmf rfhgrls. \mf uppfregst rfhgrl as hoccfl tmf rggt o`l irge tmfrf loto orf grdo`azfl a`tg drgups hg`toa`a`d porf`t o`l hmacl rfhgrls(`glfs) O porf`t rfhgrl as occgwfl tg movf g`f gr egrf hmacl rfhgrls nut o hmacl `glf ho` movf g`cy g`f porf`t Nfhousf rfcotag`smaps nftwff` loto atfes igccgw hcforcy lfia`fl potms, ohhfss tg loto as iost \mfrf as `g rfcotag`smap nftwff` nrgtmfr gr sastfr `glfs Fohm rfhgrl as rfcotfl tg gtmfrs a` o porf`t-hmacl rfcotag`smap gr trff struhturf. ^fcotag`smaps nftwff` oeg`d rfhgrls igre o mafrorhmy gr trff struhturf. \mf rfcotag`smap oeg`d rfhgrls as g`f tg eo`y sa`hf fohm loto fcfef`t as rfcotfl g`cy tg g`f fcfef`t ongvf at. Xforhma`d o rfhgrl a`vgcvfs egva`d prgdrfssavfcy lgw`worl irge o rggt o `l ocg`d tmf  nro`hmfs gi tmf trff u`tac tmf lfsarfl rfhgrl as cghotfl. Mafrorhmahoc lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfes gpfrotfs g` tmf porf`t hmacl trff -cabf eglfc. \mfsf `greoccy movf o ?;@ rfcotag`smap o`l orf dggl igr stgra`d loto watm atfes lfshrana`d ottranutfs, ifoturfs o`l sg g`. \mfsf hgucl stgrf o nggb watm a`igreotag` g` hmoptfrs o`l vfrsfs. \mfy ho` ocsg nf usfl tg stgrf o lotonosf gi sg`ds, rfhapfs, eglfcs gi pmg`fs o`l o`ytma`d tmot ho` nf stgrfl a` o `fstfl igreot. G`f suhm fxoepcf gi o Mafrorhmahoc lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfe as o ]EC lghuef`t.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Laodroe

@ftwgrb Lotonosf Eglfc 

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As ocegst saeacor tg tmf mafrorhmahoc eglfc nut as egrf icfxancf o`l vfrsotacf nfhousf o rfhgrl ho` nf ca`bfl tg o`y gtmfr rfhgrl a` tmf eglfc2 a.f. tmf `ftwgrb eglfc ho` rficfht o eo`y-tg-eo`y (E;@) rfcotag`smap. \mf rgutf tg loto as `gt `fhfssoracy lgw`worls nut ho` a` o`y larfhtag` \mf eokgr olvo`todf as ats onacaty tg mo`lcf sgpmastahotfl rfcotag`smaps oeg`d voragus rfhgrls o`l egrf tmo` g`f potm ho` cfol tg lfsarfl loto cfvfc  @ftwgrb hgepcfxaty caeats usfrs a` tmfar onacaty tg ohhfss tmf lotonosf watmgut tmf mfcp gi  prgdroeea`d stoii O rfhgrl ho` nfcg`d tg o `uenfr gi porf`ts ^fcotag`smap oeg`d rfhgrls as eo`y tg eo`y Occgws f`try a`tg o lotonosf ot euctapcf pga`ts nfhousf o`y loto fcfef`t gr rfhgrl ho` nf rfcotfl tg eo`y gtmfr loto fcfef`ts. Zfreats o rfhgrl tg nf o efenfr gi egrf tmo` g`f sft ot o taef  Mafrorhmahoc o`l `ftwgrb eglfcs orf cfss icfxancf tmo` gtmfr lotonosf eglfcs nfhousf tmf rfcotag`smap  nftwff` rfhgrls eust nf lftfrea`fl o`l aepcfef`tfl nfigrf o sforhm ho` nf hg`luhtfl. O @ftwgrb lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfe usfs o loto eglfc saeacor tg Mafrorhmahoc lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfes. \mf eokgr laiifrf`hf mfrf as tmot tmf trff struhturf a` tmf @ftwgrb eglfcs ho` movf o eo`y porf`t tg eo`y hmacl rfcotag`oc eglfc. \mf @ftwgrb eglfc struhturf as nosfl g` rfhgrls o`l sfts o`l egst gi tmfsf lotonosfs usf X_C igr eo`apucotag` gi tmfar loto.  @ftwgrb lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfes tf`l tg nf vfry icfxancf nut orf rorfcy usfl o`l wfrf vfry quaft hgeeg` a` tmf?19:s o`l ?14:s.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Laodroe

^fcotag`oc Lotonosf Eglfc Loto fcfef`ts orf vafwfl os nfa`d stgrfl a` tmf igre gi toncfs(rfcotag`s)  \mfrf orf `g pga`tfrs gr ca`bs tg tocb ongut nut tmf loto as grdo`azfl a`tg twg  laef`sag`oc toncfs wmahm orf b`gw` os rfcotag`s  Fohm toncf as hgepgsfl gi u`aquf rgws gr rfhgrls wmahm orf ocsg b`gw` os tupcfs o`l fohm hfcc a` tmf rfcotag` eust nf sa`dcf vocufl ^fcotag`smaps orf fatmfr ?;? gr ?;E o`l a` tmf hosf wmfrf E;@ rfcotag`smaps fxast   ku`htag` toncfs orf hrfotfl Occ loto fcfef`ts watma` tmf lotonosf orf vafwfl os  nfa`d stgrfl a` tmf igre gi toncfs Lotonosf Zohbodfs nosfl g` tmas struhturf ca`b rfhgrls a` laiifrf`t gr voragus  toncfs tg prgvalf a`igreotag` tg usfrs os cg`d os tmf smorf hgeeg` loto fcfef`ts. Loto as grdo`azfl a` >-laef`sag`oc toncfs.  ^fcotag`oc LNEX orf tmf egst walfcy usfl lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfes tgloy.  \mfy orf rfcotavfcy fosy tg usf.  \mf rfcotag`oc eglfc rfcafs g` `greocaza`d loto watma` rgws o`l hgcue`s a` toncfs. \mf loto ho` nf rfcotfl tg gtmfr loto a` tmf soef toncf gr gtmfr toncfs wmahm mos tg   nf hgrrfhtcy eo`odfl ny kga`a`d g`f gr egrf toncfs.  Loto a` tmas typf gi eglfc as stgrfl as iaxfl prflfia`fl struhturfs o`l orf usuoccy eo`apucotfl usa`d Xtruhturfl _ufry Co`duodf (X_C). ^fcotag`oc lotonosf eo`odfef`t systfes a`hculf Grohcf, X_C Xfrvfr, ANE LN>,  EyX_C & gtmfrs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Laodroe

Gnkfht Graf`tfl Eglfc Fohm gnkfht as ngu`l tgdftmfr watm ats gw` loto o`l o sft gi a`struhtag`s tmot  lfshranf tmf nfmovagur o`l ottranutfs gi tmf gnkfht \mf gnkfhts usf efssodfs tg a`tfroht watm g`f o`gtmfr f.d. tmf gnkfht nuacla`d a` o  lotonosf ho` movf tmf ottranutfs; typf, sazf, hgcgur fth  \mas eglfc usfs gnkfhts o`l efssodfs tg ohhgeeglotf `fw typfs gi loto o`l  prgvalf igr olvo`hfl loto mo`lca`d  Fohm gnkfht a` o` gnkfht-graf`tfl lotonosf eglfc as ngu`l tgdftmfr watm ats gw` loto o`l o sft gi a`struhtag`s tmot lfshranf tmf nfmovagr o`l ottranutfs gi tmf gnkfhts.  Gnkfhts usf efssodfs tg a`tfroht watm g`f o`gtmfr.  Fvfry gnkfht as lfshranfl ny o sft gi ottranutfs.  F.d. tmf gnkfht nuacla`d a` o lotonosf gr orhmatfhturoc lrowa`d eoy movf tmf ottranutfs \QZF, XA[F, HGCGV^ kust os a` o`y.  Fvfry gnkfht eust movf o sft gi prghflurfs gr rguta`fs gr o sft gi eftmgls.  F.D eftmgls igr o` orhmatfhturoc lrowa`d eadmt a`hculf a`struhtag`s tg laspcoy, rgtotf, gr fxpcglf tmf lrowa`d g` o shrff`. 

Gnkfht-graf`tfl LNEX ngrrgw irge tmf eglfc gi tmf Gnkfht-graf`tfl  prgdroeea`d porolade. A` tmas lotonosf eglfc, tmf Gnkfht o`l ats loto gr ottranutfs orf sff` os g`f o`l ohhfssfl tmrgudm pga`tfrs rotmfr tmo` stgrfl a` rfcotag`oc toncf eglfcs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Gnkfht-graf`tfl lotonosf eglfcs hg`sast gi lavfrsf struhturfs o`l as quatf fxtf`sancf. \mas loto eglfc wos lfsad`fl tg wgrb hcgsfcy watm prgdroes nuact watm Gnkfht-graf`tfl prgdroeea`d co`duodfs tmfrfny ocegst eoba`d tmf l oto o`l tmf prgdroe gpfrotf os g`f.  \mfrf as cattcf hgeefrhaoc aepcfef`totag` gi tmas lotonosf eglfc os at as stacc lfvfcgpa`d.  Fxoepcfs gi Gnkfht-graf`tfl LNEX a`hculf2 ANE LN< o`l L\X/X?.

Laodroe

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

IACF [email protected]\X \mf purpgsf gi o hgeputfr iacf as tg mgcl loto rfquarfl igr prgvala`d a`igreotag`. O hgeputfr iacf as o hgccfhtag` gi rfcotfl rfhgrls. ^fhgrls hg`sast gi iafcls o`l tmf iafcls orf eolf up gi hmorohtfrs. O hmorohtfr as tmf seoccfst fcfef`t gi o iacf. O hmorohtfr eoy nf o cfttfr gi tmf ocpmonft, o ladat gr gi o spfhaoc igre (syengcs). Cgdahoc iacfs smgw wmot loto atfes orf hg`toa`fl o`l wmot prghfssa`d eoy nf lg`f wmacf pmysahoc iacfs orf vafwfl a` tfres gi mgw loto as stgrfl g` stgrodf eflao. \ypfs gi Iacfs

o)

Eostfr Iacfs \mfy mgcl pfreo`f`t loto igr usf a` oppcahotag`s suhm os stghb hg`trgc o`l hrflat hg`trgc. Vsuoccy euhm gi tmf loto atfes a` tmfsf iacfs lg `gt hmo`df irfquf`tcy gr watm fohm tro`sohtag`, f.d. `oef, ollrfss gr lotf gi nartm.

 n)

\ro`sohtag` iacfs \mfsf orf ocsg hoccfl egvfef`t iacfs. \mfy mgcl tfepgrory rfhgrls gi vocufs. \mfy orf usfl tg uplotf tmf eostfr iacf o`l orf gvfrwrattf` oitfr tmf uplota`d gi tmf eostfr iacf. Fxoepcfs gi \ro`sohtag` iacfs; O hustgefr grlfr iacf gr rfhgrls, fohm gi wmahm mos loto g` o portahucor  grlfr. O taef smfft loto iacf tmot hg`toa`s rfhgrls, fohm gi wmahm mos loto g`  tmf `uenfr gi mgurs wgrbfl ny o portahucor fepcgyff.  O stghb tro`sohtag` iacf tmot hg`toa`s rfhgrls gi stghb ollatag`s g r rfegvocs ‘  g`f rfhgrl igr fohm egvfef`t.

h)

Cggb up iacfs \mfy orf rfifrf`hf iacfs irge wmahm suhm a`igreotag` os prahfs cast o`l eoaca`d cast ho` nf gntoa`fl.

l)

Orhmavf iacfs \mfsf orf iacfs tmot orf usfl tg stgrf a`igreotag` tmot mos `gt nff` a` usf a` tmf rfhf`t post o`l wgucl `gt nf a` usf a` tmf `for iuturf ‘  sg orf usfl tg stgrf mastgrahoc loto.

f)

Nohbup iacfs \mfsf orf hgpafs gi tro`sohtag` iacfs o`l eostfr iacfs mfcl igr sfhuraty purpg sfs

i)

\ro`satag` iacfs Lfravfl irge o tro`sohtag` iacf ny tmf ollatag` gr lfcftag` gr oeef`lef`t gi loto. At as prgluhfl os o tfepgrory iacf lura`d loto prghfssa`d gitf` ny tmf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ollatag` gi eostfr iacf a`igreotag` tg o tro`sohtag` iacf pragr tg uplota`d gr gutput. Fxoepcfs gi tro`satag` iacfs;  O` fepcgyff taef smfft tro`sohtag` iacf wmahm mos mol fepcgyff `oefs ollfl (irge o` fepcgyff eostfr iacf) o`l rf-sgrtfl a`tg lfportef`t grlfr O hustgefr grlfr tro`sohtag` iacf tg wmahm tmf prahf gi fohm atfe  grlfrfl mos nff` tobf` irge o (hgeputfrasfl) hotocgduf o`l ollfl

 Eostfr iacf as tmf eoa` a`igreotag` sgurhf a` o`y typf gi grdo`azotag`.  Iacf prghfssa`d as tmf uplotf gi tmf eostfr iacf Rohtuoc rfhgrlsU tmrgudm eo`uoc gr hgeputfrazfl eftmgls.

IACF G^[email protected][O\[email protected] EF\MGLX & OHHFXX   Iacf Grdo`azotag`-As tmf orro`dfef`t gi loto rfhgrls g` stgrodf eflao  At lftfrea`fs tmf eo``fr a` wmahm a`lavaluoc rfhgrls ho` nf ohhfssfl gr rftrafvfl  Lfia`atag`s gi hyhcf taef g` tmf Tfn; \mf taef usuoccy fxprfssfl a` sfhg`ls igr o hg`trgccfr tg hgepcftf g`f g`/gii  hyhcf.

Lfia`atag`s gi ohhfss taef g` tmf Tfn; \mf ovfrodf taef a`tfrvoc nftwff` o stgrodf pfrapmfroc (usuoccy o lasb lravf gr  sfeahg`luhtgr efegry) rfhfava`d o rfqufst tg rfol gr wratf o hfrtoa` cghotag` o`l rftur`a`d tmf vocuf rfol gr hgepcfta`d tmf wratf. \mf oegu`t gi taef at tobfs o hgeputfr tg cghotf o` orfo gi efegry igr loto stgrodf gr rftrafvoc. 

\mf taef rfquarfl tg rftrafvf loto irge o stgrodf lfvahf o`l tro`seat at tg o spfhaiafl cghotag`.

Lfia`atag`s gi ro`lge ohhfss  g` tmf Tfn; Xtgrodf systfes wmfrf loto eoy nf stgrfl o`l ohhfssfl a` o`y grlfr, a`lfpf`lf`t  gi tmf grla`oc pgsatag` gi tmf loto wmf` at wos grada`occy rfhgrlfl. \mas as tmf gppgsatf gi ca`for (8) ohhfss, gr ca`for rfhgrla`d eflao suhm os eod`ftah topf, wmahm `fhfssoracy prfsfrvfs tmf sfquf`taoc rfcotag` gi tmf loto os at as rfhgrlfl, o`l lfpf`ls g` tmas sfquf`taoc rfcotag` igr ohhurotf pcoynohb. Xff `g`-ca`for rfhgrla`d. Oncf tg rfol o`y cghotag` larfhtcy2 watmgut mova`d tg rfol sfquf`taoccy tg tmf cghotag`. Lfia`atag`s gi sfquf`taoc ohhfss  g` tmf Tfn; 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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Loto eust nf rfol a` tmf grlfr at oppfors. \mas eftmgl oppcafs tg topf, o`l tg o cfssfr lfdrff tg lasbs. ^fola`d loto irge o iacf wmgsf rfhgrls orf grdo`azfl g` tmf nosas gi tmfar suhhfssavf pmysahoc pgsatag`s. \g rfohm o spfhaiah rfhgrl, occ rfhgrls prfvagus tg tmot rfhgrl eust nf rfol, a` grlfr. Eod`ftah hgeputfr topfs orf sfquf`taoc ohhfss stgrodf lfvahf. ^fifrs tg rfola`d gr wrata`d loto rfhgrls a` sfquf`taoc grlfr, tmot as, g`f rfhgrl oitfr tmf gtmfr. \g rfol rfhgrl ?:, igr fxoepcf, ygu wgucl iarst `ffl tg rfol rfhgrls ? tmrgudm 1. \mas laiifrs irge ro`lge ohhfss, a` wmahm ygu ho` rfol o`l wratf rfhgrls a` o`y grlfr.

\QZFX GI _VF^AFX

a. aa.

LA^FH\ _VF^Q [email protected]^\FL _VF^Q

a.   





aa.

LA^FH\ _VF^Q As g`f wmfrf tmf usfr ho` alf`taiy tmf f`taty a` wmahm mf as a`tfrfstfl7 Mf eoy wo`t tg b`gw sgef gi tmf portahucor gi ottranutfs gi tmot f`taty. f.d. Tmfrf o socfs eo` wo`ts tg b`gw tmf oegu`t o`l cghotag` gi o portahucor prgluht a` tmf grdo`azotag`. Mf as oncf tg alf`taiy tmf prgluht ny `oef gr prgluht `uenfr o`l tmas alf`taiahotag` as usfl os tmf bfy igr eoba`d tmf qufry wmahm as ocsg tmf praeory rfhgrl bfy. \mf nosah purpgsf gi tmf larfht qufry as tg b`gw tmf ottranutf vocufs gi ocrfoly alf`taiafl f`tatafs [email protected]^\FL [email protected]\A\AFX

  

   

as g`f wmfrf tmf usfr lgfs `gt b`gw tmf alf`taiahotag` gi f`tatafs a` wmahm mf as a`tfrfstfl mf wo`ts tg alf`taiy tmf f`tatafs ny sgef hratfrao gr ottranutf vocufs f.d. tmf purhmosf lfportef`t rfquara`d o cast gi atfes igr wm1hm tmf stghb cfvfc as nfcgw tmf lfsarfl cfvfc a` tmas hosf usfr lgfs `gt b`gw tmf alf`taty gi atfes ocrfoly nut wo`t tg b`gw at g`cy spfhaiy o hratfrag` os tmf nosas gi tmf qufry Gnvaguscy tmf praeory bfy ho``gt nf usfl igr rftrafvoc, at as `gt ovoaconcf Xgef ottranutf cabf stghb cfvfc mos tg nf usfl igr tmf rftrafvoc gi rfhgrls EGLFCX GI IACF G^[email protected]\[email protected]

a. aa. aaa. av. v.

sfraoc iacf grdo`azotag` sfquf`taoc iacf grdo`azotag` a`lfxfl sfquf`taoc iacf grdo`azotag` larfht iacf grdo`azotag` a`vfrtfl iacf grdo`azotag`

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX a.

XF^AOC IACF G^[email protected]\[email protected] As g`f wmfrf rfhgrls orf `gt stgrfl a` o`y portahucor grlfr  \mfy orf stgrfl a` tmf grlfr a` wmahm tmfy orf rfhfavfl   @fw rfhgrls orf ollfl ot tmf f`l gi tmf iacfs  \mas eftmgl gi iacf grdo`azotag` as usfl wmf`  - tmf usodf gi tmf rfhgrls as `gt hcforcy b`gw` - os o efo`s gi rfhgrla`d tro`sohtag` os tmfy moppf` - os luep iacfs rficfhta`d tmf pmysahoc coygut gi o iacf - os o prfculf tg grdo`aza`d tmf iacf a` o`gtmfr grlfr a.f. tro`sohtag`s eoy nf  pu`hmfl o`l stgrfl g` o sfraoc iacf, tmf iacf eoy nf sunsfquf`tcy nf stgrfl a`tg o lfsarfl sfquf`hf - davfs eoxaeue utacazotag` gi spohf - `g rgge as cfit igr a`sfrta`d gtmfr rfhgrls - lgfs `gt hotfr igr larfht ohhfss tg rfhgrls - usfl g` eod`ftah topfs -  pgpucor g` gutput iacfs, orhmavf iacfs, sfhuraty iacfs

a.

[email protected]\AOC IACF G^[email protected]\[email protected] - rfhgrls orf orro`dfl a` o prf-lftfrea`fl sfquf`hf lftfrea`fl ny tmf praeory bfy - opprgpraotf igr iacfs wmahm orf stgrf g` topf gr lasb - `gr df`froccy usfl igr g`ca`f systfe tmot lfeo`l iost rfspg`sf - eoa`cy usfl igr nothm prghfssa`d oppcahotag`s - suatoncf wmf` tmfrf as igr cattcf iacf f`quary - ho` nf usfl igr voraoncf cf`dtm rfhgrls os wfcc os iaxfl cf`dtm rfhgrls - wostf spohf os sgef spohf as cfit gi rfsfrvfl igr gtmfr rfhgrls tg nf a`sfrtfl a` grlfr tg prfsfrvf tmf grlfr gr grdo`azotag`  VZLO\[email protected]  Vplota`d g` topf as horrafl gut a` nothm eglf ny rfola`d tmf wmgcf iacf o`l rfwrata`d at oitfr `fhfssory eglaiahotag` g` tg o `fw iacf.  G` lasb ho` nf horrafl gut watmgut rfwrata`d tmf wmgcf iacf.  

^F\^AFYOC ^ftrafvoc gi o rfhgrl irge o sfquf`taoc iacf g` topf eflao ho` nf eolf g`cy a` tmf sfquf`taoc eglf ny rfola`d occ tmf rfhgrls a` sfquf`hf tacc tmf lfsarfl rfhgrl as rfohmfl.  ^ftrafvoc gi o rfhgrl irge o sfquf`taoc iacf g` larfht ohhfss eflao (LAXB) ho` nf eolf ny usa`d sfquf`taoc rfohm sbap sforhm, na`ory sforhm.  

MA\ ^O\F A` o nothm prghfssa`d ru`; \mf prgpgrtag` gi tmf `uenfr gi rfhgrls prghfssfl lura`d o ru` tg tmf tgtoc `uenfr gi rfhgrls g` tmf iacf as hoccfl o mat rotf.  \mf madmfr tmf vgcotacaty o`l tmf cgwfr tmf irfquf`hy gi uplota`d,, tmf madmfr tmf mat rotf.   

Z^[email protected] GI [email protected]\AOC IACFX \opfs prgvalfs igr g`cy sfraoc ohhfss Lasbs ho` nf ohhfssfl a` o sfraoc grlfr gr ro`lge grlfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX aaa) 

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[email protected]]FL [email protected]\AOC IACFX ^fhgrls orf stgrfl a` sfquf`hf nut a` ollatag` o` a`lfx as prgvalfl tg f`oncf a`lavaluoc rfhgrls tg nf cghotfl larfhtcy oitfr rfola`d tmf a`lfx. ^fhgrls orf pga`tfl tg ny a`lfxfs. Vsfl watm lasbs g`cy `gt watm eod`ftah topfs. Tostfs spohf. \mf a`lfx eoy nf ad`grfl o`l tmf loto as rfol sfquf`taoccy \mf iacf eoy nf ohhfssfl sfquf`taoccy nut usa`d tmf a`lfx tg sbap gvfr u`wo`tfl rfhgrls 5sfcfhtavf sfquf`taoc ohhfss A`lfx eoy nf rfol a`tg efegry o`l usfl tg gntoa` loto ro`lgecy. ^fhgrls ho` nf ohhfssfl sfquf`taoccy G^ ro`lgecy.

av)

LA^FH\ IACF G^[email protected]\[email protected]  Iacfs orf stgrfl gr mopmozorlcy o`l o` ollrfss bfy as usfl os rfifrf`hf.  ^fhgrls orf pmysahoccy cghotfl ot o` ollrfss tmot as hochucotfl irge ats praeory bfy iafcl.  \mf hochucotag` gi tmf ollrfss irge tmf bfy iafcl as hoccfl mosma`d.  ^fhgrls orf shottfrfl g` tmf stgrodf lasb a`stfol gi nfa`d orro`dfl `fxt tg g`f o`gtmfr gr ca`bfl vao o pga`tfr iafcl.  ^fhgrls ho` ropalcy nf rftrafvfl o`l ohhfssfl larfhtcy  Vsfl g` eod`ftah lasbs (f.d. icgppafs, morl lasb) o`l gptahoc lasbs.  Hgstcy a` tfres gi lfvahf usfl o`l spohf.

v)

[email protected]^\FL IACF G^[email protected]\[email protected]  spfhaoc hosf gi a`lfxfl sfquf`taoc grdo`azotag`  o` a`lfx as eoa`toa`fl igr fvfry ottranutf a` tmf rfhgrl  tmf eoa` iacf atsfci eoy `gt nf stgrfl ai larfht qufrafs orf `gt tg nf mo`lcfl  tmf f`tarf iacf loto as, a` o`y hosf, stgrfl a` tmf a`lfxfs  Vsfiuc igr mo`lca`d a`vfrtfl qufrafs.

va)

EVC\A-^[email protected] IACF G^[email protected]\[email protected]  usfiuc igr mo`lca`d a`vfrtfl qufry wmf` sfts gi rfhgrls movf soef ottranutf vocuf  Fohm sft gi rfhgrls watm soef ottranutf vocufs as ca`bfl a`tg o ra`d.  O ra`d gi rfhgrls as o hmoa` wmfrf tmf cost a` tmf hmoa` pga`ts tg tmf iarst.  G`f gi tmf rfhgrls as o`hmgrfl tg tmf a`lfx sg tmot at prgvalfs o` f`try pga`t a`tg tmf ra`d.  \mf a`lfx gi tmf ottranutf as rfol iarst tg rftrafvf rfhgrls watm o portahucor ottranutf vocuf.  Occ rfhgrls watm tmot ottranutf vocuf ho` nf cghotfl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

LO\O \^[email protected]@ Lfia`atag` Loto \ro`seassag`; 









Tmf` wf f`tfr loto a`tg tmf hgeputfr vao bfyngorl, fohm bfyfl fcfef`t as f`hglfl ny tmf fcfhtrg`ahs watma` tmf bfyngorl a`tg o` fquavocf`t na`ory hglfl pottfr`, usa`d g`f gi tmf sto`lorl hgla`d shmfefs tmot orf usfl igr tmf a`tfrhmo`df gi  a`igreotag`. \g rfprfsf`t occ hmorohtfrs gi tmf bfyngorl, o u`aquf pottfr` gi 4 gr = nats a` sazf as usfl. \mf usf gi 4 nats efo`s tmot ?>= laiifrf`t fcfef`ts ho` nf rfprfsf`tfl, wmacf = nats ho` rfprfsf`t >69 fcfef`ts. O saeacor prghflurf as igccgwfl ot tmf rfhfavfr tmot lfhglfs fvfry rfhfavfl na`ory pottfr` a`tg tmf hgrrfspg`la`d hmorohtfr. \mf egst walfcy usfl hglfs tmot movf nff` olgptfl igr tmas iu`htag` orf tmf Fxtf`lfl Na`ory Hglfl Lfhaeoc (FNHLAH) o`l tmf Oefraho` Xto`lorl Hglf igr A`igreotag` A`tfrhmo`df hglfs (OXHAA). Ngtm hgla`d shmfefs hotfr tg occ tmf `greoc ocpmonftah, `uefrah, o`l pu`htuotag` hmorohtfrs, hgccfhtavfcy rfifrrfl tg os  pra`toncf hmorohtfrs o`l o ro`df gi ollatag`oc hg`trgc hmorohtfrs, b`gw` os `g`-pra`toncf hmorohtfrs. Loto tro`seassag` rfifrs tg tmf egvfef`t gi loto a` igre gi nats nftwff` twg gr egrf ladatoc lfvahfs. \mas tro`sifr gi loto tobfs pcohf vao sgef igre gi tro`seassag` eflao (igr fxoepcf, hgoxaoc honcf, ianfr gptahs fth.) \ypfs gi Loto \ro`seassag`

Zoroccfc tro`seassag` 

Tatma` o hgeputa`d gr hgeeu`ahotag` lfvahf, tmf lasto`hfs nftwff` laiifrf`t sunu`ats orf tgg smgrt. \mus, at as `greoc prohtahf tg tro`sifr loto nftwff` sunu`ats usa`d o sfporotf warf tg horry fohm nat gi loto. \mfrf orf euctapcf warfs hg``fhta`d fohm sun-u`at o`l loto as fxhmo`dfl usa`d o poroccfc tro`sifr eglf. \mas eglf gi gpfrotag` rfsucts a` ea`aeoc lfcoys a` tro`sifrra`d fohm wgrl. A` poroccfc tro`seassag`, occ tmf nats gi loto orf tro`seattfl saeucto`fguscy g` sfporotf g hgeeu`ahotag` ca`fs. A` grlfr tg tro`seat ` nats, ` warfs gr ca`fs orf usfl. \mus fohm nat mos ats gw` ca`f. g • Occ ` nats gi g`f drgup orf tro`seattfl watm fohm hcghb pucsf irge g`f lfvahf tg o`gtmfr a.f. euctapcf nats orf sf`t watm fohm hcghb pucsf. • Zoroccfc tro`seassag` as usfl igr smgrt lasto`hf hgeeu`ahotag`.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX •

Os smgw` a` tmf iad, fadmt sfporotf warfs orf usfl tg tro`seat = nat loto irge sf`lfr tg rfhfavfr.

Olvo`todf gi poroccfc tro`seassag` 

At as spffly woy gi tro`seatta`d loto os euctapcf nats orf tro`seattfl saeucto`fguscy watm o sa`dcf hcghb pucsf.

Lasolvo`todf gi poroccfc tro`seassag` 

At as hgstcy eftmgl gi loto tro`seassag` os at rfquarfs ` ca`fs tg tro`seat ` nats ot tmf soef taef.

Xfraoc \ro`seassag` 

Tmf` tro`sifrra`d loto nftwff` twg pmysahoccy sfporotf lfvahfs, fspfhaoccy ai tmf sfporotag` as egrf tmo` o ifw bacgeftfrs, igr rfosg`s gi hgst, at as egrf fhg`geahoc tg usf o sa`dcf poar gi ca`fs. Loto as tro`seattfl os o sa`dcf nat ot o taef usa`d o iaxfl taef a`tfrvoc igr fohm nat. \mas eglf gi tro`seassag` as b`gw` os nat-sfraoc tro`seassag`. • A` sfraoc tro`seassag`, tmf voragus nats gi loto orf tro`seattfl sfraoccy g`f oitfr tmf gtmfr. • At rfquarfs g`cy g`f hgeeu`ahotag` ca`f rotmfr tmo` ` ca`fs tg tro`seat loto irge sf`lfr tg rfhfavfr. • \mus occ tmf nats gi loto orf tro`seattfl g` sa`dcf ca`f a` sfraoc iosmag`. • A` sfraoc tro`seassag`, g`cy sa`dcf nat as sf`t watm fohm hcghb pucsf. • Os smgw` a` iad., suppgsf o` =-nat loto ??::?:?: as tg nf sf`t irge sgurhf tg lfsta`otag`. \mf` cfost sad`aiaho`t nat (CXN) a,f. : wacc nf tro`seattfl iarst igccgwfl ny gtmfr nats. \mf egst sad`aiaho`t nat (EXN) a.f. ? wacc nf tro`seattfl a` tmf f`l vao sa`dcf hgeeu`ahotag` ca`f. • \mf a`tfr`oc harhuatry gi hgeputfr tro`seats loto a` poroccfc iosmag`. Xg a` grlfr tg hmo`df tmas poroccfc loto a`tg sfraoc loto, hg`vfrsag` lfvahfs orf usfl. • \mfsf hg`vfrsag` lfvahfs hg`vfrt tmf poroccfc loto a`tg sfraoc loto ot tmf sf`lfr salf sg tmot at ho` nf tro`seattfl gvfr sa`dcf ca`f. • G` rfhfavfr salf, sfraoc loto rfhfavfl as odoa` hg`vfrtfl tg poroccfc igre sg tmot tmf a`tfrvoc harhuatry gi hgeputfr ho` ohhfpt at

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

• Xfraoc tro`seassag` as usfl igr cg`d lasto`hf hgeeu`ahotag`. Olvo`todf gi Xfraoc tro`seassag` 

Vsf gi sa`dcf hgeeu`ahotag` ca`f rfluhfs tmf tro`seassag` ca`f hgst ny tmf iohtgr gi ` os hgeporfl tg poroccfc tro`seassag`.

Lasolvo`todfs gi Xfraoc tro`seassag` 



Vsf gi hg`vfrsag` lfvahfs ot sgurhf o`l lfsta`otag` f`l eoy cfol tg a`hrfosf a` gvfrocc tro`seassag` hgst. \mas eftmgl as scgwfr os hgeporfl tg poroccfc tro`seassag` os nats orf tro`seattfl sfraoccy g`f oitfr tmf gtmfr.

\ypfs gi Xfraoc \ro`seassag` 

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\mfrf orf twg typfs gi sfraoc tro`seassag`-sy`hmrg`gus o`l osy`hmrg`gus ngtm tmfsf tro`seassag`s usf 'Nat sy`hmrg`azotag`' Nat Xy`hmrg`azotag` as o iu`htag` tmot as rfquarfl tg lftfrea`f wmf` tmf nfda``a`d o`l f`l gi tmf loto tro`seassag` ghhurs. Nat sy`hmrg`azotag` mfcps tmf rfhfava`d hgeputfr tg b`gw wmf` loto nfda` o`l f`l lura`d o tro`seassag`. \mfrfigrf nat sy`hmrg`azotag` prgvalfs taea`d hg`trgc.

Osy`hmrg`gus \ro`seassag` 

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Osy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` sf`ls g`cy g`f hmorohtfr ot o taef wmfrf o hmorohtfr as fatmfr o cfttfr gi tmf ocpmonft gr `uenfr gr hg`trgc hmorohtfr a.f. at sf`ls g`f nytf gi loto ot o taef. Nat sy`hmrg`azotag` nftwff` twg lfvahfs as eolf pgssancf usa`d stort nat o`l stgp nat. Xtort nat a`lahotfs tmf nfda``a`d gi loto a.f. ocfrts tmf rfhfavfr tg tmf orravoc gi `fw drgup gi nats. O stort nat usuoccy : as ollfl tg tmf nfda``a`d gi fohm nytf. Xtgp nat a`lahotfs tmf f`l gi loto a.f. tg cft tmf rfhfavfr b`gw tmot nytf as ia`asmfl, g`f gr egrf ollatag`oc nats orf oppf`lfl tg tmf f`l gi tmf nytf. \mfsf nats, usuoccy ?s orf hoccfl stgp nats.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

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Ollatag` gi stort o`l stgp a`hrfosf tmf `uenfr gi loto nats. Mf`hf egrf no`lwaltm as hg`suefl a` osy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag`. \mfrf as alcf taef nftwff` tmf tro`seassag`s gi laiifrf`t loto nytfs. \mas alcf taef as ocsg b`gw` os Dop \mf dop gr alcf taef ho` nf gi vorya`d a`tfrvocs. \mas efhmo`ase as hoccfl Osy`hmrg`gus, nfhousf ot nytf cfvfc sf`lfr o`l rfhfavfr `ffl `gt tg nf sy`hmrg`azfl. Nut watma` fohm nytf, rfhfavfr eust nf sy`hmrg`azfl watm tmf a`hgea`d nat strfoe.

Oppcahotag` gi Osy`hmrg`gus \ro`seassag` ?. Osy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` as wfcc suatfl igr bfyngorl typf-tfrea`ocs o`l popfr topf lfvahfs. \mf olvo`todf gi tmas eftmgl as tmot at lgfs `gt rfquarf o`y cghoc stgrodf ot tmf tfrea`oc gr tmf hgeputfr os tro`seassag` tobfs pcohf hmorohtfr ny hmorohtfr.

>. Osy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` as nfst suatfl tg A`tfr`ft troiiah a` wmahm a`igreotag` as tro`seattfl a` smgrt nursts. \mas typf gi tro`seassag` as usfl ny eglfes. Olvo`todfs gi Osy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` g

g

g g g

\mas eftmgl gi loto tro`seassag` as hmfopfr a` hgst os hgeporfl tg sy`hmrg`gus f.d. Ai ca`fs orf smgrt, osy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` as nfttfr, nfhousf ca`f hgst wgucl  nf cgw o`l alcf taef wacc `gt nf fxpf`savf. A` tmas opprgohm fohm a`lavaluoc hmorohtfr as hgepcftf a` atsfci, tmfrfigrf ai hmorohtfr as hgrruptfl lura`d tro`seassag`, ats suhhfssgr o`l prflfhfssgr hmorohtfr wacc `gt nf oiifhtfl. At as pgssancf tg tro`seat sad`ocs irge sgurhfs mova`d laiifrf`t nat rotfs. \mf tro`seassag` ho` stort os sgg` os loto nytf tg nf tro`seattfl nfhgefs ovoaconcf. Egrfgvfr, tmas eglf gi loto tro`seassag` a` fosy tg aepcfef`t.

Lasolvo`todfs gi osy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag`

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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\mas eftmgl as cfss fiiahaf`t o`l scgwfr tmo` sy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` luf tg tmf gvfrmfol gi fxtro nats o`l a`sfrtag` gi dops a`tg nat strfoe. Xuhhfssiuc tro`seassag` a`fvatoncy lfpf`ls g` tmf rfhgd`atag` gi tmf stort nats. \mfsf nats ho` nf eassfl gr hgrruptfl.

Xy`hmrg`gus \ro`seassag`   

Xy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` lgfs `gt usf stort o`l stgp nats. A` tmas eftmgl nat strfoe as hgena`fl a`tg cg`dfr iroefs tmot eoy hg`toa` euctapcf nytfs. \mfrf as `g dop nftwff` tmf voragus nytfs a` tmf loto strfoe.

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A` tmf onsf`hf gi stort & stgp nats, nat sy`hmrg`azotag` as fstoncasmfl nftwff` sf`lfr & rfhfavfr ny 'taea`d' tmf tro`seassag` gi fohm nat. Xa`hf tmf voragus nytfs orf pcohfl g` tmf ca`b watmgut o`y dop, at as tmf rfspg`sanacaty gi rfhfavfr tg sfporotf tmf nat strfoe a`tg nytfs sg os tg rfhg`struht tmf grada`oc a`igreotag`. A` grlfr tg rfhfavf tmf loto frrgr irff, tmf rfhfavfr o`l sf`lfr gpfrotfs ot tmf soef hcghb irfquf`hy.

Oppcahotag` gi Xy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` g

Xy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` as usfl igr madm spffl hgeeu`ahotag` nftwff` hgeputfrs.

Olvo`todf gi Xy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` 

\mas eftmgl as iostfr os hgeporfl tg osy`hmrg`gus os tmfrf orf `g fxtro nats (stort  nat & stgp nat) o`l ocsg tmfrf as `g dop nftwff` tmf a`lavaluoc loto nytfs.

Lasolvo`todfs gi Xy`hmrg`gus tro`seassag` 

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At as hgstcy os hgeporfl tg osy`hmrg`gus eftmgl. At rfquarfs cghoc nuiifr stgrodf ot tmf twg f`ls gi ca`f tg ossfencf ncghbs o`l at ocsg rfquarfs ohhurotfcy sy`hmrg`azfl hcghbs ot ngtm f`ls. \mas cfol tg a`hrfosf a` tmf hgst. \mf sf`lfr o`l rfhfavfr movf tg gpfrotf ot tmf soef hcghb irfquf`hy. \mas rfquarfs  prgpfr sy`hmrg`azotag` wmahm eobfs tmf systfe hgepcahotfl.

Hgeporasg` nftwff` Xfraoc o`l Zoroccfc tro`seassag`

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Hgeporasg` nftwff` Osy`hmrg`gus o`l Xy`hmrg`gus.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

LO\O \^[email protected]@ EGLFX ?. XAEZCF] Loto a` o Xaepcfx tro`seassag` as ocwoys g`f woy. Xaepcfx tro`seassag` orf `gt gitf` usfl  nfhousf at as `gt pgssancf tg sf`l nohb frrgr gr hg`trgc sad`ocs tg tmf tro`seat f`l. At's cabf o g`f-woy strfft. O` fxoepcf gi saepcfx as tfcfvasag`, gr ^olag.

>. MOCI LVZCF] O moci-lupcfx tro`seassag` ho` sf`l o`l rfhfavf a` g`f larfhtag`, nut `gt ot tmf soef taef. At's cabf o g`f-co`f nraldf wmfrf twg-woy troiiah eust davf wo y a` grlfr tg hrgss. G`cy g`f f`l tro`seats ot o taef, tmf gtmfr f`l rfhfavfs. A` ollatag`, at as pgssancf tg pfrigre frrgr lftfhtag` o`l rfqufst tmf sf`lfr tg rftro`seat a`igreotag` tmot orravfl hgrruptfl. A` sgef ospfhts, ygu ho` tma`b gi A`tfr`ft suria`d os nfa`d moci-lupcfx, os o usfr assufs o rfqufst igr o wfn lghuef`t, tmf` tmot lghuef`t as lgw`cgolfl o`l laspcoyfl nfigrf tmf usfr assufs o`gtmfr rfqufst. O`gtmfr fxoepcf gi moci-lupcfx as tocbnohb rolag, o`l HN ^olag (Hatazf`s No`l). Qgu eadmt movf sff` egvafs wmfrf o truhb lravfr (lravfrs gi vfry nad truhbs) hgeeu`ahotfs tg fohm gtmfr, o`l wmf` tmfy wo`t tmf gtmfr pfrsg` tg spfob tmfy soy "gvfr". \mas as nfhousf g`cy g`f pfrsg` ho` tocb ot o taef

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

8. IVCC LVZCF] Loto ho` trovfc a` ngtm larfhtag`s saeucto`fguscy. \mfrf as `g `ffl tg swathm irge tro`seat tg rfhfavf eglf cabf a` moci lupcfx. At cabf o twg co`f nraldf g` o twg-co`f madmwoy. Movf ygu fvfr wothmfl tmfsf tfcfvasag` tocb smgws wmfrf tmf mgst mos o `uenfr gi pfgpcf g` tmf smgw, o`l tmfy occ try tg tocb ot g`hf. Tfcc, tmot's iucc lupcfx! Gi hgursf, a` tmf wgrcl gi loto hgeeu`ahotag`s, iucc lupcfx occgws ngtm woy hgeeu`ahotag`s saeucto`fguscy. O` fxoepcf ho` nf o hg`suefr, wmahm usfs o honcf hg``fhtag` `gt g`cy, rfhfavfs \Y hmo``fcs, nut ocsg tmf soef honcf tg suppgrt tmfar pmg`f o`l A`tfr`ft suria`d. Occ tmfsf ohtavatafs ho` ghhur saeucto`fguscy.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

LO\O [email protected]\[email protected] [email protected] @F\TG^B NOXAHX @F\TG^BX 

O hgeputfr `ftwgrb, gitf` saepcy rfifrrfl tg os o `ftwgrb, as o hgccfhtag` gi  hgeputfrs o`l gtmfr  morlworf hgepg`f`ts a`tfrhg``fhtfl ny hgeeu`ahotag` hmo``fcs tmot occgw smora`d gi rfsgurhfs o`l a`igreotag` Tmfrf ot cfost g`f prghfss a` g`f lfvahf as oncf tg sf`l/rfhfavf loto tg/irge ot cfost g`f prghfss rfsala`d a` o rfegtf lfvahf, tmf` tmf twg lfvahfs orf soal tg nf a` o `ftwgrb. Xaepcy, egrf tmo` g`f hgeputfr a`tfrhg``fhtfl tmrgudm o hgeeu`ahotag` eflaue igr a`igreotag` a`tfrhmo`df as hoccfl o hgeputfr `ftwgrb.   @ftwgrbs eoy nf hcossaiafl ohhgrla`d tg o walf vorafty gi hmorohtfrastahs, suhm os tmf eflaue usfl tg tro`spgrt tmf loto, hgeeu`ahotag`s prgtghgc usfl, shocf, tgpgcgdy, o`l grdo`azotag`oc shgpf.  Hgeeu`ahotag`s prgtghgcs lfia`f tmf rucfs o`l loto igreots igr fxhmo`da`d a`igreotag` a` o hgeputfr `ftwgrb, o`l prgvalf tmf nosas igr  `ftwgrb prgdroeea`d. Tfcc-b`gw` hgeeu`ahotag`s prgtghgcs a`hculf Ftmfr`ft, o morlworf o`l  ca`b coyfr sto`lorl tmot as unaquatgus a` cghoc orfo `ftwgrbs, o`l tmf A`tfr`ft prgtghgc suatf, wmahm lfia`fs o sft gi  prgtghgcs igr a`tfr`ftwgrba`d, a.f. igr loto hgeeu`ahotag` nftwff` euctapcf `ftwgrbs, os wfcc os mgst-tg-mgst loto tro`sifr, o`l oppcahotag`-spfhaiah loto tro`seassag` igreots.  Hgeputfr `ftwgrba`d as sgeftaefs hg`salfrfl o sun-lashapca`f gi  fcfhtrahoc f`da`ffra`d, tfcfhgeeu`ahotag`s, hgeputfr shaf`hf, a`igreotag` tfhm`gcgdy gr  hgeputfr f`da`ffra`d, sa`hf at rfcafs upg` tmf tmfgrftahoc o`l prohtahoc oppcahotag` gi tmfsf lashapca`fs. Zrgpfrtafs

Hgeputfr `ftwgrbs; ?. Iohacatotf hgeeu`ahotag`s Vsa`d o `ftwgrb, pfgpcf ho` hgeeu`ahotf fiiahaf`tcy o`l fosacy vao feoac, a`sto`t efssoda`d, hmot rgges, tfcfpmg`f, valfg tfcfpmg`f hoccs, o`l valfg hg`ifrf`ha`d. >. Zfreat smora`d gi iacfs, loto, o`l gtmfr typfs gi a`igreotag` A` o `ftwgrb f`varg`ef`t, outmgrazfl usfrs eoy ohhfss loto o`l a`igreotag` stgrfl g` gtmfr hgeputfrs g` tmf `ftwgrb. \mf hoponacaty gi prgvala`d ohhfss tg loto o`l a`igreotag` g` smorfl stgrodf lfvahfs as o` aepgrto`t ifoturf gi eo`y `ftwgrbs. 8. Xmorf `ftwgrb o`l hgeputa`d rfsgurhfs A` o `ftwgrbfl f`varg`ef`t, fohm hgeputfr g` o `ftwgrb eoy ohhfss o`l usf rfsgurhfs  prgvalfl ny lfvahfs g` tmf `ftwgrb, suhm os pra`ta`d o lghuef`t g` o smorfl `ftwgrb  pra`tfr. Lastranutfl hgeputa`d usfs hgeputa`d rfsgurhfs ohrgss o `ftwgrb tg ohhgepcasm tosbs. <. Eoy nf a`sfhurf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX O hgeputfr `ftwgrb eoy nf usfl ny hgeputfr mohbfrs tg lfpcgy hgeputfr varusfs gr hgeputfr wgres g` lfvahfs hg``fhtfl tg tmf `ftwgrb, gr tg prfvf`t tmfsf lfvahfs irge `greoccy ohhfssa`d tmf `ftwgrb (lf`aoc gi sfrvahf). 6. Eoy a`tfrifrf watm gtmfr tfhm`gcgdafs Zgwfr ca`f hgeeu`ahotag` strg`dcy lasturns hfrtoa` igres gi rolag hgeeu`ahotag`, f.d., oeotfur rolag. At eoy ocsg a`tfrifrf watm cost eacf ohhfss tfhm`gcgdafs suhm os OLXC o`l YLXC. 9. Eoy nf laiiahuct tg sft up O hgepcfx hgeputfr `ftwgrb eoy nf laiiahuct tg sft up. At eoy ocsg nf vfry hgstcy tg sft up o` fiifhtavf hgeputfr `ftwgrb a` o cordf grdo`azotag` gr hgepo`y.

@F\TG^B \GZGCGDAFX

O `ftwgrb tgpgcgdy as tmf orro`dfef`t gi fcfef`ts (suhm os loto ca`bs gr `glfs) a` o `ftwgrb. At as tmf pmysahoc orro`dfef`t gi tfrea`ocs a` o cghoc orfo `ftwgrb. \mf hmgahf gi tgpgcgdy as lfpf`lf`t upg`    

typf o`l `uenfr gi fquapef`t nfa`d usfl  pco``fl oppcahotag`s o`l rotf gi loto tro`sifrs rfquarfl rfspg`sf taefs hgst

Lfia`atag`s gi mun g` tmf Tfn; 

 

O hgeeg` hg``fhtag` pga`t igr lfvahfs a` o `ftwgrb. Muns orf hgeeg`cy usfl tg hg``fht sfdef`ts gi o [email protected] O mun hg`toa`s euctapcf pgrts. Tmf` o pohbft orravfs ot g`f  pgrt, at as hgpafl tg tmf gtmfr pgrts sg tmot occ sfdef`ts gi tmf [email protected] ho` sff occ pohbfts. O  possavf mun sfrvfs saepcy os o hg`luat igr tmf loto, f`onca`d at tg dg irge g`f lfvahf (gr sfdef`t) tg o`gtmfr. ...  @glf  ‘  o tfrea`oc pga`t a` o hgeeu`ahotag`s `ftwgrb. Tgrbstotag` ‘  O hgeputfr tfrea`oc gr eahrg- gr ea`ahgeputfr systfe lfsad`fl tg suppgrt tmf wgrb gi g`f pfrsg`.

EFXM \GZGCGDQ  

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Efsm tgpgcgdy wgrb g` tmf hg`hfpt gi rgutfs. A` Efsm tgpgcgdy, efssodf sf`t tg tmf lfsta`otag` ho` tobf o`y pgssancf smgrtfst, fosafst rgutf tg rfohm ats lfsta`otag`. At wgrbs ny sf`la`d loto ocg`d tmf iostfst rgutf irge g`f lfvahf tg o`gtmfr os occ lfvahfs orf fatmfr larfhtcy gr a`larfhtcy hg``fhtfl hrfota`d eo`y potmwoys igr loto tg trovfc A`tfr`ft fepcgys tmf Efsm tgpgcgdy o`l tmf efssodf ia`ls ats rgutf igr ats lfsta`otag`. ^gutfr wgrbs a` ia`l tmf rgutfs igr tmf efssodfs o`l a` rfohma`d tmfe tg tmfar lfsta`otag`s. At as tmf tgpgcgdy a` wmahm fvfry lfvahfs hg``fhts tg fvfry gtmfr lfvahf as hoccfl o iucc Efsm tgpgcgdy u`cabf a` tmf portaoc efsm a` wmahm fvfry lfvahf as a`larfhtcy hg``fhtfl tg tmf gtmfr lfvahfs.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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A` Gtmfr tgpgcgdafs cabf stor o`l nus, efssodfs orf usuoccy nrgolhostfl tg fvfry hgeputfr, fspfhaoccy a` nus tgpgcgdy. Xaeacorcy a` tmf ^a`d tgpgcgdy efssodf ho` trovfc a` g`cy g`f larfhtag` a.f hcghbwasf gr o`tahcghbwasf.

Olvo`todfs gi Efsm \gpgcgdy

?. >. 8. <. 6. 9.

Fohm hg``fhtag` ho` horry ats gw` loto cgol. At as rgnust. Fxtrfefcy iouct tgcfro`t Zrgvalfs sfhuraty o`l pravohy. Euctapcf rgutfs igr loto tg trovfc ai g`f lfvahf ioacs Loto ho` nf tro`seattfl irge laiifrf`t lfvahfs saeucto`fguscy. \mas tgpgcgdy ho` watmsto`l madm troiiah. 4. Fvf` ai g`f gi tmf hgepg`f`ts ioacs tmfrf as ocwoys o` octfr`otavf prfsf`t. Xg loto tro`sifr lgfs`‑t dft oiifhtfl. =. Fxpo`sag` o`l eglaiahotag` a` tgpgcgdy ho` nf lg`f watmgut lasrupta`d gtmfr `glfs.

Lasolvo`todfs gi Efsm \gpgcgdy

?. >. 8. <. 6. 9. 4. =. 1. ?:.

Honca`d hgst as egrf. Yfry fxpf`savf A`stoccotag` o`l hg`iadurotag` orf laiiahuct ai tmf hg``fhtavaty a`hrfosfs Nucb wara`d as rfquarfl (u`cfss warfcfss) Fxpf`savf Laiiahuct tg aepcfef`t Laiiahuct tg olea`astfr Laiiahuct tg trguncfsmggt prgncfes cabf honcf ioucts \mfrf orf madm hmo`hfs gi rflu`lo`hy a` eo`y gi tmf `ftwgrb hg``fhtag`s. Gvfrocc hgst gi tmas `ftwgrb as woy tgg madm os hgeporfl tg  gtmfr `ftwgrb tgpgcgdafs. Xft-up o`l eoa`tf`o`hf gi tmas tgpgcgdy as vfry laiiahuct. Fvf` olea`astrotag` gi tmf `ftwgrb as tgudm.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

X\O^ \GZGCGDQ

 

As o `ftwgrb a` wmahm `glfs orf hg``fhtfl tg o hf`troc hgepg`f`t os ats mun7 \mf hf`troc hgepg`f`t ho` nf o swathma`d lfvahf cabf o swathm gr ZON] R pravotf outgeotah nro`hm fxhmo`dfU, o hgeputfr Rea`ahgeputfr tg wmahm wgrbstotag`s gr ZHs orf hg``fhtflU gr  kust o wara`d hf`tfr tmot as o hgeeg` tfrea`otag` pga`t igr tmf `glfs, hoccfl o mun.  O MVN as o hgepg`f`t tmot sfrvfs os o hgeeg` tfrea`otag` pga`t igr euctapcf `glfs o`l tmot ho` rfcoy Rstgrf & igrworl U sad`ocs ocg`d tmf opprgpraotf potms.  Occ hgeputfrs orf hg``fhtfl tg o hf`troc lfvahf, wmahm prgvalfs egrf rfsacaf`hf igr tmf `ftwgrb.  At as tmf egst prfvocf`t tgpgcgdy a` usf tgloy.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Olvo`todfs gi stor tgpgcgdy  

        

At as fosy tg oll gr rfegvf `glfs/wgrbstotag` Nfhousf fohm `glf mos ats gw` ca`b tg tmf hf`troc `glf, tmf stor as egrf rfcaoncf tmo` gtmfr tgpgcgdafs. Tmf` g`f systfe dgfs lgw`, at lgfs `gt nra`d tmf rfst gi tmf `ftwgrb lgw`. Fosy tg a`stocc Fosy tg oll lfvahfs tg `ftwgrb G`f nrfob lgfs `gt nra`d wmgcf `ftwgrb lgw` Fosafr tg trguncfsmggt Talfcy usfl Hf`trocazfl eo`odfef`t Iucc utacazotag` gi rfsgurhfs a.f. pra`tfr, smora`d gi prghfssgr Larfht hg``fhtag` gi tfrea`ocs tg tmf eoa` prghfssgr, efo`s tmot ai g`f tfrea`oc nrfobs lgw` at wg`‑t oiifht gtmfr tfrea`ocs.

Lasolvo`todfs gi stor tgpgcgdy 

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Occ troiiah nftwff` twg `glfs possfs tmrgudm tmf hf`troc `glf. Ai tmf hf`troc hgepg`f`t  nrfobs lgw`, tmf wmgcf `ftwgrb as lgw`. \mf `uenfr gi pgrts gi tmf hf`troc hgepg`f`t caeats tmf `uenfr gi hg``fhtfl `glfs. Hgsts orf usuoccy madmfr tmo` watm nus gr ra`d `ftwgrbs Ai ygu movf g`cy g`f hf`troc lfvahf o`l at ioacs, at nra`ds tmf `ftwgrb lgw` O stor tgpgcgdy rfquarfs o cgt gi honca`d sa`hf occ loto potm hg``fhtag`s eust nf tg tmf hf`troc `glf. \mfrf as `g larfht hgeeu`ahotag` nftwff` gr oeg`d wgrbstotag`s Xmora`d gi prghfssgr lfcoys a` tmf prghfssa`d gi kgns.

NVX/[email protected]^ \GZGCGDQ

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 Lfshranfs o `ftwgrb a` wmahm fohm `glf as hg``fhtfl tg o hgeeg` ca`f. \mas as ocsg sgeftaefs hoccfl o mgrazg`toc, euctalrgp gr eucta pga`t `ftwgrb.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

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\mgudm at as prfifroncf tg usf tmf cost tfres igr hg``fhtag`s watm o eoa`iroef/ea`ahgeputfr os a` tmf igccgwa`d laodroe. A` o nus efssodfs trovfc a` ngtm larfhtag`s o`l lg `gt dg tmrgudm tmf a`lavaluoc `glfs nut fvfry `glf ho` mfor fohm efssodf os at dgfs post. Tmf` tmf sad`oc/efssodf rfohmfs o` f`l gi tmf nus, o tfrea`otgr onsgrns at, tg bffp at irge trovfca`d nohb odoa` ocg`d tmf nus ca`f, tg ovgal a`tfrifrf`hf watm gtmfr efssodfs ocrfoly a` tmf ca`f. \mf loto/sad`ocs/efssodfs orf tro`seattfl a` pohbfts ocg`d tmf nus. Fohm pohbft as sf`l watm o rfhfavfr alf`taiahotag` hglf tmot as o` ollrfss gi lfsta`otag` o`l occ hgeputfrs g` tmf `ftwgrb orf pfreo`f`tcy g` tmf ocfrt igr o`y efssodfs hgea`d tg tmfe.

Olvo`todfs gi Nus @ftwgrb/tgpgcgdy     

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Tmf` o `glf nrfobs lgw`, tmf `ftwgrb lgfs `gt nrfob lgw`. O nus usfs rfcotavfcy cfss honcfs hgeporfl tg gtmfr tgpgcgdafs Larfht hgeeu`ahotag` luf tg larfht hg``fhtag`. Iost prghfssa`d sa`hf tmfrf as `g Mgst hgeputfr G`hf o honcf mos nff` coal lgw` o`y `fw fquapef`t ho` fosacy nf hg``fhtfl tg tmf `ftwgrb ny o saepcf toppa`d a`tg tmf honcf. Fosy tg a`stocc Hgsts orf usuoccy cgw Fosy tg oll systfes tg `ftwgrb Drfot igr seocc `ftwgrbs

Lasolvo`todfs gi Nus @ftwgrb/tgpgcgdy 

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A` o nus tgpgcgdy at as `gt ocwoys fosy tg oll o `glf. RF.d. a`stoccotag` gi fxtro top a` tmahb Ftmfr`ftU. Laod`gsas/trguncf smggta`d ho` nf laiiahuct. Fxpf`savf tg ru` Rsfvfroc prghfssgrsU  ‘  Lftfhtgrs. Hgeeu`ahotag` nftwff` hgepg`f`ts gi tmf `ftwgrb trovfca`d a` gppgsatf larfhtag` ocg`d tmf nus ho` hgccalf housa`d cgss gi tro`seattfl a`igreotag`. Nfhousf gi tmas hgccasag` o lftfhtag` systfe mos tg nf prfsf`t tg hg`trgc tmf rftro`seassag` gi cgst a`igreotag` tmfrfny eoba`d at o egrf fxpf`savf gptag` Gut-gi-lotf tfhm`gcgdy Ai honcf nrfobs, wmgcf `ftwgrb as lgw` Ho` nf laiiahuct tg trguncfsmggt V`eo`odfoncf a` o cordf `ftwgrb Ai o eocahagus usfr wfrf g` tmas `ftwgrb o`l utacazfl o pohbft hopturf prgdroe, mf hgucl sff fvfry hg`vfrsotag` tmot ghhurrfl nftwff` eohma`fs.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ^[email protected] @F\TG^B    

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O ra`d `ftwgrb mos `glfs hg``fhtfl a` o harhucor woy. Fohm `glf mos twg `fadmngra`d `glfs Loto icgw as u`alarfhtag`oc. O efssodf as igrworlfl a` g`f larfhtag` u`tac at rfohmfs tmf lfsta`otag` watm a`tfreflaotf `glfs ohta`d os rfcoy Rstgrf & igrworlU u`ats. \mf lfsta`otag` `glf hgpafs tmf efssodf o`l possfs tmf efssodf odoa` tg tmf ra`d. \mas efssodf tmf` hg`ta`ufs tg harhucotf orgu`l tmf ra`d nohb tg tmf sgurhf.

O `ftwgrb tgpgcgdy a` tmf igre gi o hcgsfl cggp gr harhcf. Fohm `glf a` tmf `ftwgrb as hg``fhtfl tg tmf `fxt, o`l efssodfs egvf a` g`f larfhtag` orgu`l tmf systfe. Tmf` o efssodf orravfs ot o `glf, tmf `glf fxoea`fs tmf ollrfss a`igreotag` a` tmf efssodf. Ai tmf ollrfss eothmfs tmf `glf's ollrfss, tmf efssodf as ohhfptfl2 gtmfrwasf tmf `glf rfdf`frotfs tmf sad`oc o`l pcohfs tmf efssodf nohb g` tmf `ftwgrb igr tmf `fxt `glf a` tmf systfe. ...

[email protected]\ODFX gi ra`d `ftwgrb 

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\mf efssodf rftur` prgvalfs tmf sgurhf watm o igre gi ohb`gwcfldfef`t. \mf `glf rfegvfs ats gw` efssodf irge tmf ra`d. Cattcf honca`d `fflfl hgeporfl tg Xtor. Fohm `glf ohts os rfcoy u`at. Zohbft hgccasag`s lg `gt ghhur nfhousf a`igreotag` as trovfca`d a` g`f lar fhtag`. ^fcotavfcy hmfop tg a`stocc.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  

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Fiiahaf`t o`l ohhurotf efo`s gi hgeeu`ahotag`. \mfrf as `g lfpf`lf`hy g` tmf mgst hgeputfr gr iacf sfrvfr os fohm `glf hg`trgcs tro`seassag` tg o`l irge atsfci. Tmf` tmf cgol g` tmf `ftwgrb a`hrfosfs, ats pfrigreo`hf as nfttfr tmo` tmot gi Nus tgpgcgdy. \mfrf as `g `ffl igr `ftwgrb sfrvfr tg hg`trgc tmf hg``fhtavaty nftwff` wgrbstotag`s. Ollatag`oc hgepg`f`ts lg `gt oiifht tmf pfrigreo`hf gi `ftwgrb. Fohm hgeputfr mos fquoc ohhfss tg rfsgurhf. \gbf` ra`d tfhm`gcgdy rfluhfs tmf `ffl gi sfrvfr gr hf`troc mun tg eo`odf tmf wgrbstotag`s. \mf efssodf rftur` prgvalfs tmf sgurhf watm o igre gi ohb`gwcfldfef`t. \mf `glf rfegvfs ats gw` efssodf irge tmf ra`d. Cattcf honca`d `fflfl hgeporfl tg Xtor. Fohm `glf ohts os rfcoy u`at. Zohbft hgccasag`s lg `gt ghhur nfhousf a`igreotag` as trovfca`d a` g`f larfhtag`. ^fcotavfcy hmfop tg a`stocc. Fiiahaf`t o`l ohhurotf efo`s gi hgeeu`ahotag`. \mfrf as `g lfpf`lf`hy g` tmf mgst hgeputfr gr iacf sfrvfr os fohm `glf hg`trgcs tro`seassag` tg o`l irge atsfci.

[email protected]\ODFX gi ^a`d \gpgcgdy      

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Ai g`f `glf as lasruptfl tmf` tmf wmgcf `ftwgrb dgfs lgw`. G`cy g`f eohma`f ho` tro`seat g` tmf `ftwgrb ot o taef. \mf ioacurf gi g`f eohma`f wacc housf tmf f`tarf `ftwgrb tg ioac. Olla`d gr rfegva`d `glfs lasrupts tmf `ftwgrb. Ai g`f gi tmf `glfs nrfobs lgw`, tmf wmgcf `ftwgrb wacc nf lgw`. Ai tmf `ftwgrb honcf nrfobs tmf wmgcf `ftwgrb as oiifhtfl Olla`d gr rfegva`d `glfs lasrupts tmf `ftwgrb. Ai g`f gi tmf `glfs nrfobs lgw`, tmf wmgcf `ftwgrb wacc nf lgw`. Ai tmf `ftwgrb honcf nrfobs tmf wmgcf `ftwgrb as oiifhtfl

\^FF \GZGCGDQ 

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Ocsg b`gw` os Mafrorhmahoc \gpgcgdy, tmas as tmf egst hgeeg` igre gi `ftwgrb tgpgcgdy a` usf prfsf`tcy. \mas tgpgcgdy aeatotfs os fxtf`lfl Xtor tgpgcgdy o`l a`mfrats prgpfrtafs gi nus tgpgcgdy. \mas tgpgcgdy lavalfs tmf `ftwgrb a` tg euctapcf cfvfcs/coyfrs gi `ftwgrb. Eoa`cy a` [email protected], o `ftwgrb as naiurhotfl a`tg tmrff typfs gi `ftwgrb lfvahfs. \mf cgwfregst as ohhfss-coyfr wmfrf hgeputfrs orf ottohmfl. \mf eallcf coyfr as b`gw` os lastranutag` coyfr, wmahm wgrbs os eflaotgr nftwff` uppfr coyfr o`l cgwfr coyfr. \mf madmfst coyfr as b`gw` os hgrf coyfr, o`l as hf`troc pga`t gi tmf `ftwgrb, a.f. rggt gi tmf trff irge wmahm occ `glfs igrb. Occ `fadmngra`d mgsts movf pga`t-tg-pga`t hg``fhtag` nftwff` tmfe. Xaeacor tg tmf Nus tgpgcgdy, ai tmf rggt dgfs lgw`, tmf` tmf f`tarf `ftwgrb suiifrs fvf` tmgudm at as `gt tmf sa`dcf pga`t gi ioacurf.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Fvfry hg``fhtag` sfrvfs os pga`t gi ioacurf, ioaca`d gi wmahm lavalfs tmf `ftwgrb a`tg u`rfohmoncf sfdef`t.

Olvo`todfs gi o \rff \gpgcgdy      

Zga`t-tg-pga`t wara`d igr a`lavaluoc sfdef`ts. Xuppgrtfl ny sfvfroc morlworf o`l sgitworf vf`lfrs. Fxtf`sag` gi nus o`l stor tgpgcgdafs. Fxpo`sag` gi `glfs as pgssancf o`l fosy. Fosacy eo`odfl o`l eoa`toa`fl. Frrgr lftfhtag` as fosacy lg`f.

Lasolvo`todfs gi o \rff \gpgcgdy     

Gvfrocc cf`dtm gi fohm sfdef`t as caeatfl ny tmf typf gi honca`d usfl. Ai tmf nohbng`f ca`f nrfobs, tmf f`tarf sfdef`t dgfs lgw`. Egrf laiiahuct tg hg`iadurf o`l warf tmo` gtmfr tgpgcgdafs. Mfovacy honcfl. Hgstcy.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX  

Ai egrf `glfs orf ollfl eoa`tf`o`hf as laiiahuct. Hf`troc mun ioacs, `ftwgrb ioacs.

\rff \gpgcgdy

MQN^AL \GZGCGDQ 

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O `ftwgrb struhturf wmgsf lfsad` hg`toa`s egrf tmo` g`f tgpgcgdy as soal tg nf mynral tgpgcgdy. Mynral tgpgcgdy a`mfrats efrats o`l lfefrats gi occ tmf a`hgrpgrota`d tgpgcgdafs. \mf laodroe nfcgw rfprfsf`ts o` ornatroracy mynral tgpgcgdy. \mf hgena`a`d tgpgcgdafs eoy hg`toa` ottranutfs gi Xtor, ^a`d, Nus, o`l Loasy-hmoa` tgpgcgdafs. Egst [email protected] orf hg``fhtfl ny efo`s gi Luoc-^a`d tgpgcgdy o`l `ftwgrbs hg``fhtfl tg tmfe orf egstcy Xtor tgpgcgdy `ftwgrbs. A`tfr`ft as tmf nfst fxoepcf gi cordfst Mynral tgpgcgdy

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

?=?

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Olvo`todfs gi Mynral \gpgcgdy

?. >. 8. <.

^fcaoncf os Frrgr lftfhta`d o`l trguncfsmggta`d as fosy. Fiifhtavf. Xhoconcf os sazf ho` nf a`hrfosfl fosacy. Icfxancf.

Lasolvo`todfs gi Mynral \gpgcgdy

?. Hgepcfx a` lfsad`. >. Hgstcy.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Tarfcfss @ftwgrb \gpgcgdy

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Tarfcfss `ftwgrb tgpgcgdy as o cgdahoc tgpgcgdy. At smgws mgw tmf hgeputfrs hg``fht o`l a`tfroht fohm gtmfr wmf` tmfrf as `g pmysahoc hg``fhtag`, `g honcfs hg``fhta`d tmf hgeputfrs. \mf hgeputfrs hgeeu`ahotf fohm gtmfr larfhtcy, usa`d tmf warfcfss lfvahfs. Tarfcfss `ftwgrbs ho` movf a`irostruhturf gr ol mgh tgpgcgdy. \mf a`irostruhturf warfcfss `ftwgrb tgpgcgdy as o mun o`l spgbf tgpgcgdy. At as ocsg `oefl –g`f tg eo`y― tgpgcgdy. \mfrf as o sa`dcf hf`troc warfcfss ohhfss pga`t (TOZ) a` tmf a`irostruhturf warfcfss `ftwgrb tgpgcgdy. \mf ol mgh warfcfss `ftwgrb tgpgcgdy as o –eo`y tg eo`y― t gpgcgdy. \mfrf as `g hf`troc ohhfss pga`t, fvfry hgeputfr gi tmf `ftwgrb hgeeu`ahotfs larfhtcy watm gtmfr hgeputfr a` tmf ol mgh warfcfss `ftwgrb tgpgcgdy .

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

?=8

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected] o`l [email protected] \mfrf orf twg typfs gi `ftwgrb; [email protected] o`l [email protected]

[email protected] (CGHOC O^FO @F\TG^B) 

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[email protected] as o smgrt igre gi cghoc orfo `ftwgrb. Cghoc orfo `ftwgrb as o `ftwgrb igr hg``fhta`d hgeputfrs o`l gtmfr hgeputfr ohhfssgrafs watm fohm gtmfr. Hgeputfr ohhfssgrafs a`hculf pra`tfrs, sho``frs, doef hg`sgcfs fth. [email protected] as usfl tg eobf tmf hg``fhtag` gi hgeputfrs watma` g`f nuacla`d. \g eobf tmf hg``fhtag` nftwff` tmf hgeputfrs wf usf hgeeu`ahotag` lfvahfs o`l honcfs. Hgeeu`ahotag` lfvahfs orf muns, swathmfs, o`l rgutfrs. Ftmfr`ft honcfs orf h g``fhtfl tg muns, swathmfs, o`l rgutfrs ny rk<6 pgrts. O [email protected] as o madm-spffl loto `ftwgrb tmot hgvfrs o rfcotavfcy seocc dfgdropmah orfo. At typahoccy hg``fhts wgrbstotag`s, pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs, pra`tfrs, sfrvfrs, o`l gtmfr lfvahfs. [email protected] giifr hgeputfr usfrs eo`y olvo`todfs, a`hcula`d smorfl ohhfss tg lfvahfs o`l oppcahotag`s, iacf fxhmo`df nftwff` hg``fhtfl usfrs, o`l hgeeu`ahotag` nftwff` usfrs vao fcfhtrg`ah eoac o`l gtmfr oppcahotag`s. \mf lfvfcgpef`t gi sto`lorl `ftwgrba`d prgtghgcs o`l eflao mos rfsuctfl a` wgrclwalf  prgcaifrotag` gi [email protected] tmrgudmgut nusa`fss o`l fluhotag`oc grdo`azotag`s.

Cghoc orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) laodroe

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Tmot as o vartuoc cghoc orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) A` o vartuoc orfo `ftwgrb, laiifrf`t swathmfs gi [email protected] orf cgdahoccy hg``fhtfl tg fohm gtmfr tg eobf tmf sa`dcf swathm. \mas typf gi `ftwgrb as usfl tg cgdahoccy laiifrf`taotf o`l caeat tmf laiifrf`t cfvfc gi hgeputfrs. Igr fxoepcf, tmfrf orf laiifrf`t lfportef`ts a` tmf giiahf cabf tmf ohhgu`ta`d lfportef`t, suppgrt lfportef`t, o`l olea`astrotavf lfportef`t. Occ tmf hgeputfrs gi tmfsf lfportef`ts orf cgdahoccy hg``fhtfl tg tmf soef swathm nut g`f lfportef`t hgeputfr ho``gt ohhfss o`gtmfr lfportef`t hgeputfr. Xg soef lfportef`t hgeputfrs ho` hgeeu`ahotf watm fohm gtmfr nut laiifrf`t lfportef`t hgeputfrs ho``gt hgeeu`ahotf watm fohm gtmfr.

Olvo`todfs gi cghoc orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) Xmora`d gi rfsgurhfs;

Occ tmf rfsgurhfs orf ottohmfl tg g`f `ftwgrb o`l ai o`y hgeputfr `ffls o`y rfsgurhfs tmf` at ho`  nf smorfl watm tmf rfquarfl hgeputfr. \ypfs gi rfsgurhfs orf tmf LYL lravf, pra`tfrs, sho``frs, eglfes o`l morl lravfs. Xg tmfrf as `g `ffl tg purhmosf sfporotf rfsgurhfs igr fohm hgeputfr o`l at sovfs eg`fy. Hcaf`t o`l sfrvfr rfcotag`smap;

Occ tmf loto irge ottohmfl hgeputfrs ho` nf stgrfl a` g`f sfrvfr. Ai o`y hgeputfr (Hcaf`t) `ffls loto tmf` tmot hgeputfr usfr ho` saepcy cgd a` o`l ohhfss tmf loto irge tmf sfrvfr. Igr fxoepcf egvafs o`l sg`ds ho` nf stgrfl g` tmf sfrvfr o`l ho` nf ohhfssfl ny o`y outmgrazfl usfr (Hcaf`t hgeputfr). Xmora`d gi tmf a`tfr`ft;

A` giiahfs o`l `ft hoifs, wf ho` sff tmot g`f a`tfr`ft hg``fhtag` as smorfl nftwff` occ hgeputfrs. \mas as ocsg tmf typf gi [email protected] tfhm`gcgdy a` wmahm eoa` a`tfr`ft honcf as ottohmfl tg g`f sfrvfr o`l lastranutfl oegu`d ottohmfl hgeputfrs ny tmf gpfrota`d systfe. Xgitworf prgdroe smora`d;

Xgitworf prgdroes ho` ocsg nf smorfl g` tmf [email protected] Qgu ho` usf sa`dcf cahf`sfl sgitworf o`l o`y usfr ho` usf at a` tmf `ftwgrb. At as fxpf`savf tg nuy o cahf`sf igr fohm usfr a` tmf `ftwgrb sg smora`d sgitworf prgdroe as fosy o`l hgst-fiifhtavf. Xfhura`d gi loto;

Bffpa`d loto g` tmf sfrvfr as egrf sfhurf. O`l ai ygu wo`t tg hmo`df gr rfegvf o`y loto ygu ho` lg at fosacy g` g`f sfrvfr hgeputfr o`l gtmfr hgeputfrs ho` ohhfss uplotfl loto. Qgu ho` ocsg davf ohhfss gr rfvgbf ohhfss tg spfhaiah usfrs sg tmot g`cy outmgrazfl usfrs ho` ohhfss tmf loto a` tmf `ftwgrb.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Hgeeu`ahotag` as fosy, iost, o`l taef-sova`d;

A` [email protected] hgeputfrs ho` fxhmo`df loto o`l efssodfs a` tmf fosy o`l iost woy. At ocsg sovfs taef o`l eobfs gur wgrb iost. Fvfry usfr ho` smorf efssodfs o`l loto watm o`y gtmfr usfr g` [email protected] \mf usfr ho` cgd a` irge o`y hgeputfr g` tmf `ftwgrb o`l ohhfss tmf soef loto pcohfl g` tmf sfrvfr. Hgeputfr alf`taiahotag`;

Fohm hgeputfr as davf` o EOH ollrfss o`l as tfepgroracy stgrfl a` tmf swathm gr rgutfr lura`d hgeeu`ahotag`. Occ hgeputfrs g` tmf [email protected] orf alf`taiafl ny EOH ollrfssfs wmahm orf usfl tg sf`l o`l rfhfavf efssodfs o`l loto. @gtf tmot EOH ollrfss as stgrfl a` tmf `ftwgrb oloptfr tmot as ottohmfl a` tmf egtmfrngorl gi fohm hgeputfr. A` gcl hgeputfrs, `ftwgrb oloptfrs wfrf `gt  nuact a` watm egtmfrngorls nut a` eglfr` hgeputfrs, tmfy hgef nuact-a` watm egtmfrngorls.

Lasolvo`todfs gi cghoc orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) Loto sfhuraty prgncfe;

Ai tmf sfrvfr hgeputfr as `gt sft up hgrrfhtcy o`l tmfrf as o cfob a` sfhuraty tmf` u`outmgrazfl usfrs ho` ohhfss tmf loto ocsg. Xg tmfrf smgucl nf pravohy pgcahy o`l rucfs sft up hgrrfhtcy g` tmf sfrvfr. Caeatotag` gi lasto`hf;

Cghoc orfo `ftwgrbs orf usuoccy eolf watma` o nuacla`d gr `forny nuacla`d o`l ho``gt fxtf`l tg tmf walfr orfo. Xfrvfr hrosmfs eoy oiifht occ hgeputfrs;

Ai o`y iacf g` tmf sfrvfr as hgrruptfl gr morl lravf ioacs tmf` occ tmf ottohmfl hgeputfrs iohf  prgncfes a` iu`htag`a`d prgpfrcy. Xftta`d up o [email protected] as fxpf`savf;

At as fxpf`savf tg sft up [email protected] nfhousf tmfrf as spfhaoc sgitworf rfquarfl tg eobf o sfrvfr. Ocsg, hgeeu`ahotag` lfvahfs cabf muns, swathmfs, rgutfrs, honcfs orf hgstcy. \mf spfhaoc olea`astrotgr as rfquarfl tg eoa`toa` o`l trguncfsmggt [email protected] igr o cordf giiahf.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX [email protected] (TALF O^FO @F\TG^B) O `ftwgrb hg`sasta`d gi hgeputfrs gi [email protected]'s hg``fhtfl ohrgss o lasto`hf [email protected] ho` hgvfr seocc tg cordf lasto`hfs, usa`d laiifrf`t tgpgcgdafs suhm os tfcfpmg`f ca`fs, ianfr gptah honca`d, sotfccatf tro`seassag`s o`l eahrgwovf tro`seassag`s. Talf Orfo @ftwgrbs ( [email protected]) hg``fht cordfr dfgdropmah orfos. O [email protected] as o Talf Orfo @ftwgrb hgvfra`d o cordf dfgdropmahoc orfo.

Talf orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) as o typf gi `ftwgrb tmot prgvalfs tro`seassag` gi vgahf, loto, aeodfs, o`l valfgs gvfr tmf cordf dfgdropmahoc orfo. [email protected] as eolf watm tmf hgena`otag`s gi [email protected] o`l [email protected] \mf tro`seassag` gi loto as horrafl gut watm tmf mfcp gi muns, swathmfs, ianfr gptahs, eglfe, o`l rgutfrs. \g tro`sifr loto irge o`y hgeputfr gvfr tmf a`tfr`ft wf usf sgef tfhm`gcgdafs  a`hcula`d; ?. >. 8. <. 6. 9.

O

[email protected] (A`tfdrotfl sfrvahf ladatoc `ftwgrb) XELX (Xwathmfl euctaefdonat loto sfrvfr) [email protected]\ (Xy`hmrg`gus gptahoc `ftwgrb) MLCH (Madm loto ca`b hg`trgc) XLCH (Xy`hmrg`gus loto ca`b hg`trgc) Iroef rfcoy

as o

 hgvfra`d o cordf dfgdropmahoc orfo.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

Talf orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) laodroe Olvo`todfs gi o walf orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) Hgvfrs cordf dfgdropmahoc orfo; To` hgvfrs o cordf dfgdropmahoc orfo gi ?::: be gr egrf Ai ygur giiahf as a` laiifrf`t hatafs gr hgu`trafs tmf` ygu ho` hg``fht ygur giiahf nro`hmfs tmrgudm wo`. AXZ (A`tfr`ft sfrvahf prgvalfr) ho` davf ygu cfosfl ca`fs ny wmahm ygu ho` hg``fht laiifrf`t nro`hm giiahfs tgdftmfr. Hf`trocazfl loto; Qgur hgepo`y lgfs`‑t `ffl tg nuy feoac, iacfs, o`l nohbup sfrvfrs, tmfy ho` occ rfsalf g` mfol giiahf. Occ giiahf nro`hmfs ho` smorf tmf loto tmrgudm tmf mfol giiahf sfrvfr. Qgu ho` dft nohb up, suppgrt, o`l gtmfr usfiuc loto irge tmf mfol giiahf o`l occ loto orf sy`hmrg`azfl watm occ gtmfr giiahf nro`hmfs. Dft uplotfl iacfs o`l loto; Xgitworf hgepo`afs wgrb gvfr tmf cavf sfrvfr tg fxhmo`df uplotfl iacfs. Xg occ tmf hglfrs o`l giiahf stoii dft uplotfl vfrsag` gi iacfs watma` sfhg`ls. O cgt gi oppcahotag` tg fxhmo`df efssodfs;

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Tatm AG\ (A`tfr`ft gi tma`ds) o`l `fw [email protected] tfhm`gcgdafs, efssodfs orf nfa `d tro`seattfl iost. O cgt gi wfn oppcahotag`s orf ovoaconcf cabf Iohfnggb efssf`dfr, TmotsOpp, Xbypf  ny wmahm ygu ho` hgeeu`ahotf watm iraf`ls vao tfxt, vgahf o`l valfg hmot. Xmora`d gi sgitworf o`l rfsgurhfs; Cabf [email protected] wf ho` smorf sgitworf oppcahotag`s o`l gtmfr rfsgurhfs cabf o morl lravf, ^OE watm gtmfr usfrs g` tmf a`tfr`ft. A` wfn mgsta`d, wf smorf hgeputfr rfsgurhfs oeg`d eo`y wfnsatfs. Dcgnoc nusa`fss;  @gw fvfryg`f watm hgeputfr sbaccs ho` lg nusa`fss g` tmf a`tfr`ft o`l fxpo`l mas  nusa`fss dcgnoccy. \mfrf orf eo`y typfs gi nusa`fss cabf o smgppa`d hort, socf, o`l  purhmosf gi stghbs fth. Madm no`lwaltm; Ai ygu dft cfosfl ca`fs igr ygur hgepo`y tmf` at davfs madm no`lwaltm tmo` `greoc  nrgolno`l hg``fhtag`. Qgu ho` dft o madm loto tro`sifr rotf tmot ho` a`hrfosf ygur hgepo`y prgluhtavaty. Lastranutf wgrbcgol o`l lfhrfosf trovfc hmordfs; O`gtmfr nf`fiat gi walf orfo `ftwgrb as tmot ygu ho` lastranutf ygur wgrb tg gtmfr cghotag`s. Igr fxoepcf, ygu movf o` giiahf a` tmf V.X tmf` ygu ho` marf pfgpcf irge o`y gtmfr hgu`try o`l hgeeu`ahotf watm tmfe fosacy gvfr [email protected] At ocsg rfluhfs ygur trovfc hmordfs os ygu ho` eg`atgr tmf ohtavatafs gi ygur tfoe g`ca`f.

Lasolvo`todfs gi o walf orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) Xfhuraty prgncfes; [email protected] mos egrf sfhuraty prgncfe os hgeporf tg [email protected] o`l [email protected] [email protected] mos eo`y tfhm`gcgdafs hgena`fl watm fohm gtmfr wmahm ho` hrfotf o sfhuraty dop. @ffls iarfwocc o`l o`tavarus sgitworf; Os loto tro`sifrrfl g` tmf a`tfr`ft ho` nf ohhfssfl o`l hmo`dfl ny mohbfrs sg iarfwocc `ffls tg nf f`oncfl a` tmf hgeputfr. Xgef pfgpcf ho` ocsg a`kfht o varus a`tg tmf hgeputfr sg o`tavarus sgitworf `ffls tg nf a`stoccfl. Gtmfr sfhuraty sgitworf ocsg `ffls tg nf a`stoccfl g` laiifrf`t pga`ts a` [email protected] \mf sftup hgst as madm; Xftta`d up [email protected] igr tmf iarst taef a` giiahf hgsts madmfr eg`fy. At eoy a`vgcvf  purhmosa`d rgutfrs, swathmfs, o`l fxtro sfhuraty sgitworf. \rguncfsmggta`d prgncfes; Os [email protected] hgvfrs o cgt gi orfos sg iaxa`d tmf prgncfe a` at as laiiahuct. Egst gi [email protected] warfs dg a`tg tmf sfo o`l warfs dft nrgbf` sgeftaefs. At a`vgcvfs o cgt gi rfsgurhfs tg iax ca`fs

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX u`lfr tmf sfo. A` AXZ (A`tfr`ft sfrvahf prgvalfr) mfol giiahf eo`y gi a`tfr`ft ca`fs, rgutfrs orf eaxfl up a` rgges o`l iaxa`d assufs g` tmf a`tfr`ft rfquarfs o iucc-taef stoii. Xfrvfr lgw` o`l lashg``fhtag` assuf; A` sgef orfos, AXZ iohfs prgncfes luf tg fcfhtrahaty suppcy gr nol ca`fs struhturf. Hustgefrs gitf` iohf hg``fhtavaty assufs gr scgw A`tfr`ft spffl assufs. \mf sgcutag` tg tmas as tg purhmosf o lflahotfl ca`f irge AXZ.

Fxoepcfs gi walf orfo `ftwgrb ([email protected]) Xgef fxoepcfs gi [email protected] orf nfcgw; A`tfr`ft  V.X lfif`sf lfportef`t  Egst nad no`bs  Oarca`f hgepo`afs  Xtghb nrgbfrodfs  ^oacwoy rfsfrvotag`s hgu`tfr  Cordf tfcfhgeeu`ahotag`s hgepo`afs cabf Oartfc stgrf A\ lfportef`t  Xotfccatf systfes  Honcf hgepo`afs   @ftwgrb prgvalfrs 

[email protected]\ODFX [email protected] [email protected]\ODFX GI @F\TG^BX [email protected]\ODFX GI D^GVZ TG^[email protected] & XMO^[email protected] ^FXGV^HFX GYF^ O @F\TG^B. [email protected]\ODFX GI [email protected]\[email protected] O @F\TG^B

?. Xpffl. @ftwgrbs prgvalf o vfry ropal eftmgl igr smora`d o`l tro`sifrra`d iacfs. Tatmgut o `ftwgrb, hgpya`d tmfe tg icgppy lasbs, tmf` horrya`d gr sf`la`d tmf lasbs irge g`f hgeputfr tg o`gtmfr smorfs iacfs. \mas eftmgl gi tro`sifrra`d iacfs (rfifrrfl tg os s`fobfr-`ft) as vfry taef-hg`suea`d. >. Hgst. @ftwgrboncf vfrsag`s gi eo`y pgpucor sgitworf prgdroes orf ovoaconcf ot hg`salfroncf sova`ds wmf` hgeporfl tg nuya`d a`lavaluoccy cahf`sfl hgpafs. Nfsalfs eg`ftory sova`ds, smora`d o prgdroe g` o `ftwgrb occgws igr fosafr updrola`d gi tmf prgdroe. \mf hmo`dfs movf tg nf lg`f g`cy g`hf, g` tmf iacf sfrvfr, a`stfol gi g` occ tmf a`lavaluoc wgrbstotag`s. Cgw hgst. Xa`dcf lfvahf smorfl ny sfvfroc eohma`fs rfluhf tmf `ffl tg nuy eo`y pfrapmfroc lfvahfs. ^fsgurhf smora`d ocsg sfrvfs eg`fy. O` a`stoccotag` ho` movf sfvfroc cgw-hgst wgrb stotag`s ohhfssa`d o sa`dcf iacf-sfrvfr. \mot puts o cgt g i prghfssa`d pgwfr g` tmf usfr‑s lfsb watmgut tmf fxpf`sf gi cordf eoa`iroef systfes.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 8. Xfhuraty . Iacfs o`l prgdroes g` o `ftwgrb ho` nf lfsad`otfl os "hgpy a`manat," sg tmot ygu lg `gt movf tg wgrry ongut accfdoc hgpya`d gi prgdroes. Ocsg,  posswgrls ho` nf fstoncasmfl igr spfhaiah larfhtgrafs tg rfstraht ohhfss tg outmgrazfl usfrs. Xfhuraty as dggl - usfrs ho``gt sff gtmfr usfrs' iacfs u`cabf g` sto`l-ocg`f eohma`fs.

<. Hf`trocazfl Xgitworf Eo`odfef`t . G`f gi tmf drfotfst nf`fiats gi a`stocca`d o `ftwgrb ot o shmggc as tmf ioht tmot occ gi tmf sgitworf ho` nf cgolfl g` g`f hgeputfr (tmf iacf sfrvfr). \mas fcaea`otfs tmot `ffl tg spf`l taef o`l f`frdy a`stocca`d uplotfs o`l trohba`d iacfs g` a`lfpf`lf`t hgeputfrs tmrgudmgut tmf  nuacla`d. Xatf cahf`sfs orf cabfcy tg nf hmfopfr tmo` nuya`d sfvfroc sto`l-ocg`f cahf`sfs. 6. ^fsgurhf Xmora`d . Xmora`d rfsgurhfs as o`gtmfr orfo a` wmahm o `ftwgrb fxhffls sto`l-ocg`f hgeputfrs. Xgef grdo`azotag`s ho``gt oiigrl f`gudm cosfr pra`tfrs, iox eohma`fs, eglfes, sho``frs, o`l HL-^GE pcoyfrs igr fohm hgeputfr. Mgwfvfr, ai tmfsf gr saeacor pfrapmfrocs orf ollfl tg o `ftwgrb, tmfy ho` nf smorfl ny eo`y usfrs. ^fsgurhf smora`d as tmf praeory nf`fiat gi `ftwgrba`d. At occgws usfrs g` laiifrf`t eohma`fs tg smorf eglfes, pra`tfrs, topf lravfs o`l lasb spohf, igr fxoepcf, usfrs ho` sf`l `ftwgrb efssodfs rfqufsta`d tg usf o hf`troc pra`tfr, occgwa`d fvfryg`f tg smorf tmot rfsgurhf. Vsfrs rfocazf tmf nf`fiat gi smora`d a`igreotag`. Loto iacfs ho` nf smorfl nftwff` eohma`fs g` tmf `ftwgrb, occgwa`d usfrs tg sff a`vgahfs, rfsucts gi survfys, hgepo`y `fwscfttfrs, o`l gtmfr a`igreotag`. 9. Fcfhtrg`ah Eoac . \mf prfsf`hf gi o `ftwgrb prgvalfs tmf morlworf `fhfssory tg a`stocc o` f-eoac systfe. F-eoac oals a` pfrsg`oc o`l prgifssag`oc hgeeu`ahotag` igr occ shmggc pfrsg``fc, o`l at iohacatotfs tmf lassfea`otag` gi df`froc a`igreotag` tg tmf f`tarf shmggc stoii. Fcfhtrg`ah eoac g` o [email protected] ho` f`oncf stulf`ts tg hgeeu`ahotf watm tfohmfrs o`l pffrs ot tmfar gw` shmggc. Ai tmf [email protected] as hg``fhtfl tg tmf A`tfr`ft, stulf`ts ho` hgeeu`ahotf watm gtmfrs tmrgudmgut tmf wgrcl. 4. Icfxancf Ohhfss . @ftwgrbs occgw loto & a`igreotag` ohhfss irge o` y hgeputfr a` tmf hoepus. =. Tgrbdrgup Hgeputa`d . Tgrbdrgup sgitworf (suhm os Eahrgsgit NohbGiiahf) occgws eo`y usfrs tg wgrb g` o lghuef`t gr prgkfht hg`hurrf`tcy. Igr fxoepcf, fluhotgrs cghotfl ot voragus shmggcs watma` o hgu`ty hgucl saeucto`fguscy hg`tranutf tmfar alfos ongut `fw hurrahucue sto`lorls tg tmf soef lghuef`t o`l sprfolsmffts. 1. At tur`s asgcotfl hgeputfrs a`tg a`tfdrotfl systfes, prgvala`d o` f`varg`ef`t wmfrf rfsgurhfs orf smorfl o`l hopohaty prgncfes rfluhfl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ?:. At occgws drgwtm. Ai egrf hgeputa`d rfsgurhfs nfhgef o `ffl, o `fw hgeputfr ho` nf a`stoccfl, ollfl tg tmf `ftwgrb, o`l aeeflaotfcy ohhfssfl ny gtmfr eohma`fs o`l usfrs. ??. Madm rfcaonacaty. Ai oppcahotag`s smorf loto, tmf loto ho` nf rfpcahotfl ohrgss sfvfroc eohma`fs. Ai g`f eohma`f dgfs lgw`, o`gtmfr ho` tobf ats pcohf o`l  prgvalf tmf loto tg tmf oppcahotag`s. ?>. O iacf sfrvfr as fosy tg nohb up os occ tmf loto as stgrfl a` g`f pcohf [email protected]\ODFX  Lasolvo`todfs gi A`stocca`d o @ftwgrb ?. Fxpf`savf tg A`stocc . Octmgudm o `ftwgrb wacc df`froccy sovf eg`fy gvfr taef, tmf a`ataoc hgsts gi a`stoccotag` ho` nf prgmanatavf. Honcfs, `ftwgrb horls, o` l sgitworf orf fxpf`savf, o`l tmf a`stoccotag` eoy rfquarf tmf sfrvahfs gi o tfhm`ahao`. Zurhmosa`d tmf `ftwgrb honca`d o`l iacf sfrvfrs ho` nf fxpf`savf.

>. ^fquarfs Olea`astrotavf \aef . Zrgpfr eoa`tf`o`hf gi o `ftwgrb rfquarfs hg`salfroncf taef o`l fxpfrtasf. Eo`y grdo`azotag`s movf a`stoccfl o `ftwgrb, g`cy tg ia`l tmot tmfy lal `gt nuldft igr tmf `fhfssory olea`astrotavf suppgrt. A`hrfosfl olea`astrotag`. \mfrf wacc nf `ffl igr o systfes olea`astrotgr tg tu`f tmf `ftwgrb, eg`atgr tmf `ftwgrb, olea`astfr lotonosf iacfs, o`l f` surf `ftwgrb a`tfdraty (f`surf tmf `ftwgrb ru`s seggtmcy) 8. Iacf Xfrvfr Eoy Ioac . Octmgudm o iacf sfrvfr as `g egrf sushfptancf tg ioacurf tmo` o`y gtmfr hgeputfr, wmf` tmf iacfs sfrvfr "dgfs lgw`," tmf f`tarf `ftwgrb eoy hgef tg o moct. Tmf` tmas moppf`s, tmf f`tarf shmggc eoy cgsf ohhfss tg `fhfssory prgdroes o`l iacfs. <. Honcfs Eoy Nrfob . Xgef gi tmf hg`iadurotag`s orf lfsad`fl tg ea`aeazf tmf a`hg`vf`af`hf gi o nrgbf` honcf2 watm gtmfr hg`iadurotag`s, g`f nrgbf` honcf ho` stgp tmf f`tarf `ftwgrb. 6. Xfhuraty hg`hfr`s. Xgef usfr ho` doa` u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg pravotf loto. \mfrf as o lo`dfr gi mohba`d, portahucorcy watm walf orfo `ftwgrbs. Xfhuraty prghflu rfs orf `fflfl tg prfvf`t suhm onusf. Gi occ tmf lasolvo`todfs, tmf drfotfst lrownohb as sfhuraty hg`hfr`s2 tmfrfigrf, `ftwgrb sfhuraty as o pragraty a` tmf lfvfcgpef`t gi `ftwgrb oppcahotag`s. 9.  @ftwgrb ioacurf. Os oppcahotag`s a`hrfosf tmfar usf gi o `ftwgrb, `ftwgrb ioacurfs  nfhgef hotostrgpmah. 4. Yarus ottohb. O `ftwgrbfl systfe as vuc`froncf tg lfstruhtavf `ftwgrb efssodfs. Igr fxoepcf, o efssodf tmot sporbs loeoda`d ohtavaty (cabf frosa`d iacfs) eoy f`tfr tmf systfe vao tmf `ftwgrb .Yarusfs ho` sprfol tg gtmfr hgeputfrs tmrgudmgut o hgeputfr `ftwgrb.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX =. Eo`oda`d o cordf `ftwgrb as hgepcahotfl, rfquarfs troa`a`d o`l o `ftwgrb eo`odfr usuoccy `ffls tg nf fepcgyfl. 1. Ai tmf iacf sfrvfr nrfobs lgw` tmf iacfs g` tmf iacf sfrvfr n fhgef a`ohhfssancf. Feoac eadmt stacc wgrb ai at as g` o sfporotf sfrvfr. \mf hgep utfrs ho` stacc nf usfl os sto`l ocg`fs.

@F\TG^B XFHV^A\Q \mf iafcl gi `ftwgrb sfhuraty a` df`froc o`l gi \HZ/AZ sfhuraty a` portahucor as tgg walf tg nf lfoct watm wf tobf tmf egst hgeeg` sfhuraty fxpgsurfs o`l efosurfs tg hgu`tfroht tmfe. Nfhousf eo`y, ai `gt occ, sfhuraty sgcutag`s orf nosfl g` hryptgdropmah ocdgratmes. Xfhuraty Assufs \mas sfhtag` davfs o` gvfrvafw gi sgef gi tmf egst hgeeg` ottohbs g` hgeputfr sfhuraty, o`l at prfsf`ts vaoncf sgcutag`s tg tmgsf fxpgsurfs o`l casts ohtuoc aepcfef`totag`s. Hgeeg` Ottohbs Igr tmguso`ls gi yfors, pfgpcf movf nff` duorla`d tmf dotfs tg wmfrf tmfy stgrf tmfar trfosurfs o`l ossfts. Ioacurf tg lg sg usuoccy rfsuctfl a` nfa`d rgnnfl, `fdcfhtfl ny sghafty gr fvf` baccfl. \mgudm tma`ds orf usuoccy `gt os lroeotah o`yegrf, tmfy ho` stacc  nfhgef vfry nol. Eglfr` loy A/\ eo`odfrs movf rfocazfl tmot at as fquoccy aepgrto`t tg  prgtfht tmfar hgeeu`ahotag`s `ftwgrbs odoa`st a`trulfrs o`l songtfurs irge ngtm a`salf o`l gutsalf. Tf lg `gt movf tg nf gvfrcy poro`gal tg ia`l sgef dggl rfosg`s wmy tmas as tmf hosf;  \oppa`d tmf warf ; tg dft ohhfss tg hcfor tfxt loto o`l posswgrls  Aepfrsg`otag` ; tg dft u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg loto gr tg hrfotf u`outmgrazfl     

f-

eoacs, grlfrs, fth. Lf`aoc-gi-sfrvahf;  tg rf`lfr `ftwgrb rfsgurhfs `g`-iu`htag`oc ^fpcoy gi efssodfs;  tg dft ohhfss tg o`l hmo`df a`igreotag` a` tro`sat Dufssa`d gi posswgrls;  tg dft ohhfss tg a`igreotag` o`l sfrvahfs tmot wgucl `greoccy nf lf`afl. Dufssa`d gi bfys;  tg dft ohhfss tg f`hryptfl loto o`l posswgrls (nrutf-igrhf ottohb, hmgsf` hapmfr tfxt ottohb, hmgsf` pcoa`tfxt ottohb) Yarusfs,  \rgko` mgrsfs o`l cgdah ngens; tg lfstrgy loto

\mgudm tmfsf ottohbs orf `gt fxhcusavfcy spfhaiah tg \HZ/AZ `ftwgrbs, tmfy smgucl nf hg`salfrfl pgtf`taoc tmrfots tg o`yg`f wmg as dga`d tg nosf mas/mfr `ftwgrb g` \HZ/AZ, wmahm as wmot tmf eokgraty gi f`tfrprasfs, grdo`azotag`s o`l seocc nusa`fssfs orgu`l tmf wgrcl orf lga`d tgloy. Mohbfrs (egrf prfhasfcy, hrohbfrs) lg cabfwasf o`l mf`hf ia`l fosy prfy. Gnsfrva`d tmf Nosahs Nfigrf fvf` tma`ba`d ongut aepcfef`ta`d olvo`hfl sfhuraty tfhm`aqufs suhm os

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX tmf g`fs ef`tag`fl a` tmf igccgwa`d sfhtag`s, ygu smgucl eobf surf tmot nosah sfhuraty rucfs orf a` pcohf;  Zosswgrls;  Eobf

surf tmot posswgrls orf f`igrhfl tg nf gi o ea`aeue cf`dtm (typahoccy sax tg fadmt hmorohtfrs), tg hg`toa` ot cfost g`f `uefrah hmorohtfr, tg nf laiifrf`t irge tmf usfr AL tg wmahm tmfy nfcg`d, o`l tg nf hmo`dfl ot cfost g`hf fvfry twg eg`tms.

 Vsfr ALs; Eobf

surf tmot fvfry usfr mos o posswgrl o`l tmot usfrs orf cghbfl gut oitfr sfvfroc cgdg` ottfepts watm wrg`d posswgrls (typahoccy iavf ottfepts). Bffp tmf  posswgrls tg supfrusfr ohhgu`ts (rggt, supfrvasgr, olea`astrotgr,fth.) oeg`d o vfry caeatfl harhcf gi trustfl systfe, `ftwgrb o`l sfhuraty olea`astrotgrs.

 Xystfe lfioucts;  Eobf

surf tmot lfiouct usfr ALs orf fatmfr lasoncfl gr movf  posswgrls tmot olmfrf tg tmf ea`aeue rfquarfef`ts stotfl ongvf. Cabfwasf, eobf surf tmot g`cy tmgsf sfrvahfs orf f`oncfl tmot orf rfquarfl igr o systfe tg iuciacc ats lfsad`otfl rgcf.

 Zmysahoc ohhfss;  Eobf

surf tmot ohhfss tg tmf cghotag`s wmfrf ygur systfes o`l usfrs  pmysahoccy rfsalf as hg`trgccfl opprgpraotfcy. A`igreotag` sfhuraty nfda`s ot tmf rfhfptag`ast, `gt ot tmf hgrpgrotf iarfwocc.

 Mfcp lfsb; Eobf

surf tmot hoccfrs orf prgpfrcy alf`taiafl ny mfcp lfsb rfprfsf`totavfs gr systfe olea`astrotgrs nfigrf tmfy davf gut "igrdgttf`" posswgrls gr usfr ALs. Xghaoc f`da`ffra`d as gitf` tmf iarst stfp tg ottohb o hgeputfr `ftwgrb.

Xgcutag`s tg Xfhuraty Assufs \mfrfigrf, o hgena`otag` gi sfvfroc suhm sgcutag`s smgucl nf hg`salfrfl a` grlfr tg duoro`tff o hfrtoa` cfvfc gi soifty o`l sfhuraty.  F`hryptag`; tg prgtfht loto o`l posswgrls  Outmf`tahotag` o`l outmgrazotag`; tg prfvf`t aeprgpfr ohhfss  A`tfdraty hmfhba`d o`l efssodf outmf`tahotag` hglfs (EOHs); tg prgtfht odoa`st tmf aeprgpfr octfrotag` gi efssodfs   @g`-rfpulaotag`; tg eobf surf tmot o` ohtag` ho``gt nf lf`afl ny tmf pfrsg` wmg  pfrigrefl at  Ladatoc sad`oturfs o`l hfrtaiahotfs; tg oshfrtoa` o porty's alf`taty  G`f-taef posswgrls o`l twg-woy ro`lge `uenfr mo`lsmobfs; tg eutuoccy outmf`tahotf portafs gi o hg`vfrsotag`  Irfquf`t bfy rfirfsm, strg`d bfys o`l prfvf`tag` gi lfrava`d iuturf bfys; tg  prgtfht odoa`st nrfoba`d gi bfys (hryptg-o`ocysas)  Ollrfss hg`hfocef`t; tg prgtfht odoa`st lf`aoc-gi-sfrvahf ottohbs  Hg`tf`t a`spfhtag`; tg hmfhb oppcahotag`-cfvfc loto igr eocahagus hg`tf`t nfigrf lfcavfra`d at a`tg tmf sfhurf `ftwgrb

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected]\F^@F\ XF^YAHFX

Tmot as tmf A`tfr`ft7  \mf A`tfr`ft  as tmf `ftwgrb gi `ftwgrbs nfa`d o wgrclwalf hgccfhtag` gi hgeputfrs tmot hgeeu`ahotf watm g`f o`gtmfr gvfr honcfs, sotfccatfs o`l gptahoc ianfrs. At as catfroccy tmf wmgcf morlworf eoss. \mf A`tfr`ft as tmf `ftwgrb usfl tg tro`spgrt a`igreotag`.

A`tfr`ft, ny lfia`atag` as o `ftwgrb gi `ftwgrbs tmot a`tfroht watm fohm gtmfr tmrgudm fxhmo`df gi loto pohbfts. \mf A`tfr`ft mgsts o` f`gregus a`igreotag` nosf o`l horrafs `uefrgus a`igreotag` rfsgurhfs o`l sfrvahfs.. 

Tmf` wf rfifr tg tmf A`tfr`ft wf orf usuoccy tocba`d ongut tmf Tgrcl Talf Tfn (TTT) wmahm as tmf egst usfl ifoturf gi tmf A`tfr`ft.



\mf TTT stgrfs eaccag`s gi wfn podfs g` wfn sfrvfrs . \mfsf podfs ho` hg`toa` tfxt, pahturfs, egvafs, o`aeotag` o`l sgu`l. Tfn podfs orf wrattf` a` o co`duodf gr hglf hoccfl M\EC (Mypfrtfxt Eorbup Co`duodf). O sft gi wfn  podfs as hoccfl o wfnsatf .



Fohm wfn podf mos ats gw` u`aquf ollrfss gr V^C. \mf V^C wacc movf tmf igreot "mttp" o`l o lgeoa` (suhm os ."hg.ub"). Tmot dgfs a` nftwff` as ornatrory,  nut gitf` mos tmf tfre "www "suhm os a` "mttp;//www.`oef.hg.ub" . nut at lgfs`‑t movf tg (f.d. mttp;//`fws.nnh.hg.ub). Egst satfs movf o podf tmot ca`bs tmf usfr tg tmf gtmfr eoa` orfos gi tmf satf. \mas as hoccfl tmf mgefpodf . Tfn podfs orf hg``fhtfl ny mypfrtfxt ca`bs . Tmf` o ca`b as hcahbfl ygu wacc nf tobf` tg o`gtmfr podf wmahm hgucl nf g` o`gtmfr sfrvfr a` o`y port gi tmf wgrcl. Tmf` ygu egvf orgu`l wfn podfs ygu orf soal tg nf suria`d tmf `ft. Igr tmas ygu `ffl o prgdroe tg rfol tmf podfs (hoccfl o nrgwsfr ), suhm os Iarfigx gr A`tfr`ft Fxpcgrfr. \g sforhm igr o portahucor atfe gr tgpah g` tmf `ft ygu usf o sforhm f`da`f . \mfrf orf eo`y laiifrf`t ba`ls gi sforhm f`da`f, fohm usa`d scadmtcy laiifrf`t woys gi sforhma`d o`l a`lfxa`d wfn hg`tf`t. Dggdcf, [email protected]  o`l Octo Yasto orf occ fxoepcfs gi sforhm f`da`fs, wmacf Qomgg o`l Fxhatf orf wfn larfhtgrafs (o nat cabf tmf Qfccgw Zodfs pmg`f nggb) wmahm movf o sforhm iu`htag` nuact a`. \mf Tgrcl Talf Tfn As sgitworf tmot ru`s g` tmf a`tfr`ft wmahm a`hculfs occ lghuef`totag` tmot as smorfl o`l ohhfssfl g` tmf a`tfr`ft. O Tfn podf as o lghuef`t lfsad`fl tg nf ohhfssfl o`l rfol gvfr tmf TTT. At eust movf o` ollrfss a` o rfhgd`azfl igreot.

  



 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

[email protected]\[email protected] GI \F^EX AXZs (A`tfr`ft Xfrvahf Zrgvalfrs) O` AXZ as o hgepo`y tmot prgvalfs ohhfss tg tmf A`tfr`ft tg a`lavaluocs gr  hgepo`afs. AXZs prgvalf cghoc laoc-up ohhfss irge ygur pfrsg`oc hgeputfr tg tmfar hgeputfr `ftwgrb o`l tmfar `ftwgrb hg``fhts ygu tg tmf A`tfr`ft. O` a`statutag` (usuoccy o pravotf hgepo`y) tmot prgvalfs ohhfss tg tmf A`tfr`ft a`  sgef igre, usuoccy igr eg`fy. O nusa`fss tmot lfcavfrs ohhfss tg tmf A`tfr`ft.  Orf tmf hgepo`afs wmg prgvalf ygu watm ohhfss tg tmf a`tfr`ft . Hgeeg`cy usfl  AXZs a` [aenonwf orf; ?. Zgwfr\fc <. Fhgwfn 4. NXO\ >. [GC 6. \fcfhfc =. Nrglohge 8. Oirahge 9. Hgeg`f 1. Ewfn

Egst giifr tmf soef nosah pohbodf gi A`tfr`ft ohhfss, feoac ollrfssfs, wfn spohf igr ygur gw` podfs o`l cghoc rotf hocc hmordfs. Nrgwsfr gr wfn nrgwsfr O wfn nrgwsfr  as o sgitworf oppcahotag` tmot f`oncfs o usfr tg laspcoy o`l  a`tfroht watm M\EC lghuef`ts mgstfl ny wfn sfrvfrs gr mfcl a` o iacf systfe. Zgpucor nrgwsfrs ovoaconcf igr pfrsg`oc hgeputfrs a`hculf Eahrgsgit A`tfr`ft Fxpcgrfr, Egzacco Iarfigx, Gpfro, o`l Xoiora. O nrgwsfr as tmf egst hgeeg`cy usfl ba`l gi usfr odf`t. \mf cordfst `ftwgrbfl hgccfhtag` gi ca`bfl lghuef`ts as b`gw` os tmf Tgrcl Talf Tfn. As o prgdroe tmot occgws ygu tg vafw tmf podfs g` tmf Tfn7 \mf egst walfcy  usfl orf ?.  A`tfr`ft Fxpcgrfr  >.  Egzacco Iarfigx  8. Dggdcf hmrgef  <. Gpfro  6. Xoiora Occ nrgwsfrs wacc movf o `uenfr gi saeacor ifoturfs tg mfcp ygu usf tmf Tfn; Igrworl o`l nohb nuttg`s tg egvf nftwff` podfs  O mastgry igclfr wmahm stgrfs lftoacs gi rfhf`tcy vasatfl wfn podfs  O stgp nuttg` ai o podf as toba`d tgg cg`d tg cgol  Iovgratfs o`l nggbeorb gptag`s tg stgrf gitf` vasatfl podfs  Gptag`s tg hut, hgpy, sovf o`l pra`t tmf a`igreotag` vafwfl  Xforhm f`da`fs A`tfr`ft sforhm f`da`fs mfcp usfrs ia`l wfn podfs g` o davf` sunkfht. \mf sforhm  f`da`fs eoa`toa` lotonosfs gi wfn satfs o`l usf prgdroes (gitf` rfifrrfl tg os "spalfrs" gr "rgngts") tg hgccfht a`igreotag`, wmahm as tmf` a`lfx fl ny tmf sforhm f`da`f. Xaeacor sfrvahfs orf prgvalfl ny "larfhtgrafs," wmahm eoa`toa` grl frfl casts gi wfnsatfs, fd Qomgg!

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 

Fxoepcfs gi sforhm f`da`fs orf; Dggdcf, [email protected], Na`d, Qomgg, OctoYasto

A`tfr`ft ollrfss \mf `uenfra`d systfe usfl a` \HZ/AZ a`tfr`ftwgrb hgeeu`ahotag`s tg spfhaiy o   portahucor `ftwgrb gr o portahucor mgst g` tmot `ftwgrb watm wmahm tg hgeeu`ahotf. A`tfr`ft ollrfssfs orf hgeeg`cy lf`gtfl a` lgttfl lfhaeoc igre. Fxoepcfs gi a`tfr`ft ollrfssfs ?. www.iohfnggb.hge >. www.dggdcf.hge 8. www.yomgg.hge <. www.deoac.hge 6. www.mfrocl.hg.zw O` AZ ollrfss (A`tfr`ft Zrgtghgc ollrfss) as o u`aquf `uenfr, o ba`l gi tfcfpmg`f  `uenfr, usfl ny eohma`fs (usuoccy hgeputfrs) tg rfifr tg fohm gtmfr wmf` sf`la`d a`igreotag` tmrgudm tmf A`tfr`ft. \mas occgws eohma`fs possa`d tmf a`igreotag` g`worls g` nfmoci gi tmf sf`lfr tg b`gw wmfrf tg sf`l at `fxt, o`l igr tmf eohma`f rfhfava`d tmf a`igreotag` tg b`gw tmot at as tmf a`tf`lfl lfsta`otag`.

Cast gi A`tfr`ft \frea`gcgdy O^[email protected]\; \mf ohrg`ye sto`ls igr Olvo`hfl ^fsforhm Zrgkfhts Odf`hy @ftwgrb. O^ZO gi tmf V`atfl Xtotfs Lfportef`t gi Lfif`sf lfvfcgpfl O^[email protected]\, wmahm nfhoef tmf wgrcl's iarst  pohbft swathma`d `ftwgrb. A`tfr`ft as tmf suhhfssgr gi O^[email protected]\. A`tfr`ft Xfrvahf Zrgvalfr; O hgepo`y, wmahm prgvalfs usfrs watm o` ohhfss tg tmf A`tfr`ft, as b`gw` os o` A`tfr`ft sfrvahf prgvalfr gr A`tfr`ft ohhfss prgvalfr. AXZ, os at as hoccfl, giifrs feoac ohhgu`ts o`l gtmfr sfrvahfs cabf rfegtf stgrodf gi iacfs igr ats hustgefrs. GXA Eglfc; \mf Gpf` Xystfe A`tfrhg``fhtag` Eglfc as usfl tg lfshranf o coyfrfl hgeeu`ahotag` o`l `ftwgrb prgtghgc lfsad` gi o `ftwgrb. At as hgepgsfl gi sfvf` coyfrs, fohm gi wmahm pfrigres hfrtoa` iu`htag`s o`l prgvalfs tmf coyfrs ongvf at watm sgef sfrvahfs. Dg tmrgudm o` fcongrotf lfshraptag` gi tmf GXA eglfc. A`tfr`ft Zrgtghgc Xuatf; At as o sft gi hgeeu`ahotag` prgtghgcs, wmahm orf usfl igr tmf A`tfr`ft. \ro`seassag` Hg`trgc Zrgtghgc (\HZ) o`l A`tfr`ft Zrgtghgc (AZ) wfrf tmf twg pag`ffra`d  prgtghgcs tg nf a`trgluhfl a` tmf A`tfr`ft prgtghgc sto`lorl. \mf A`tfr`ft prgtghgc suatf as hgepgsfl gi o sft gi coyfrs wmfrfa`2 fohm coyfr prgvalfs o sfrvahf tg tmf uppfr coyfrs a` tmf sft. \mf uppfr coyfrs lfoc watm onstroht loto wmacf tmf cgwfr coyfr prgtghgcs tro`scotf loto a`tg  pmysahoccy tro`seattoncf igres. ZZZ; Zga`t-tg-Zga`t prgtghgc (ZZZ) as o loto ca`b prgtghgc tmot iohacatotfs tmf fstoncasmef`t gi o larfht hg``fhtag` nftwff` twg `glfs g` o `ftwgrb. Mfrf as o nrafi a`trgluhtag` tg tmf  Zga`t-tgZga`t-prgtghgc. AZ Ollrfss; At as o woy gi `uefrahoccy alf`taiya`d o` f`taty g` o hgeputfr `ftwgrb. \mf grada`oc ollrfssa`d systfe b`gw` os AZv<, usfl 8> nat ollrfssfs. Tatm tmf drgwtm gi tmf A`tfr`ft, AZv9 hoef tg nf usfl wmfrfa` tmf ollrfssfs orf hgepgsfl gi ?>= nats. Qgu eadmt wo`t tg b`gw  mgw tg ia`l ygur AZ ollrfss.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX EOH Ollrfss; Eflao Ohhfss Hg`trgc ollrfss (EOH) as tmf pmysahoc mfxolfhaeoc ollrfss ossad`fl tg fohm lfvahf g` o `ftwgrb. Lgeoa` @oef Xystfe; [email protected], os at as hoccfl, rfifrs tg tmf mafrorhmahoc `oea`d systfe usfl igr hgeputfrs, rfsgurhfs o`l sfrvahfs g` tmf A`tfr`ft. At tro`scotfs tmf hgeputfr mgst`oefs tg AZ ollrfssfs. Ny woy gi tmf aepcfef`totag` gi [email protected], tmf lgeoa` `oef 'www.nuzzcf.hge' tro`scotfs tg ats AZ ollrfss, soy, >:=.4:.?4=.?6:. Tatm tmf mfcp gi [email protected], lgeoa` `oefs ho` nf ossad`fl tg A`tfr`ft usfrs. Hynfrspohf; \mas tfre hga`fl ny Taccaoe Dansg`, as usfl tg rfifr tg tmf hgeputfr `ftwgrbs hg``fhtfl tg fohm gtmfr o`l tmf hg`tf`t tmfy mgst. At as gitf` usfl tg rfifr tg tmf A`tfr`ft. TTT; At as o hgccfhtag` gi a`tfrca`bfl lghuef`ts tmot orf ohhfssancf gvfr tmf A`tfr`ft. At hg`sasts gi eaccag`s gi wfn podfs tmot hg`toa` tfxt, aeodfs, vgahf o`l valfgs. Xar \ae Nfr`frs-Cff, o Nratasm shaf`tast wgrba`d ot HF^@, hrfotfl tmf Tgrcl Talf Tfn. T8H; At as tmf ohrg`ye usfl igr tmf Tgrcl Talf Tfn Hg`sgrtaue, wmahm lfvfcgps sto`lorls igr tmf wfn hgeeu`aty. Tfnsatf; O wfnsatf as o sft gi wfn podfs hg`sasta`d gi tfxt, oulag o`l valfg. Tfn sfrvfrs mgst wfnsatfs. V^C; At spfhaiafs tmf cghotag` gi o rfsgurhf g` tmf A`tfr`ft. At hg`sasts gi tmf nosah ollrfss o`l  potm. Tfn Zodf; Tfn podfs orf rfsgurhfs gi a`igreotag`. \mfy orf df`froccy hrfotfl a` tmf M\EC igreot o`l prgvalf tmf wfn usfrs watm `ovadotag`oc onacatafs tmrgudm mypfrca`bs tg gtmfr wfn  podfs g` tmf wfn. Mgef Zodf; \mf tfre mgef podf as usfl tg rfifr tg tmf podf tmot as tmf lfiouct podf gi o`y wfnsatf. At as tmf eoa` podf gi o hgepcfx wfnsatf. Zrgxy Xfrvfr; Hcaf`t eohma`fs g` o `ftwgrb hg``fht tg tmf prgxy sfrvfr, wmahm igrworls tmf hcaf`t rfqufsts tg gtmfr sfrvfrs o`l rftur`s rfspg`sfs tg tmf hcaf`ts. Tfn Xfrvfr; O wfn sfrvfr as o hgeputfr prgdroe tmot ohhfpts M\\Z rfqufsts irge wfn hcaf`ts o`l prgvalfs tmfe watm M\\Z rfspg`sfs. Tfn Nrgwsfr; O wfn nrgwsfr as o sgitworf oppcahotag` tmot iohacatotfs usfr a`tfrohtag` watm tmf tfxt, oulag, valfg o`l gtmfr a`igreotag` tmot as cghotfl g` tmf wfn. Hohmf; Tfn nrgwsfrs eoa`toa` o hohmf gi rfhf`tcy vasatfl wfn podfs. Xgef gi tmfe usf o` fxtfr`oc prgxy wfn hohmf, wmahm as o sfrvfr prgdroe tmrgudm wmahm wfn rfqufsts poss. \mas f`oncfs tmf nrgwsfrs tg hohmf irfquf`tcy vasatfl podfs. Fvf` sforhm f`da`fs eobf ovoaconcf ocrfoly a`lfxfl wfn podfs tmrgudm tmfar hohmfs. M\\Z; Mypfrtfxt \ro`sifr Zrgtghgc, onnrfvaotfl os M\\Z, as o hgeeu`ahotag`s prgtghgc usfl igr tmf tro`sifr gi a`igreotag` gvfr tmf A`tfr`ft. O hcaf`t eobfs o` M\\Z rfqufst usa`d o wfn  nrgwsfr tg wmahm o` M\\Z rfspg`sf as sf`t irge tmf sfrvfr.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Tfn Hggbaf; Ocsg b`gw` os o` M\\Z hggbaf, at as pafhf gi tfxt tmot as fxhmo`dfl nftwff` tmf wfn hcaf`t o`l tmf wfn sfrvfr. At as sf`t ny tmf wfn sfrvfr tg tmf wfn hcaf`t o`l rftur`fl u`hmo`dfl ny tmf hcaf`t fohm taef at ohhfssfs tmf sfrvfr. Qgu eadmt wo`t tg b`gw  mgw lg wfnsatfs usf hggbafs7 Xfssag`; At as o` fxhmo`df gi a`igreotag` nftwff` o hgeputfr o`l ats usfr. At as fstoncasmfl igr o hfrtoa` pfragl gi taef oitfr wmahm at f`ls. Mypfrca`b; O rfifrf`hf a` o lghuef`t tg o`gtmfr sfhtag` gi tmf lghuef`t gr tg o`gtmfr lghuef`t as tfrefl os o mypfrca`b. Mypfrca`bs orf usfl tg rflarfht tmf usfr irge g`f sfhtag` gi o podf hg`tf`t tg o`gtmfr. Tfn >.:; At as usfl tg lfshranf tmf hmo`dfs a` tmf www tfhm`gcgdy o`l wfn lfsad`. \mf tfre lfocs watm tmf alfo gi tmf lfvfcgpef`t gi a`tfrohtavaty o`l hg``fhtavaty gi tmf wfn hg`tf`t. A`tfr`ft sfhuraty; At as g`f gi tmf eokgr hg`hfr`s tgloy. Os tmf A`tfr`ft ohts os o hgeeu`ahotag`  pcotigre tmot ho` nf ohhfssfl ny eaccag`s gi usfrs orgu`l tmf wgrcl, at nfhgefs `fhfssory tmot  prgpfr efosurfs nf aepcfef`tfl. Assufs cabf A`tfr`ft soifty tmot lfoc watm tmf hg`tf`t tmot as eolf ohhfssancf gvfr tmf A`tfr`ft orf fquoccy aepgrto`t. A`tfr`ft pravohy rfcotfs tg soifduorla`d tmf pravohy gi tmf wfn usfrs o`l tmf sf`satavf a`igreotag` g` tmf wfn irge mohbfrs o`l stocbfrs. A`tfr`ft - O hgeeu`ahotag` Zcotigre A`tfr`ft sfrvfs os g`f gi tmf egst fiiahaf`t efo`s gi hgeeu`ahotag`. Hgeputfrs irge laiifrf`t  ports gi tmf wgrcl ho` nf hg``fhtfl tg fohm gtmfr tg fxhmo`df a`igreotag`, tmo`bs tg tmf A`tfr`ft. Feoacs o`l hmots orf fxhfccf`t efo`s gi hgeeu`ahotag` gvfr tmf A`tfr`ft. Ncgds o`l g`ca`f igrues davf tmf A`tfr`ft usfrs o pcotigre tg rfohm gut tg tmf eossfs. Mfrf as o cast gi tmf nosah A`tfr`ft tfres ossghaotfl watm tmf A`tfr`ft os o hgeeu`ahotag` pcotigre. Feoac; At as o stgrf-o`l-igrworl eftmgl gi wrata`d, sf`la`d o`l rfhfava`d wrattf` efssodfs. Fcfhtrg`ah eoac as o` A`tfr`ft f-eoac systfe tmot usfs `ftwgrb-nosfl prgtghgcs tg fxhmo`df efssodfs nftwff` `ftwgrb sunsystfes. Feoac Ollrfss; At alf`taiafs tmf `ftwgrb cghotag` tg wmahm o` feoac ho` nf lfcavfrfl. O` feoac ollrfss as o hgena`otag` gi tmf usfr `oef gi tmf eoac usfr o`l tmf mgst `oef gi tmf eoaca`d systfe. At as gi tmf igre, 'usfr`oefJlgeoa`-`oef'. O` feoac ocaos as o igrworla`d feoac ollrfss. At saepcy igrworls feoacs tg spfhaiah feoac ollrfssfs. Xpoeea`d; \mf oht gi sf`la`d u`sgcahatfl nucb efssodfs gvfr o` feoac systfe as b`gw` os spoeea`d. At as o` u`lfsaroncf usf gi tmf fcfhtrg`ah efssoda`d systfes. Zmasma`d; At as o iroulucf`t ohtavaty gi ohquara`d tmf sf`satavf a`igreotag` ny tmf usf gi o iobf alf`taty lura`d fcfhtrg`ah hgeeu`ahotag`. At as aepcfef`tfl ny efo`s gi feoacs o`l a`sto`t efssodfs wmfrfa` o usfr as curfl tg f`tfr mas/mfr lftoacs, wmahm orf ohtuoccy hopturfl ny o iroulucf`t wfnsatf. Mohba`d; Mohba`d as tmf ohtavaty gi prgdroeeotahoccy doa`a`d ohhfss tg o hgeputfr oppcahotag` tmot as gtmfrwasf a`ohhfssancf. \mf oht gi doa`a`d o` u`outmgrazfl ohhfss tg o hgeputfr as b`gw` os mohba`d. Mohba`d gi posswgrls tmot cfols tg nrfohm gi feoac pravohy as o tmrfot tg hgeeu`ahotag` gvfr tmf A`tfr`ft. A`tfr`ft hraef rfifrs tg occ tmf hraea`oc ohtavatafs tmot orf horrafl gvfr tmf A`tfr`ft.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Feoac Xhoes; Tatm tmf a`hrfosf a` tmf usf gi feoac systfes, ats sfhuraty `ffls ocsg rgsf. Iroulucf`t usfrs stortfl toepfra`d watm tmf feoac systfes tg nrfohm sfhuraty. Feoac Yarus; At as o hgeputfr hglf tmot as tro`seattfl tmrgudm o` feoac a` tmf igre gi o` ottohmef`t. \mf feoac ottohmef`t housfs tmf lfstruhtag` gi sgef gi tmf iacfs g` tmf rfhfavfr hgeputfr's morl lasb o`l as prgdroeeotahoccy feoacfl tg tmf hg`tohts a` tmf ollrfss nggb gi tmf rfhfavfr. Feoac Hcaf`t; At as ocsg b`gw` os o eoac usfr odf`t (EVO). O` feoac hcaf`t as o i rg`t-f`l hgeputfr prgdroe gr o` odf`t tmot ohts os o hcaf`t igr tmf feoac sfrvfr. Eoac Xfrvfr; At ho` ocsg nf hoccfl Eoac \ro`sifr Odf`t (E\O) o`l as rfspg`sancf igr rfhfava`d a`hgea`d feoac irge cghoc usfrs o`l igrworla`d gutdga`d eoacs igr lfcavfry. O eoac sfrvfr oppcahotag` igres tmf mfort gi o efssoda`d systfe tmot pfrigres occ tmf iu`htag`s tg bffp tmf eoacs egva`d gvfr tmf `ftwgrb. XE\Z; Xmgrt igr Xaepcf Eoac \ro`sifr Zrgtghgc, XE\Z as tmf sto`lorl igr tmf tro`seassag` gi fcfhtrg`ah eoacs. \mf fcfhtrg`ah eoac sfrvfr sgitworf usfs XE\Z tg sf`l o`l rfhfavf eoac efssodfs. FXE\Z, tmot as b`gw` os fxtf`lfl gr f`mo`hfl XE\Z rfifrs tg tmf prgtghgc fxtf`sag`s eolf tg XE\Z o`l as walfcy usfl tgloy. ZGZ8; Xmgrt igr Zgst Giiahf Zrgtghgc, ZGZ8 as o` oppcahotag` coyfr A`tfr`ft sto`lorl prgtghgc. At as usfl tg rftrafvf eoacs irge o rfegtf sfrvfr. Mfrf as o nrafi  a`trgluhtag` tg ZGZ8. AEOZ ; A`tfr`ft Efssodf Ohhfss Zrgtghgc, os at as hoccfl, as o`gtmfr A`tfr`ft sto`lorl prgtghgc usfl igr rftrafvoc gi feoacs. A`tfr`ft Hmot; At as o rfoc-taef A`tfr`ft hmot gr sy`hmrg`gus hg`ifrf`ha`d tmot as usfl igr drgup hgeeu`ahotag` os wfcc os g`f-tg-g`f hgeeu`ahotag` gvfr tmf A`tfr`ft. Korbbg Gabora`f`, o Zm.L. irge tmf V`avfrsaty gi Gucu as tmf lfvfcgpfr gi tmf iarst A`tfr`ft hmot `ftwgrb. Mf lfvfcgpfl tmf hcaf`t o`l sfrvfr prgdroes igr A`tfr`ft ^fcoy Hmot a` Oudust ?1==. Xghaoc @ftwgrba`d; Xghaoc `ftwgrba`d as ongut nuacla`d g`ca`f hgeeu`atafs gi cabf-ea`lfl  pfgpcf. Xfrva`d os o` fxhfccf`t pcotigre igr smora`d gi a`igreotag`, sghaoc `ftwgrba`d as o rodf tgloy. OLXC; Osyeeftrah Ladatoc Xunshranfr Ca`f, onnrfvaotfl os OLXC, as usfl igr tmf tro`seassag` gi ladatoc a`igreotag` usa`d madm no`lwaltms g` fxasta`d pmg`f ca`fs. OLXC tfhm`gcgdy as hmorohtfrazfl ny madm lgw`cgol o`l cgw upcgol rotfs. Laoc-up; At as tmf efo`s tg hg``fht tg tmf A`tfr`ft usa`d tmf hgppfr pmg`f ca`fs o`l o eglfe. Laoc-up hg``fhtag`s orf hoponcf gi sf`la`d a`igreotag` irge tmf hcaf`t's f`l ot vfry scgw spffls gi ongut 69bnps. Eglfe; At as o lfvahf tmot eglucotfs o`ocgd horrafr sad`ocs tg f`hglf ladatoc a`igreotag` o`l lfeglucotfs horrafr sad`ocs tg lfhglf a`igreotag`. O honcf eglfe prgvalfs oh hfss tg loto sad`ocs sf`t gvfr tmf honcf tfcfvasag` a`irostruhturf. Eglfes orf hgeeg`cy usfl igr iohacatota`d A`tfr`ft ohhfss. Hgeeu`ahotag` No`lwaltm; At rfifrs tg tmf loto tmot ho` nf tro`sifrrfl nftwff` twg pga`ts a` o davf` pfragl gi taef. At as fxprfssfl a` tfres gi nats pfr sfhg`l. At as hgeeg`cy b`gw` os tmf nat

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX rotf. Ncgds; Ncgds orf tmf fxprfssag`s gi tmf hgeeg` eossfs ongut sghaoc gr pgcatahoc assufs gr saepcy o`ytma`d. Ncgds ho` gitf` nf a` tmf igre gi hrfotavf wratf-ups ny wratfrs a` laiifrf`t ports gi tmf wgrcl. A`tfr`ft Igrues; At as o nuccfta` ngorl tmot sfrvfs os o pcotigre igr drgup lashussag`. ^fdastfrfl usfrs orf irff tg hg`tranutf tg tmf assufs roasfl a` igrues tmus eoba`d tmfe gpf` lashussag`  pcotigres. Vsf`ft; Vsf`ft ho` nf hg`salfrfl os o wgrclwalf nuccfta` ngorl. Vsf`ft `fwsdrgups sfrvf os o rfpgsatgry gi efssodfs pgstfl irge usfrs orgu`l tmf wgrcl.

Olvo`todfs gi tmf A`tfr`ft;  

  

   

Fosy hgeeu`ahotag` watm gtmfr pfgpcf orgu`l tmf wgrcl2 Yocuoncf cfor`a`d rfsgurhf nfhousf a`tfr`ft sbaccs wacc nf `fflfl igr kgns a` tmf iuturf2 F`oncfs egrf pfgpcf tg wgrb irge mgef2 O vost oegu`t gi a`igreotag` ho` nf ohhfssfl2 Vp-tg-lotf a`igreotag` ho` nf ohhfssfl g`-ca`f watmgut tmf `ffl tg owoat  puncahotag`2 Zuncasma`d lghuef`ts g` tmf a`tfr`ft sovfs popfr2 O vocuoncf rfsgurhf igr hgepo`afs tg olvfrtasf o`l hg`luht nusa`fss. G`ca`f smgppa`d Lasto`hf fluhotag`

\mfsf orf ior tgg nrgol o`l fxtf`la`d tg occ rfoces a` caif. Igr a`sto`hf;?) Ohhfss tg o walf ro`df gi a`igreotag` irge o`y cghotag` wgrclwalf wmfrf tmfrf as a`tfr`ft ohhfss. a.f. oarca`fs, rfsgrts, nggbs, outmgrs. >) ^fsforhm g` o`y tgpah a.f. o prgifssgr, hurrf`t oiioars. 8) G`ca`f Xmgppa`d a.f. igr hors, spfhaiah lrfss. <) G`ca`f grlfra`d o`l horrya`d gut gtmfr nusa`fss tro`sohtag`s f.d.. Grlfra`d o hmfquf  nggb, olvfrtasa`d o prgluht. 6) G`ca`f hg`ifrf`ha`d ‘  hgeeu`ahota`d ohrgss a`tfr`otag`oc ngu`lorafs. 9) Onacaty tg ohhfss f-eoac irge o`y cghotag` wgrclwalf. 4) ^fola`d `fwspopfrs g`ca`f. Olvo`todfs

?. >. 8. <.

Dcgnoc Oulaf`hf Iostfr Hgeeu`ahotag` A`igreotag` ^fsgurhfs F`tfrtoa`ef`t

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 6. Xghaoc @ftwgrba`d 9. G`ca`f Xfrvahfs . 4. f-hgeefrhf =. Gpfrotfs >< mgurs, 4 loys o wffb 1. ^fcotavfcy A`fxpf`savf ?:. Zrgluht Olvfrtasa`d ??. Lastranutf Zrgluht Hotocgds ?>. G`ca`f Xurvfys ?8. O``gu`hfef`ts ?<. Zrgvalf \fhm`ahoc Xuppgrt ?6. Hrfotf G`ca`f Lashussag` Igrues ?9. Gntoa` Hustgefr Ifflnohb ?4. Aeeflaotf Lastranutag` gi A`igreotag` ?=. Fosy A`tfdrotag` watm A`tfr`oc A`igreotag` Xystfes ?1. Zgwfriuc Hg`tf`t Zuncasma`d \ggcs >:. Euctaeflao \mf hoponacaty tg a`hgrpgrotf euctaeflao a`tg Tfn podfs as o eokgr olvo`todf gi usa`d Tgrcl Talf Tfn tg puncasm a`igreotag`. Igr fxoepcf, eo`y Tfn satfs usf sgu`ls o`l valfg hcaps tg eobf tmf hg`tf`t fosafr o`l egrf a`tfrfsta`d tg nrgwsf.

Lasolvo`todfs \mfit gi Zfrsg`oc A`igreotag` Ai ygu usf tmf A`tfr`ft igr g`ca`f no`ba`d, sghaoc `ftwgrba`d gr gtmfr sfrvahfs, ygu eoy rasb o tmfit tg ygur pfrsg`oc a`igreotag` suhm os `oef, ollrfss, hrflat horl `uenfr fth. V`shrupucgus pfgpcf ho` ohhfss tmas a`igreotag` tmrgudm u`sfhurfl hg``fhtag`s gr ny  pco`ta`d sgitworf o`l tmf` usf ygur pfrsg`oc lftoacs igr tmfar nf`fiat. @fflcfss tg soy, tmas eoy co`l ygu a` sfragus trguncf. Xpoeea`d Xpoeea`d rfifrs tg sf`la`d u`wo`tfl f-eoacs a` nucb, wmahm prgvalf `g purpgsf o`l `fflcfsscy gnstruht tmf f`tarf systfe. Xuhm accfdoc ohtavatafs ho` nf vfry irustrota`d igr ygu os at eobfs ygur A`tfr`ft scgwfr o`l cfss rfcaoncf. Yarus \mrfot A`tfr`ft usfrs orf gitf` pcodufl ny varus ottohbs g` tmfar systfes. Yarus prgdroes orf a`hg`spahugus o`l eoy dft ohtavotfl ai ygu hcahb o sffea`dcy morecfss ca`b. Hgeputfrs hg``fhtfl tg tmf A`tfr`ft orf vfry prg`f tg tordftfl varus ottohbs o`l eoy f`l up hrosma`d. Zgr`gdropmy Zgr`gdropmy as pfrmops tmf naddfst lasolvo`todf gi tmf A`tfr`ft. A`tfr`ft occgws ygu tg ohhfss o`l lgw`cgol eaccag`s gi pgr`gdropmah pmgtgs, valfgs o`l gtmfr ]-rotfl stuii. Xuhm u`rfstrahtfl ohhfss tg pgr` ho` nf lftraef`toc igr hmaclrf` o`l tff`odfrs. At ho` fvf` pcoy o movgh a` eoratoc o`l sghaoc cavfs gi olucts.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Xghaoc Lashg``fht \mo`bs tg tmf A`tfr`ft, pfgpcf `gw g`cy efft g` sghaoc `ftwgrbs. Egrf o`l egrf pfgpcf orf dftta`d f`ducifl a` vartuoc wgrcl o`l lraita`d oport irge tmfar iraf`ls o`l ioeacy. Fvf` hmaclrf` prfifr tg pcoy g`ca`f doefs rotmfr tmo` dga`d gut o`l ea`dca`d watm gtmfr bals. \mas eoy moepfr o mfoctmy sghaoc lfvfcgpef`t a` hmaclrf`

Lasolvo`todfs gi tmf A`tfr`ft;   

 



Euhm gi tmf a`igreotag` as`‑t hmfhbfl o`l eoy nf a`hgrrfht gr arrfcfvo`t2 O cordf oegu`t gi u`lfsaroncf eotfraoc, suhm os pgr`gdropmy, as rfolacy ovoaconcf2 Efssodfs sf`t ohrgss tmf a`tfr`ft ho` nf fosacy a`tfrhfptfl o`l orf gpf` tg onusf  ny gtmfrs2 Cordf tfcfpmg`f naccs ho` fosacy nf ru` up2 \gg euhm taef spf`t g` tmf a`tfr`ft hgucl rfsuct a` o cohb gi iohf-tg-iohf a`tfrohtag` watm gtmfrs o`l o cgss gi sghaoc sbaccs2 Dga`d g`-ca`f ru`s tmf rasb gi mohbfrs gr varusfs nfa`d oncf tg loeodf ygur hgeputfr.

\mf Tfn usfs tmrff sto`lorls `oefcy; ? V^Cs (V`aigre ^fsgurhf Cghotgrs) ‘  wmahm orf wfn podf ollrfssfs > M\\Z (Mypfrtfxt \ro`sifr Zrgtghgc) ‘  tmf co`duodf usfl tg lfsad` wfn podfs 8 M\EC (Mypfrtfxt Eorbup Co`duodf)

\g sf`l f-eoac ohhfss tmf A`tfr`ft, ngtm tmf sf`lfr o`l rfhfavfr `ffl; TMO\ AX @FFLFL IG^ [email protected]\F^@F\ [email protected] F-EOAC XF^YAHFX ?) O hgeputfr hg``fhtfl tg o `ftwgrb, >) \mf wa`lgws gpfrota`d systfe a`stoccfl 8) \mf hgeeu`ahotag` o`l gr nrgwsfr sgitworf suhm os Es-Fxhmo`df gr EsGutcggb, A`tfr`ft fxpcgrfr, @ftshopf `ovadotgr <) O eglfe 6) \fcfpmg`f ca`f 9) Xunshraptag` tg o` AXZ (A`tfr`ft Xfrvahf Zrgvalfr).

Tmot lg ygu `ffl tg dft hg``fhtfl7

\g hg``fht tg tmf a`tfr`ft ygu `ffl; ?) O hgeputfr >) O tfcfpmg`f ca`f

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX 8) O eglfe - tmf typf gi eglfe ygu `ffl tg usf as lfpf`lo`t g` tmf typf gi hg``fhtag` ygu movf. Xgef gi tmf hmgahfs orf; O` o`ocgduf eglfe o`l o` grla`ory pmg`f ca`f. \mas typf gi eglfe ca`bs ygur hgeputfr tg tmf pmg`f o`l hg`vfrts hgeputfr sad`ocs tg o`ocgduf pmg`f ca`f sad`ocs - o`l nohb odoa`. \ypahoc o`ocgduf eglfe spffls orf 69Bnps (nps sto`ls igr nats pfr sfhg`l) wmahm efo`s tmfy ho` rfhfavf ongut 9::: hmorohtfrs pfr sfhg`l. \mas as tmf scgwfst o`l gclfst typf gi hg``fhtag` o`l nfhgea`d cfss hgeeg` watm tmf a`trgluhtag` gi  nrgolno`l. O` [email protected] ca`f o`l tfrea`oc oloptgr. \mas ladatoc hg``fhtag` as scadmtcy iostfr tmo` o` o`ocgduf hg``fhtag`. O` OLXC gr honcf tfcfpmg`f ca`f o`l nrgolno`l eglfe. Nrgolno`l eglfes orf euhm iostfr tmo` tmf gtmfr twg gptag`s o`l tmfar usf as a`hrfosa`d. <) O` ohhgu`t watm o` AXZ (A`tfr`ft Xfrvahf Zrgvalfr) 6) Nrgwsfr sgitworf AXZs orf tmf hgepo`afs wmg prgvalf ygu watm ohhfss tg tmf a`tfr`ft . Hgeeg`cy usfl AXZs a`hculf Irffsfrvf, OGC, Yarda`, \fshg, N\ o`l eo`y egrf. Egst giifr tmf soef  nosah pohbodf gi A`tfr`ft ohhfss, feoac ollrfssfs, wfn spohf igr ygur gw` podfs o`l cghoc rotf hocc hmordfs. O nrgwsfr as o prgdroe tmot occgws ygu tg vafw tmf podfs g` tmf Tfn. \mf egst walfcy usfl orf A`tfr`ft Fxpcgrfr o`l Iarfigx. Occ nrgwsfrs wacc movf o `uenfr gi saeacor ifoturfs tg mfcp ygu usf tmf Tfn; Igrworl o`l nohb nuttg`s tg egvf nftwff` podfs  O mastgry igclfr wmahm stgrfs lftoacs gi rfhf`tcy vasatfl wfn podfs  O stgp nuttg` ai o podf as toba`d tgg cg`d tg cgol  Iovgratfs o`l nggbeorb gptag`s tg stgrf gitf` vasatfl podfs  Gptag`s tg hut, hgpy, sovf o`l pra`t tmf a`igreotag` vafwfl  Fcfhtrg`ah eoac Fcfhtrg`ah eoac gr feoac  as o efo`s gi sf`la`d efssodfs, tfxt, o`l hgeputfr iacfs  nftwff` hgeputfrs vao tmf tfcfpmg`f `ftwgrb. Nfhousf tmf tfcfpmg`f `ftwgrb hgvfrs tmf wmgcf wgrcl, feoac f`oncfs ygu tg hgeeu`ahotf wgrcl walf. Feoac o`l wfn eoac Feoac \g sft up feoac ygu `ffl; O hgeputfr  O` a`tfr`ft hg``fhtag` vao o` o`ocgduf eglfe (grla`ory pmg`f ca`f) gr tfrea`oc  oloptgr ([email protected]) gr nrgolno`l eglfe (OLXC o`l honcf) O` ohhgu`t watm o` AXZ (A`tfr`ft Xfrvahf Zrgvalfr)  Feoac sgitworf 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Qgur A`tfr`ft Xfrvahf Zrgvalfr wacc davf ygu o` feoac ohhgu`t, o posswgrl o`l o eoacngx suhm os ygur`oefJmgst`oef.hg.ub . Qgu ho` ocsg sft up o` feoac ohhgu`t watm o eoacngx o`l posswgrls watm `g`-AXZs suhm os Dggdcf o`l Mgteoac. Tatm o laoc-up hg``fhtag`, ygu movf tg poy tmf hgst gi ygur a`tfr`ft pmg`f hoccs (cghoc rotf), o`l a` egst hosfs o sunshraptag` tg ygur prgvalfr (tmgudm sgef orf irff). O  nrgolno`l hg``fhtag` as 'ocwoys g`', watm g`cy o icot-rotf sunshraptag`. Yfry ifw pfgpcf  poy ny tmf ea`utf `gwoloys o`l tmf eokgraty gi pfgpcf poy o eg`tmcy iff igr nrgolno`l ohhfss. O`ta-varus sho``a`d as nfhgea`d sto`lorl g` feoac ohhgu`ts o`l eo`y feoac prgvalfrs `gw giifr o` o`ta spoe (fcfhtrg`ah ku`b eoac) sfrvahf. Tfn eoac Tfn eoac, os ats `oef suddfsts, as wfn-nosfl feoac. \g usf wfn eoac, ygu lg `gt `ffl o`y feoac sgitworf - kust o hgeputfr hg``fhtfl tg tmf a`tfr`ft vao o`y g`f gi tmf hg``fhtag` typfs castfl ongvf, o`l o nrgwsfr. Vsfrs saepcy sad` up tg tmf wfn eoac sfrvahf gi o wfn pgrtoc suhm os [email protected] gr Qomgg. \mfy orf davf` o u`aquf usfr `oef o`l o pfrsg`oc eoacngx g` tmf pgrtoc's feoac sfrvfr, o`l tmfy ho` tmf` sf`l o`l rfhfavf efssodfs vao o spfhaoc wfn podf. O nosah wfn eoac ohhgu`t as usuoccy irff, octmgudm tmas wacc movf o vfry caeatfl oegu`t gi stgrodf. \mf olvo`todf gi wfn eoac as tmot usfrs ho` rfhfavf o`l sf`l eoac irge o`y hgeputfr a` tmf wgrcl watm a`tfr`ft ohhfss. Ai ygu movf o laoc-up hg``fhtag` ygu ho` lgw`cgol ygur feoacs o`l tmf` rfol tmfe giica`f tg ovgal stoya`d g`-ca`f igr cg`d pfragls. Xgef AXZs wacc f`oncf tmfar rfducor feoac hustgefrs tg ohhfss tmfar eoacngx vao wfn eoac os wfcc os tmrgudm tmf feoac sgitworf g` tmfar ZH. Ifoturfs gi feoac Outgeotah rfpcy tg efssodfs  Outg igrworl o`l rflarfhtag` gi efssodfs  Iohacaty tg sf`l hgpafs gi o efssodf tg eo`y pfgpcf  Outgeotah iaca`d o`l rftrafvoc gi efssodfs  Ollrfssfs ho` nf stgrfl a` o` ollrfss nggb o`l rftrafvfl a`sto`tcy   @gtaiahotag` ai efssodf ho``gt nf lfcavfrfl  Outgeotahoccy lotf o`l taef stoepfl  Xad`oturfs ho` nf ottohmfl  Iacfs, dropmahs gr sgu`l ho` nf sf`t os ottohmef`ts, gitf` a` hgeprfssfl igreots  Tfn eoac o`l egnacf feoac ho` nf usfl tg rfhfavf o`l sf`l efssodfs wmacf g`  tmf egvf. Vsa`d feoac Nrgolno`l feoac  - Qgur hg``fhtag` as ocwoys g` - sg saepcy wratf o`l ollrfss ygur efssodf o`l mat 'sf`l' tg sf`l ygur eoac o`l 'rfhfavf' tg lgw`cgol o`y a`hgea`d efssodfs irge ygur feoac prgvalfr's sfrvfr. Tfn eoac  - Hg``fht tg tmf a`tfr`ft (ai usa`d o laoc-up ohhgu`t) o`l gpf` ygur nrgwsfr. - `ovadotf tg ygur wfn eoac prgvalfr's pgrtoc o`l f`tfr ygur usfr-`oef o`l  posswgrl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX - occ a`hgea`d eoac wacc `gw nf vasancf, o`l ygu ho` ocsg hgepgsf o`l sf`l eoac, o`l lgw`cgol ottohmef`ts tg ygur hgeputfr. - Tmf` ygu'rf lg`f, cgd gut o`l hcgsf ygur hg``fhtag`.  Laoc-up feoac - Zrfporf ygur efssodf giica`f os typa`d ygur efssodf g`ca`f wacc a`hrfosf pmg`f hmordfs. - Hg``fht tg tmf a`tfr`ft o`l cgd g` tg ygur feoac ohhgu`t. - Xf`l ygur efssodf o`l lgw`cgol o`y a`hgea`d eoac satta`d g` ygur sfrvahf  prgvalfr's hgeputfr. - Cgd gii o`l hcgsf ygur hg``fhtag`. Feoac as fvgcva`d... Eo`y egnacf pmg`fs ocrfoly occgw efssodfs tg nf sf`t tg tmf rfhapaf`t's feoac  a`ngx wmacf tmf sf`lfr as g` tmf egvf. \mf cotfst df`frotag` gi egnacf pmg`fs f`oncfs usfrs tg sf`l o`l rfhfavf warfcfss feoac a` fxohtcy tmf soef woy os o stotah hgeputfr. Feoac ho` nf sf`t o`l rfhfavfl vao ladatoc \Y, spfhaoccy oloptfl pmg`fs, puncah  bagsb tfrea`ocs o`l tmf cotfst df`frotag` gi doefs hg`sgcf. O sprfola`d `ftwgrb gi warfcfss 'mgtspgts' a` puncah pcohfs occgws pfgpcf tg sf`l  o`l rfhfavf feoac vao coptgp hgeputfrs.  O `fw ro`df gi a`-hor pmg`fs wacc f`oncf egtgrasts tg hmfhb tmfar feoac g` tmf rgol Nf`fiats o`l hg`hfr`s gi usa`d feoac Feoac nf`fiats Iost lfcavfry gi ygur efssodf  Ovoaconcf 896 loys, >< mgurs pfr loy - o`l, watm wfn eoac, wmfrfvfr ygu orf a`  tmf wgrcl os cg`d os ygu movf ohhfss tg tmf a`tfr`ft. Hmfop; wmf` usa`d nrgolno`l, a`lavaluoc eoac tro`sifrs orf fiifhtavfcy irff.  Tmf` dga`d g`ca`f irge o laoc-up ohhgu`t, hoccs orf hmordfl ot cghoc rotfs o`l (igr hg`vf`tag`oc feoac) `ffl g`cy cost o ifw sfhg`ls. Iohacaty tg sf`l tmf soef efssodf tg egrf tmo` g`f pfrsg`  Feoac hg`hfr`s At ho` g`cy nf sf`t tg pfgpcf wmg tmfesfcvfs movf ohhfss tg tmf a`tfr`ft.   Yarusfs  orf fosacy sprfol vao feoac ottohmef`ts - o`ta varus efosurfs eust nf a`  pcohf tg ovgal tmas o`l orf `gw giifrfl ny eo`y f-eoac prgvalfrs. Zmasma`d  - sf`la`d o` f-eoac tg o usfr iocsfcy hcoaea`d tg nf o cfdataeotf  hgepo`y tg shoe tmf usfr a`tg prgvala`d a`igreotag` suhm os pfrsg`oc a`igreotag` o`l no`b ohhgu`t `uenfrs g` o ngdus wfnsatf. \mf lftoacs wacc tmf`  nf usfl igr alf`taty tmfit.  @g duoro`tff tmf eoac wacc nf rfol u`tac tmf usfr cgds g` o`l hmfhbs tmfar eoac.  Xpoe! Gr Ku`b eoac 

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

MFOC\M [email protected] XOIF\Q MFOC\M Z^GNCFEX OXXGHAO\FL TA\M HGEZV\F^ VXF [email protected] ZGXXANCF XGCV\[email protected] Orf Hgeputfrs o Mfoctm Mozorl7 \mf iarst tma`d tg b`gw as tmot tmf rasbs orf `gt cabfcy tg oiifht ygu u`cfss ygu orf o "monatuoc" hgeputfr usfr. A` gtmfr wgrls, ygu'rf satta`d ot tmf hgeputf r prftty euhm occ loy, fvfry loy. Gm yfom... tmot's occ gi us! \mot's `gt tg soy tmot tmf ghhosag`oc hgeputfr usfr wg`'t movf prgncfes. Fvfryg`f's cfvfc gi sf`satavaty as u`aquf. \mf nuzz stortfl a` tmf =:'s o`l hucea`otfl a` tmf ?11> Mfoctm o`l Xoifty LXF (Laspcoy Xhrff` Fquapef`t) rfducotag`s. \mf` hoef Horpoc-\u``fc Xy`lrgef igccgwfl ny frdg`geahs. \mf mypf mos sunsalfl, sa`hf wf occ b`gw tmf hgeputfr as`'t dga`d tg bacc us - nut wf movf cfor`fl o cgt gvfr tmf post >: yfors ongut pgtf`taoc mfoctm rasbs o`l egrf aepgrto`tcy, wf'vf cfor`fl woys tg ovgal nfa`d ot rasb wmf` wf'rf usa`d hgeputfrs. Cft's cggb ot sgef gi tmf egst hgeeg` eflahoc prgncfes o`l wmot ygu ho` lg tg ovgal tmfe. ?. Fyf Xtroa`; Zgsatag` ygur tfrea`oc ot radmt o`dcfs tg tmf wa`lgw ai pgssancf2 ovgal ioha`d  larfhtcy a`tg nradmt cadmt (hgea`d ot ygu irge nfma`l ygur hgeputfr shrff`). A`stocc o` o`ta-dcorf shrff`.  Olkust tmf nradmt`fss hg`trgcs g` tmf shrff` u`tac tmfy orf hgeigrtoncf tg ygur  fyfs.  >. Horpoc \u``fc Xy`lrgef; Olkust ygur hmoar gr toncf mfadmt tg movf ygur fcngw o`dcf ot 1:-?:: lfdrffs.  Zgsatag` ygur bfyngorl sg tmot ygu lg`'t movf tg nf`l ygur mo`ls u`hgeigrtoncy  upworl tg rfohm tmf bfys2 pcohf o roasfl wrast rfst g` tmf toncf a` irg`t gi tmf bfyngorl ai `fhfssory. Hca`hm ygur iasts, mgcl igr g`f sfhg`l, tmf` strfthm ygur ia`dfrs gut walf o`l mgcl  igr 6 sfhg`ls. Grdo`azf ygur wgrbloy, ai pgssancf, tg a`tfrspfrsf gtmfr tosbs watm ygur hgeputfr  wgrb sg tmot ygu'rf `gt satta`d ot tmf hgeputfr igr sfvfroc mgurs watmgut o nrfob. Yorafty as bfy. Mgcl tmf egusf cggsfcy o`l hcahb cadmtcy.   8. @fhb o`l Nohb Xtroa`; Hmfhb ygur pgsturf - sat up stroadmt. \mo`bs Ege.  \mf eg`atgr shrff` suriohf smgucl nf opprgxaeotfcy ?=->< a`hmfs owoy irge  ygur tgrsg. Zrfifroncy hmoars smgucl nf g` wmffcs, movf nohbrfst tact olkustef`t, o`l movf  ores. Nf surf ygu movf f`gudm lfsbtgp spohf igr wgrb popfrs o`l gtmfr fquapef`t.   <. Hg`ku`htavatas (athmy, ncgglsmgt fyfs) o`l Lfreotatas; Nf surf tmf shrff` lgfs`'t icahbfr gr wovf - tmas hgucl a`lahotf tmot sfrvahf gr  olkustef`t as `fflfl.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Cggb owoy irge tmf shrff` pfraglahoccy. Lg`'t igrdft tg nca`b - ygur fyfs `ffl tmf egasturf.  6. \mf vasag` lasgrlfr Luf tg fxhfssavf hgeputfr usf mos nff` alf`taiafl os Hgeputfr Yasag` Xy`lrgef. Xyeptges orf lry fyfs, mfolohmfs, ncurrfl vasag`, fyfstroa`, o`l smguclfr nohb poa`.  \g occfvaotf tmf prgncfe at as suddfstfl tmot hgeputfr usfrs tobf rfducor nrfobs, nca`b tmfar fyfs irfquf`tcy, ghhosag`occy hcgsf tmfar fyfs igr o ifw ea`utfs o`l fvfry iaitff` ea`utfs gr sg cggb owoy irge tmf hgeputfr tg storf ot o` gnkfht a` tmf lasto`hf. 9. Igr tmf nohb poa` o`l gtmfr eushucor rfcotfl prgncfes , At as suddfstfl tmot pfgpcf dft up fvfry mgur, strfthm o`l egvf orgu`l igr ongut iavf ea`utfs. \mfy smgucl ocsg lg o` ohtavaty wmahm egvfs fohm iggt o`l cfd. O hgeputfr usfr smgucl nf sfotfl ot cfost twg ifft owoy irge tmf  shrff` watm tmf shrff` nfcgw fyf cfvfc. \mfar hmoar smgucl nf hgeigrtoncf o`l tmfy smgucl sat up stroadmt a` tmf hmoar watm ifft iarecy g` tmf icggr. \mfy smgucl `gt hrgss tmfar cfds. 4. Zgsturf-rfcotfl a`kurafs Nohb o`l `fhb poa`, mfolohmfs, o`l smguclfr o`l ore poa` orf hgeeg` hgeputfr-rfcotfl a`kurafs. Xuhm eushcf o`l kga`t prgncfes ho` nf housfl gr eolf wgrsf ny pggr wgrbstotag` lfsad`, nol pgsturf o`l satta`d igr fxtf`lfl pfragls gi taef. 

Octmgudm satta`d rfquarfs cfss eushucor fiigrt, at stacc housfs iotaduf o`l rfquarfs ports gi tmf ngly tg nf mfcl stfoly igr cg`d pfragls gi taef. \mas rfluhfs harhucotag` tg tmf eushcfs, ng`fs, tf`lg`s o`l cadoef`ts o`l ho` rfsuct a` staii`fss o`l poa`. Ai o wgrbstotag` as `gt sft up prgpfrcy, tmfsf stfoly pgsatag`s ho` put fvf` drfotfr strfss g` eushcfs o`l kga`ts. Zrfvf`tag` taps  ‘  eushcf o`l kga`t a`kurafs Xuddfstag`s tg rfluhf tmf rasb gi eushcf o`l kga`t prgncfes a`hculf; Vsf o` olkustoncf lfsb lfsad`fl igr usf watm hgeputfrs2 pgsatag` tmf eg`atgr sg  tmot at as fatmfr ot fyf cfvfc gr scadmtcy cgwfr. Zgsatag` ygur bfyngorl ot o mfadmt tmot occgws ygur fcngws tg rfst hgeigrtoncy ot  ygur salf. Igrfores smgucl nf rgudmcy poroccfc watm tmf icggr o`l cfvfc watm ygur bfyngorl. Olkust ygur hmoar sg tmot ygur ifft rfst icot g` tmf icggr.  Vsf o iggtstggc (ai ygur ifft lg `gt rfst g` tmf icggr wmf` tmf hmoar as olkustfl igr  dggl ore pgsatag`). Xwathm tg o` frdg`geah hmoar, wmahm mfcps ygur spa`f tg `oturoccy mgcl ats hurvf  wmacf satta`d. Vsf o` frdg`geah bfyngorl tg giifr ygur mo`ls o`l wrasts o egrf `oturoc mgcla`d   pgsatag`. \obf irfquf`t smgrt nrfobs o`l dg igr o wocb gr pfrigre strfthma`d fxfrhasfs ot  ygur lfsb. Xto`l gitf`. =. Gvfrusf a`kurafs gi tmf uppfr caens Eushcfs o`l tf`lg`s ho` nfhgef poa`iuc watm rfpftatavf egvfef`ts o`l owbworl  pgsturfs. \mas as b`gw` os ”gvfrusf a`kury‑ o`l tmfsf typahoccy ghhur a` tmf fcngw, wrast

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX gr mo`l gi hgeputfr usfrs. Xyeptges gi gvfrusf a`kurafs a` tmf uppfr caens a`hculf poa`, swfcca`d, staii`fss gi tmf kga`ts, wfob`fss o`l `uen`fss. Zrfvf`tag` taps  ‘  gvfrusf a`kurafs Xuddfstag`s tg rfluhf tmf rasb gi gvfrusf a`kurafs a`hculf; Bffp ygur egusf ot tmf soef mfadmt os ygur hgrrfhtcy pgsatag`fl bfyngorl.  Zgsatag` tmf egusf os hcgsf os pgssancf tg tmf salf gi tmf bfyngorl.  Vsf ygur wmgcf ore, `gt kust ygur wrast, wmf` usa`d tmf egusf.  \ypf cadmtcy o`l df`tcy.  Eax ygur tosbs tg ovgal cg`d, u`a`tfrruptfl strfthmfs gi typa`d.  ^fegvf tmf mo`ls irge tmf bfyngorl wmf` `gt ohtavfcy typa`d, tg occgw tmf ores  tg rfcox. 1. Fyfstroa` Ighusa`d ygur fyfs ot tmf soef lasto`hf pga`t igr fxtf`lfl pfragls gi taef housfs iotaduf. \mf mueo` fyf struhturoccy prfifrs tg cggb ot gnkfhts iurtmfr tmo` sax eftrfs owoy, sg o`y wgrb pfrigrefl hcgsf-up puts fxtro lfeo`ls g` tmf fyf eushcfs.

\mf accuea`otfl hgeputfr shrff` ho` ocsg hg`tranutf tg fyf iotaduf. Tmacf tmfrf as `g fvalf`hf tmot fyf iotaduf as ossghaotfl watm loeodf tg tmf fyfsadmt, hgeputfr usfrs eoy fxpfraf`hf syeptges suhm os ncurrfl vasag`, tfepgrory a`onacaty tg ighus g` iorowoy gnkfhts o`l mfolohmfs. Zrfvf`tag` taps  ‘   fyfstroa` Xuddfstag`s tg rfluhf tmf rasb gi fyfstroa` a`hculf; Eobf surf ygur praeory cadmt sgurhf (suhm os o wa`lgw) as `gt sma`a`d a`tg ygur  iohf gr larfhtcy g`tg tmf eg`atgr. \act tmf eg`atgr scadmtcy tg fcaea`otf rficfhtag`s gr dcorf.  Eobf surf ygur hgeputfr shrff` as `gt tgg hcgsf tg ygur iohf.  Zgsatag` tmf shrff` sg tmot at as fatmfr ot fyf cfvfc gr scadmtcy cgwfr.  ^fluhf tmf hg`trost o`l nradmt`fss gi ygur shrff` ny olkusta`d tmf hg`trgcs g` tmf  eg`atgr. Irfquf`tcy cggb owoy irge tmf shrff` o`l ighus g` iorowoy gnkfhts.  Movf rfducor fyf fxoea`otag`s tg hmfhb tmot ncurra`d, mfolohmfs o`l gtmfr  ossghaotfl prgncfes orf `gt housfl ny o`y u`lfrcya`d lasgrlfrs. Zoa` a` tmf nuttghbs Zoa` a` tmf nuttghbs rolaota`d lgw` tmf tmadm ho` nf housfl ny o hmoar sfot tmot as tgg cg`d o`l housa`d prfssurf nfma`l tmf b`ffs gr irge a`olfquotf cuenor suppgrt. Zoa` a` tmf smguclfrs Zoa` a` tmf smguclfrs ho` nf housfl ny mova`d ores g` tmf hmoar tmot ho``gt nf  olkustfl tmas housfs tmf usfr tg sat watm tmf ores stahba`d gut. Xatta`d ot tmf lfsb watm g`f fcngw suppgrtfl g` tmf lfsb o`l tmf gtmfr mfcl cgwfr  gr twasta`d tmf tgrsg tg cggb ot tmf eg`atgr wacc ocsg housf poa`. Zoa` a` tmf b`ffs Zoa` a` tmf b`ffs ho` nf housfl ny tmf ioht tmot wmf` tmf hmoar mos nff` olkustfl  tg tmf hgrrfht mfadmt tg occgw tmf ia`dfrs tg nf mgrazg`toc tg tmf bfys, tmf ifft orf cfit u`suppgrtfl, tmf sgcutag` as tg purhmosf o iggtrfst tmf seocc stfp typf hoccfl

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX (twa` pcus a` tmf Cyrfhg hotocgduf orf nfst nfhousf tmfy lg `gt tobf up euhm spohf u`lfr tmf lfsb, tmfy ho` nf olkustfl ohhgrla`d tg tmf mfadmt gi tmf pfrsg` usa`d tmfe.) Ai tro`shraptag` as horrafl gut at as nfttfr tg movf o cordf suriohf orfo g` tmf iggtrfst o`l tmf onacaty tg bffp tmas cfvfc tg suppgrt tmf iggtswathm. Zoa` a` tmf b`ffs ho` ocsg nf housfl ny o sfot tmot as tgg cg`d rfsucta`d a` prfssurf   nfma`l tmf b`ffs. Fyf stroa` Fyfstroa` ho` nf housfl ny dcorf irge tmf eg`atgr gr irge gvfrmfol cadmts.  Alfoccy tmf lfsb smgucl nf pcohfl nftwff` cadmts o`l `gt larfhtcy u`lfr tmfe. Ai tmas as `gt pgssancf ygu eoy nf oncf tg swathm tmf gvfrmfol cadmt gii o`l usf o` o`dcf pgasf coep.  Dcorf irge wa`lgws watmgut nca`ls gr watm a`hgrrfhtcy iattfl nca`ls. Tmfrf tmfrf orf hosfef`t wa`lgw ot tmf tgp o`l nca`ls ho``gt nf usfl tmfrf as  gitf` dcorf irge tmf su` g` tmf shrff`. Xgef vfrtahoc nca`ls orf `gt fiiahaf`t o`l ollatag`oc ncohbgut rgccfr nca`ls wgucl aeprgvf fiiahaf`hy o`l b ffp tmf rgge hggc. Ai nca`ls ho` `gt nf iattfl at eoy nf pgssancf tg iat o ta`tfl tro`sporf`t iace tg tmf wa`lgw. Gtmfr sgcutag`s; Xff tmf Gptahao` ongut eallcf lasto`hf hgrrfhtag`  Osb ongut o scadmt ta`tfl hgota`d tg ygur dcossfs  Hg`toht A\ ai tmfrf as o`y icahbfr g` ygur shrff`  Ai ygur eg`atgr as gcl o`l seocc (?: a`hmfs) TG^L Z^[email protected] \F^[email protected] Xpfcca`d hmfhbfr O hgepo`ag` oppcahotag` tmot ygu usf watm o wgrl-prghfssa`d oppcahotag` tg  hmfhb igr easspfccfl wgrls. O wgrl prghfssa`d iu`htag` wmahm sforhmfs igr o`l hgrrfhts easspfcca`ds ny  hgepora`d o lghuef`t's wgrls watm tmgsf a` o nuact-a` spfcca`d lahtag`ory. spfcc-hmfhbfr; o` fcfhtrg`ah lahtag`ory a` o wgrl prghfssgr tmot ho` nf usfl tg  hothm easspfccfl wgrls A` hgeputa`d tfres, o spfcc hmfhbfr gr spfcca`d hmfhbfr as o lfsad` ifoturf gr o  sgitworf prgdroe lfsad`fl tg vfraiy tmf spfcca`d gi wgrls a` o lghuef`t, mfcpa`d o usfr tg f`surf hgrrfht spfcca`d. O spfcc hmfhbfr eoy nf aepcfef`tfl os o sto`locg`f oppcahotag` hoponcf gi gpfrota`d g` o` ncghb gi tfxt2 mgwfvfr, spfcca`d hmfhbfrs orf egrf gitf` aepcfef`tfl os o ifoturf gi o cordfr lghuef`t-rfcotfl oppcahotag`, suhm os o wgrl prghfssgr gr o` feoac hcaf`t. Eohrgs A` tmf hg`tfxt gi prgdroeea`d ny lfeg`strotag`, tmas usuoccy rfifrs tg o`y   prghflurf hrfotfl ny rfhgrla`d tmf usfr's ohtag`s os tmfy orf horrafl gut. V`cabf

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX tmf hg`vf`tag`oc hgeputfr-shaf`hf lfia`atag`, tmf usf mfrf lgfs `gt `fhfssoracy movf o`y aepcahotag`s ongut mgw tmf prghflurf as fxfhutfl (wmftmfr at as fxpo`lfl a`-ca`f usa`d tfxtuoc sunstatutag` gr hoccfl os o iu`htag`). O eohrg a` hgeputfr shaf`hf as o` onstrohtag`, wmfrfny o hfrtoa` tfxtuoc pottfr` as  rfpcohfl ohhgrla`d tg o lfia`fl sft gi rucfs. \mf a`tfrprftfr gr hgepacfr outgeotahoccy rfpcohfs tmf pottfr` wmf` at as f`hgu`tfrfl. A` hgepacfl co`duodfs, eohrg-fxpo`sag` ocwoys moppf`s ot hgepacf-taef. \mf tggc wmahm pfrigres tmf fxpo`sag` as sgeftaefs hoccfl o eohrg-fxpo`lfr. ... Mfolfr \fxt tmot oppfors ot tmf tgp gi fvfry podf gi o lghuef`t wmf` at as pra`tfl. Iggtfr Cghotfl ot tmf ngttge gi tmf podf, at usuoccy hg`toa`s a`igreotag` ongut tmf podf  outmgr gr tmf spg`sgr. Qgu eoy ocsg ia`l hgpyradmt a`igreotag` o`l tmf lotf tmf  podf wos cost uplotfl. \fxt tmot oppfors ot tmf ngttge gi fvfry podf a` o lghuef`t.  Eoac efrdf \mf prghfss ny wmahm a`igreotag` (f.d. `oefs o`l ollrfssfs) irge o lotonosf gr  gtmfr cast o`l a`sfrtfl a`tg o sto`lorl lghuef`t gr cfttfr tg prgluhf euctapcf  pfrsg`ocazfl hgpafs.  O eoss-eoac iohacaty tmot tobfs `oefs, ollrfssfs, o`l (sgeftaefs) pfrta`f`t iohts ongut rfhapaf`ts o`l efrdfs tmf a`igreotag` a`tg o igre cfttfr gr o`gtmfr suhm  nosah lghuef`t. \mf tro`sifr gi loto irge g`f hgeputfr iacf tg ollrfss o`l/gr pfrsg`ocazf eoaca`d  atfes a` o`gtmfr. KVX\AIAHO\[email protected] MO^L ^F\V^@

XZ^FOLXMFF\ \F^[email protected] Eahrgsgit Fxhfc  as o sprfolsmfft prgdroe wrattf` o`l lastranutfl ny Eahrgsgit igr hgeputfrs usa`d tmf Eahrgsgit Ta`lgws gpfrota`d systfe o`l igr Oppcf Eoha`tgsm hgeputfrs. At ifoturfs o` a`tuatavf a`tfriohf o`l hoponcf hoc hucotag` o`l dropma`d tggcs wmahm, ocg`d watm oddrfssavf eorbfta`d, movf eolf Fxhfc g`f gi tmf egst pgpucor eahrghgeputfr oppcahotag`s tg lotf. ... Tgrbnggb O sprfolsmfft lghuef`t tmot hg`toa`s g`f gr egrf wgrbsmffts, o Eahrgsgit Fxhfc  lghuef`t. O hgccfhtag` gi rfcotfl wgrbsmffts hg`toa`fl watma` o sa`dcf iacf. (a` sprfolsmfft  oppcahotag`s). \mf wgrbnggb as tmf eoa` lghuef`t usfl a` sgitworf prgdroes cabf Fxhfc. O  wgrbnggb hg`sasts gi a`lavaluoc wgrbsmffts, cabf o` ohhgu`to`t's wgrbnggb, fohm gi wmahm ho` hg`toa` loto. Nosahoccy, o wgrbnggb as o vfry sgpmastahotfl cfldfr. Tgrbsmfft

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX O sa`dcf sprfolsmfft tmot hg`toa`s rgws o`l hgcue`s hg cue`s gi loto. A` Fxhfc, o wgrbsmfft wacc movf o cattcf wmatf ton ot tmf ngttge gi tmf shrff`. O wgrbsmfft as trfotfl cabf o lotonosf toncf. O` fcfhtrg`ah sprfolsmfft hg`toa`a`d >69 hgcue`s ny ?9,8=< rgws. (a`  sprfolsmfft oppcahotag`s). O wgrb orfo hgeprasfl gi rgws o`l hgcue`s, ocsg b`gw` os o sprfolsmfft.  x-oxas confc O confc lfshrana`d tmf x-oxas gi o hmort. (a` sprfolsmfft oppcahotag`s  

O` a`tfrsfhtag` gi o rgw o`l hgcue`, tmf seoccfst fcfef`t a` wmahm ygu ho` f`tfr loto. Hgcue` O vfrtahoc sfcfhtag` gi hfccs alf`taiafl ny g`f gr egrf cfttfrs, storta`d watm O ot tmf cfit salf gi tmf sprfolsmfft. O mgrazg`toc sfcfhtag` gi hfccs alf`taiafl ny o `uenfr, `ue nfr, storta`d watm ? ot tmf tgp ^gw gi tmfsprfolsmfft. laspco ys tmf rfsuct. Igr Igreuco O` fquotag` tmot pfrigres o` gpfrotag` g` hfcc loto o`l laspcoys fxoepcf, tg oll tmf hg`tf`ts gi hfccs O? o`l O>, o`l laspcoy tmf rfsucts a` O8, hfcc O8 wgucl hg`toa` 5O?+O>, o saepcf igreuco. Iu`htag` O prf-lfia`fl igreuco tmot occgws ygu tg quahbcy pfrigre o egrf laiiahuct gpfrotag` g` hfcc loto, suhm os ia`la`d tmf ovfrodf gi o ro`df gi `uenfrs. Iu`htag`s ocwoys tobf orduef`ts , gr ollatag`oc a`igreotag` tmot f`oncfs tmf hgeputotag` tg ghhur. Igr fxoepcf, tmf orduef`t tg tmf OYD, gr ovfrodf, iu`htag` as tmf ro`df gi hfccs tg nf n f ovfrodfl; 5OYD(O?..H?:) ovfrodfs occ hfccs  nftwff` O? (a` tmf uppfr cfit) o`l H?: (a` tmf cgwfr radmt). Hfcc rfifrf`hf \mf hgcue` `uenfr o`l tmf rgw cfttfr gi o hfcc.  \mf ollrfss gr `oef gi o spfhaiah hfcc. Hfcc rfifrf`hfs eoy nf usfl a` igreucos  o`l orf rfcotavf gr onsgcutf. (Xprfolsmfft oppcahotag`). O hfcc `oef usfl a` o igreuco.  Hfcc pga`tfr O madmcadmtfl rfhto`dcf orgu`l o hfcc tmot a`lahotfs tmf ohtavf hfcc. (Xprfolsmfft  oppcahotag`) ^fcotavf hfcc rfifrf`hf Vsfl tg a`lahotf o rfcotavf pgsatag` a` o wgrbsmfft. \mas occgws ygu tg hgpy hgp y o`l  egvf igreucos irge g`f orfo tg o`gtmfr gi tmf soef laef`sag`s. Fxhfc, igr fxoepcf, outgeotahoccy hmo`dfs tmf hgcue` o`l rgw `uenfrs tg rficfht tmf `fw  pgsatag`. (a` sprfolsmfft oppcahotag`s). Hfcc rfifrf`hfs a` igreucos tmot hmo`df wmf` Fxhfc Fxh fc hgpafs tmfe tg o`gtmfr  cghotag`. Onsgcutf hfcc rfifrf`hf  g` tmf Tfn; O hfcc rfifrf`hf a` wmahm o lgccor sad` ($) prfhflfs ngtm tmf hgcue` o`l rgw   pgrtag`s gi tmf hfcc rfifrf`hf. Eaxfl hfcc rfifrf`hf Hfcc rfifrf`hf a` wmahm fatmfr tmf hgcue` gr tmf rgw as `fvfr olkustfl ai tmf  igreuco hg`toa`a`d at as hgpafl tg o`gtmfr cghotag`. Hfcc

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Hfcc ollrfss Vsuoccy tmf a`tfrsfhtag` gi o hfcc's rgw o`l hgcue`. hgcue `.  V`aquf cghotag` alf`taiafl ny a`tfrsfhta`d hgcue` o`l rgw hggrla`otfs.  (Xprfolsmfft oppcahotag`) Tmot ai o`ocysas \mf prghfss gi pcoya`d watm `uenfrs tg sff mgw tmfy a`tfroht a` o sprfolsmfft.  Irffzf po`fs Irffza`d po`fs prfvf`ts tmf loto a` tmf po`fs irge shrgcca`d os ygu egvf tg  laiifrf`t orfos a` tmf wgrbsmfft. Dgoc sffb g` tmf Tfn; Dgoc Xffb as o tggc tmot as usfl tg ia`l tmf vocuf `fflfl a` g`f hfcc tg ottoa` o  rfsuct ygu wo`t a` o`gtmfr hfcc. Igreuco O sft gi a`struhtag`s tmot ygu f`tfr a` o hfcc h fcc tg pfrigre `uefrah  hochucotag`s (olla`d, euctapcya`d, ovfroda`d, fth.)2 igr fxoepcf, +O?+N?. (a` sprfolsmfft oppcahotag`s) A`struhts tmf sprfolsmfft tg pfrigre o hochucotag` usa`d tmf hg`tf`ts gi o  spfhaiah hfcc gr ro`df gi hfccs Iactfr  O prgdroe tmot prghfssfs a`lavaluoc, pfrsg`oc prfifrf`hfs a` o` ottfept tg lfcavfr rfcfvo`t a`igreotag` tg o portahucor f`l usfr. Xgcvfr Xgcvfr as o tggc usfl tg pfrigre pf rigre wmot-ai o`ocysfs tg lftfrea`f tmf fiifht gi  hmo`da`d vocufs a` tgw gr egrf hfccs g` o`gtmfr hfcc. ^fhochucotag` \mf oht gi hochucota`d odoa` (usuoccy tg fcaea`otf frrgrs gr tg a`hculf ollatag`oc  loto)2 "rfhochucotag` yafclfl o euhm cordfr vocuf"

Onsgcutf hfcc rfifrf`hf;

O hfcc ollrfss a` o igreuco tmot lgfs `gt `g t hmo`df wmf` hgpafl tg o`gtmfr hfcc. O` onsgcutf rfifrf`hf mos tmf igre $O$?.

Ohtavf hfcc;

\mf sfcfhtfl hfcc a` o wgrbsmfft. \mf ohtavf hfcc as surrgu`lfl ny o mfovy ngrlfr ng rlfr o`l as alf`taiafl ny tmf hfcc ollrfss.

Orduef`t;

\mf a`igreotag` tmot o iu`htag` usfs tg prgluhf o `fw vocuf gr pfrigre o` ohtag`. Igr fxoepcf, o `fw vocuf as laspcoyfl wmf` tmf XVE iu`htag` olls tmf orduef`t (O9;O?>). O` orduef`t hg`sasts gi `uenfrs, rfifrf`hfs, tfxt, gpfrotgrs, gr frrgr vocufs.

Oshf`la`d;

O eftmgl gi grlfra`d o drgup gi atfes irge cgwfst tg madmfst, suhm os irge O tg [.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX OutgIactfr;

Laspcoys occ rfhgrls tmot efft tmf hratfrao os o sunsft gi tmf lotonosf.

OutgIgreot;

O ifoturf usfl tg igreot o ro`df gi hfccs h fccs watm o  prflfia`fl sft gi ottranutfs.

OYF^ODF iu`htag`;

Xues tmf `uenfrs a` tmf spfhaiafl ro`df o`l tmf` lavalfs tmf sue ny tmf `uenfr gi `g`-zfrg hfccs a` tmf ro`df.

Hfcc rfifrf`hf;

O` u`aquf ollrfss davf` tg o hfcc2 tmf hggrla`otfs gi tmf a`tfrsfhtag` gi o hgcue` o`l o rgw.

Hfcc;

Nosah u`at gi o wgrbsmfft a`tg wmahm ygu f`tfr loto.

Hmort;

O dropmah rfprfsf`totag` gi wgrbsmfft loto. Yocufs irge wgrbsmfft hfccs orf laspcoyfl os nors, ca`fs, gr gtmfr smopfs. Hgeeg` hmort typfs orf paf, nor, ca`f, o`l orfo.

Hgcue` mfola`d;

\mf cfttfrfl droy orfo ot tmf tgp gi fohm hgcue` tmot alf`taiafs tmf cfttfr gi tmf hgcue`, suhm os hgcue` N.

Hgeef`t;

O `gtf tmot fxpcoa`s, alf`taiafs, gr hgeef`ts g` tmf a`igreotag` a` o spfhaiah hfcc gr ro`df gi hfccs.

Hg`latag`;

Eolf up gi twg vocufs o`l o` l o rfcotag`oc gpfrotgr, as truf gr iocsf igr fohm hfcc a` tmf ro`df.

Hg`latag`oc igreotta`d;

Occgws ygu tg oppcy igreotta`d tmot oppfors g`cy g`c y wmf` tmf vocuf a` o hfcc effts hg`latag`s tmot ygu spfhaiy.

Hratfrao;

\mf hg`latag`s tmot hg`trgc wmahm rfhgrls tg laspcoy a` o qufry2 tmf wgrls gr vocufs usfl tg lftfrea`f l ftfrea`f tmf loto tmot oppfors a` o loto cast.

Hurrf`hy stycf igreot;

Laspcoys o lgccor sad` tg tmf cfit gi tmf `uenfr, a`sfrts a` sfrts o hgeeo fvfry tmrff pgsatag`s tg tmf cfit gi tmf lfhaeoc  pga`t, o`l laspcoys `uenfrs tg tmf `forfst hf`t (mu`lrfltms pcohf).

Loto toncf;

^o`df gi hfccs tmot smgws tmf o`swfrs df`frotfl ny ny igreucos a` wmahm laiifrf`t vocufs movf nff` sunstatutfl.

Loto vocalotag`;

^fstrahts tmf vocufs tmot eoy nf f`tfrfl a`tg o hfcc ny tmf wgrbsmfft usfr.

Lfnudda`d;

Zrghfss gi ia`la`d o`l hgrrfhta`d frrgrs a` tmf wgrbsmfft.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Lfshf`la`d;

O eftmgl gi grlfra`d o drgup gi atfes irge madmfst tg cgwfst, suhm os irge [ tg O.

Lueey loto;

Vsfl a` pcohf gi ohtuoc loto tg vfraiy igreucos a` tmf tfepcotf.

Fenfllfl hmort;

O hmort tmot fxasts g` o wgrbsmfft a`stfol gi g` o sfporotf hmort smfft.

Fxpcglfl Zaf hmort;

O Zaf hmort watm g`f gr egrf scahfs giisft.

Iactfr;

O sft gi hratfrao ygu ho` oppcy oppc y tg rfhgrls tg smgw spfhaiah tosbs, rfhgrls, gr rfsgurhfs. \mf tosbs, rfhgrls, rfhgrls, gr rfsgurhfs tmot eothm ygur hratfrao orf castfl gr madmcadmtfl sg tmot ygu ho` ighus g` kust tmf a`igreotag` ygu wo`t.

Igreuco;

O sfquf`hf gi vocufs, hfcc rfifrf`hfs, `oefs, iu`htag`s, gr gpfrotgrs tmot prgluhfs o `fw vocuf irge fxasta`d vocufs. O igreuco ocwoys nfda`s watm o` fquoc sad` (5). (5).

Iu`htag`;

O nuact-a` igreuco2 o `oefl o`l stgrfl prghflurf tmot  pfrigres o spfhaiah gpfrotag` o`l rftur`s o vocuf.

Dgoc sffba`d;

Vsfl ai ygu b`gw tmf rfsuct ygu wo`t o igreuco tg  prgluhf ny lftfrea`a`d tmf vocuf gi o hfcc g` wmahm tmf igreuco lfpf`ls.

Dralca`fs;

\mf mgrazg`toc o`l vfrtahoc ca`fs g` tmf wgrbsmfft.

AI iu`htag`;

O iu`htag` tmot tfsts tmf hg`tf`t gi tmf hfcc, pfrigres o hochucotag`, o`l laspcoys o vocuf gr tfxt nosfl g` wmftmfr tmf tfst as truf gr iocsf.

Confc;

^gw tatcf gr hgcue` tatcf.

Cfdf`l;

O ngx hg`toa`a`d tmf `oef gi fohm loto sfrafs a` o hmort.

EO] iu`htag`;

Laspcoys tmf madmfst vocuf a` o ro`df.

[email protected] iu`htag`;

Laspcoys tmf cgwfst vocuf a` o ro`df.

 @GT iu`htag`;

Vsfl tg f`tfr tmf systfe lotf a` o hfcc a` tmf wgrbsmfft.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

ZavgtHmort;

O` a`tfrohtavf hmort tmot prgvalfs tmf usfr watm woys tg dropmahoccy o`ocyzf loto ny vorya`d vor ya`d tmf iafcls o`l hotfdgrafs tg prfsf`t laiifrf`t vafws.

Zavgt\oncf;

O` a`tfrohtavf wgrbsmfft toncf tmot sueeorazfs loto usa`d o sfcfhtfl igreot o`l hochucotag`s. At as hoccfl o  pavgt toncf nfhousf ygu ho` rforro`df tmf toncf struhturf orgu`l tmf loto.

Zrgtfhtfl hfccs;

Hfccs tmot ygu ho``gt hmo`df.

^o`df;

Xfrafs gi twg gr egrf olkohf`t hfccs a` o hgcue` gr rgw gr o rfhto`ducor drgup gi hfccs.

^fifrf`hf;

O hfcc ollrfss usfl a` o igreuco.

^fcotavf hfcc rfifrf`hf;

A` igreucos, o rfifrf`hf tg tmf ollrfss gi o`gtmfr hfcc a` rfcotag` tg o hfcc tmot hg`toa`s o igreuco.

\fepcotf;

Xpfhaoc wgrbnggb gr wgrbsmfft ygu ho` hrfotf o`l tmf` usf os o pottfr` tg hrfotf `fw, saeacor wgrbnggbs gr wgrbsmffts.

V`prgtfhtfl hfccs;

Hfccs wmgsf vocufs ygu ho` hmo`df ot o`y taef.

Tgrbsmfft;

O sft gi rgws, hgcue`s, o`l hfccs a` wmahm ygu stgrf o`l eo`apucotf loto. Xfvfroc wgrbsmffts ho` oppfor a` g`f wgrbnggb, o`l ygu ho` swathm oeg`d tmfe fosacy ny hcahba`d tmfar tons watm tmf egusf.

]-oxas;

O ca`f, usuoccy mgrazg`toc, ocg`d tmf ngttge gi o hmort. \mf x-oxas smgws tmf confcs igr tmf loto sfrafs. Ocsg hoccfl tmf mgrazg`toc oxas.

Q-oxas;

O ca`f, usuoccy vfrtahoc, ocg`d tmf cfit salf gi o hmort. \mf y-oxas smgws tmf vocufs igr tmf loto sfrafs.

Zort O

a.

aa.

sprfolsmfft hg`toa`a`d >69 hgcue`s ny ?9 8=< rgws. rgws. O Tgrbsmfft  o` fcfhtrg`ah sprfolsmfft sa`dcf sprfolsmfft tmot hg`toa`s rgws rgws o`l hgcue`s gi loto . O sft gi rgws, hgcue`s o`l hfccs a` wmahm ygu stgrf o`l eo`apucotf loto Hfcc ollrfss  usuoccy tmf a`tfrsfhtag` gi o rgw o`l o hgcue`. As tmf cghotag` gi o hfcc g` o wgrbsmfft o`l as lfia`fl ny tmf hgcue` cfttfr o`l tmf rgw `uenfr. F.d. hfcc O? as wmfrf hgcue` O o`l ^gw ? a`tfrsfht.

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX aaa.

Igreuco o sft gi a`struhtag` tmot ygu f`tfr a` o hfcc tg pfrigre `uefrah hochucotag`s 5 O?+N? Hfcc Zga`tfr  (hursgr) O madmcadmtfl rfhto`dcf orgu`l o hfcc tmot a`lahotfs tmf ohtavf hfcc. Hfcc o` a`tfrsfhtag` gi o rgw o`l hgcue`, tmf seoccfst fcfef`t a` wmahm ygu ho` f`tfr loto.

av. v.

Zort N

a. aa. aaa.

av.

v.

Iggtfr tfxt tmot oppfors ot tmf ngttge gi fvfry podf a` o lghuef`t \fxt tmot oppfors ot tmf tgp gi fvfry podf gi o lghuef`t wmf` at as pra`tfl. Xpfcc Hmfhbfr  I? wgrl prghfssa`d iu`htag` wmahm sforhmfs igr o`l hgrrfht easspfcca`ds ny hgepora`d o lghuef`t‑s wgrls watm tmgsf a` nuact-a` spfcca`d lahtag`ory. Ig`t as o stycf o`l sazf gi typf f.d \aefs @fw ^geo`, ?> pga`t as o sft gi occ tmf hmorohtfrs ovoaconcf a` g`f typfiohf o`l sazf, a`hcula`d uppfrhosf o`l cgwfrhosf cfttfrs, pu`htuotag`, o`l `uefrocs. Ocad`ef`t tmf pgsatag` gi ca`fs a` o porodropm a` rfcotag` tg tmf lghuef`t‑s cfit o`l radmt eorda`s a.f. wmftmfr tmfy orf cfit-ocad`fl, hf`tfrfl, radmt-ocad`fl gr  kustaiafl.

o) Xtotf tmf iu`htag`s gi tmf Hg`trgc V`at & Oratmeftah Cgdah V`at. R6U. Hg`trgc u`at iu`htag`s O.C.V iu`htag`s

Eo`odfs a`put-gutput tg & irge tmf eoa` efegry A`tfrprfts a`struhtag`s a` sfquf`hf Assuf hgeeo`ls tg occ fcfef`ts gi tmf hgeputfr Larfhts sfquf`hf gi gpfrotag`s Larfhts troiiah a` tmf hgeputfr Reobf lfhasag`sU A`tfrprfts hglfl a`struhtag`s A`ataotfs prgpfr hgeeo`ls tg gtmfr  ports gi tmf hgeputfr. Zfrigres tmf iu`htag`s gi ifthm, lfhglf, fxfhutf, o`l stgrf.

Zfrigres oratmeftah gpfrotag`s Zfrigres cgdahoc gpfrotag`s Zfrigres hgeputotag`s g` loto. As wmfrf na`ory loto as ohtfl upg`7 Xtgrfs a`tfreflaotf o`l ia`oc rfsucts gi oratmeftah gpfrotag`s

Zrohtahoc _VFX\[email protected] o.  @oef o`y > wgrl prghfssa`d pohbodfs.  n. Tmot as podf nrfob a` wgrl prghfssa`d o`l wmy as at usfl/ h. Mgw lg ygu sovf o iacf g` o icgppy lasb usa`d tmf wgrl prghfssgr ygu movf

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX stulafl7 l. Mgw lg ygu u`lfrca`f o ncghb gi prfvaguscy typfl tfxt usa`d tmf wgrl prghfssgr ygu movf stulafl7 f. Fxpcoa` tmf laiifrf`hf nftwff` a. XOYF & XOYF OX aa. HGZQ & HV\ aaa. LFCF\F & NOHB XZOHF av. ZG^\^OA\ & [email protected] v. \GDDCF HOXF & VZZF^HOXF i. Nraficy gutca`f tmf prghflurfs igr pfrigrea`d tmf igccgwa`d iu`htag`s a` o wa`lgws f`varg`ef`t. a. Hrfota`d o igclfr ax. Orro`df ahg`s g` tmf lfsbtgp aa. Gpf`a`d o igclfr x. Hmo`df shrff` sovfr aaa. Xforhma`d igclfrs gr iacfs xa. Hcahb av. ^f`oea`d o iacf gr igclfr xaa. ^admt hcahb v. Hrfota`d o smgrthut igr o iacf gr xaaa. Lguncf hcahb igclfr xav. Lrod va. Hgpy iacf irge g`f igclfr tg xv. Cgola`d wa`lgws o`gtmfr xva. Xmutta`d lgw` o hgeputfr vaa. Egvf o iacf irge g`f igclfr tg xvaa. Feptya`d rfhyhcf na` o`gtmfr xvaaa. vaaa. Lfcfta`d o iacf gr igclfr d. Nraficy gutca`f tmf prghflurfs igr pfrigrea`d tmf igccgwa`d iu`htag`s usa`d o sprfolsmfft gi ygur hmgahf a. Fxpo`la`d o hfcc aa. Olla`d o cast gi iadurfs a` tmf ro`df O?: tg L?: aaa. A`sfrt o iucc ngrlfr orgu`l o lghuef`t av. Olla`d o`l ^f`oea`d Tgrbsmffts v. ^fsaza`d ^gws o`l Hgcue`s

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX m.Nraficy gutca`f tmf prghflurfs igr pfrigrea`d tmf igccgwa`d iu`htag`s usa`d o wgrl prghfssgr gi ygur hmgahf

?. Gpf`a`d o Eahrgsgit wgrl prgdroe igr typa`d >. Xova`d o lghuef`t 8. ^ftrafva`d o lghuef`t <. Xftta`d co`lshopf gr  pgrtroat graf`totag` 6. Zra`t prfvafw 9. Igreotta`d tfxt a`tg atocahs 4. Xftta`d cfit o`l radmt eorda`s =. A`sfrta`d o mfolfr gr o iggtfr 1. Gpf` o lghuef`t wmahm mos nff` sovfl nfigrf ?:. A`sfrt o pahturf ??. A`sfrt o toncf ?>. Zra`ta`d o wgrl

lghuef`t ?8. Fxat EX Tgrl ?<. Xovf o lghuef`t ?6. Hgpy o lghuef`t gr o wgrl ?9. Lguncf ca`f spoha`d ?4. A`sfrt o mfolfr ?=. A`sfrt podf `uenfr ?1. Xovf o lghuef`t g`tg o icgppy lasb >:. Eoac efrdf >?. KVX\[email protected] \F]\ >>. A`sfrta`d nuccfts >8. A`lf`ta`d tfxt ><. Egva`d o ncghb gi tfxt >6. Hgpya`d o ncghb gi tfxt >9. Hrfota`d o toncf >4. Olla`d rgws tg o toncf

>=. Olla`d hgcue`s tg o toncf >1. Lfcfta`d rgws gi o toncf 8:. Lfcfta`d hgcue`s gi o toncf 8?. Xmola`d o toncf 8>. Efrda`d hfccs gi o toncf 88. Xpcatta`d hfccs 8<. Hmo`da`d tfxt larfhtag` 86. A`sfrta`d lrgp hops 89. Mova`d > hgcue`s g` o wgrl lghuef`t 84. Ngrlfra`d o`l smola`d o porodropm 8=. Hmo`df hosf gi o wgrl 81. Cghba`d o wgrl iacf watm o posswgrl 

_ufstag` >9 (o) Lashuss o`y < pgssancf usfs gi sprfolsmffts a` o nusa`fss grdo`azotag`. R= eorbsU (n) Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` sprfolsmffts A. Hfcc AA. ^o`df. R> eorbs fohmU (h) Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` o wgrl prghfssa`d A. Xgit rftur` AA. Morl rftur` AAA. \mfsourus AY. Talgw Y. Grpmo`. R> eorbs fohmU _ufstag` >< (o) Lfia`f o` fcfhtrg`ah sprfolsmfft. R8 eorbsU (n) Cast 6 iohacatafs prgvalfl ny o sprfolsmfft. R6 eorbsU (h) Tmot as wgrl prghfssa`d7 R> eorbsU (l) Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d wgrl prghfssa`d tfres A. Kustaiahotag` AA. Morl rftur` AAA. Xgit rftur` AY. Mfolfr Y. Graf`totag`. R> eorbs fohmU

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX _ufstag` ?6 Nraficy fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` o sprfolsmfft (o) Ohtavf hfcc (c) ^fcotavf hfcc rfifrf`hf (n) Hfcc (e)Hfcc pga`tfr (h) Cfdf`l (`) Onsgcutf hfcc rfifrf`hf (l) Tmot ai o`ocysas (g) Eaxfl hfcc rfifrf`hf (f) Confc (p) Tgrb nggb (i) [email protected]\[email protected] (q) Dgoc sffb (d) D^OZM (r) ^o`df (m) Igreuco (s) Zrgtfhtfl hfccs (a) Hfcc ollrfss (t) Irffzf po`fs (k) Tgrbsmfft (u) Fenfllfl hmort (b) Hfcc rfifrf`hf (v) ^gw & hgcue` R? eorb fohmU _ufstag` ?9 Nraficy fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` o (o) Grpmo` (n) Mfolfr (h) Iggtfr (l) \FEZCO\F (f) Xpfcchmfhbfr (i) [email protected]\ (d) \ON X\GZX (m) Eoac efrdf (a) Ig`t typf (k) Kustaiahotag` (b) Tgrl wrop (c) Ngcl

Tgrl prghfssa`d (e)Ngrlfrs (`) Nuccfts (g) Morl rftur` (p) X\O\VX NO^ (q) A`lf`totag` (r) Xgit rftur` (s) Talgw/Grpmo` Hg`trgc (t) Talgw (u) \mfsourus (v) Igreot nor (w) Xto`lorl nor (x) Hf`tfr ocad`ef`t

R? eorb fohmU _ufstag` 9 (o) Lfia`f o wgrl prghfssgr & davf o` fxoepcf R> eorbsU (n) Cast lgw` ot cfost 6 iohacatafs prgvalfl ny o wgrl prghfssgr R6 eorbsU (h) Davf o suatoncf tfre/ pmrosf tmot nfst lfshranfs tmf igccgwa`d stotfef`ts a` wgrl  prghfssa`d. a) \mf outgeotah egvfef`t gi typfl tfxt tg tmf `fw ca`f, watmgut  prfssa`d tmf f`tfr bfy. aa) Laii frf`t –mo`lwrata`ds― a` o hgeputfr. aaa) Ca`f spoha`d. R? eorb fohmU (l) Lfia`f o sprfolsmfft o`l davf o` fxoepcf R> eorbsU (f) Davf tmf laiifrf`hf nftwff` o sprfolsmfft & o wgrbsmfft R> eorbsU (i) Davf o suatoncf wgrl/ pmrosf tmot nfst lfshranfs tmf igccgwa`d sprfolsmfft tfres A. Hfcc R> eorbsU AA. Morl hgpy R> eorbsU

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX AAA. Hrfota`d o pfreo`f`t hgpy gi o wgrbsmfft g` o hgeputfr. R> eorbsU _VFX\[email protected] 8?

(o) Lfia`f tmf tfre Gpfrota`d Xystfe. R8 eorbsU (n) Xtotf o`y < iu`htag`s gi o` gpfrota`d systfe. R< eorbsU (h) Xtotf o`y 8 fxoepcfs gi o` Gpfrota`d systfe (fxhculf tmf Ta`lgws ioeacy). R8 eorbsU (l) Lfia`f tmf igccgwa`d Ta`lgws Gpfrota`d Xystfes nosfl tfres; A. Lfsbtgp AA. Ahg` AAA. \osbnor AY. Ta`lgw Y. Hosholf wa`lgw R>eorbs fohmU _ufstag` 9 Fxpo`l tmf igccgwa`d onnrfvaotag`s. o) DADG g) LNEX ff) [email protected] ss) IG^\^   n) TQXAT  p) ZGZ 8 ii) ZH [email protected] QD q) M\EC dd) EAX tt) HGNGC h) CFL r) V^C mm) FNHLAH uu) AXZ l) CHL s) \HZ-AZ aa) EMz vv) HZV f) EX LGX t) HOL  kk) GE^ ww) T i) GH^ u) ^OE bb) XLCH TT d) EAH^ v) ^GE cc) M\\Z xx) LYL m) HL w) LXX ee) H yy) YGAZ ^GE x) [email protected] ZV zz) [email protected] a) OXHAA y) : e) TAEZ hh) X^OE rr) LGX eorbsU `) H^\ ll) FI\ _ufstag` 4 Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres a` lftoac, dava`d fxoepcfs wmfrf oppcahoncf. o) Hgeputfr pfrapmfrocs  n) Zrgdroe h) NCVF\GG\M l) Hgeputfr f) Morlworf i) Xgitworf d) Gpfrota`d systfe m) Oppcahotag` sgitworf a) Vtacaty sgitworf  k) Eohma`f co`duodf. b) ^o`lge ohhfss efegry. R>: eorbsU

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX

_ufstag` =

Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` wgrl prghfssa`d gr sprfolsmfft o)  n) h) l) f) i) d) m) a)  k)

Ef`u Iggtfr Xgit rftur` Flat Hfcc Confc Hmort Eoac efrdf Zra`t prfvafw Tgrb smfft. R> eorbs fohmU

_ufstag`s (o) Lashuss o`y < pgssancf usfs gi sprfolsmffts a` o nusa`fss grdo`azotag`. R= eorbsU (n) Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` sprfolsmffts A. Hfcc \mf a`tfrsfhtag` gi o rgw o`l o hgcue` g` o sprfolsmfft a` wmahm loto g ho` nf f`tfrfl. AA. ^o`df. Xfrafs gi twg gr egrf olkohf`t hfccs a` o hgcue` gr rgw gr o g rfhto`ducor drgup gi hfccs. AAA. R> eorbs fohmU (h) Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` o wgrl prghfssa`d YA. Xgit rftur` O sgit rftur` as f`tfrfl outgeotahoccy ny o wgrl prghfssgr's wgrl wrop g ifoturf wmf` tmf tfxt rfohmfs tmf f`l gi tmf ca`f. At as hg`trostfl watm o morl rftur` wmahm as usfl praeoracy tg nfda` o `fw porodropm. O cattcf b`gw` ifoturf gi Eahrgsgit Tgrl o`l Gpf`Giiahf. ... YAA. Morl rftur` Eolf ny prfssa`d tmf rftur` gr f`tfr bfy g` tmf bfyngorl. O morl g rftur`, gr horraodf rftur`, hrfotfs o ca`f nrfob o`l alf`taiafs tmf f`l gi o porodropm. YAAA. \mfsourus Zrgvalfs o casta`d gi wgrls o`l tmfar sy`g`ye/rfcotfl wgrls. g Dualf tg usf gi tfres, smgwa`d rfcotag`smaps nftwff` tmfe, igr tmf g  purpgsf gi prgvala`d sto`lorlazfl, hg`trgccfl vghonucory igr a`igreotag` stgrodf o`l rftrafvoc A]. Talgw A` typfsftta`d, o walgw ghhurs wmf` tmf eokgraty gi o porodropm g oppfors g` g`f podf watm tmf cost ca`f gi tmot porodropm icgwa`d tg tmf tgp gi tmf igccgwa`d podf. ...

>>8

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX g

\mf cost ca`f gi o porodropm ot tmf tgp gi o podf gi tfxt.

]. Grpmo`. A` typfsftta`d, o` grpmo` as tmf iarst ca`f gi o porodropm oppfora`d g` g ats gw` ot tmf ngttge gi o podf watm tmf rfeoa`a`d pgrtag` gi tmf  porodropm oppfora`d g` tmf igccgwa`d podf. \mf iarst ca`f gi tmf  porodropm wos "cfit nfma`l" ny tmf rfeoa`a`d pgrtag` gi tfxt. ... Ca`f gi typf g` ats gw` ot tmf ngttge gi o podf. g

R> eorbs fohmU _ufstag` >< (o) Lfia`f o` fcfhtrg`ah sprfolsmfft. R8 eorbsU (n) Cast 6 iohacatafs prgvalfl ny o sprfolsmfft. R6 eorbsU (h) Tmot as wgrl prghfssa`d7 R> eorbsU (l) Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d wgrl prghfssa`d tfres YA. Kustaiahotag` o. A` typfsftta`d, kustaiahotag` (ho` ocsg nf rfifrrfl tg os 'iucc kustaiahotag`') as tmf typgdropmah ocad`ef`t sftta`d gi tfxt gr aeodfs watma` o hgcue` gr "efosurf" tg ocad` ocg`d ngtm tmf cfit o`l radmt eorda`. \fxt sft tmas woy as soal tg nf "kustaiafl".  n. \mf ocad`ef`t gi tfxt a` o porodropm sg tmot tmf eorda`s orf occ stroadmt g` tmf radmt salf, gr tmf cfit salf, gr ngtm. F.d. tmas tfxt as cfit kustaiafl. YAA. Morl rftur` YAAA. Xgit rftur` A]. Mfolfr g \fxt tmot oppfors ot tmf tgp gi fvfry podf gi o lghuef`t wmf` at as  pra`tfl. ]. Graf`totag`. Tmftmfr podf as vfrtahoccy gr mgrazg`toccy ocad`fl. Igr fxoepcf wf movf pgrtroat g o`l co`lshopf graf`totag`. g Zgrtroat graf`totag` . \mf eglf a` wmahm hg`tf`t as vafwfl wmfrf tmf waltm as smgrtfr tmo` tmf mfadmt. Zgrtroat graf`totag` eaeahs tmf woy egst rfola`d e otfraoc as pra`tfl, fd, cfttfrs, `fwspopfrs, nggbs. ... g Co`lshopf graf`totag` . \mf eglf a` wmahm hg`tf`t as vafwfl wmfrf tmf waltm as cg`dfr tmo` tmf mfadmt. Co`lshopf as tmf trolatag`oc graf`totag` igr hgeputfr vafwa`d o`l as opprgpraotf wmf` vafwa`d sprfolsmffts, valfg doefs, o`l egvafs. R> eorbs fohmU _ufstag` ?6 Nraficy fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` o sprfolsmfft (o) Ohtavf hfcc (d) D^OZM (n) Hfcc (m) Igreuco (h) Cfdf`l (a) Hfcc ollrfss (l) Tmot ai o`ocysas (k) Tgrbsmfft (f) Confc (b) Hfcc rfifrf`hf (i) [email protected]\[email protected] (c) ^fcotavf hfcc rfifrf`hf

>><

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX (e)Hfcc pga`tfr (`) Onsgcutf hfcc rfifrf`hf (g) Eaxfl hfcc rfifrf`hf (p) Tgrb nggb (q) Dgoc sffb R? eorb fohmU _ufstag` ?9 Nraficy fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` o (o) Grpmo` (n) Mfolfr (h) Iggtfr (l) \FEZCO\F (f) Xpfcchmfhbfr (i) [email protected]\ (d) \ON X\GZX (m) Eoac efrdf (a) Ig`t typf (k) Kustaiahotag` (b) Tgrl wrop (c) Ngcl (e)Ngrlfrs (`) Nuccfts (g) Morl rftur`

(r) (s) (t) (u) (v)

^o`df Zrgtfhtfl hfccs Irffzf po`fs Fenfllfl hmort ^gw & hgcue`

Tgrl prghfssa`d (p) X\O\VX NO^ (q) A`lf`totag` (r) Xgit rftur` (s) Talgw/Grpmo` Hg`trgc (t) Talgw (u) \mfsourus (v) Igreot nor (w) Xto`lorl nor (x) Hf`tfr ocad`ef`t (y) Mypmf`otag` ‘  as usfl tg fcaea`otf dops a` kustaiafl tfxt gr tg eoa`toa` fvf` ca`f cf`dtms a` `orrgw hgcue`s. Qgu ho` mypmf`otf eo`uoccy gr outgeotahoccy.

R? eorb fohmU _ufstag` 9 (d) Lfia`f o wgrl prghfssgr & davf o` fxoepcf R> eorbsU (m) Cast lgw` ot cfost 6 iohacatafs prgvalfl ny o wgrl prghfssgr R6 eorbsU (a) Davf o suatoncf tfre/ pmrosf tmot nfst lfshranfs tmf igccgwa`d stotfef`ts a` wgrl  prghfssa`d. a) \mf outgeotah egvfef`t gi typfl tfxt tg tmf `fw ca`f, watmgut  prfssa`d tmf f`tfr bfy. aa) Laiifrf`t –mo`lwrata`ds― a` o hgeputfr. aaa) Ca`f spoha`d. R? eorb fohmU (k) Lfia`f o sprfolsmfft o`l davf o` fxoepcf R> eorbsU (b) Davf tmf laiifrf`hf nftwff` o sprfolsmfft & o wgrbsmfft R> eorbsU (c) Davf o suatoncf wgrl/ pmrosf tmot nfst lfshranfs tmf igccgwa`d sprfolsmfft tfres AY. Hfcc R> eorbsU Y. Morl hgpy R> eorbsU YA. Hrfota`d o pfreo`f`t hgpy gi o wgrbsmfft g` o hgeputfr. R> eorbsU _VFX\[email protected] 8?

(f) Lfia`f tmf tfre Gpfrota`d Xystfe. R8 eorbsU

>>6

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX (i) Xtotf o`y < iu`htag`s gi o` gpfrota`d systfe. R< eorbsU (d) Xtotf o`y 8 fxoepcfs gi o` Gpfrota`d systfe (fxhculf tmf Ta`lgws ioeacy). R8 eorbsU (m) Lfia`f tmf igccgwa`d Ta`lgws Gpfrota`d Xystfes nosfl tfres; A. Lfsbtgp g \mf eoa` wgrbspohf a` o dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohf suhm os Ta`lgws gr Eoha`tgsm Xystfes. Vsfrs gpf` o`l wgrb watm iacfs o`l prgdroes g` tmf lfsbtgp, o`l ho` stgrf iacfs o`l smgrthuts tmfrf os wfcc. \mf usfr ho` ocsg hustgeazf tmf cggb gi tmf lfsbtgp watm aeodfs gr woccpopfr o`l hustge ahg`s. As tmf nohbdrgu`l shrff` g` tmf hgeputfr7 At hg`sasts gi pahturfs, g hoccfl ahg`s tmot smgw hona`fts, iacfs, igclfrs, o`l voragus typfs gi lghuef`ts. AA. Ahg` O pahturf gr dropmahoc rfprfsf`totag` gi o` gnkfht g` o laspcoy shrff` g tg wmahm o usfr ho` pga`t tg watm o lfvahf, suhm os o egusf, tg sfcfht o  portahucor gpfrotag` gr pfrigre o hfrtoa` ohtag`. AAA. \osbnor \mf nor usuoccy igu`l ot tmf ngttge gi o Ta`lgws shrff`. \mf tosbnor g smgws wmahm sgitworf prgdroes orf gpf`. At ocsg hg`toa`s tmf Xtort  nuttg`. O wa`lgws 16/1= shrff` fcfef`ts, laspcoyfl g` tmf lfsbtgps wmahm g a`hculfs tmf stort nuttg` o`l casts tmf prgdroes hurrf`tcy ru``a`d g` tmf hgeputfr. AY. IGCLF^ Igclfr, o vartuoc hg`toa`fr watma` o ladatoc iacf systfe, a` wmahm drgups g gi iacfs o`l gtmfr igclfrs ho` nf bfpt o`l grdo`azfl. Y. TAEZ g TAEZ (Ta`lgws A`tfriohf Eo`apucotag` Zrgdroe, ocsg rfifrs tg Ta`lgws, Ahg`s, Ef`us o`l Zga`ta`d lfvahf - tmf prfmastgrahoc DVA gi tmf ?14:'s) as o prgdroe igr hrfota`d iucc-shrff` vasuoc o`aeotag`s sy`hmrg`azfl watm sgu`l a` rfoc taef. Os tmf g`cy vasuoc a`put TAEZ utacazfs dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohf (DVA) gi Ta`lgws gpfrotag` systfe. Tmotfvfr oppcahotag`s wa`lgws, ahg`s, aeodfs, tfxts, fth. ygu movf gpf` g` ygur lfsbtgp - tmfy nfhgef o` a`sparotag` sgurhf igr TAEZ o`l ygu. O`aeotag`s orf df`frotfl ny saepcf >- o`l 8-L fiifhts o`l iactfrs o`l tmfar supfraepgsatag`s. Os suhm TAEZ ho` nf usfl os o YK tggc, o shrff`sovfr, o hggc droiax df`frotgr gr os o pafhf gi hg`hfptuoc ort. YA. ^FHQHCF [email protected] A` tmf Eahrgsgit Ta`lgwsgpfrota`d systfes, tmf ^fhyhcf Na`  as o mgcla`d g orfo igr iacfs o`l igclfrs tmot orf mfcl nfigrf ia`oc lfcftag` irge o stgrodf lfvahf. YAA. DVA O dropmahoc usfr a`tfriohf  (DVA) as o typf gi  usfr a`tfriohf atfe tmot g occgws pfgpcf tg a`tfroht watm prgdroes a` egrf woys tmo` typa`d suhm os hgeputfrs2 mo`l-mfcl lfvahfs suhm os EZ8 Zcoyfrs, Zgrtoncf Eflao

>>9

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Zcoyfrs gr Doea`d lfvahfs2 mgusfmgcl oppcao`hfs o`l giiahf fquapef`t watm aeodfs rotmfr tmo` tfxt hgeeo`ls. O DVA  giifrs dropmahoc ahg`s, o`l vasuoc a`lahotgrs, os gppgsfl tg tfxt-nosfl a`tfriohfs, typfl hgeeo`l confcs gr tfxt `ovadotag` tg iuccy rfprfsf`t tmf a`igreotag` o`l ohtag`s ovoaconcf tg o usfr. \mf ohtag`s orf usuoccy pfrigrefl tmrgudm larfht eo`apucotag` gi tmf dropmahoc fcfef`ts.R?U YAAA. Ta`lgw A` hgeputa`d, o wa`lgw as o vasuoc orfo, usuoccy rfhto`ducor a` smopf, g hg`toa`a`d sgef ba`l gi usfr a`tfriohf, laspcoya`d tmf gutput gi o`l occgwa`d a`put igr g`f gi o `uenfr gi saeucto`fguscy ru``a`d hgeputfr prghfssfs. ... A]. Hosholf wa`lgw g O` orro`dfef`t gi Ta`lgws sg fohm wa`lgw as ` fotcy stohbfl watm g`cy tmf tatcf nor gi fohm wa`lgw as smgwa`d. Orro`df (gpf` wa`lgws) g` o hgeputfr lfsbtgp sg tmot tmfy gvfrcop g fohm gtmfr, watm tmf tatcf nors vasancf R>eorbs fohmU _ufstag` 4 Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres a` lftoac, dava`d fxoepcfs wmfrf oppcahoncf. o) Hgeputfr pfrapmfrocs  n) Zrgdroe h) NCVF\GG\M o. Ncuftggtm® as tmf hglf`oef igr o tfhm`gcgdy spfhaiahotag` igr cgw-hgst, smgrt-ro`df rolag ca`bs nftwff` egnacf ZHs, egnacf pmg`fs o`l gtmfr  pgrtoncf lfvahfs, o`l hg``fhtavaty tg tmf A`tfr`ft. ...  n. Ncuftggtm as tmf `oef davf` tg o rolag tfhm`gcgdy eoba`d tro`seassag` gi sad`ocs gvfr smgrt lasto`hfs nftwff` tfcfpmg`fs, hgeputfrs o`l gtmfr lfvahfs, cabf mgusfmgcl oppcao`hfs, watmgut tmf usf gi warfs. l) Hgeputfr f) Morlworf i) Xgitworf d) Gpfrota`d systfe m) Oppcahotag` sgitworf a) Vtacaty sgitworf  k) Eohma`f co`duodf. b) ^o`lge ohhfss efegry. R>: eorbsU _ufstag` =

Fxpcoa` tmf igccgwa`d tfres os usfl a` wgrl prghfssa`d gr sprfolsmfft b) Ef`u o. O cast gi gptag`s, fohm gi wmahm pfrigres o lfsarfl ohtag` suhm os hmggsa`d o hgeeo`l gr oppcya`d o portahucor igreot tg o port gi o lghuef`t. Ef`us orf hgeeg`cy usfl a` dropmahoc a`tfriohfs. c) Iggtfr

>>4

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX e) Xgit rftur` `) Flat g \g rfvafw o pafhf gi wrata`d, eorba`d o`l hgrrfhta`d droeeotahoc, spfcca`d, o`l iohtuoc frrgrs. \mf flata`d prghfss ocsg gitf` a`hculfs smgrtf`a`d gr cf`dtmf`a`d ortahcfs tg iat ovoaconcf spohf, wrata`d mfolca`fs o`l sunmfols. g) Hfcc  p) Confc q) Hmort r) Eoac efrdf s) Zra`t prfvafw t) Tgrb smfft. R> eorbs fohmU

>>=

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ONN^FYAO\[email protected] ?) OCV Oratmeftah Cgdah V`at >) O^H `ft Ottohmfl ^fsgurhf Hgeputfr @ftwgrb 8) OXHAA Oefraho` Xto`lorl Hglf igr A`igreotag` A`tfrhmo`df <) N>N  Nusa`fss-\g-Nusa`fss 6) NHL Na`ory Hglfl Lfhaeoc 9) NAGX Nosah A`put/Gutput Xystfe 4) NAX Nusa`fss A`igreotag` Xystfe =) NA\ Na`ory Ladat 1) NCGD Tfn Cgd ?:) [email protected] Na`ory Xy`hmrg`gus Hgeeu`ahotag`s (prgtghgc) ??) H H Zrgdroeea`d Co`duodf ?>) HOL Hgeputfr Oalfl Lfsad` ?8) HOC Hgeputfr Oalfl Cfor`a`d ?<) HOXF Hgeputfr Oalfl Xgitworf F`da`ffra`d ?6) HLEO Hglf Lavasag` Euctapcf Ohhfss ?9) HL-^ Hgepoht Lasb - ^fhgrloncf ?4) HL-^GE Hgepoht Lasb - ^fol G`cy Efegry ?=) HL-^T Hgepoht Lasb - ^fwratoncf ?1) HGNGC Hgeeg` Nusa`fss-graf`tfl Co`duodf (Xff MCC) >:) HGLFH Hglfr/Lfhglfr + Hgeprfssag`/Lfhgeprfssag` >?) HGF Hgeeg` Gpfrota`d F`varg`ef`t >>) HZV Hf`troc Zrghfssa`d V`at >8) H^H Hyhcah ^flu`lo`hy Hmfhb ><) H^\ Hotmglf ^oy \unf >6) HXEO/HO Horrafr Xf`sf Euctapcf Ohhfss/watm Hgccasag` Ovgalo`hf >9) HXEO/HL Horrafr Xf`sf Euctapcf Ohhfss/watm Hgccasag` Lftfhtag` >4) HXEX Hustgefr Xuppgrt Eo`odfef`t Xystfe >=) LXX Lfhasag` Xuppgrt Xystfe >1) L\F Loto \frea`oc Fquapef`t + Luen \frea`oc Feucotgr 8:) LYL Ladatoc Yalfg Lasb 8?) LYL-O Ladatoc Yalfg Lasb-Oulag 8>) LYL-O^ Ladatoc Yalfg Lasb-Oulag ^fhgrla`d 88) LYL-^ Ladatoc Yalfg Lasb-^fhgrloncf 8<) LYL-^OE Ladatoc Yfrsotacf Lash-^OE 86) LYL-^GE Ladatoc Yfrsotacf Lash-^GE 89) LYL-X^ Ladatoc Yalfg Lasb-Xtrfoe ^fhgrla`d 84) LYL-Y^ Ladatoc Yalfg Lasb-Yalfg ^fhgrla`d 8=) LY^ Ladatoc Yalfg/Ygahf ^fhgrlfr 81) FNHLAH Fxtf`lfl Na`ory Hglfl Lfhaeoc A`tfrhmo`df Hglf RANEU <:) FFZ^GE Fcfhtrahoccy Frosoncf Zrgdroeeoncf ^fol-G`cy Efegry ) F-EOAC Fcfhtrg`ah Eoac <8) FZ^GE Fcfhtrahoccy Zrgdroeeoncf ^fol G`cy Efegry + a. Frosoncf Zrgdroeeoncf ^fol G`cy Efegry

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>>1

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX <<) I\Z <6) ILLA

Iacf \ro`sifr Zrgtghgc RA`tfr`ftU Ianfr Ladatoc Lfvahf A`tfriohf + a. Ianfr Lastranutfl Loto A`tfriohf <9) ILAXB Iaxfl Lasb <4) ILE Irfquf`hy Lavasag` Euctapcfxa`d <=) ILEO Irfquf`hy Lavasag` Euctapcf Ohhfss <1) IL] Iucc Lupcfx 6:) IFH Igrworl Frrgr Hgrrfhtag` 6?) IE Irfquf`hy Eglucotag` 6>) IG^\^[email protected] Igreuco \ro`scotgr (Zrgdroeea`d Co`duodf)(Xff MCC) 68) I\Z Iacf \ro`sifr Zrgtghgc 6<) DM[  Dadomfrtz 66) DADG Dornodf A`, Dornodf Gut 69) DAX Dfgdropmah A`igreotag` Xystfe 64) DXE Dcgnoc Xystfe igr Egnacf-Hgeeu`ahotag`s (`ftwgrb) 6=) DVA Dropmahoc Vsfr A`tfriohf 61) MLL Morl Lasb Lravf 9:) MLCH Madm-Cfvfc Loto Ca`b Hg`trgc 9?) MCC MADM CFYFC [email protected] 9>) ML\Y Madm Lfia`atag` \fcfvasag` 98) M\EC Mypfr\fxt Eorbup Co`duodf 9<) M\\Z Mypfr\fxt \ro`sifr Zrgtghgc 96) Mz  Mfrtz 99) AZ A`tfr`ft Zrgtghgc 94) A_C A`tfrohtavf _ufry Co`duodf 9=) [email protected] A`tfdrotfl Xfrvahfs Ladatoc @ftwgrb 91) A\ A`igreotag` \fhm`gcgdy 4:) [email protected] Cghoc Orfo @ftwgrb 4?) CHL Caqual Hrystoc Laspcoy 4>) CFL Cadmt Featta`d Laglf 48) CZ\ Ca`f Zra`tfr \frea`oc 4<) CZ\?IarstZoroccfcZra`tfrZgrt 46) CZ\>Xfhg`lZoroccfcZra`tfrZgrt 49) CZ\8 \marlZoroccfcZra`tfrZgrt 44) ENps Efdonytfs Zfr Xfhg`l 4=) Enps Efdonats Zfr Xfhg`l 41) EN^ Eostfr Nggt ^fhgrl =:) EMz  Efdomfrtz =?) EAH^ Eod`ftah A`b Hmorohtfr ^fhgd`atag` =>) EALA Eusahoc A`struef`t Ladatoc A`tfriohf =8) EAX Eo`odfef`t A`igreotag` Xystfe =<) EGLFE  Eglucotgr/Lfeglucotgr =6) EZ8 EZFD Oulag Coyfr 8 =9) EXOY Eahrgsgit O`ta Yarus REahrgsgitU =4) EX-LGX Eahrgsgit - Lasb Gpfrota`d Xystfe REahrgsgitU ==) ZLI Zohbodf Lfia`atag` Iacf + Zgrtoncf Lghuef`t Igreot +

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>8:

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX a. Zgrtoncf Lghuef`t Iacf + Zrghfssgr Lfia`fl Iu`htag` + aa. Zrgdroe Lfvfcgpef`t Iohacaty =1) .ZLI Zra`tfr Lfshraptag` (iacf `oef fxtf`sag`)RNgrco`l, CgtusU 1:) Z>Z Zffr \g Zffr + Zfgpcf \g Zfgpcf 1?) VXN V`avfrsoc Xfraoc Nus 1>) TQXNQDA Tmot Qgu Xff Nfigrf Qgu Dft At 18) TQXATQD Tmot Qgu Xff As Tmot Qgu Dft

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>8?

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Nosah Hgeputfr \frea`gcgdy

Hgeputfr mos tur`fl irge nfa`d kust o tfhm`gcgdahoc doldft tg pfrsg`oc ZH tg o supfr tfhm`gcgdahoc pfrsg`oc doldft. \mfrf as `gtma`d a` tmf wgrcl tmot lgfs `gt lfpf`l g` hgeputfrs. Qgu `ffl tg u`lfrsto`l tmf nosah hgeputfr tfres o`l efo`a`ds a` grlfr tg stoy up-tg-lotf watm tmf wgrcl. Ai ygu lg `gt b`gw tmf nosah hgeputfr tfres o`l lfia`atag`, ygu cggb cabf o cgst sguc a` tmf egst moppf`a`d wgrcl gi tfhm`gcgdy. Qgu `ffl tg nggb o egvaf tahbft, sg ygu `ffl  A`tfr`ft ohhfss. Qgu movf tg suneat o prfsf`totag` igr ygur hgepo`y's prgkfht, ygu `ffl o hgeputfr tg noac ygu gut. Ats gut gi lotf tg usf o valfg hossfttf igr ygur rfhgrla`ds. Hossfttfs orf cabf o` o`haf`t rfcah, ats HL's o`l  LYLs tmot orf a` vgduf tgloy. O`l tg tgp at occ, VXN icosm lravfs movf hrfotfl o `ahmf a` tmf ea`ls gi tfhm-sovvy pfgpcf. Xg nfigrf ygu icgot ygur ea`l a` tmf icgota`d pga`t `uenfrs gr shrothm ygur mfol wmf` cfor`a`d tmf qufrafs a` lotonosfs, cft us nfda` watm sgef saepcf nosah hgeputfr tfres igr nfda``frs. Nosah Hgeputfr \fres o`l Lfia`atag`s Hgeputfr O hgeputfr as o hgeputa`d lfvahf tmot as saeacor tg o` outgeotfl onohus tmot ho` fxfhutf o prgdroe, tmot as, o sfquf`hf gi outgeotah a`struhtag`s. Zrgdroe O prgdroe as o as o` fxfhutoncf sgitworf tmot ru`s g` o hgeputfr. At hg`toa`s hgepacfl hglfs tmot ru` larfhtcy irge tmf hgeputfr's gpfrota`d systfe. Gpfrota`d Xystfe \mf gpfrota`d systfe (GX) as tmf sgitworf tmot hgeeu`ahotfs watm tmf hgeputfr morlworf g` tmf praeory cfvfc. @g sgitworf ho` nf ru` g` tmf hgeputfr watmgut tmf gpfrota`d systfe. At sfrvfs os o usfr a`tfriohf o`l mfcps occghota`d efegry, prghfssfs tosbs, ohhfssfs lasbs o`l pfrapmfroc. Hgeeo`l O hgeeo`l as o sfrafs gi stfp ny stfp a`struhtag`s tmot mfcps tmf hgeputfr pfrigre o spfhaiah ohtag`. HZV \mf hf`troc prghfssa`d u`at gr HZV, ocsg b`gw` os tmf eahrgprghfssgr gr prghfssgr as tmf  nroa` gi tmf hgeputfr. At mfcps fxfhutf a`struhtag`s a` o sgitworf prgdroe o`l mfcps rftrafvf a`struhtag`s igre tmf hgeputfr's efegry, hgeprfmf`la`d o`l fxfhuta`d a`struhtag`s o`l mfcpa`d larfht tmf a`put o`l gutput gi tmf hgeputfr. Lfsbtgp \mf hgeputfr eg`atgr gr tmf shrff` gi tmf hgeputfr odoa`st wmahm, tmf gpfrota`d systfe o`l ohhfss oppcahotag` prgdroes, iacfs o`l lghuef`ts orf laspcoyfl as hoccfl tmf lfsbtgp.

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>8>

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX Iacf \mf iacf as o u`at igr a`igreotag` stgrodf tmot a`hculfs wgrl-prghfssgr, sprfolsmfft,  pahturfs, eusah, fth. Fohm iacf as laiifrf`taotfl watm tmf mfcp gi o u`aquf iacf `oef. Igclfr \mf igclfr as o u`aquf systfe tmot mfcps a` grdo`aza`d tmf iacfs, tgpahs, prgdroes o`l  prgkfhts g` tmf hgeputfr. \mf saeacor oppcahotag`s a` o igclfr wacc nf drgupfl tgdftmfr wmf` o` oppcahotag` prgdroe as cgolfl. At as saeacor tg grdo`aza`d iacfs g` o smfci a` ygur hona`ft. Morl Lravf \mf morl lravf as tmf rfdag` wmfrf tmf a`igreotag` as stgrfl o`l mfcps tmf hgeputfr tg  pfreo`f`tcy rftoa` o`l stgrf tmf loto. Morlworf \mf hgeputfr systfe tmot hgeprasfs gi o hgeputfr, tmot as, eg`atgr, bfyngorl, egusf,  pra`tfr, hgeputfr u`at, sho``fr, fth. as b`gw` os tmf morlworf. Tmf` tmf HZV as gpf`fl, tmf hgepg`f`ts tmot eobf o HZV orf ocsg tmf morlworf. Qgu ho` rfol o`l cfor` egrf g` hgeputfr morlworf nosah a`igreotag`. Mypfrca`b O` mypfrca`b as o prgdroe tmot mfcps g`f egvf irge g`f wfn podf tg o`gtmfr. \mf tfxt as u`lfrca`fl o`l tmf hursgr tmot egvfs gvfr tmas tfxt lghuef`t, tobfs tmf smopf gi o mo`l. \mas efo`s tmfrf as o mypfrca`b ollfl tg tmf tfxt o`l ygu ho` hcahb g` at tg egvf gvfr tg o`gtmfr podf gr lghuef`t. A`tfr`ft \mf A`tfr`ft as o wgrcl walf `ftwgrb tmot mfcps hg``fht eaccag`s gi usfrs orgu`l tmf wgrcl tg smorf o`l fxhmo`df loto, a`igreotag`, gpa`ag`s, fth. \mf A`tfr`ft as `gt saeacor tg Tgrcl Talf Tfn (TTT). \mf TTT as o sfrvahf tmot as prgvalfl g` tmf A`tfr`ft igr tmf usfrs. Eg`atgr \mf hgeputfr eg`atgr as lfia`fl os tmf hgeputfr shrff` gr laspcoy u`at. \mf eg`atgr mfcps a` laspcoya`d tmf usfr a`tfriohf o`l prgdroes. At as o woy igr tmf usfr tg a`tfroht watm tmf hgeputfr, usa`d tmf bfyngorl o`l egusf. Egusf Lg `gt nf noiicfl, o hgeputfr egusf as o mo`l mfcl lfvahf tmot mfcps tmf usfr egvf ohrgss tmf icot suriohf o`l mfcp hg`trgc tmf pga`tfr g` tmf shrff`. At as o vfry ohhfssancf lfvahf, os at mfcps g`f egvf iostfr ohrgss tmf shrff` o`l pfrigre eo`y tosbs quahbcy. Bfyngorl \mf hgeputfr bfyngorl as tmf pfrapmfroc u`at gi tmf hgeputfr tmot mfcps a` typa`d a` tmf wgrls o`l `uenfrs ocg`d watm tmf syengcs o`l tmus hgeeu`ahotf watm hgeputfr. A` gtmfr wgrls, at as tmf woy, mgw ygu ho` iffl a` a`igreotag` tmot `ffls tg prghfssfl a`tg

reeobomoJdeoac.hge

>88

HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX ygur hgeputfr. Qgu ho` rfol egrf g` hgeputfr bfyngorl smgrthuts. ^OE ^o`lge Ohhfss Efegry gr ^OE as tmf tfepgrory stgrodf spohf a` tmf hgeputfr tmot mfcps pcohf a`igreotag` sg tmot as ho` fxfhutf tmf prgdroe o`l a`struhtag`s davf`. G`hf o  prgdroe as hcgsfl, tmf loto as rfegvfl irge ^OE. \mf oegu`t gi ^OE mfcps a` lftfrea`a`d tmf `uenfr gi prgdroes tmot ho` nf ru`. Nrgwsfr \mf wfn nrgwsfr as o` oppcahotag` tmot mfcps rf`lfr tmf sgurhf hglf gi Tgrcl Talf Tfn gr wfn podfs tmot ho` nf usfl ny tmf usfr. \mf a`igreotag` as rf`lfrfl a` u`lfrsto`loncf igre igr tmf usfr ny tmf nrgwsfr. \mf Eahrgsgit A`tfr`ft Fxpcgrfr as o` fxoepcf gi tmf  nrgwsfr. Zfrapmfrocs \mf pfrapmfrocs orf tmf a`put lfvahfs tmot orf hg``fhtfl tg tmf eohma`fs. \mf bfyngorl, egusf o`l pra`tfr orf hgeputfr pfrapmfrocs. Xgef pfrapmfrocs orf aepgrto`t igr tmf wgrba`d gi tmf eohma`f o`l sgef orf ollfl hgepg`f`ts, watmgut wmahm g`f ho` wgrb g` tmf hgeputfr. @ftwgrbs \mf `ftwgrb as o pmysahoc gr cgdahoc hg`struhtag` tmot hg``fhts laiifrf`t hgeputfrs tgdftmfr o`l mfcps tmfe hgeeu`ahotf. \mf hgeputfr `ftwgrba`d as horrafl gut tmrgudm honca`d gr tmrgudm warfcfss `ftwgrba`d. \mf nfst fxoepcf as tmf A`tfr`ft tmot mfcps satfs tg hg``fht g` laiifrf`t hgeputfrs. Xgitworf \mf a`struhtag`s tmot orf prgvalfl tg tmf hgeputfr watm stfp-ny-stfp ohtag`s tmot mfcp fxfhuta`d o spfhaiah tosb as o sgitworf. O hgeputfr ho``gt iu`htag` watmgut o sgitworf.

\mfsf wfrf o ifw nosah hgeputfr tfres igr bals tmot ho` nf mfcpiuc igr o nfda``fr tg u`lfrsto`l tmf hgeputfr ports cast. Hgeputfrs movf nfhgef o port o`l porhfc gi gur loacy cavfs, watmgut wmahm wf ho``gt iu`htag`. Eo` mos nfhgef sg lfpf`lf`t g` tmf hgeputfr tmot o ea`gr hgeputfr dcathm ho` sf`l caif a`tg o tazzy. G`f `ffls tg cfor` usa`d o hgeputfr, os euhm os mf `ffls tg cfor` mgw tg rfol o`l wratf. \gloy, pfgpcf nrfotm sgitworf o`l fot morlworf (mypgtmftahoccy spfoba`d). Qgu lg `gt wo`t tg nf cfit gut a` tmas rot rohf gi tfhm`ahoccy sgu`l wgrcl. Xg nfda` ny cfor`a`d o`l tfohma`d ygur bals tmfsf nosah hgeputfr tfres igr nfda``frs.

_VA[

O ?

N

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L

Qgu movf hgepcftfl tmf lghuef`t o`l wo`t tg eobf hfrtoa` tmot ygu movf `gt

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX eolf spfcca`d gr droeeor frrgrs. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

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\fxt as sfcfhtfl o`l ygu wo`t tg rfegvf tmf sfcfhtag` irge tmf ohtavf lghuef`t o`l  pcohf at g` tmf hcapngorl. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

8

Qgu movf eolf o hmo`df tg tmf ohtavf lghuef`t o`l wo`t tg eobf hfrtoa` tmot tmgsf hmo`dfs orf sovfl. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

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O pmrosf wacc oppfor sfvfroc taefs a` tmf lghuef`t. \g sovf taef ygu movf sfcfhtfl tmf pmrosf o`l wo`t tg hgpy at. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

6

\mf lghuef`t mol nff` hmfhbfl igr spfcca`d frrgrs, at mos nff` sovfl, o`l `gw ygu orf rfoly tg pra`t. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

9

O lghuef`t wmahm mos nff` sovfl a`tg o igclfr g` ygur hgeputfr as tg nf gpf`fl sg hmo`dfs ho` nf eolf. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

4

\mf lghuef`t mol nff` hmfhbfl igr spfcca`d o`l mos nff` sovfl. Nfigrf sf`la`d at tg tmf pra`tfr ygu wo`t tg sff mgw at wacc cggb. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

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HGEZV\F^ GZF^O\[email protected] & ZOHBODFX O

N

H

L

?

A`stfol gi straba`d tmf u`lfrca`f bfy iaitff` taefs, ygu pco` tg lrow o sa`dcf ca`f ny hcahba`d o`l lrodda`d. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

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Qgu movf lrow` o ca`f, o`l `gw wo`t tg hmo`df tmf hgcgr gi tmf sfcfhtfl ca`f. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

8

\mf cost ca`f ygu lrfw mol o` orrgwmfol ot tmf wrg`d f`l. Qgu wo`t tg hmo`df tmf orrgwmfol tg tmf gtmfr f`l gi tmf ca`f. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

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Qgu hrfotfl o` gnkfht a` o lghuef`t o`l ygu wo`t tg tact at ot o` o`dcf. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

6

Qgu movf lrow` o rfhto`dcf orgu`l o sfhtag` gi o icyfr o`l wo`t tg hmo`df at tg o losmfl ca`f. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

9

\mf mfola`d gi o icyfr as kust pcoa` tfxt o`l ygu wgucl rotmfr hrfotf spfhaoc fiifhts watm tfxt. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

4

Qgu orf dga`d tg lrow o pfrifht harhcf g` ygur lghuef`t ny mgcla`d lgw` tmf smait bfy, hcahba`d o`l lrodda`d. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

O

N

H

L

?

Qgu wasm tg hocc ottf`tag` tg o stotfef`t a` ygur lghuef`t ny eoba`d tmf tfxt ngcl. Tmahm nuttg` lg ygu sfcfht7

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O icyfr as tg nf prfporfl a`vata`d  porf`ts tg o pfrigreo`hf. Qgu wo`t tmf mfolca`f tg nf hf`tfrfl g` tmf

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