COMPUTER CONCEPTS Why Is Computer Literacy Important? Computer literacy involves literacy involves having knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses. As computers become more a part of everyday life, many people believe that computer literacy is vital to success. What Is a Computer? A computer is is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce results, and stores the results for future use. Data – Data – is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. A word word data is plural for datum. With respect to computers, computers, however, however, it is accepted accepted and common practice practice to use the word data in both the singular and plural context. Inormation - is a processed data that conveys meaning and is useful to people. Example Employees name and address, hourly pay rate, and hours work worked all represents data. !he computer process the data to produce the payroll check (information) Inormation Processin! Cycle Cycle - "eries of input, process, output, and storage activities performed by a computer. Essential elements o Input Processin! Cycle #. %. &. '. (.
Input – Input – sample are the data$s entered by the user Process – Process – the instructions that the computer performs Output – Output – the information or the results Stora!e – Stora!e – stores the result result for future use use Communication – Communication – computers communication communication to other computers computers
Instructions – Instructions – are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a particular task. What "re the Components o a Computer? !he electric, electronic, and mechanical components of a computer, or har#$are, har#$are , include input devices, output devices, a system unit, storage devices, and communications devices. An input #e%ice allows you to enter data or instructions into a computer. An output #e%ice conveys #e%ice conveys information to one or more people. !he system unit is unit is a case that contains the electronic components of a computer that are used to process data. !he circuitry of the system usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the motherboard . A stora!e #e%ice records #e%ice records and)or retrieves items to and from storage media. A communications device enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers. INPUT DE&ICES What are the t$o types o input? • •
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*ata – is a collection of unprocessed text, numbers, graphics, images, audio and video. +nstructions - are the steps that tell the computer how to p erform a particular task. rogram – is a series of instructions that tells a computer what to do and how to do it. o ommand – is an instruction that causes a program to perform a specific action. o ser response – is an instruction a user issues by replying to a /uestion displayed by a program o +nput *evice – is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer. #. 'ey(oar# ) +t contains keys you press p ress to enter data into the computer. %. Mouse Mouse ) +s a small handheld device. With the mouse, you control the movement of a small symbol on the screen, called the pointer, and you make the selections from the screen. &. Microphone – Microphone – allows a user to speak into the computer to enter data and instructions. '. Scanner ) converts printed materials 0such as text and pictures1 into a form the computer can use. (. Di!ital Di!ital Camera Camera ) you take pictures and then transfer the photographed images to the computer or printer instead of storing the images on traditional film. 2. PC &i#eo Camera – Camera – is a digital video camera that allows users to create a movie or take still photographs electronically.
Output De%ice – De%ice – is any type of hardware component that that conveys information information to one or more more people. ommonly used output device display devices, printers, speakers and headsets, fax machines and fax o modem, multifunction peripherals, data pro3ectors and force-feedback 3oystick and wheels.
OUTPUT DE&ICES #. Printer – – produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper.
%. Monitor ) display text, graphics, and videos on a screen. &. Spea*er ) you to hear music, voice and other audio 0sounds1 S+STEM UNIT ) !wo main components on the motherboard #. Processor or CPU ,Central Processin! Unit- – is the electronic component that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer. What is the central processing unit 014 •
!he processor , also called the central processing unit 01, interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. rocessor contains a two components, the control unit and arithmetic logic unit that works together to perform processing operations o ontrol nit – is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer. o Arithmetic 5ogic nit 0A51 – another component of the processor performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations.
%. Memory ) consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions. Although some forms of memory are permanent, most memory keeps data and instructions temporarily, which mean its contents, are erased when the computer is shut off. What is Memory? •
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Memory – consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processed data 0information1 Memory stores three (asic cate!ories o items o !he operatin! system and other system sot$are that control or maintain the computer and its devices. "pplication pro!rams that carry out a specific task such as word processing and resulting information !he #ata being processed by the application program and resulting information. 6ytes and Addressable 7emory o .yte 0a character1 – is the basic storage unit in memory. When the application program instructions and data are transferred to memory from storage device, the instructions and data exists as (ytes. Each byte resides temporarily in a location in memory that has an address. o "##ress – is a uni/ue number that identifies the location of a byte in memory.
/o$ is Memory measure#? 7emory "i8es o 9ilobyte 096 or 91 – is e/ual to exactly #:%' bytes. o 7egabyte 0761 – is e/ual to approximately # million bytes o ;igabyte 0;61 – e/uals to approximately # billion bytes o !erabyte 0!61 – e/uals to approximately # trillion bytes. •
!erm 9ilobyte 7egabyte ;igabyte !erabyte
Abbreviation
Approximate
Exact Amount of 6ytes #,:%' #,:'>,(?2 #,:?&,?'#,>%' #,:@@,(##,2%?,??2
Approximate number of ages or !ext = (:: (::,::: (::,:::,:::
96 or 9 # thousand 76 # million ;6 # billion !6 # trillion Types o Memory o &olatile Memory 0 when the computers power off, it loses its content. 0temporary1 Example A7 0andom Access 7emory1 Non%olatile Memory 0 does not lose its content when power is removed from the computer o 0permanent1. Examples B7 0ead Bnly 7emory1, flash memory, 7B" 0omplimentary 7etal Bxide "emiconductor1. •
What is ran#om access memory ,R"M-? Also called main memory. onsist of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices. When you turn on power to a computer, certain operating system files 0such as the files that determine how the Windows C desktop appears1 load into A7 from a storage device such as hard disk. !hese files remain in A7 as long as the computer has continuous power. As additional programs and data are re/uested, they also load into A7 for storage. !he processor interprets and executes programs instructions while the program is in A7. • •
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Dow do computers represent data4
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!o understand fully the way a computer processes data, you should know how a computer processes d ata. eople communicate through speech by combining words into sentence. Duman speech is analo! because it uses a continuous 0wave form1 signals that vary in strength and /uality. 7ost computers are #i!ital, they recogni8e only two discrete states on and o . !his is because computers are electronic devices powered by e lectricity, which has only two states on and off. !he two digits, : and #, easily can represent these two states. !he digit : represents the e lectronic state of o ,absence of electronic charge1. !he digit # represents the electronic state of on 0presence of an electronic charge1. When people count, they use the digits in the decimal system 0: through @1. !he computer, by contrast, uses a binary system because it recogni8es only two states. o
.inary system – is a number system that has 3ust two uni/ue digits, : and #, called (its.
.it 0 ,a short for binary digit 1 is the smallest unit of data the computer can process.
What is rea#)only memory ,ROM-? Rea#)only Memory ,ROM- – refers to the memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. !he • data on most B7 chips cannot be modified – hence, the name read-only. ROM is non%olatile, which means its contents a re not lost when power is removed from the computer. +n • addition to computers, many devices contain B7 chips. or example, B7 chips in printers contain data for fonts.
STOR"1E DE&ICES Stora!e Me#ia – +t is where a computer keeps data, instructions, and information. Example of storage media are floppy disks, Fip disks, "6 lash drives, hard disks, *s, *G*s, and memory cards. Stora!e De%ice - ecords 0writes1 and)or retrieves 0reads1 items to and from storage media. *rives and reader ) writers, which are types of storage devices, accept a specific kind of stora!e me#ia. +t often functions as a source of input because they transfer items from storage to memory. Examples a. * *rive 0storage device1 accepts a * 0storage media1. b. loppy drive accepts a floppy disk c. Fip drive accepts a Fip disk 2loppy #is* – consists of a thin, circular, flexible disk enclosed in a s/uare-shaped plastic shell that is inserted in and removed from a floppy disk drive 0**1. A typical floppy disk stores up to about 345 million characters4 6ip #is* - looks similar to a floppy disk but has much greater storage capabilities – up to about ?(: million characters. Hou insert 8ip disks in and remove them from Fip drives. US. 0niversal "erial 6us1 lash #ri%e - is a portable storage device that has much more storage capacity than a floppy disk but is small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or in a pocket. Hou plug a "6 lash *rive in a special, easily accessible opening on the computer 0the "6 port1. /ar# Dis* - provides much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk, 8ip disk, or "6 flash drive. !he average hard disk can hold more than >: billion characters. Dard disk is enclosed in an airtight, sealed case. Although some are removable, most are housed inside the system unit Compact Disc 0*1 - is a flat, round, portable metal disc with a plastic coating. !ype of ompact *isc 1. CD)ROM - which you can access using most * and *G* drives. 2. D&D)ROM – some of which have enough storage capacity to store two full-length movies. !o use a *G*B7 you need a *G* drive. *G* 0also known as I*igital Gersatile *iscI or I*igital Gideo *iscI1 What "re the Cate!ories o Computers? +ndustry experts typically classify computers in six categories personal computers, mobile computers and mobile devices, midrange servers, mainframes, supercomputers, and embedded computers. •
A personal computer is a computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself. !wo popular styles of personal computers o
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PC Compati(le – refers to any personal computer based on the original +67 personal computer design. ompanies such as *ell, ;ateway, Dewlett-ackard, and !oshiba sell -ompatible computers and uses a Windows operating system "pple – use a 7acintosh operating system 07ac B"1 !wo types of ersonal omputer
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Des*top computers – is designed so the system unit, input devices, output devices and any other devices fit entirely on or under a desk or table. - "ome desktop computers functions as a server on a network and cost much more than the basic desktop computer.
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Wor*station – another expensive, powerful desktop computer which is geared for work that re/uires intense calculations and graphic capabilities. An architect uses a workstation to design building and home. A graphic artist uses a workstation to create computer – animated special effects for full length motion pictures and video games. •
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Note(oo* computers – also called a laptop computer, is a portable, personal computer designed to fit on your lap. - !hey are thin and lightweight, yet they can be as powerful as the average desktop computer. And more expensive than desktop computers with e/ual capabilities. - !he keyboard is on the top of the system unit, and the monitor attaches to the system unit with hinges. - Weigh on average between %.( and @ pounds, which allow users easily to transport the computer from place to place. - an operate on batteries or a power supply or both. •
Ta(let PC is a special type of notebook computer that allows you to write or draw on the screen using a digital pen. o
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With a digital pen, users write or draw by pressing the pen on the screen, and issue instruction to the !ablet by tapping on the screen.
A mo(ile computer is a personal computer that you can carry from place to place, and a mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand. o sually do not have disk drive o
our popular types of mobile devices - /an#hel# computers – 0sometimes a handtop computer1 is a computer small enough to fit on one hand. "creens on handheld computers are small o
- PD"s ,Personal Di!ital "ssistant- – is one of the most popular lightweight mobile devices in uses today. rovides organi8er functions such as a calendar, appointment book, address book, calculator and notepad. - Smart phones – is an internet enabled telephone that usually also provides *A capabilities o Allows you to send and receive e-mail messages and access the web. o
- Smart $atches - is an internet enabled watch. +n addition to basic timekeeping capabilities, a smart watch automatically ad3ust time 8one changes, stores personal messages, reminds you of appointments, and wirelessly accesses news, weather, sports and stocks. •
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A mi#ran!e ser%er is a more powerful and larger computer that typically supports several h undred and sometimes up to a few thousand connected computers at the same time. !ypically support several hundred and sometimes up to a few thousand connected computers at the o same time A mainrame is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously and can store tremendous amounts of data, instructions, and information. o "tore tremendous amounts of data, instructions, and information. Every ma3or corporation uses mainframes for business activities o A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive computer and is used for applications re/uiring complex, sophisticated mathematical calculations. !he fastest supercomputers are capable of p rocessing more than 377 trillion instructions in a sin!le o secon#. With weights that exceed #:: tons, these computers can store %:,::: times the data and information of o an average desktop computer. •
An em(e##e# computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a computer in a larger product. o
Embedded computers are everywhere – at home, in your car, and at work.
/o$ Is System Sot$are Dierent rom "pplication Sot$are? Sot$are, also called a program, is a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
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Hou interact with a program through its user interface which controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen. 1UI 0 1raphical User Interace, allows you to interact with the software using text, graphics, and visual images such as icons. Icon – is a miniature image that represents a program, an instruction, or some other ob3ect.
T$o cate!ories o sot$are System sot$are consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of a computer and its devices. +t serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer$s hardware. •
T$o types o system sot$are o
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Operatin! system - which coordinates activities among computer hardware devices. Example 7icrosoft Windows C, bunto, ed Dat 5inux, 7ac B" Utility pro!rams - which perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to a computer, its devices, or its programs. 0e.g. utility programs for managing disk drive, printers, and other devices1
"pplication sot$are consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users. opular application software includes Web browsers, word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software, and presentation graphics software.
Bther types of application software - ersonal +nformation 7anagement -
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- Web page authoring - 7ultimedia authoring - ersonal finance - 5egal - !ax preparation - Dome design)landscaping - Entertainment 0e.g. games or simulation1
Installin! – is the process of setting up software to work with the computer, printer and other hardware components. Pro!rammer – is someone who develops software or writes the instructions that direct the computer to process data into information. A programmer uses a programming language o r a program development tool to create computer programs. Example of a programming language JJ, , Kava, Kava"cript, Gisual 6asic.
What "re the "#%anta!es an# Disa#%anta!es o Usin! Computers?
"#%anta!es o usin! Computers #. Spee# – computer operations occur through electronic circuits. When data, instructions, and information flow along these circuits, they travel at incredibly fast speeds. 7any computers process billions or trillions of operations in a single second. rocessing involves computing 0adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing1, sorting 0alphabeti8ing1, organi8ing, formatting, checking spelling and grammar, charting, displaying pictures, recording audio clips, playing music, and showing a movie. %. Relia(ility – !he electronic components in modern computers are dependable and reliable because they rarely break or fail. &. Consistency – ;iven the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same results – consistently. omputes generate error – free results, provided the input is correct and the instructions work. A computing phrase – known as garbage in, garbage out – points out that the accuracy of a computer$s output depends on the accuracy of the input. '. Stora!e – A computer can transfer data /uickly from a storage to memory, process it, and then store it again for future use. 7any computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for processing anytime it is needed. (. Communications – 7ost computers today can communicate with other computers, often wirelessly. omputers with this capability can share any of the four information processing cycle operations – input, process, output, and storage – with another computer or a user. Disa#%anta!es o Usin! Computers #. &iolation o Pri%acy –
%. Impact on La(or 2orce – Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new 3obs, the skills of millions employees have been replaced by computers. !hus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-to-date. A separate impact on the labor force is that some companies are outsourcing 3obs to foreign countries instead of keeping their homeland labor force employed. &. /ealth Ris*s – rolonged or improper computer use can lead to in3uries or disorders of the hand, wrists, elbows, eyes, neck, and back. omputer users can protect themselves from these health risks through proper workplace design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately space work breaks. '. Impact on En%ironment – omputer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment. !he amount of the resources re/uired to manufacture a personal computer e/uals that a mid si8ed of a car. When computers are discarded in landfills, they release toxic materials and potentially dangerous levels of lead, mercury, and flame retardants. "trategies that can help protect the environment include recycling, regulating manufacturing processes, extending the life of computers, and immediately donating replaced computers.
What "re the Elements o an Inormation System? Inormation must (e accurate8 or!ani9e#8 timely8 accessi(le8 useul an# cost)eecti%e to pro#uce4 An inormation system combines hardware, software, data, people, and procedures to produce timely and useful information. •
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!he hardware must be reliable and capable of handling the e xpected workload !he software must be developed carefully and tested thoroughly !he data entered into the computer must be accurate 7ost companies with mid-si8ed and large computers have an +! 0+nformation !echnology1 department. "taff in the +! department should be skilled and up-to-date on the latest technology +! staff should also train users so they can understand how to use the computer properly. +! applications should have readily available documented procedures that address operating the computer and using its application •
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What "re the Types o Computer Users? omputer users can be separated into five categories home users, small office)home office users, mobile users, large business users, and power users. •
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A home user is a family member who uses a computer for a variety of reasons, such as budgeting and personal financial management, Web access, communications, and entertainment. o Bn the internet, home users access a huge amount of information, take college classes, pay bills, management investments, shop, listen to the radio, watch movies, read books, play games, file taxes and make airline reservations.
A small oice:home oice ,SO/O- user is a small company or self-employed individual who works from home. "BDB users access the Web to look up information and use basic business software and sometimes industry-specific software. Websites advertise products and services and may provide a means of taking orders o "mall business web sites sometimes use a web cam, which is a video camera that displays its output on a web page. A web cam allows "BDB users to show the world a live view of some aspect of their business. Mo(ile users are employees and students who work on a computer while away from a main office or school. Examples of mobile users "ale representatives, real estate agents, insurance agents, meter readers, package delivery o people, 3ournalist, consultants and students. •
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A po$er user uses a workstation or other p owerful computer to work with industry-specific software. Example of power users - Engineers - Architects - ;raphic artist - "cientist - *esktop publishers Bften work with multimedia, combining text, graphics, audio and video into one application. !hese users need computers with extremely fast processors because of the nature of their work.
A lar!e (usiness user works in a company with many employees and uses a computer and computer network to process high volumes o f transactions. o Enterprise computing – to refer to the huge network of computers that meet their diverse computing needs. !he network facilitates communication among employees at all locations o
sers access the network of midrange servers or mainframes through desktop computers, *As, and smart phones. 5arge businesses use computers and the network to process high volumes of transactions in a single day
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What Is the Purpose o a Net$or*? • •
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"haring resources saves time, money and effort A net$or* is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communications devices and transmission media. When a computer connects to a network, it is online.
lient – the other computers on the network and the computer re/uest resources from the server. Computer that re
*ifference between the client and the server is that server has more power , more storage space, and expanded communication capabilities. !opology in
Rin! Topolo!y +n a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction 0either IclockwiseI or IcounterclockwiseI1. A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.
Star Topolo!y 7any home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point called a IhubI that may be a hub, switch or router . *evices typically connect to the hub with nshielded !wisted air 0!1 Ethernet. ompared to the bus topology, a star network generally re/uires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computerMs network access and not the entire 5A<. 0+f the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails.1
Tree Topolo!y !ree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. +n its simplest form, only h ub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the IrootI of a tree of devices. !his bus)star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus 0limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates1 or a star 0limited by the number of hub connection points1 alone.
Mesh Topolo!y 7esh topologies involve the concept of routes. nlike each of the previous topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source to destination. 0ecall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.1 "ome WA
/o$ "re the Internet an# Worl# Wi#e We( Use#? !he Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. eople use the +nternet to communicate with and meet other people Access news and information shop for goods and services bank and invest • • • •
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take classes, and access sources of entertainment and leisure 0e.g. online games, music, videos, books, and maga8ines1.
eople connect to the internet to exchange information with others around the world. E-mail allows you to send messages to other users.
"ccess pro%i#ers – a business, offer users and companies access to the internet free or for fee. 6y subscribing to an access provider, you can use your computer and a communication device, such as modem, to connect to the many services of the internet. We( 0World Wide Web1 - is a global library of documents containing information that is available to anyone connected to the +nternet. +t contains billions of documents called We( pa!es. We( pa!es – can contain text, graphics, audio, and video and often have b uilt-in connections, or lin*s, to other documents, graphics, other Web pages, or Web sites. We(site - is a collection of related Web pages. Photo sharin! community – is a website that allows users to create an online photo album and store their electronic photographs What Is the /istory o the Internet? Internet - is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. !he +nternet has its roots in a networking pro3ect started by the entagon$s Advanced esearch ro3ects Agency 0AA1, an agency of the .". *epartment of *efense. AA$s goal was to build a network that. #. Allowed scientist at different physical locations to share information and work together on military and scientific and scientific pro3ects. %. ould function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster such as a nuclear attack. Who controls the Internet? ,I>
+nternet-related research and development pro3ect *evelops and tests advanced +nternet technologies !heir goal is to change the current +nternet$s inefficiencies, such as relieving bottlenecks 0traffic constriction or delay + progress1.
/o$ Can +ou "ccess an# Connect to the Internet?
Dial)up access - uses a mo#em in the computer and a standard telephone line to connect to the internet. !his type of access is an easy and inexpensive way for users to connect to the +nternet, however, is a slow-speed technology . .roa#(an# internet access – a higher speed of internet connection. DSL ,digital subscribers line1 – is a technology that provides high-speed internet connections using regular copper telephone lines. A ca(le mo#em – allows access to high-speed internet services through the cable television network. 2ie# $ireless – a high speed internet services use an antenna on your house or business to communicate with a tower location via radio signals. •
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What Is an IP "##ress? An IP a##ress ,Internet Protocol a##ress- is a number that uni/uely identifies each computer or device connected to the +nternet. !he +nternet relies on + addresses to send data to computers at specific locations. !he + address usually consists of four groups of numbers, each separated by a period. !he number in each group is between : – %((. or example the numbers %#2.%&@.&@.@@ are an + address. +n general, the first portion of each + address identifies the network and the last portion identifies the specific computer.
Domain name system ,DNS- – is the method that the internet uses to store domain names and their corresponding + addresses. DNS ser%er – is an +nternet server that usually is associated with an access provider. When you specify a domain name, the DNS server translates the domain name to its associated + address so the data can be routed to the correct computer.
What "re the Components o a We( "##ress? !he Worl# Wi#e We( ,WWW-8 or We(, consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents. Each electronic document is called a We( pa!e, which can contain text, graphics, audio 0sound1, and video. !ype of web pages #. static ,ie#- – visitors to a static webpage all see the same content %. #ynamic ,chan!in!- – visitors can customi8e some or all of the viewed contents such as desired stock /uotes, weather for a region, or ticket availability for flights. We(site – is a collection of related web pages and associated items, such as documents and pictures, stored on a web server. We( ser%er – is a computer that delivers re/uested web p ages to your computer. !he same web server can store multiple websites. or example, many access providers grant their subscribers free storage space on a web server for personal or company websites. What Is the Purpose o a We( .ro$ser? A We( (ro$ser , or (ro$ser , is application software that allows users to access and view Web pages. When you type a Web address in the ddress box of a browser window, a computer called a !eb server delivers the re/uested Web page to your computer. 7ost Web pa ges contain links. A lin* is a built-in connection that, when clicked, displays a related Web page or part of a Web page. 7ost widely used web browsers #. +nternet explorer %.
A URL 0niform esource 5ocator1, or We( a##ress, is a uni/ue address for a W eb page.. Example the home page for the "an *iego Foo Website http))www.sandiego8oo.org A Web address consists of a protocol, a domain name, and sometimes the path to a specific Web page or location on a Web page. 7any Web page addresses begin with http://. !he http, which stands for "ypertext #ransfer $rotocol – is a set of rules that defines how pages transfer on the internet. http))www.sandiego8oo.org)wap)condor)home.html protocol
domain name
path
Web page name
Na%i!atin! We( Pa!es Lin* – short for hyperlin% is a built in connection to another related web page or part of the web page. Surin! the $e( – refer to the activity of using links to explore the Web.
